Relevant bibliographies by topics / Evaporation. Liquids

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Evaporation. Liquids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane, and Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.577.

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Evaporation in restricted domains, e.g. in capillaries, is of industrial importance but is poorly understood. Where the evaporating liquid is a binary mixture, preferential evaporation of the more volatile component occurs initially and the evaporation rate is not constant, indeed it appears to occur in stages. Experiments of evaporation from the entrance of a capillary were performed for various binary mixtures of acetone and water and for pure liquids for comparison. Measurements of mass were taken over time for a range of capillary diameters from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. For simplicity, the experiments were performed with the meniscus “stationary” at the entrance of the tube, rather than allowing the meniscus to recede. The data were analysed and showed that, for the binary mixtures, the evaporation process had two distinct stages for the mixtures. The second stage always had a lower slope than the first, indicating a slower evaporation (similar multistage evaporation processes have been observed for sessile drops of binary mixtures). There are many phenomena at work in this process: surface evaporation; diffusion (or natural convective mass transfer) in the air beyond the capillary; diffusion in the binary mixture; circulation in the liquid; thermal effects of evaporative cooling. These are investigated, comparisons made and further studies are proposed.
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Tan, Huanshu, Christian Diddens, Pengyu Lv, J. G. M. Kuerten, Xuehua Zhang, and Detlef Lohse. "Evaporation-triggered microdroplet nucleation and the four life phases of an evaporating Ouzo drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31 (July 14, 2016): 8642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602260113.

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Evaporating liquid droplets are omnipresent in nature and technology, such as in inkjet printing, coating, deposition of materials, medical diagnostics, agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, or spills of liquids. Whereas the evaporation of pure liquids, liquids with dispersed particles, or even liquid mixtures has intensively been studied over the past two decades, the evaporation of ternary mixtures of liquids with different volatilities and mutual solubilities has not yet been explored. Here we show that the evaporation of such ternary mixtures can trigger a phase transition and the nucleation of microdroplets of one of the components of the mixture. As a model system, we pick a sessile Ouzo droplet (as known from daily life—a transparent mixture of water, ethanol, and anise oil) and reveal and theoretically explain its four life phases: In phase I, the spherical cap-shaped droplet remains transparent while the more volatile ethanol is evaporating, preferentially at the rim of the drop because of the singularity there. This leads to a local ethanol concentration reduction and correspondingly to oil droplet nucleation there. This is the beginning of phase II, in which oil microdroplets quickly nucleate in the whole drop, leading to its milky color that typifies the so-called “Ouzo effect.” Once all ethanol has evaporated, the drop, which now has a characteristic nonspherical cap shape, has become clear again, with a water drop sitting on an oil ring (phase III), finalizing the phase inversion. Finally, in phase IV, all water has evaporated, leaving behind a tiny spherical cap-shaped oil drop.
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McIlroy, John, Ruth Smith, and Victoria McGuffin. "Fixed- and Variable-Temperature Kinetic Models to Predict Evaporation of Petroleum Distillates for Fire Debris Applications." Separations 5, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040047.

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Forensic fire debris analysis focuses on the identification of a foreign ignitable liquid in debris collected from the scene of a suspected intentional fire. Chromatograms of the extracted debris are compared to a suitable reference collection containing chromatograms of unevaporated and evaporated ignitable liquids. However, there is no standardized method for the evaporation of ignitable liquids and the process itself can be time consuming, which limits the number of chromatograms of evaporated liquids included in the reference collection. This work describes the development and application of a variable-temperature kinetic model to predict evaporation rate constants and mathematically predict chromatograms corresponding to evaporated ignitable liquids. First-order evaporation rate constants were calculated for 78 selected compounds in diesel, which were used to develop predictive models of evaporation rates. Fixed-temperature models were developed to predict the rate constants at five temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30, 35 °C), yielding a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 10.0%. The variable-temperature model was then created from these data by multiple linear regression, yielding a MAPE of 16.4%. The model was applied to generate a reference collection of predicted chromatograms of diesel and kerosene corresponding to a range of evaporation levels. Using the modeled reference collection, successful identification of the liquid and level of evaporation in a test set of chromatograms was demonstrated.
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Harmand, Souad, Khellil Sefiane, Rachid Bennacer, and Nicolas Lancial. "Experimental Investigation of the Evaporation and Stability of a Meniscus in a Flat Microchannel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1178.

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We present the results of an experimental investigation of the evaporation of a liquid meniscus in a high aspect ratio micro-channel. The study investigates evaporation rates of a stationary liquid meniscus in a high aspect ratio microchannel, the wall of which is electrically heated using transparent resistive coating. Four different liquids are used as working fluids. We report on the dependence of the measured overall evaporation rate on the applied power. The results indicate, and consistently, that the evaporation rate increases with the applied power then peaks before declining. In order to gain insight into these results, we used thermographic infra red imaging to map the temperature field on the external wall of the microchannel. The measurements show that there is a good correlation between the maximum in the evaporative rate and the onset of instabilities of the interface. These instabilities, to our mind, are induced by an increasing temperature gradient along the microchannel wall around the three phase contact line region. These instabilities are revealed by a high speed camera used to record the behaviour of the interface during evaporation.
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Kawamura, Peter I., and Donald Mackay. "The evaporation of volatile liquids." Journal of Hazardous Materials 15, no. 3 (January 1987): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)85034-3.

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Bennacer, Rachid, and Khellil Sefiane. "Investigation of Evaporation and Diffusion Phenomena in Porous Media." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.215.

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Many industrial and biological phenomena involve the evaporation of liquids in porous media. In drying processes the evaporation of a liquid meniscus from the solid is the key mechanism in the process and its efficiency. After a first steady stage of evaporation the meniscus becomes unsteady and recedes inside the pore. Diffusion of vapour becomes the controlling mechanism for evaporation in a later stage. In this work an experimental investigation is undertaken to study the various stages of evaporation of different liquids in capillary tubes (pores) of various sizes. The analysis of the data obtained from this investigation reveals some interesting behaviours and emphasizes the role played by vapour diffusion in the case of unsteady interface. The preliminary transient regime allowing the thermal field establishment, is followed by the first stage of evaporation is found to be dominated by thermocapillary effects associated with non-uniform evaporation and temperature gradients. The laste stage is a molecular diffusion-limited mode. The liquid volatility and the effect of the size of the tube (ranging from 200 to 900 μm) are also analysed to show the interaction between the various effects at different scales.
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Rebelo, N., H. Zhao, F. Nadal, C. Garner, and A. Williams. "Evaporation of liquid nitrogen droplets in superheated immiscible liquids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 143 (November 2019): 118575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118575.

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Rowan, S. M., M. I. Newton, F. W. Driewer, and G. McHale. "Evaporation of Microdroplets of Azeotropic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 104, no. 34 (August 2000): 8217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp000938e.

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Lay, J. H., and V. K. Dhir. "Shape of a Vapor Stem During Nucleate Boiling of Saturated Liquids." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822535.

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The transport processes occurring in an evaporating two-dimensional vapor stem formed during saturated nucleate boiling on a heated surface are modeled and analyzed numerically. From the heater surface heat is conducted into the liquid macro/microthermal layer surrounding the vapor stems and is utilized in evaporation at the stationary liquid–vapor interface. A balance between forces due to curvature of the interface, disjoining pressure, hydrostatic head, and liquid drag determines the shape of the interface. The kinetic theory and the extended Clausius–Clapeyron equation are used to calculate the evaporative heat flux across the liquid–vapor interface. The vapor stem shape calculated by solving a fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation resembles a cup with a flat bottom. For a given wall superheat, several metastable states of the vapor stem between a minimum and maximum diameter are found to be possible. The effect of wall superheat on the shape of the vapor stem is parametrically analyzed and compared with limited data reported in the literature.
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Weise, Felix, and Stephan Scholl. "Evaporation of pure liquids with increased viscosity in a falling film evaporator." Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 7 (August 1, 2007): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-007-0317-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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Matthias, John Robert. "Quantum evaporation from superfluid helium." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390167.

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Beverley, Katharine Jane. "Evaporation of liquids from structured and non-structured mixtures." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7039.

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The work presented in this thesis describes the evaporation rates of a wide variety of samples obtained under a controlled gas flow using a gravimetric technique. Evaporation rates for pure liquids with vapour pressures ranging from 0.1 to 500 Torr, water contained in silica particles, alkane/squalane mixtures, hexane gelled with silica particles, surfactant/water mixtures, immiscible layered liquid mixtures and emulsions have been determined. For pure liquids and simple unstructured liquid mixtures, the evaporation rate is limited by diffusion through a stagnant vapour layer at the liquid surface. As the degree of structure within the liquid mixture increases, the time taken for concentration gradients developing in the evaporation process to relax becomes longer relative to the time taken for diffusion through the stagnant vapour layer. For highly structured liquid mixtures, the rate limiting process switches to diffusion and convection within the liquid mixture. In the case of creamed oil-in-water emulsions, evaporation of the continuous water phase is limited by diffusion through the stagnant vapour layer, whilst the evaporation rate of the emulsified oil is consistent with a mechanism in which the oil drops remain separated from the vapour phase by a thin water film. Oil transport from the drops to the vapour occurs by diffusion of dissolved oil across this film.
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Thomas, Angeli Elizabeth. "Mathematical modelling of evaporation mechanisms and instabilities in cryogenic liquids." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50640/.

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In this thesis we propose a model for laminar natural convection within a mixture of two cryogenic fluids with preferential evaporation. This full model was developed after a number of smaller models of the behaviour of the surface of the fluid had been examined. Throughout we make careful comparison between our analytical and computational work and existing experimental and theoretical results. The coupled differential equations for the main model were solved using an explicit upwind scheme for the vorticity-transport, temperature and concentration equations and the multigrid method for the Poisson equation. From plots of the evolution of the system, it is found that convection becomes stronger when preferential evaporation is included. This new model demonstrates how to include preferential evaporation, and can be applied to other fluid systems.
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Coffman, Chase Spenser. "Electrically-assisted evaporation of charged fluids : fundamental modeling and studies on ionic liquids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103421.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 243-250).
Electrosprays of the pure-ion variety embody a unique collection of attributes that have compelled interest in derivative technologies across a spectrum of applications ranging from Focused Ion Beams (FIB) to microrocketry. Unlike conventional colloid sources (i.e., so-called cone-jets or others sources from which droplets typically emanate), pure ion sprays are commonly characterized by narrow distributions of high specific charge and nominal energy deficits as a result of their evaporative mechanisms. Among other properties of the spray, these are known to enable well-behaved optics (e.g. for nanometric patterning with FIB) and low power overhead (e.g. for efficient electrical-to-kinetic energy transduction in microrocketry) while also providing for innate simplicity and spatial compactness. In spite of their potential for paradigm-shifting impact, the practicality of contemporary pure-ion sources has been tempered by issues relating to reliability and predictability. In contrast to droplet emission, for example, empirical studies strongly suggest that pure-ion modes are only permissible under special sets of circumstances and that important beam qualities (namely the stability but also the current) are sensitive functions of the meniscus configuration. The difficulty in controlling these modes is somewhat abated through the use of fluids like ionic liquids (IL), particularly in connection with several heuristics that have emerged, but the process remains substantially fickle. This is believed to owe most directly to an undeveloped physical understanding. While the physics that govern conventional colloid sources are at least functionally understood at this point, an analogous grasp of their ion relatives has proven elusive. The purpose of this thesis is to begin addressing this issue by way of rigorous theoretical investigations, with the ultimate aim of offering deeper fundamental insight and additional recourse to future design initiatives beyond the existing set of over-simplified heuristics. In this thesis we first conduct a survey of potential contributors to the very multi-physical phenomenon of charge evaporation and identify key influences through basic order-of-magnitude analyses. These are used to inform the formulation of a detailed mathematical framework that is subsequently leveraged in the exploration of evaporation behaviors for a prototypical ionic liquid meniscus across a range of field, media, and hydraulic conditions. The results uncover a previously uncharted family of highly-stressed but ostensibly stable solutions for the problem of a volumetrically-unconstrained source. These appear to be confined to a particular subregion of the global parameter space that emphasizes thoughtful sizing of the meniscus and architecting of the feeding system. The impedance aspect of the latter, in particular, is believed to play a critical role in steady emission when large scale disparities, which are common in practical settings, exist across the parent meniscus. Additional influences that are often neglected in the literature, such as that of the liquid permittivity, are also elucidated and shown to play meaningful roles in evaporation. We conclude by outlining a reasonably comprehensive set of conditions that should be met for steady emission and substantiate these with tangible evidence from our studies.
by Chase Coffman.
Ph. D.
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Tsoumpas, Ioannis. "Experimental study of the evaporation of sessile droplets of perfectly-wetting pure liquids." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209196.

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The study presented in this dissertation concerns the evaporation, in normal ambient conditions, of sessile droplets (pinned and freely receding) of various HFE liquids (instead of the widely used water), which are considered so far as environmentally friendly and are often used as heat-transfer fluids in thermal management applications. They are pure perfectly-wetting and volatile liquids with low thermal conductivity and high vapor density. These properties affect in their own way many aspects concerning droplet evaporation such as the evaporation-induced contact angles, evaporation rate of a droplet, contact line pinning and Marangoni flow, all of which are treated in the present dissertation.

In general, the thesis starts with a general introduction including but not limited to sessile droplets (Chapter 1). In Chapter 2 we provide a general overview of capillarity-related concepts. Then, in Chapter 3 we present the interferometric setup, along with the liquids and the substrate that is used in the experiments, and also explain the reasons why this particular method is chosen. In Chapter 4 we address, among others, the issue of evaporation-induced contact angles under complete wetting conditions. The behavior of the global evaporation rate is also examined here, whereas in Chapter 5 we discuss the influence of thermocapillary stresses on the shape of strongly evaporating droplets. Finally, before concluding in Chapter 7, we address in Chapter 6 the still open question of the influence of non-equilibrium effects, such as evaporation, on the contact-line pinning at a sharp edge, a phenomenon usually described in the framework of equilibrium thermodynamics. The experimental results obtained are also compared with the predictions of existing theoretical models giving rise to interesting conclusions and promising perspectives for future research.


Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Todorova, Desislava V. "Modelling of dynamical effects related to the wettability and capillarity of simple and complex liquids." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13740.

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This Thesis explores physical phenomena characteristic for thin liquid films and small droplets of simple and complex liquids on solid substrates for which wettability and capillarity control their statical and dynamical properties. We start by discussing the general concepts of wettability and capillarity and introduce the common mathematical framework of the lubrication approximation for studies of thin liquid films and small contact angle drops. We demonstrate the derivation of the generic equation describing the evolution of a film of simple liquid from the Navier-Stokes equations. We show how this model can be further extended to incorporate various effects relevant to the case of complex liquids. The results described in the Thesis comprise three projects with the common main theme of the influence of wettability and capillarity on the statics and dynamics of the studied systems, namely (i) Evaporating sessile droplets fed through the solid substrate - a geometry that allows us to discuss steady states of the system and their role in the time evolution of freely evaporating droplets without influx in an isothermal case; (ii) The influence of a solute--dependent wettability on the stability, static and dynamical properties of thin films and drops of non-volatile mixtures, suspensions and solutions; (iii) A parameter-passing scheme between particle-based Molecular Dynamics simulations and the continuum lubrication model which allows us to discuss equilibrium properties of small polymeric droplets. We present the physical questions arising in the three systems and discuss approaches and results as well as possible extensions.
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Heinert, Carter J. "Hidden Involvement of Liquids and Gases in Electrostatic Charging." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case162312024539738.

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Down, Edward M. "Enhancement of plate heat exchanger performance using electric fields." Thesis, City University London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339994.

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Galvagno, Mariano. "Modelling of driven free surface liquid films." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16574.

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In several types of coating processes a solid substrate is removed at a controlled velocity U from a liquid bath. The shape of the liquid meniscus and the thickness of the coating layer depend on U. These dependencies have to be understood in detail for non-volatile liquids to control the deposition of such a liquid and to lay the basis for the control in more complicated cases (volatile pure liquid, solution with volatile solvent). We study the case of non-volatile liquids employing a precursor film model that describes partial wettability with a Derjaguin (or disjoining) pressure. In particular, we focus on the relation of the deposition of (i) an ultrathin precursor film at small velocities and (ii) a macroscopic film of thickness h ∝ U^(2/3) (corresponding to the classical Landau Levich film). Depending on the plate inclination, four regimes are found for the change from case (i) to (ii). The different regimes and the transitions between them are analysed employing numerical continuation of steady states and saddle-node bifurcations and simulations in time. We discuss the relation of our results to results obtained with a slip model. In connection with evaporative processes, we will study the pinning of a droplet due to a sharp corner. The approach employs an evolution equation for the height profile of an evaporating thin film (small contact angle droplet) on a substrate with a rounded edge, and enables one to predict the dependence of the apparent contact angle on the position of the contact line. The calculations confirm experimental observations, namely that there exists a dynamically produced critical angle for depinning that increases with the evaporation rate. This suggests that one may introduce a simple modification of the Gibbs criterion for pinning that accounts for the non-equilibrium effect of evaporation.
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Forestier, Serge. "Etude de l’évaporation d’un liquide répandu au sol suite à la rupture d’un stockage industriel." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0625/document.

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Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche entre le CEA et ARMINES (Centre LGEI/ Ecole des Mines d'Alès). Il vise à améliorer la connaissance des mécanismes physiques se produisant lorsque qu’une nappe de liquide (inflammable et/ou toxique stocké à pression atmosphérique) s’évapore suite à la rupture de son stockage. La démarche expérimentale employée consiste à réaliser un plan d'expériences visant à exprimer le débit d'évaporation initial d’une nappe sous différentes conditions initiales de température de liquide et de sol, sous différentes vitesse d’écoulement, de température d’air et selon différentes épaisseurs initiales de liquide. Les différents flux thermiques échangés entre la nappe et son environnement, la température de la nappe et le débit d'évaporation sont mesurés et quantifiés.Les débits d'évaporation expérimentaux sont confrontés à ceux prédits par les différentes corrélations disponibles dans la littérature. Deux analyses de sensibilité sont également réalisées sur ces corrélations et les résultats confrontés à ceux du plan d'expériences afin de vérifier si les corrélations attribuent le même poids aux différents paramètres expérimentaux que le phénomène en lui-même.Les relevés de température dans l'épaisseur de la nappe mettant en évidence la présence de cellules de convection naturelle est également étudiée. Par ailleurs, la température moyenne de la surface est déterminée à partir des différents flux thermiques échangés entre la nappe et son environnement.A l'aide des résultats obtenus, l'étude de plusieurs éléments a été réalisée: l’écart de prédiction sur les résultats des équations bilan thermique et massique selon la température employée pour les incrémenter, la nette différence de température entre la surface et le coeur du liquide, rarement prise en compte dans les modèles théoriques, le rôle prépondérant de la convection naturelle dans le phénomène d'évaporation.Un dernier chapitre étudie la dispersion de la température de surface (phénomène peu étudié dans la littérature) à l'aide d'une caméra thermique. Des zones de températures homogènes apparaissent alors dans le cas de l'essai mettant en oeuvre un écoulement de cavité au-dessus du liquide. La présence de différentes zones de température implique que la cinétique d’évaporation n’est pas uniforme sur la surface de la nappe. A partir de ces résultats, le coefficient de transfert de matière est étudié en fonction de la régression du niveau de liquide dans le bac et conclut à une diminution non modélisée par les corrélations existantes
This work belongs to a research project between CEA and ARMINE (LGEI center/ Ecole des Mines d’Alès). It aims at increasing comprehension of physical mechanism generating when a liquid pool (either flammable or toxic parked under atmospheric pressure) evaporates after loss of containment. An experimental design is realized in order to express some characteristics of evaporation phenomena (initial evaporation rate, steady evaporation rate and duration of unsteady evaporation rate) as a function of initial liquid and soil temperature, wind velocity, air temperature and initial liquid thickness. Heat fluxes exchanged between the pool and its environment are either measure or computed.Experimental evaporation rates are compared to those predicted by correlations available in the literature. Two sensitivity analyses are performed and their results are confronted to those from experimental design. It allows determining if the importance of the different experimental parameters is the same from the correlations to the phenomena itself.Temperature measurements in liquid thickness highlight the presence of natural convection cells. Besides, mean surface temperature is computed from measurements of heat fluxes exchanged between the pool and its environment. From the different results, several points are investigated: the shift between heat and mass balance equations according to the temperature employed to compute them the difference between the liquid bulk and liquid surface temperature, barely taken into account in correlations the noteworthy role of natural convection in the evaporation phenomena.A last chapter studies the surface temperature distribution thanks to an infrared thermometer. Homogeneous temperatures areas appear in the case of cavity flows. The presence of different temperature areas implies that evaporation kinematic in not uniform in the whole surface. From these result the mass transfer coefficient is studied as a function of the step height between the top of the cavity and the liquid surface. It concludes to a mass transfer coefficient decrease non modeled by the different correlations in the literature
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Books on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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M, Patten J. Liquid to gas and back. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Book Co., 1995.

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Schmidt, G. R. Thermocapillary flow with evaporation and condensation and its effect on liquid retention in low-G fluid acquisition devices. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1994.

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Pollack, Gerald H. The fourth phase of water: Beyond solid, liquid, and vapor. Seattle, WA: Ebner & Sons, 2013.

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Liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena: An introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2008.

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Carey, V. P. Liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena: An introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment. Washington, D.C: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1992.

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Delil, A. A. M. Sensors for a system to control the liquid flow into an evaporative cold plate of a two-phase heat transport system for large spacecraft. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1986.

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Thermocapillary flow with evaporation and condensation at low gravit. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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F, Chao David, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Flow visualization in evaporating liquid drops and measurement of dynamic contact angles and spreading rate. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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F, Chao David, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. A new approach to measure contact angle and evaporation rate with flow visualization in a sessile drop. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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Fang, Gang. Rate of liquid evaporation: Statistical rate theory approach. 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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Faubel, Manfred. "Liquid Micro Jet Studies of the Vacuum Surface of Water and of Chemical Solutions by Molecular Beams and by Soft X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 597–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_26.

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AbstractLiquid water, with a vapor pressure of 6.1 mbar at freezing point, is rapidly evaporating in high vacuum, rapidly cooling off by the evaporative cooling, and is freezing to ice almost instantly. Nevertheless, liquid water free vacuum surfaces can be prepared for short instances when injecting very small, fast flowing, liquid jets into high vacuum. They provide perfectly suited targets for molecular beams analysis of molecular evaporation of monomers and dimers from liquids. Also, the microjet technology allows ultrahigh vacuum studies of atomic scale liquid surface composition and electronic structures, as will be demonstrated by using highly focused Synchrotron radiation for EUV/XUV-photoelectron spectrocopy on a wide range of chemical solutions.
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Bostock, Thomas D., and Ralph G. Scurlock. "Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids." In International Cryogenics Monograph Series, 13–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10641-6_2.

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Shepherd, J. E., S. McCahan, and Junhee Cho. "Evaporation Wave Model for Superheated Liquids." In Adiabatic Waves in Liquid-Vapor Systems, 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83587-2_1.

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Heym, Florian, Christoph Kern, Johannes Thiessen, and Andreas Jess. "Transport Phenomena, Evaporation, and Thermal Stability of Supported Ionic Liquids." In Supported Ionic Liquids, 105–44. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527654789.ch6.

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Beduz, C., and R. G. Scurlock. "Evaporation Mechanisms and Instabilities in Cryogenic Liquids." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1749–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_214.

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Arnold, Fredric C., and Alfred J. Engel. "Evaporation of Pure Liquids from Open Surfaces." In Modelling of Environmental Chemical Exposure and Risk, 61–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0884-6_6.

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Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane, and Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes." In Diffusion in Solids and Liquids III, 577–82. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-51-5.577.

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Scurlock, Ralph G. "Surface Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids, Including LNG and LPG." In SpringerBriefs in Energy, 41–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20696-7_4.

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Nathanson, Gilbert M. "When Liquid Rays Become Gas Rays: Can Evaporation Ever Be Non-Maxwellian?" In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 631–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_27.

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AbstractA rare mistake by Otto Stern led to a confusion between density and flux in his first measurement of a Maxwellian speed distribution. This error reveals the key role of speed itself in Stern’s development of “the method of molecular rays”. What if the gas-phase speed distributions are not Maxwellian to begin with? The molecular beam technique so beautifully advanced by Stern can also be used to explore the speed distribution of gases evaporating from liquid microjets, a tool developed by Manfred Faubel. We employ liquid water and alkane microjets containing dissolved helium atoms to monitor the speed of evaporating He atoms into vacuum. While most dissolved gases evaporate in Maxwellian speed distributions, the He evaporation flux is super-Maxwellian, with energies up to 70% higher than the flux-weighted average energy of 2 RTliq. The explanation of this high-energy evaporation involves two beautiful concepts in physical chemistry: detailed balancing between He atom evaporation and condensation (starting with gas-surface collisions) and the potential of mean force on the He atom (starting with He atoms just below the surface). We hope that these measurements continue to fulfill Stern’s dream of the “directness and simplicity of the molecular ray method.”
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Steinchen-Sanfeld, Annie, Michel Lallemant, Pascal Courville, Pascale Gillon, and Gilles Bertrand. "Volume or Surface Instabilities during Liquids Evaporation under Redused Pressure or/and Microwave Irradiation." In NATO ASI Series, 387–400. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0707-5_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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Brandner, Juergen J., Eugen Anurjew, Edgar Hansjosten, Stefan Maikowske, Ulrich Schygulla, and Alice Vittoriosi. "Microstructure Devices for Water Evaporation." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30700.

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Evaporation of liquids is of major interest for many topics in process engineering. One of these is chemical process engineering, where evaporation of liquids and generation of superheated steam is mandatory for numerous processes. Generally, this is performed by use of classical pool boiling and evaporation process equipment. Another possibility is creating mixtures of gases and liquids, combined with a heating of this haze. Both methods provide relatively limited performance. Due to the advantages of microstructure devices especially in chemical process engineering [1] the interest in microstructure evaporators and steam generators have been increased through the last decade. In this publication several microstructure devices used for evaporation and generation of steam as well as superheating will be described. Here, normally electrically powered devices containing micro channels as well as non-channel microstructures are used due to better controllability of the temperature level. Micro channel heat exchangers have been designed, manufactured and tested at the Institute for Micro Process Engineering of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for more than 15 years. Starting with the famous Karlsruhe Cube, a cross-flow micro channel heat exchanger of various dimensions, not only conventional heat transfer between liquids or gases have been theoretically and experimentally examined but also phase transition from liquids to gases (evaporation) and condensation of liquids. However, the results obtained with sealed microstructure devices have often been unsatisfying. Thus, to learn more onto the evaporation process itself, an electrically powered device for optical inspection of the microstructures and the processes inside has been designed and manufactured [2]. This was further optimized and improved for better controllability and reliable experiments [3]. Exchangeable metallic micro channel array foils as well as an optical inspection of the evaporation process by high-speed videography have been integrated into the experimental setup. Fundamental research onto the influences of the geometry and dimensions of the integrated micro channels, the inlet flow distribution system geometry as well as the surface quality and surface coatings of the micro channels have been performed. While evaporation of liquids in crossflow and counterflow or co-current flow micro channel devices is possible, it is, in many cases, not possible to obtain superheated steam due to certain boundary conditions [4]. In most cases, the residence time is not sufficiently long, or the evaporation process itself can not be stabilized and controlled precisely enough. Thus, a new design was proposed to obtain complete evaporation and steam superheating. This microstructure evaporator consists of a concentric arrangement of semi-circular walls or semi-elliptic walls providing at least two nozzles to release the generated steam. The complete arrangement forms a row of circular blanks. An example of such geometry is shown in Figure 8. A maximum power density of 1400 kW · m−2 has been transferred using similar systems, while liquid could be completely evaporated and the generated steam superheated. This is, compared to liquid heat exchanges, a small value, but it has to be taken in account that the specific heat capacity of vapor is considerably smaller than that of liquids. It could also be shown that the arrangement in circular blanks with semi-elliptic side walls acts as a kind of micro mixer for the remaining liquid and generated steam and, therefore, enhances the evaporation.
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Arndt, Stefanie, and Stephan Scholl. "Evaporation of Pure Liquids at High Prandtl Numbers in a Scale-Up Capable Falling Film Evaporator." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22845.

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In industrial application heat transfer to temperature sensitive products in falling film evaporation is often linked to the evaporation at elevated viscosities. In the present study a scale-up capable falling film evaporator has been used to investigate the heat transfer to liquids with Prandtl numbers up to 150. The focus was on heated falling films during surface evaporation. Film-Reynolds numbers were varied from 48 to 10,000. As pure liquids water and cyclohexanol were used. In the results a distinct transition zone between laminar and turbulent flow can be observed for elevated Prandtl numbers. The comparison to literature models shows that more parameters have to be taken into account to properly predict the heat transfer in falling film evaporators for different equipment and fluids. The optical monitoring of the film on the inside of the evaporation tube through an endoscope showed that the fully turbulent regime could not been reached for high viscosities.
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Jin, Songwan, and Kenneth S. Breuer. "Diffusion-Limited Evaporation in Long Microchannels." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55135.

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The evaporation of liquids confined to long, shallow microchannels is studied experimentally. Channels with dimensions 5 microns high, 100 microns wide and approximately 9000 microns long are filled with a liquid and then allowed to dry out due to evaporation through ports at both ends of the channel. The slug of fluid is observed to shrink at a rate that is, after some adjustment time, found to be linearly depend on the inverse of the meniscus position. In case of the water, the contribution of film flow in the microchannel evaporation is found to be larger than ethanol. But the surfactant cannot make much difference on the microchannel evaporation.
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Weise, F. K., and S. Scholl. "FALLING FILM EVAPORATION OF PURE LIQUIDS AT HIGH PRANDTL NUMBERS." In Annals of the Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conference 13. Begell House Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc13.p28.130.

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Bochkareva, Elena M., Vladimir V. Terekhov, and Nikolay B. Miskiv. "INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED DROP EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITION OF LIQUIDS." In International Heat Transfer Conference 16. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc16.mpf.023583.

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Fries, N., K. Odic, M. Conrath, and M. Dreyer. "The Capillary Rise of Liquids in a Metallic Weave: Evaporation Effects." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62084.

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Many applications rely on the capillary rise of liquids in porous media. In spacecrafts for example, propellant management devices (PMDs) are used to provide gas free delivery of propellant during all acceleration conditions of the flight. Many PMDs use a metallic weave which, when wetted by the propellant, prevents gas from entering below a critical bubble point pressure. If volatile or cryogenic liquids are used refilling of the weave becomes important as it could dry out and become inoperative. We study the role of evaporation for the capillary rise of different liquids in a dry Dutch Twilled Weave (DTW 200×1400). The Lucas and Washburn model is extended to include evaporation and gravity effects. By comparing the experimental results with the enhanced wicking model we find good qualitative agreement. It is also noted that evaporation may have a major impact on the height gained due to capillary action.
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Lim, Ok-Rak, Hee-Taek Cho, Gyeong-Seo Seo, Min-Ki Kwon, and Tae-Jung Ahn. "Evaporation rate sensor of liquids using a simple fiber optic configuration." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.w3a.81.

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Jin, Songwan, Choonghyo Choi, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Jung Yul Yoo. "Effects of Cross-Section Geometry of Capillary on the Evaporation From the Meniscus." In ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75227.

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Effects of cross-section geometry of capillary on the evaporation from the meniscus have been investigated by adopting several circular and rectangular capillaries. The evaporating meniscus shape, evaporation rate and flow near the evaporating meniscus of various liquids such as water, ethanol and methanol are determined. The shapes of water and ethanol menisci in circular capillary are quite different from each other due to the difference in surface tension. But the difference in meniscus shapes is relatively small in rectangular channel. The averaged evaporation fluxes in rectangular channel are much larger than that in circular capillary. The rotating vortex motion is observed near the evaporating menisci of ethanol and methanol except for the case of methanol in 200 × 20-μm capillary. The reason for this is considered to be the existence of the corner menisci at the four corners.
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Ibarreta, Alfonso, Ryan J. Hart, Nicolas Ponchaut, Delmar (Trey) Morrison, and Harri Kytömaa. "How Does Concrete Affect Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids: Evaluating LNG Plant Safety." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65318.

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With the impending natural gas boom in the U.S., many companies are pursuing DOE approval for exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is a cryogenic liquid. The next decade also promises to demonstrate growth in LNG-fueled fleets of vehicles and marine vessels, as well as growth in other natural gas uses. The future expansion in the LNG infrastructure will lead to an increased focus on managing the risks associated with spills of LNG. Risk analysis involving LNG spill scenarios and their consequences requires the determination of the size of resulting ignitable flammable vapor clouds. This in turn depends strongly on the rate of evaporation of the spilled LNG. The evaporation of a cryogenic LNG spill (and thus the flammable vapor cloud hazard) can be quite a complex process, and it is primarily controlled by the rate of spreading of the pool and by the transient conductive heat transfer from the ground to the spilled liquid. Radiative and convective heat transfer are also present, but the conductive heat transfer rate dominates in the evaporation of a cryogenic liquid spilled into a trench or sump initially at ambient temperature. The time dependent evaporation rate can be calculated using a variety of models, such as the built-in model in PHAST (DNV) or other proprietary models that account for pool spreading, heat conduction within the substrate, and phase change. Trenches and sumps used to contain LNG spills are normally lined with various types of concrete, including insulated or aerated concrete. We have found that for a cryogenic liquid, the choice of thermal properties for concrete can greatly affect the source term. In this work, we perform a sensitivity study of the effects of substrate properties on the evaporation rate of LNG. The study will look at the dependence for a range of sump diameters. The PHAST model results will be compared to results obtained using an in-house Shallow Water Equation (SWE) liquid propagation and heat transfer model. The results of this work will provide guidance for the selection of substrate properties during modeling; as well as a comparison of the relative evaporation rates expected for different surfaces, such as regular concrete and insulated concrete.
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Zhang, Qiaoling, Qincheng Bi, Zesen Nie, Jun Liang, Yajun Guo, Chunming Wang, and Yanping Wang. "Experimental Investigation on Rapid Evaporation of High-Pressure Liquids due to Depressurization." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54207.

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This paper reports an experimental investigation of rapid evaporation process of high-pressure ethanol liquid during depressurization. The study focused on pressure and temperature transients with the influence of different initial conditions, and the shape variation was recorded via a high speed camera. During an experiment, the ethanol liquid was contained in a small round tube with a diameter 10mm in the test vessel, and a thermocouple was put within the fluid which was used to measure the fluid temperature during the depressurization. The predetermined pressure was provided by the high-pressure nitrogen gas, and the process of quick depressurization was started by opening the magnetic valve, which was connected with the test vessel. The transitions of the pressure and the fluid temperature were recorded by the NI data collection system. According to the experimental results, during the fast pressure drop, with the same initial temperature and other test conditions, the higher the initial pressure is, the faster the liquid temperature decreases, and the lower the minimum temperature reaches. In addition, the effect of initial fluid conditions, initial environmental pressure on temperature transition and so on are summed up and are experimentally analyzed on the fluid temperature change under the same test equipment. Also, the variation characteristics of kerosene fluid were compared with ethanol liquid under the same experiment conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Evaporation. Liquids"

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Brown, Alexander, Flint Pierce, and Ethan Zepper. Evaporation Induced Entrainment of Contaminants from Evaporating and Burning Liquids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1817327.

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Huang, C. H. Pasquill`s influence: on the evaporation from various liquids into the atmosphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/245073.

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Tsimpanogiannis, Ioannis N., Yanis C. Yortsos, and A. K. Stubos. A note on the evaporation of a stagnant liquid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/751982.

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Sezen, Y. A model of multicomponent droplet evaporation with liquid phase reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6912806.

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Fowler, V. L., and J. J. Perona. Evaporation studies on Oak Ridge National Laboratory liquid low-level waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143575.

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Kyser, E., F. Fondeur, and S. Crump. ACID EVAPORATION OF ULTIMA GOLD TM AB LIQUID SCINTILLATION COCKTAIL RESIDUE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1032953.

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Von Bargen, B. H. 242-A Evaporator/Liquid Effluent Retention Facility data quality objectives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189328.

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Brown, Elvie E., Ridha B. Mabrouki, David J. Swanberg, Howard Abramowitz, Keith Matlack, Richard Cecil, and Ian Pegg. Letter Report Evaporator Boil-Down Testing with Combined SBS-WESP Liquid Effluents - VSL-16L4330-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1394787.

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Pawel, S. J., J. R. Keiser, and H. F. Longmire. Investigation of the liquid low-level waste evaporator steam coil failure and supporting laboratory studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95185.

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Mikus, Ryan E., and Kenneth D. Kihm. High-Temperature Liquid Metal Transport Physics of Capillary Pumping Heat Transport System (CPHTS) Research: Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Evaporating Liquid Metal Thin Film. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada561315.

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