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Journal articles on the topic 'Evaporation. Liquids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane, and Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.577.

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Evaporation in restricted domains, e.g. in capillaries, is of industrial importance but is poorly understood. Where the evaporating liquid is a binary mixture, preferential evaporation of the more volatile component occurs initially and the evaporation rate is not constant, indeed it appears to occur in stages. Experiments of evaporation from the entrance of a capillary were performed for various binary mixtures of acetone and water and for pure liquids for comparison. Measurements of mass were taken over time for a range of capillary diameters from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. For simplicity, the experiments were performed with the meniscus “stationary” at the entrance of the tube, rather than allowing the meniscus to recede. The data were analysed and showed that, for the binary mixtures, the evaporation process had two distinct stages for the mixtures. The second stage always had a lower slope than the first, indicating a slower evaporation (similar multistage evaporation processes have been observed for sessile drops of binary mixtures). There are many phenomena at work in this process: surface evaporation; diffusion (or natural convective mass transfer) in the air beyond the capillary; diffusion in the binary mixture; circulation in the liquid; thermal effects of evaporative cooling. These are investigated, comparisons made and further studies are proposed.

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2

Tan, Huanshu, Christian Diddens, Pengyu Lv, J. G. M. Kuerten, Xuehua Zhang, and Detlef Lohse. "Evaporation-triggered microdroplet nucleation and the four life phases of an evaporating Ouzo drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31 (July 14, 2016): 8642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602260113.

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Evaporating liquid droplets are omnipresent in nature and technology, such as in inkjet printing, coating, deposition of materials, medical diagnostics, agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, or spills of liquids. Whereas the evaporation of pure liquids, liquids with dispersed particles, or even liquid mixtures has intensively been studied over the past two decades, the evaporation of ternary mixtures of liquids with different volatilities and mutual solubilities has not yet been explored. Here we show that the evaporation of such ternary mixtures can trigger a phase transition and the nucleation of microdroplets of one of the components of the mixture. As a model system, we pick a sessile Ouzo droplet (as known from daily life—a transparent mixture of water, ethanol, and anise oil) and reveal and theoretically explain its four life phases: In phase I, the spherical cap-shaped droplet remains transparent while the more volatile ethanol is evaporating, preferentially at the rim of the drop because of the singularity there. This leads to a local ethanol concentration reduction and correspondingly to oil droplet nucleation there. This is the beginning of phase II, in which oil microdroplets quickly nucleate in the whole drop, leading to its milky color that typifies the so-called “Ouzo effect.” Once all ethanol has evaporated, the drop, which now has a characteristic nonspherical cap shape, has become clear again, with a water drop sitting on an oil ring (phase III), finalizing the phase inversion. Finally, in phase IV, all water has evaporated, leaving behind a tiny spherical cap-shaped oil drop.

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3

McIlroy, John, Ruth Smith, and Victoria McGuffin. "Fixed- and Variable-Temperature Kinetic Models to Predict Evaporation of Petroleum Distillates for Fire Debris Applications." Separations 5, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040047.

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Forensic fire debris analysis focuses on the identification of a foreign ignitable liquid in debris collected from the scene of a suspected intentional fire. Chromatograms of the extracted debris are compared to a suitable reference collection containing chromatograms of unevaporated and evaporated ignitable liquids. However, there is no standardized method for the evaporation of ignitable liquids and the process itself can be time consuming, which limits the number of chromatograms of evaporated liquids included in the reference collection. This work describes the development and application of a variable-temperature kinetic model to predict evaporation rate constants and mathematically predict chromatograms corresponding to evaporated ignitable liquids. First-order evaporation rate constants were calculated for 78 selected compounds in diesel, which were used to develop predictive models of evaporation rates. Fixed-temperature models were developed to predict the rate constants at five temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30, 35 °C), yielding a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 10.0%. The variable-temperature model was then created from these data by multiple linear regression, yielding a MAPE of 16.4%. The model was applied to generate a reference collection of predicted chromatograms of diesel and kerosene corresponding to a range of evaporation levels. Using the modeled reference collection, successful identification of the liquid and level of evaporation in a test set of chromatograms was demonstrated.

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4

Harmand, Souad, Khellil Sefiane, Rachid Bennacer, and Nicolas Lancial. "Experimental Investigation of the Evaporation and Stability of a Meniscus in a Flat Microchannel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1178.

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We present the results of an experimental investigation of the evaporation of a liquid meniscus in a high aspect ratio micro-channel. The study investigates evaporation rates of a stationary liquid meniscus in a high aspect ratio microchannel, the wall of which is electrically heated using transparent resistive coating. Four different liquids are used as working fluids. We report on the dependence of the measured overall evaporation rate on the applied power. The results indicate, and consistently, that the evaporation rate increases with the applied power then peaks before declining. In order to gain insight into these results, we used thermographic infra red imaging to map the temperature field on the external wall of the microchannel. The measurements show that there is a good correlation between the maximum in the evaporative rate and the onset of instabilities of the interface. These instabilities, to our mind, are induced by an increasing temperature gradient along the microchannel wall around the three phase contact line region. These instabilities are revealed by a high speed camera used to record the behaviour of the interface during evaporation.

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5

Kawamura, Peter I., and Donald Mackay. "The evaporation of volatile liquids." Journal of Hazardous Materials 15, no. 3 (January 1987): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)85034-3.

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6

Bennacer, Rachid, and Khellil Sefiane. "Investigation of Evaporation and Diffusion Phenomena in Porous Media." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.215.

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Many industrial and biological phenomena involve the evaporation of liquids in porous media. In drying processes the evaporation of a liquid meniscus from the solid is the key mechanism in the process and its efficiency. After a first steady stage of evaporation the meniscus becomes unsteady and recedes inside the pore. Diffusion of vapour becomes the controlling mechanism for evaporation in a later stage. In this work an experimental investigation is undertaken to study the various stages of evaporation of different liquids in capillary tubes (pores) of various sizes. The analysis of the data obtained from this investigation reveals some interesting behaviours and emphasizes the role played by vapour diffusion in the case of unsteady interface. The preliminary transient regime allowing the thermal field establishment, is followed by the first stage of evaporation is found to be dominated by thermocapillary effects associated with non-uniform evaporation and temperature gradients. The laste stage is a molecular diffusion-limited mode. The liquid volatility and the effect of the size of the tube (ranging from 200 to 900 μm) are also analysed to show the interaction between the various effects at different scales.

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7

Rebelo, N., H. Zhao, F. Nadal, C. Garner, and A. Williams. "Evaporation of liquid nitrogen droplets in superheated immiscible liquids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 143 (November 2019): 118575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118575.

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8

Rowan, S. M., M. I. Newton, F. W. Driewer, and G. McHale. "Evaporation of Microdroplets of Azeotropic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 104, no. 34 (August 2000): 8217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp000938e.

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9

Lay, J. H., and V. K. Dhir. "Shape of a Vapor Stem During Nucleate Boiling of Saturated Liquids." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822535.

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The transport processes occurring in an evaporating two-dimensional vapor stem formed during saturated nucleate boiling on a heated surface are modeled and analyzed numerically. From the heater surface heat is conducted into the liquid macro/microthermal layer surrounding the vapor stems and is utilized in evaporation at the stationary liquid–vapor interface. A balance between forces due to curvature of the interface, disjoining pressure, hydrostatic head, and liquid drag determines the shape of the interface. The kinetic theory and the extended Clausius–Clapeyron equation are used to calculate the evaporative heat flux across the liquid–vapor interface. The vapor stem shape calculated by solving a fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation resembles a cup with a flat bottom. For a given wall superheat, several metastable states of the vapor stem between a minimum and maximum diameter are found to be possible. The effect of wall superheat on the shape of the vapor stem is parametrically analyzed and compared with limited data reported in the literature.

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10

Weise, Felix, and Stephan Scholl. "Evaporation of pure liquids with increased viscosity in a falling film evaporator." Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 7 (August 1, 2007): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-007-0317-9.

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11

Arndt, Stefanie, and Stephan Scholl. "Evaporation of single component viscous liquids in a metal falling film evaporator." Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 8 (July 10, 2011): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0852-2.

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12

Anokhina, E. V. "Investigation of evaporation and boiling of liquids." Technical Physics 55, no. 8 (August 2010): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784210080050.

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13

Coştu, Bayram, and Alipaşa Ayas. "Evaporation in different liquids: secondary students’ conceptions." Research in Science & Technological Education 23, no. 1 (May 2005): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02635140500068476.

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14

Alhusseini, Abdulmalik A., Kemal Tuzla, and John C. Chen. "Falling film evaporation of single component liquids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 41, no. 12 (June 1998): 1623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00308-6.

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15

Clarke, R. J. "The evaporation of heat sensitive foodstuff liquids." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 21, no. 12 (April 25, 2007): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020211203.

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16

Maris, Humphrey J. "Quantum evaporation from quantum liquids and solids." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 87, no. 5-6 (June 1992): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00118334.

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17

Brandner, J. J., and S. Maikowske. "Microstructure Devices for efficient Evaporation of Liquids." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 395 (November 26, 2012): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/395/1/012130.

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18

Vieyra Salas, Jorge A., and Anton A. Darhuber. "Evaporation of liquids on chemically patterned surfaces." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 50, no. 5-6 (May 2011): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2010.09.009.

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19

Galeev, A. D., A. A. Salin, and S. I. Ponikarov. "Numerical simulation of evaporation of volatile liquids." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 38 (November 2015): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.08.011.

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20

Земский, Геннадий Тимофеевич, Владимир Александрович Зуйков, Александр Валерьевич Ильичев, Наталья Валентиновна Кондратюк, and Александр Владимирович Зуйков. "Determination of the liquid evaporation rate when categorizing rooms and outdoor installations." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 4(101) (December 7, 2020): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2020.101.4.012.

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Возможность взрыва паровоздушной смеси при аварийном проливе жидкости из технологического аппарата во многом зависит от интенсивности испарения жидкости. Для определения интенсивности испарения существуют уравнения, в которые входят величины, характеризующие свойства жидкости, условия ее нахождения в аппарате перед аварией и условия, в которые попадает выливающаяся жидкость. Критически рассмотрены известные уравнения для определения интенсивности испарения, начиная от уравнения Ленгмюра - Кнудсена и заканчивая уравнениями, вошедшими в нормативные документы по обеспечению пожарной безопасности. Рассмотрены варианты аварийного пролива пожароопасных жидкостей в зависимости от сочетания следующих температур: температуры кипения жидкости, температуры вспышки жидкости, температуры жидкости до пролива и температуры окружающей среды. The possibility of an explosion of a steam-air mixture in the event of an emergency spillage of liquid from the process apparatus largely depends on the liquid evaporation intensity. The evaporation intensity is influenced by the following factors: the properties of the liquid (such as critical parameters, liquid temperature, saturated vapor pressure, flash point) as well as the temperature and pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. To determine the intensity of evaporation there are equations that include values that characterize the properties of the liquid, the conditions of its presence in the device before the accident, and the conditions for the spilling liquid after the accident. There is critically considered the wide range of known equations for determining the evaporation intensity beginning with the Langmuir-Knudsen equation and ending with the equations included in the normative documents on fire safety. The Langmuir-Knudsen equation is valid when liquid evaporation occurs in vacuum. When liquid vaporizes in real conditions it is necessary to take into account the non-isothermic nature of the process and the diffusion of vapors into the atmosphere, as well as the possible entrainment of vapors by convective air flows. After the appropriate corrections as a result of special tests there was obtained the equation for determining the evaporation rate. Variants of emergency spillage of fire-hazardous liquids are considered depending on a combination of the following temperatures: the boiling temperature of the liquid, the flash temperature of the liquid, the temperature of the liquid before the spill and the ambient temperature. Equations for calculating the evaporation intensity are defined for every variant. There is carried out correlation of the variants with liquid evaporation during emergency spill with the classification of liquids according to the state diagram in relation to the range of ambient temperatures according to Marshall.

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21

Gabrić, Beata, Aleksandra Sander, Marina Cvjetko Bubalo, and Dejan Macut. "Extraction of S- and N-Compounds from the Mixture of Hydrocarbons by Ionic Liquids as Selective Solvents." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/512953.

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Liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative method that can be used for desulfurization and denitrification of gasoline and diesel fuels. Recent approaches employ different ionic liquids as selective solvents, due to their general immiscibility with gasoline and diesel, negligible vapor pressure, and high selectivity to sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds. For that reason, five imidazolium-based ionic liquids and one pyridinium-based ionic liquid were selected for extraction of thiophene, dibenzothiophene, and pyridine from two model solutions. The influences of hydrodynamic conditions, mass ratio, and number of stages were investigated. Increasing the mass ratio of ionic liquid/model fuel and multistage extraction promotes the desulfurization and denitrification abilities of the examined ionic liquids. All selected ionic liquids can be reused and regenerated by means of vacuum evaporation.

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22

Chandran Suja, V., A. Kar, W. Cates, S. M. Remmert, P. D. Savage, and G. G. Fuller. "Evaporation-induced foam stabilization in lubricating oils." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 31 (July 16, 2018): 7919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805645115.

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Foaming in liquids is ubiquitous in nature. Whereas the mechanism of foaming in aqueous systems has been thoroughly studied, nonaqueous systems have not enjoyed the same level of examination. Here we study the mechanism of foaming in a widely used class of nonaqueous liquids: lubricant base oils. Using a newly developed experimental technique, we show that the stability of lubricant foams can be evaluated at the level of single bubbles. The results obtained with this single-bubble technique indicate that solutocapillary flows are central to lubricant foam stabilization. These solutocapillary flows are shown to originate from the differential evaporation of multicomponent lubricants—an unexpected result given the low volatility of nonaqueous liquids. Further, we show that mixing of some combinations of different lubricant base oils, a common practice in the industry, exacerbates solutocapillary flows and hence leads to increased foaming.

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23

MORRIS, S. J. S. "Contact angles for evaporating liquids predicted and compared with existing experiments." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 432 (April 10, 2001): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000003074.

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The stationary meniscus of an evaporating, perfectly wetting system exhibits an apparent contact angle Θ which vanishes with the applied temperature difference ΔT, and is maintained for ΔT > 0 by a small-scale flow driven by evaporation. Existing theory predicts Θ and the heat flow q∗ from the contact region as the solution of a free-boundary problem. Though that theory admits the possibility that Θ and q∗ are determined at the same scale, we show that, in practice, a separation of scales gives the theory an inner and outer structure; Θ is determined within an inner region contributing a negligible fraction of the total evaporation, but q∗ is determined at larger scales by conduction across an outer liquid wedge subtending an angle Θ. The existence of a contact angle can thus be assumed for computing the heat flow; the problems for Θ and q∗ decouple. We analyse the inner problem to derive a formula for Θ as a function of ΔT and material properties; the formula agrees closely with numerical solutions of the existing theory. Though microphysics must be included in the model of the inner region to resolve a singularity in the hydrodynamic equations, Θ is insensitive to microphysical detail because the singularity is weak. Our analysis shows that Θ is determined chiefly by the capillary number Ca = μlVl/σ based on surface tension σ, liquid viscosity μl and a velocity scale Vl set by evaporation kinetics. To illustrate this result of our asymptotic analysis, we show that computed angles lie close to the curve Θ = 2.2Ca1/4; a small scatter of ±15% about that curve is the only hint that Θ depends on microphysics. To test our scaling relation, we use film profiles measured by Kim (1994) to determine experimental values of Θ and Ca; these are the first such values to be published for the evaporating meniscus. Agreement between theory and experiment is adequate; the difference is less than ±40% for 9 of 15 points, while the scatter within experimental values is ±25%.

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24

Batishcheva, KSENIA A., and ATLANT E. Nurpeiis. "WATER DROPLET EVAPORATION IN A CHAMBER ISOLATED FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 6, no. 3 (2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2020-6-3-8-22.

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With an increase in the productivity of power equipment and the miniaturization of its components, the use of traditional thermal management systems becomes insufficient. There is a need to develop drip heat removal systems, based on phase transition effects. Cooling with small volumes of liquids is a promising technology for microfluidic devices or evaporation chambers, which are self-regulating systems isolated from the external environment. However, the heat removal during evaporation of droplets into a limited volume is a difficult task due to the temperature difference in the cooling device and the concentration of water vapor that is unsteady in time depending on the mass of the evaporated liquid. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the distilled water microdrops’ (5-25 μl) evaporation on an aluminum alloy AMg6 with the temperatures of 298-353 K in an isolated chamber (70 × 70 × 30 mm3) in the presence of heat supply to its lower part. Based on the analysis of shadow images, the changes in the geometric dimensions of evaporating drops were established. They included the increase in the contact diameter, engagement of the contact line due to nano roughening and chemical composition inhomogeneous on the surface (90-95% of the total evaporation time) of the alloy and a decrease in the contact diameter. The surface temperature and droplet volume did not affect the sequence of changes in the geometric dimensions of the droplets. It was found that the droplet volume has a significant effect on the evaporation time at relatively low substrate temperatures. The results of the analysis of droplet evaporation rates and hygrometer readings have shown that reservoirs with salt solutions can be used in isolated chambers to control the concentration of water vapor. The water droplets evaporation time was determined. The analysis of the time dependences of the evaporation rate has revealed that upon the evaporation of droplets in an isolated chamber under the conditions of the present experiment, the air was not saturated with water vapor. The latter did not affect the evaporation rate.

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25

APAJA, V., E. KROTSCHECK, A. RIMNAC, and R. E. ZILLICH. "QUANTUM REFLECTION, EVAPORATION, AND TRANSPORT CURRENTS AT 4He SURFACES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 30n31 (December 20, 2006): 5047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206036089.

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In this work, we study transport currents in excited states. This requires the calculation of particle currents [Formula: see text] to second order in the excitation amplitudes. For that purpose, we take a well-tested microscopic theory of inhomogeneous quantum liquids and extend it to find the mass currents created when atoms scatter off a surface or when excitations evaporate atoms. This is the first theoretical study of transport phenomena in a quantum liquid based on a quantitative microscopic theory.

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26

Raynor, P. "Evaporation of accumulated multicomponent liquids from fibrous filters." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43, no. 3 (April 1999): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(99)00016-2.

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27

Clément, F., and J. Leng. "Evaporation of Liquids and Solutions in Confined Geometry." Langmuir 20, no. 16 (August 2004): 6538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0495534.

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28

van den Berg, A. C. "Blast charts for explosive evaporation of superheated liquids." Process Safety Progress 27, no. 3 (September 2008): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10252.

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29

Kumar, Suniti, S. K. Gupta, Bhushan Kumar, and D. H. Zope. "Kinetics of evaporation of some liquids by thermogravimetry." Thermochimica Acta 95, no. 1 (November 1985): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)80057-5.

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30

Samokhin, A. A., N. N. Il’ichev, S. M. Klimentov, and P. A. Pivovarov. "Photoacoustic and laser-induced evaporation effects in liquids." Applied Physics B 105, no. 3 (April 29, 2011): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4515-2.

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31

Hołyst, Robert, Marek Litniewski, and Daniel Jakubczyk. "A molecular dynamics test of the Hertz–Knudsen equation for evaporating liquids." Soft Matter 11, no. 36 (2015): 7201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01508a.

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32

GUERRERO, I., R. BOCANEGRA, F. J. HIGUERA, and J. FERNANDEZ DE LA MORA. "Ion evaporation from Taylor cones of propylene carbonate mixed with ionic liquids." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 591 (October 30, 2007): 437–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007008348.

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A combined experimental and numerical approach is used to extract information on the kinetics of ion evaporation from the region of high electric field around the tip of a Taylor cone of the neutral solvent propylene carbonate (PC) mixed with two ionic liquids. On the numerical side, the electric field on the surface of the liquid is computed in the absence of evaporation by solving the electrohydrodynamic problem in this region within the framework of the leaky dielectric model. These computations justify the approximate (2% max error) scaling Emax = β Ek for the maximum electric field on the surface, with Ek = γ1/2 ϵ0−2/3 (K/Q)1/6 for 0.111 < K < 0.888 S m−1 and a numerical value of β ≈ 0.76. Here γ is the surface tension of PC, ϵ0 is the electrical permittivity of vacuum, and K and Q are the liquid electrical conductivity and flow rate. On the experimental side, 16 different propylene carbonate solutions with either of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF4) or EMI-bis(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-Im) are electrosprayed in a vacuum from a single Taylor cone, and their emissions of charged drops and ions are analysed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry at varying liquid flow rates Q. The sprays contain exclusively drops at large Q, both for small and for large electrical conductivities K, but enter a mixed ion–drop regime at sufficiently large K and small Q. Interestingly, the mixtures containing 10% and 15% (vol) EMI-Im exhibit no measurable ion currents at high Q, but approach a purely ionic regime (almost no drops) at small Q. The charge/mass ratio for the drops produced in these two mixtures increases continuously with decreasing Q, and gets very close to ionic values. Measured ion currents are represented versus computed maximum electric fields Emax on the liquid surface to infer ion evaporation kinetics. Comparison of measured ion currents with predictions from ion evaporation theory yields an anomalously low activation energy (~1.1 eV). This paradox appears to be due to alteration of the pure conj–eet electric field in the scaling laws used for the pure cone–jet regime, due to the substantial ion current density arising even when the ion current is relatively small. Elimination of this interference would require future ion current measurements in the 10–100 pA level. The electrical propulsion characteristics of the emissions from these liquids are determined and found to be excellent, particularly for 10% and 15% (vol) EMI-Im.

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33

Horike, Shohei, Masato Ayano, Masahiro Tsuno, Tatsuya Fukushima, Yasuko Koshiba, Masahiro Misaki, and Kenji Ishida. "Thermodynamics of ionic liquid evaporation under vacuum." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 33 (2018): 21262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02233j.

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34

Erramouspe, John. "Lack of Effect of Frost-Free Refrigeration on the Volume of Antibiotic Liquids." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259601200107.

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Objective: To determine whether sealing liquid penicillin bottles in resealable plastic bags during storage in a household frost-free refrigerator prevents clinically significant evaporative losses. Design: Sixty bottles of penicillin VK 250 mg/5 mL, 100 mL (10 bottles from each of 6 different manufacturers: Apothecon, Biocraft, Lederle, SmithKline Beecham, Warner-Chilcott, and Wyeth-Ayerst) were mixed according to the manufacturers' recommendations. Five bottles from each manufacturer were stored inside a resealable plastic bag and the other 5 bottles were stored outside a bag (both at 2–8 °C in a frost-free refrigerator). Twice daily, 5-mL doses were removed from the bottles. The mean total volume removed from bottles stored inside resealable plastic bags was compared with that from bottles stored outside bags. Results: There was no difference in the average total amount removed from bottles between the two storage conditions. Conclusions: Sealing bottles containing liquid penicillin in plastic bags during storage in a household frost-free refrigerator seems to offer no advantage in protection from volume depletion via evaporation over 10 days. Factors other than evaporation are probably responsible when antibiotics that require refrigeration have insufficient volume to provide the expected number of doses.

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35

Nawaz, Waqas, Tomasz Olewski, and Luc Véchot. "Assessment and validation of evaporation models for cryogenic liquids." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 121 (January 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.08.013.

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36

BRANDNER, Juergen J., Stefan MAIKOWSKE, and Alice VITTORIOSI. "A New Microstructure Device for Efficient Evaporation of Liquids." Journal of Thermal Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (2012): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jtst.7.414.

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37

Gambaryan-Roisman, Tatiana. "SIMULTANEOUS IMBIBITION AND EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS ON GROOVED SUBSTRATES." Interfacial Phenomena and Heat Transfer 7, no. 3 (2019): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interfacphenomheattransfer.2019031166.

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Ebel, Denton S. "Model evaporation of FeO-bearing liquids: Application to chondrules." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, no. 12 (June 2005): 3183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.02.008.

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39

Maatar, A., S. Chikh, M. Ait Saada, and L. Tadrist. "Transient effects on sessile droplet evaporation of volatile liquids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 86 (July 2015): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.02.077.

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40

Barnes, G. T. "The effects of monolayers on the evaporation of liquids." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 25 (1986): 89–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(86)80004-5.

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Pratt, D. M., J. R. Brown, and K. P. Hallinan. "Thermocapillary Effects on the Stability of a Heated, Curved Meniscus." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830045.

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An investigation of thermocapillary effects on heated menisci formed by volatile liquids in capillary pumped heat transfer devices has been conducted. This research was motivated by the importance of the evaporation process from porous or grooved media integral to the operation of capillary pumped heat transport devices such as heat pipes and capillary pumped loops. From analysis, a criteria was established which predicts the thermal conditions at which the destablizing influences of thermocapillary stresses near the contact line of a heated and evaporating meniscus cause the meniscus to become unstable. Experimentally, two different idealized models of capillary pumped phase change loops were investigated to assess the suitability of the predictions. Correspondence between theory and experiment was observed. Given the observed dry-out of the evaporator at higher heat inputs after the meniscus becomes unstable, the importance of predicting the conditions at the instability onset is made clear.

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42

Glushkov, Dmitrii, Genii Kuznetsov, and Pavel Strizhak. "Influence of radiative heat and mass transfer mechanism in system “water droplet-high-temperature gases” on integral characteristics of liquid evaporation." Thermal Science 19, no. 5 (2015): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140716004g.

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Physical and mathematical (system of differential equations in private derivatives) models of heat and mass transfer were developed to investigate the evaporation processes of water droplets and emulsions on its base moving in high-temperature (more than 1000 K) gas flow. The model takes into account a conductive and radiative heat transfer in water droplet and also a convective, conductive and radiative heat exchange with high-temperature gas area. Water vapors characteristic temperature and concentration in small wall-adjacent area and trace of the droplet, numerical values of evaporation velocities at different surface temperature, the characteristic time of complete droplet evaporation were determined. Experiments for confidence estimation of calculated integral characteristics of processes under investigation - mass liquid evaporation velocities were conducted with use of cross-correlation recording video equipment. Their satisfactory fit (deviations of experimental and theoretical velocities were less than 15%) was obtained. The influence of radiative heat and mass transfer mechanism on characteristics of endothermal phase transformations in a wide temperature variation range was established by comparison of obtained results of numerical simulation with known theoretical data for ?diffusion? mechanisms of water droplets and other liquids evaporation in gas.

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43

Stas’, I. E., and S. S. Pavlova. "Effect of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field on the properties of associated liquids." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 100, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ch4/75-84.

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The influence of the electromagnetic field on the refractive index, evaporation rate and surface tension of wa-ter, propanol-1 and pentanol-1 solutions have been studied. It was shown that the properties of these liquids depend on the field frequency and the time of exposure. The action of the field on the structure of water and alcohols is selective; changes in their properties are due to frequencies that are individual for each liquid. Both deceleration and acceleration of the alcohols evaporation occurs depending on the frequency of the elec-tromagnetic field. Evaporation of the field exposed water is slowing down at all the studied frequency range. There is an increase in the surface tension for water and pentanol, and a decrease for propanol. The properties of alcohols return to their initial values, and the properties of the water remain unchanged after the termina-tion of the field action. Thermodynamic functions of surface water and propanol-1 have been calculated on the basis of the temperature dependence of the surface tension. It has been demonstrated that the total internal energy of the surface increases for water and reduces or propanol-1. This indicates the strengthening of the structure in an aqueous solutions and a weakening of intermolecular interaction in the propanol-1 medium.

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44

Ledesma-Aguilar, Rodrigo, Gianluca Laghezza, Julia M. Yeomans, and Dominic Vella. "Using evaporation to control capillary instabilities in micro-systems." Soft Matter 13, no. 47 (2017): 8947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01426k.

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Shin, Hyun-Ho, and Woong-Sup Yoon. "Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanojet Injection with Adaptive-Spatial Decomposition Parallel Algorithm." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 3661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18332.

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An Adaptive-Spatial Decomposition parallel algorithm was developed to increase computation efficiency for molecular dynamics simulations of nano-fluids. Injection of a liquid argon jet with a scale of 17.6 molecular diameters was investigated. A solid annular platinum injector was also solved simultaneously with the liquid injectant by adopting a solid modeling technique which incorporates phantom atoms. The viscous heat was naturally discharged through the solids so the liquid boiling problem was avoided with no separate use of temperature controlling methods. Parametric investigations of injection speed, wall temperature, and injector length were made. A sudden pressure drop at the orifice exit causes flash boiling of the liquid departing the nozzle exit with strong evaporation on the surface of the liquids, while rendering a slender jet. The elevation of the injection speed and the wall temperature causes an activation of the surface evaporation concurrent with reduction in the jet breakup length and the drop size.

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Yang, Yan, Chuang Wen, Shuli Wang, Yuqing Feng, and Peter Witt. "The swirling flow structure in supersonic separators for natural gas dehydration." RSC Adv. 4, no. 95 (2014): 52967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08141b.

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Høstmark, Øistein, and Sigurd Teigland. "Role of Water Activity of Liquid in Controlling Evaporation Rate of Low-Viscosity Liquids." Drying Technology 27, no. 10 (October 22, 2009): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930903221747.

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48

Lancaster, Diane K., Alexis M. Johnson, Keaten Kappes, and Gilbert M. Nathanson. "Probing Gas–Liquid Interfacial Dynamics by Helium Evaporation from Hydrocarbon Liquids and Jet Fuels." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 26 (February 6, 2015): 14613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp512392b.

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49

Xu, Xiaochun, Romain Privat, Jean-Noël Jaubert, Yongfeng Qu, and Marc Bonnissel. "Modelling of multi-component droplet evaporation under cryogenic conditions." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020074.

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The vaporization of drops of highly vaporizable liquids falling inside a cryogenic environment is far from being a trivial matter as it assumes harnessing specialized thermodynamics and physical equations. In this paper, a multi-component falling droplet evaporation model was developed for simulating the spray cooling process. The falling speed of the sprayed droplets was calculated with the momentum equations considering three forces (gravity, buoyancy and drag) applied to a droplet. To evaluate the mass and heat transfer between the sprayed droplet and the surrounding gas phase, a gaseous boundary film of sufficient thinness was assumed to envelope the droplet, while the Peng-Robinson equation of state was used for estimating the phase equilibrium properties on the droplet’s surface. Based on the relevant conservation equations of mass and energy, the key properties (such as temperature, pressure and composition) of the liquid and gas phases in the tank during the spray process could be simulated. To conclude, the simulation algorithm is proposed.

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Riley, Scott A., Nathan R. Franklin, Bobbie Oudinarath, Sally Wong, David Congalton, and A. M. Nishimura. "Measurement of Evaporation Rates of Organic Liquids by Optical Interference." Journal of Chemical Education 74, no. 11 (November 1997): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed074p1320.

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