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Journal articles on the topic 'Evaporation mechanism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

David, S., Khellil Sefiane, and Lounes Tadrist. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of the Ambient Gas on Evaporating Sessile Drops." Defect and Diffusion Forum 258-260 (October 2006): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.258-260.461.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study of evaporating sessile drops in a controlled environment. The experimental setup allowed the investigation of the evaporation rate of sessile drops under reduced pressure (40 to 1000 mbar) and various ambient gases. Sessile drops of initial volume 2.5μL are deposited on substrates and left to evaporate in a controlled atmosphere. The effect of reducing pressure on the evaporation rate as well as changing the ambient gas is studied. Three different gases are used; namely Helium, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide. The role of vapour diffusion as a limiting mechanism for evaporation is studied. It is found that in all cases the evaporation rate is limited by the mass diffusion in the ambient gas provided that interfacial conditions are properly accounted for. This includes important evaporative cooling observed at higher evaporation rates and lower substrate thermal conductivity.

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2

Tardif, Robert, and Roy M. Rasmussen. "Evaporation of Nonequilibrium Raindrops as a Fog Formation Mechanism." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3149.1.

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Abstract To gain insights into the poorly understood phenomenon of precipitation fog, this study assesses the evaporation of freely falling drops departing from equilibrium as a possible contributing factor to fog formation in rainy conditions. The study is based on simulations performed with a microphysical column model describing the evolution of the temperature and mass of evaporating raindrops within a Lagrangian reference frame. Equilibrium defines a state where the latent heat loss of an evaporating drop is balanced by the sensible heat flux from the ambient air, hence defining a steady-state drop temperature. Model results show that the assumption of equilibrium leads to small but significant errors in calculated precipitation evaporation rates for drops falling in continuously varying ambient near-saturated or saturated conditions. Departure from equilibrium depends on the magnitude of the vertical gradients of the ambient temperature and moisture as well as the drop-size-dependent terminal velocity. Contrasting patterns of behavior occur depending on the stratification of the atmosphere. Raindrops falling in inversion layers remain warmer than the equilibrium temperature and lead to enhanced moistening, with supersaturation achieved when evaporation proceeds in saturated inversions. Dehydration occurs in layers with temperature and water vapor increasing with height due to the vapor flux from the environment to the colder drops. These contrasts are not represented when equilibrium is assumed. The role of nonequilibrium raindrop evaporation in fog occurrences is further emphasized with simulations of a case study characterized by fog forming under light rain falling in a developing frontal inversion. Good agreement is obtained between fog water content observations and simulations representing only the effects of rainfall evaporation. This study demonstrates the need to take into account the nonequilibrium state of falling raindrops for a proper representation of an important mechanism contributing to precipitation fog occurrences.

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3

Zheng, Lei, Bo Wang, Fangliang Meng, Minqing Wang, Ye Meng, and Bing Yun. "Quantification of evaporation parameter and determination of evaporation mechanism." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 817 (March 2020): 152699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152699.

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4

Ma, Hong Yun, Zhen Hong Zhao, Dong Wang, Jun Zhang, Li Guo, and Zhi Jun Li. "Research Progress of Fractionation Mechanism of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope during Water Body Evaporation." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2588.

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Evaporation is the most significant process that affects the isotopic transport of surface water. The study of mechanisms and modeling of the evaporation process has a very important practical significance in improving the isotopic analysis method. This paper reviews the international development of the mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic fractionation and model. It indicates that as the most ideal tracers of hydrologic cycle, stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes have their unique and irreplaceable functions. However, field experiments of evaporation and further research are limited by the complexities of kinetic flow in the atmosphere and observation technique. Modeling and experiments are commonly based on the assumption that evaporating water is well-mixed, and isotopic stratification in liquid is not considered by most laboratories. While it dose affect. Flow disturbance in the atmosphere is the most uncertain factor for isotopic fractionation in the process of evaporation. The modeling example shows isotopic evaporation line of natural water can be simulated properly while detailed simulations are limited by the lake of observational data of isotopic diffusion processes in both air phase and liquid phase.

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5

Jacobi, Anthony M., and John R. Thome. "Heat Transfer Model for Evaporation of Elongated Bubble Flows in Microchannels." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1517274.

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Recent experimental studies of evaporation in microchannels have shown that local flow-boiling coefficients are almost independent of vapor quality, weakly dependent on mass flux, moderately dependent on evaporating pressure, and strongly dependent on heat flux. In a conventional (macrochannel) geometry, such trends suggest nucleate boiling as the dominant heat transfer mechanism. In this paper, we put forward a simple new heat transfer model based on the hypothesis that thin-film evaporation into elongated bubbles is the important heat transfer mechanism in these flows. The new model predicts the above trends and quantitatively predicts flow-boiling coefficients for experimental data with several fluids. The success of this new model supports the idea that thin-film evaporation into elongated bubbles is the important heat transfer mechanism in microchannel evaporation. The model provides a new tool for the study of such flows, assists in understanding the heat transfer behavior, and provides a framework for predicting heat transfer.

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6

Yilbaş, Bekir Sami, and Ahmet Z. Şahin. "Laser heating mechanism including evaporation process." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 21, no. 4 (July 1994): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(94)90050-7.

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7

Arieli, Yehuda, Neomi Feinstein, Pnina Raber, Michal Horowitz, and Jacob Marder. "Heat stress induces ultrastructural changes in cutaneous capillary wall of heat-acclimated rock pigeon." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): R967—R974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r967.

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In heat-acclimated rock pigeons, cutaneous water evaporation is the major cooling mechanism when exposed at rest to an extremely hot environment of 50–60°C. This evaporative pathway is also activated in room temperature by a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) or an α-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) and inhibited by a β-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). In contrast, neither heat exposure nor drug administration activates cutaneous evaporation in cold-acclimated pigeons. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we studied the role of the ultrastructure and permeability of the cutaneous vasculature. During both heat stress and the administration of propranolol and clonidine, we observed increased capillary fenestration and endothelial gaps. Similarly, propranolol increased the extravasation of Evans blue-labeled albumin in the skin tissue. We concluded that heat acclimation reinforces a mechanism by which the activation of adrenergic signal transduction pathways alters microvessel permeability during heat stress. Consequently the flux of plasma proteins and water into the interstitial space is accelerated, providing an interstitial source of water for sustained cutaneous evaporative cooling.

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8

Meng, Wei, Xihuan Sun, Juanjuan Ma, Xianghong Guo, and Lijian Zheng. "Evaporation and Soil Surface Resistance of the Water Storage Pit Irrigation Trees in the Loess Plateau." Water 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040648.

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As an important step for formulating a water-saving agricultural strategy, it is essential to make quantitative calculations for orchard soil evaporation and confirm its inner mechanism, so as to reduce ineffective water consumption and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. To reveal the effect of water storage pits under water storage pit irrigation conditions in orchard soil evaporation, micro-lysimeters were used to measure the soil evaporation in two different forms (soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation) under diverse irrigation systems using water storage pit irrigation in the apple growth period of 2018. To calculate the orchard soil evaporation of water storage pit irrigation, the pit irrigation coefficient was introduced and a model was constructed. To illustrate the inner mechanism of orchard soil evaporation, the soil surface resistance under water storage pit irrigation conditions was analyzed and calculated quantitatively. The results show that: (1) introducing the pit irrigation coefficient can boost the calculation precision of the orchard soil evaporation under water storage pit irrigation conditions; (2) when applying the soil evaporation of the water storage pit irrigation model for calculation of the orchard soil evaporation, R 2 can reach 0.92; and (3) the mechanisms of the two orchard soil evaporation forms under water storage pit irrigation are very different. When soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation were calculated by the soil surface resistance of water storage pit irrigation model, R 2 values were 0.95 and 0.96, respectively.

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9

Strauven, H., A. Stesmans, J. Winters, J. Spinnewijn, and O. B. Verbeke. "Hydrogen incorporation mechanisms in the preparation of a-Si:H by ion bombardment-activated reactive evaporation." Journal of Materials Research 3, no. 2 (April 1988): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1988.0335.

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Here a-Si:H is prepared by ion bombardment-activated reactive evaporation of Si in a H2O residual gas pressure ranging from 10−9 to 10−7 Torr. The Si+ ions (2.7keV) are bombarding the substrate and the walls during evaporation. Two hydrogen incorporation mechanisms are revealed by H evolution experiments, depending on the H2O residual gas pressure during evaporation. In the first mechanism H is sputtered from the walls of the system by the ion bombardment; this mechanism contributes 10 at. % to the hydrogen content. In a second mechanism Si+ bombardment on the growing layer injects H from H2O molecules adsorbed on the film surface; at least 5 at. % H is incorporated by this process. The second mechanism has a remarkable influence on the microstructure as revealed from the electrical conductivity, electron spin resonance, and infrared transmission. Indeed, Si+ bombardment-induced injection of H changes the conductivity type from variable range hopping to an activated behavior, while the dangling bond density remains low (< 1018 cm −3). The growth of [SiH2]n bundles, observed by the resonance frequency and absorption strength of the stretch mode of the Si–H dipole, is also a consequence of the H injection mechanism. It is concluded that the properties of the a-Si:H, prepared by ion bombardment-activated reactive evaporation, are explained by a microstructure, dependent on the specific hydrogen incorporation mechanism.

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10

Abal, G., A. Romanelli, A. C. Sicardi-Schifino, R. Siri, and R. Donangelo. "Evaporation effects in the one-body dissipation mechanism." Nuclear Physics A 683, no. 1-4 (February 2001): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(00)00475-9.

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11

Czerny, B., A. Różańska, and A. Janiuk. "Evaporation of accretion disks: mechanism and observational consequences." Advances in Space Research 28, no. 2-3 (January 2001): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00424-0.

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12

Li, Chun, Jian Ouyang, Fangjie Dou, and Jingtao Shi. "Mechanism Influencing the Drying Behavior of Bitumen Emulsion." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143878.

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The drying process of bitumen emulsion largely dominates the strength development of emulsion-based mixtures for pavement structure, thus it can be used to judge the quality of bitumen emulsion. However, the drying behaviour of bitumen emulsions was seldom considered. The emulsion drying and film formation theory are employed to study the drying process of different bitumen emulsions with a thin layer. Results indicated the drying process of bitumen emulsion can be divided into three stages: (a) an initial high evaporation rate stage; (b) an intermediate stage with a rapidly decreasing evaporation rate; (c) a final stage with a very small evaporation rate. The boundaries among the three stages can be identified by studying the water evaporation rate. Three drying parameters, i.e., the critical volume fractions of bitumen defining the boundaries among the three stages and the maximum packing fraction of bitumen droplets, are proposed to quantitatively characterize the drying behavior of bitumen emulsion. High values of these parameters indicate a bitumen emulsion that has rapid drying behavior. Therefore, these parameters are independent of the emulsifier type, but they are highly dependent on the bitumen’s droplet size. These drying parameters increase with a decrease in bitumen droplet size. Therefore, bitumen emulsion with a smaller size distribution of bitumen droplets can have a more rapid drying behavior, which is recommended in real engineering.

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13

Chen, Yu, Qian Wang, Zhenghui Liu, Zheng Li, Wenjun Chen, Liyang Zhou, Jiaqing Qin, Yaxin Meng, and Tiancheng Mu. "Vaporization enthalpy, long-term evaporation and evaporation mechanism of polyethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvents." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 22 (2020): 9493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01601b.

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14

TORRES, R., F. FAYOS, and O. LORENTE-ESPÍN. "THE MECHANISM WHY COLLIDERS COULD CREATE QUASI-STABLE BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 14 (December 2013): 1350086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813500867.

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It has been postulated that black holes (BHs) could be created in particle collisions within the range of the available energies for nowadays colliders (LHC). In this paper, we analyze the evaporation of a type of BHs that are candidates for this specific behavior, namely, small BHs on a brane in a world with large extra-dimensions. We examine their evolution under the assumption that energy conservation is satisfied during the process and compare it with the standard evaporation approach. We claim that, rather than undergoing a quick total evaporation, BHs become quasi-stable. We comment on the (absence of) implications for safety of this result. We also discuss how the presence of BHs together with the correctness of the energy conservation approach might be experimentally verified.

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15

Aursand, Eskil, Stephen H. Davis, and Tor Ytrehus. "Thermocapillary instability as a mechanism for film boiling collapse." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 852 (August 3, 2018): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.545.

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We construct a model to investigate the interfacial stability of film boiling, and discover that instability of very thin vapour films and subsequent large interface superheating is only possible if thermocapillary instabilities are present. The model concerns horizontal saturated film boiling, and includes novel features such as non-equilibrium evaporation based on kinetic theory, thermocapillary and vapour thrust stresses and van der Waals interactions. From linear stability analysis applied to this model, we are led to suggest that vapour film collapse depends on a balance between thermocapillary instabilities and vapour thrust stabilization. This yields a purely theoretical prediction of the Leidenfrost temperature. Given that the evaporation coefficient is in the range 0.7–1.0, this model is consistent with the average Leidenfrost temperature of every fluid for which data could be found. With an evaporation coefficient of 0.85, the model can predict the Leidenfrost point within 10 % error for every fluid, including cryogens and liquid metals where existing models and correlations fail.

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16

NAGAHARA, Hiroko, and Kazuhito OZAWA. "Mechanism of forsterite evaporation as inferred from surface microstructures." Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences 75, no. 2 (1999): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.75.29.

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17

Tsukada, M., H. Tamura, K. P. McKenna, A. L. Shluger, Y. M. Chen, T. Ohkubo, and K. Hono. "Mechanism of laser assisted field evaporation from insulating oxides." Ultramicroscopy 111, no. 6 (May 2011): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.011.

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18

Matsumoto, Mitsuhiro. "Molecular Mechanism of Evaporation-Condensation on Vapor-Liquid Interface." REVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (1997): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.6.58.

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19

Tang, Hao, Jack C. Chang, Yueyue Shan, D. D. D. Ma, Tsz-Yan Lui, Juan A. Zapien, Chun-Sing Lee, and Shuit-Tong Lee. "Growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires via direct Zn evaporation." Journal of Materials Science 44, no. 2 (January 2009): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-3071-6.

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20

Yilbaş, Bekir Sami, Ahmet Z. Şahin, and R. Davies. "Laser heating mechanism including evaporation process initiating laser drilling." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 7 (July 1995): 1047–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)00062-o.

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21

Khlopov, Maxim, Biplab Paik, and Saibal Ray. "Revisiting Primordial Black Hole Evolution." Axioms 9, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms9020071.

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Primordial black holes (PBHs) are the sensitive probe for physics and cosmology of very early Universe. The observable effect of their existence depends on the PBH mass. Mini PBHs evaporate and do not survive to the present time, leaving only background effect of products of their evaporation, while PBHs evaporating now can be new exotic sources of energetic particles and gamma rays in the modern Universe. Here we revisit the history of evolution of mini PBHs. We follow the aspects associated with growth versus evaporation rate of “a mini PBH being trapped inside intense local cosmological matter inhomogeneity”. We show that the existence of baryon accretion forbidden black hole regime enables constraints on mini PBHs with the mass M ≤ 5.5 × 10 13 g. On the other hand, we propose the mechanism of delay of evaporation of primordial population of PBHs of primordial mass range 5.5 × 10 13 g ≤ M ≤ 5.1 × 10 14 g. It can provide their evaporation to be the main contributor to γ -ray flux distribution in the current Universe. At the final stage of evaporation these PBHs can be the source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and gamma radiation challenging probe for their existence in the LHAASO experiment.

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22

Glushkov, Dmitrii, Genii Kuznetsov, and Pavel Strizhak. "Influence of radiative heat and mass transfer mechanism in system “water droplet-high-temperature gases” on integral characteristics of liquid evaporation." Thermal Science 19, no. 5 (2015): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140716004g.

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Physical and mathematical (system of differential equations in private derivatives) models of heat and mass transfer were developed to investigate the evaporation processes of water droplets and emulsions on its base moving in high-temperature (more than 1000 K) gas flow. The model takes into account a conductive and radiative heat transfer in water droplet and also a convective, conductive and radiative heat exchange with high-temperature gas area. Water vapors characteristic temperature and concentration in small wall-adjacent area and trace of the droplet, numerical values of evaporation velocities at different surface temperature, the characteristic time of complete droplet evaporation were determined. Experiments for confidence estimation of calculated integral characteristics of processes under investigation - mass liquid evaporation velocities were conducted with use of cross-correlation recording video equipment. Their satisfactory fit (deviations of experimental and theoretical velocities were less than 15%) was obtained. The influence of radiative heat and mass transfer mechanism on characteristics of endothermal phase transformations in a wide temperature variation range was established by comparison of obtained results of numerical simulation with known theoretical data for ?diffusion? mechanisms of water droplets and other liquids evaporation in gas.

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23

ZHOU, JIANQIU, RONGTAO ZHU, and ZHENZHONG ZHANG. "DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF BULK NANOCRYSTALLINE NI PREPARED BY PLASMA EVAPORATION METHOD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061391.

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Bulk nanocrystalline Ni samples were prepared by plasma evaporation method combined with hot pressure sintering. The compressive mechanical properties of the bulk samples were tested under quasi-static strain rates at room temperature and the evolution of microstructure of bulk sample before and after compression was studied. The experimental results indicated that the bulk samples show a good combination of strength and ductility and have obvious strain rate sensitivity. Both dislocation glide mediated and grain boundary mediated deformation mechanism were found to be main operating deformation mechanisms for the bulk samples based on the mechanical behaviors and grain refinement after compression.

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24

Huang, Du Jou, Fang Tsung Liu, Shang Jen Chuang, Huang Chu Huang, and Rey Chue Hwang. "The Estimation of TP Chromatic Aberration by Using Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2211.

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In this paper, the chromatic aberration estimator of touch panel (TP) decoration film by using neural network is presented. Through the training of neural network, the complex relationship between the chromatic aberration and the parameters of evaporation process of TP decoration film is expected to be found. Thus, an intelligent decision mechanism for the chromatic aberration of TP film on its evaporation process could be developed. Based on this mechanism, the technician could set the control parameters of evaporation in advance so that the quality of chromatic aberration of TP could meet the customer’s request.

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25

DYMNIKOVA, IRINA, and MAXIM KHLOPOV. "DECAY OF COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT AS BOSE CONDENSATE EVAPORATION." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 38n39 (December 21, 2000): 2305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300002966.

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We consider the process of decay of symmetric vacuum state as evaporation of a Bose condensate of physical Higgs particles, defined over asymmetric vacuum state. Energy density of their self-interaction is identified with cosmological constant Λ in the Einstein equation. Λ decay then provides dynamical realization of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The effective mechanism is found for damping of coherent oscillations of a scalar field, leading to slow evaporation regime as the effective mechanism for Λ decay responsible for inflation without special fine-tuning of the microphysical parameters. This mechanism is able to incorporate reheating, generation of proper primordial fluctuations, and nonzero cosmological constant today.

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Bennacer, Rachid, and Khellil Sefiane. "Investigation of Evaporation and Diffusion Phenomena in Porous Media." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.215.

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Many industrial and biological phenomena involve the evaporation of liquids in porous media. In drying processes the evaporation of a liquid meniscus from the solid is the key mechanism in the process and its efficiency. After a first steady stage of evaporation the meniscus becomes unsteady and recedes inside the pore. Diffusion of vapour becomes the controlling mechanism for evaporation in a later stage. In this work an experimental investigation is undertaken to study the various stages of evaporation of different liquids in capillary tubes (pores) of various sizes. The analysis of the data obtained from this investigation reveals some interesting behaviours and emphasizes the role played by vapour diffusion in the case of unsteady interface. The preliminary transient regime allowing the thermal field establishment, is followed by the first stage of evaporation is found to be dominated by thermocapillary effects associated with non-uniform evaporation and temperature gradients. The laste stage is a molecular diffusion-limited mode. The liquid volatility and the effect of the size of the tube (ranging from 200 to 900 μm) are also analysed to show the interaction between the various effects at different scales.

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27

Ravishankar, N., and C. Barry Carter. "Silicate Glass and Evaporation from Sapphire Surfaces." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034437.

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Ceramic materials are processed at high temperatures where different mechanisms of mass transport are operative. The liquid-phase sintering (LPS) process involves the formation of a silicate liquid at the sintering temperature. In this case, mass transport takes place at the solidliquid, solid-vapor and liquid-solid interfaces. The mechanism and kinetics of these processes controls the microstructure. The silicate phase, which is usually the sintering additive, may influence the evaporation from and of the ceramic. The importance of the evaporation process has been clearly brought out in previous studies on the dewetting of silicates on a ceramic substrate. The present study considers the influence of a silicate phase (celsian) on evaporation from a ceramic (sapphire) substrate.Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) has been used to deposit thin films (∼100 nm thick) of celsian (BaAl2Si2O8) on sapphire single-crystals of basal orientation. In the present study, the film/substrate assembly has been annealed at high temperatures (1750°C to 1850°C) in a vacuum furnace.

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Nikolaev, R. E., V. S. Sulyaeva, A. V. Alekseev, A. S. Sukhikh, E. V. Polyakova, T. A. Pomelova, T. Kuzuya, S. Hirai, and B. Tran Nhu. "Growth mechanism of helical γ-Dy2S3 single crystals." CrystEngComm 23, no. 11 (2021): 2196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01750g.

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The nonequilibrium evaporation of a high-temperature SnS + Dy₂S₃ solution leads to the implementation of a VLS-like mechanism of growth of γ-Dy₂S₃ helical single crystals.

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29

FUJIKAWA, Shigeo, and Masanao KOTANI. "The Molecular Mechanism of Evaporation-Condensation and the Condensation Coefficient." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 12, no. 3 (1998): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.12.225.

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30

Yan, Shuwang, Bingchuan Guo, and Liqiang Sun. "Cracking mechanism of soft clay in evaporation and desiccation conditions." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 8 (2016): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.chn-28.

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31

Watanabe, Takayuki, Takahiro Notoya, Takamasa Ishigaki, Hiroyuki Kuwano, Hideki Tanaka, and Yusuke Moriyoshi. "Growth mechanism for carbon nanotubes in a plasma evaporation process." Thin Solid Films 506-507 (May 2006): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.289.

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32

Gritsenko, K. P. "Vacuum evaporation-deposited polyterafluoroethylene films: Growth mechanism, properties, and applications." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 79, no. 3 (March 2009): 642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363209030463.

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33

Veretennikov, Igor, Alexandra Indeikina, Hsueh-Chia Chang, Manuel Marquez, Steven L. Suib, and Oscar Giraldo. "Mechanism for Helical Gel Formation from Evaporation of Colloidal Solutions." Langmuir 18, no. 23 (November 2002): 8792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la025987s.

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34

Lima, Ana T., Zeinab Safar, and J. P. Gustav Loch. "Evaporation as the transport mechanism of metals in arid regions." Chemosphere 111 (September 2014): 638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.027.

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35

McLaughlin, Christine. "Evaporation as a nutrient retention mechanism at Sycamore Creek, Arizona." Hydrobiologia 603, no. 1 (January 23, 2008): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9275-y.

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36

Shrestha, Dev Chandra, Saraswati Acharya, and Dil Bahadur Gurung. "A Finite Element Approach to Evaluate Thermoregulation in the Human Body due to the Effects of Sweat Evaporation during Cooking, Cleaning, and Walking." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 26, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539151.

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Sweat evaporation is the principal process of dissipating heat energy in a hot environment and during activities. Sweat loss is significantly affected by the level of energy expenditure, hormones, and the number of sweat glands. The thickness of the skin layer plays a vital role to maintain body temperature. The rate of sweat evaporation varies with ambient temperature and activity level. On increasing both metabolism and ambient temperature, sweat rate loss also increases and controls the body in the thermoregulatory system. The evaporative sweat release rate has a linear behavior. The appropriate physical and physiological parameters that affect thermoregulation have been incorporated into the model. The study presents the temperature distribution in three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (SST) of the human dermal parts during cooking, cleaning, and walking. The solution is obtained by using the finite element method. The results demonstrate that the body mechanism keeps the body in thermoregulation by increasing the sweat evaporation rate exhibited by increasing the ambient temperature and metabolism during strenuous activities.

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Altabet, Y. Elia, Amir Haji-Akbari, and Pablo G. Debenedetti. "Effect of material flexibility on the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrophobically induced evaporation of water." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (March 13, 2017): E2548—E2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620335114.

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The evaporation of water induced by confinement between hydrophobic surfaces has received much attention due to its suggested functional role in numerous biophysical phenomena and its importance as a general mechanism of hydrophobic self-assembly. Although much progress has been made in understanding the basic physics of hydrophobically induced evaporation, a comprehensive understanding of the substrate material features (e.g., geometry, chemistry, and mechanical properties) that promote or inhibit such transitions remains lacking. In particular, comparatively little research has explored the relationship between water’s phase behavior in hydrophobic confinement and the mechanical properties of the confining material. Here, we report the results of extensive molecular simulations characterizing the rates, free energy barriers, and mechanism of water evaporation when confined between model hydrophobic materials with tunable flexibility. A single-order-of-magnitude reduction in the material’s modulus results in up to a nine-orders-of-magnitude increase in the evaporation rate, with the corresponding characteristic time decreasing from tens of seconds to tens of nanoseconds. Such a modulus reduction results in a 24-orders-of-magnitude decrease in the reverse rate of condensation, with time scales increasing from nanoseconds to tens of millions of years. Free energy calculations provide the barriers to evaporation and confirm our previous theoretical predictions that making the material more flexible stabilizes the confined vapor with respect to liquid. The mechanism of evaporation involves surface bubbles growing/coalescing to form a subcritical gap-spanning tube, which then must grow to cross the barrier.

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38

Mossige, E. J., V. Chandran Suja, M. Islamov, S. F. Wheeler, and Gerald G. Fuller. "Evaporation-induced Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in polymer solutions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2174 (June 8, 2020): 20190533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0533.

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Understanding the mechanics of detrimental convective instabilities in drying polymer solutions is crucial in many applications such as the production of film coatings. It is well known that solvent evaporation in polymer solutions can lead to Rayleigh-Bénard or Marangoni-type instabilities. Here, we reveal another mechanism, namely that evaporation can cause the interface to display Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities due to the build-up of a dense layer at the air–liquid interface. We study experimentally the onset time ( t p ) of the instability as a function of the macroscopic properties of aqueous polymer solutions, which we tune by varying the polymer concentration ( c 0 ), molecular weight and polymer type. In dilute solutions, t p shows two limiting behaviours depending on the polymer diffusivity. For high diffusivity polymers (low molecular weight), the pluming time scales as c 0 − 2 / 3 . This result agrees with previous studies on gravitational instabilities in miscible systems where diffusion stabilizes the system. On the other hand, in low diffusivity polymers the pluming time scales as c 0 − 1 . The stabilizing effect of an effective interfacial tension, similar to those in immiscible systems, explains this strong concentration dependence. Above a critical concentration, c ^ , viscosity delays the growth of the instability, allowing time for diffusion to act as the dominant stabilizing mechanism. This results in t p scaling as ( ν / c 0 ) 2/3 . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.

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Chandran Suja, V., A. Kar, W. Cates, S. M. Remmert, P. D. Savage, and G. G. Fuller. "Evaporation-induced foam stabilization in lubricating oils." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 31 (July 16, 2018): 7919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805645115.

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Foaming in liquids is ubiquitous in nature. Whereas the mechanism of foaming in aqueous systems has been thoroughly studied, nonaqueous systems have not enjoyed the same level of examination. Here we study the mechanism of foaming in a widely used class of nonaqueous liquids: lubricant base oils. Using a newly developed experimental technique, we show that the stability of lubricant foams can be evaluated at the level of single bubbles. The results obtained with this single-bubble technique indicate that solutocapillary flows are central to lubricant foam stabilization. These solutocapillary flows are shown to originate from the differential evaporation of multicomponent lubricants—an unexpected result given the low volatility of nonaqueous liquids. Further, we show that mixing of some combinations of different lubricant base oils, a common practice in the industry, exacerbates solutocapillary flows and hence leads to increased foaming.

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40

Cheuk, Kin Wai, Ke Pei, and Paddy K. L. Chan. "Degradation mechanism of a junction-free transparent silver network electrode." RSC Advances 6, no. 77 (2016): 73769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15135c.

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In this study, junction-free silver network electrodes with a range of optical transparencies and sheet resistances are developed by using thermal evaporation in the cracked regions of polymer templates that have conformal coatings.

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Jin, Ai Bing, Fu Gen Deng, Long Fu Li, and Min Zhe Zhang. "Research on Stability Mechanism of Fissured Loess Slope Influenced by Rainfall and Evaporation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.380.

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Based on saturated-unsaturated seepage mechanism, the features of pore-water pressure, strain and displacement of fissured and fissureless slope are analyzed by using the finite element method. At the same time, pore-water pressure, displacement and safety factor of fissured and fissureless slope as well as fissured slope with different depth and width are comparatively analyzed under the condition of rainfall and evaporation. The research results show that, under rainfall condition, the existence of fissures could change the boundary of soil infiltration and seepage filed distribution, lead to stress concentration and make plastic strain around the fissures area. In addition, as the rainfall response time increasing, the plastic zone around the fissures will spread to the surrounding, thus, the new micro-fissures would be produced during the process of the fissures expansion. Evaporation will reduce the shallow soil water content, increase suction and slope stability. Under the condition of rainfall and evaporation, slope stability is affected more seriously by the fissure depth, but less by the width.

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Dong, Wang, Xiong, Li, Wang, and Ling. "Investigation on the Cooling and Evaporation Behavior of Semi-Flexible Water Retaining Pavement based on Laboratory Test and Thermal-Mass Coupling Analysis." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 2546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162546.

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The Semi-Flexible Water Retaining Pavement (SFWRP) has the capability to cool down the temperature of the road surface through its evaporation behavior, including absorbing and evaporating water; this is an efficient approach to relieve the heat island effect in a big city. The temperature feedback from different material surface were investigated in this paper in the same test condition, it has been proved that the SFWRP material can remarkably cool down the temperature of the road surface. The mechanism of the material evaporation behavior, including flux calculation formula of the water vapor inside the air void, were studied by inter-phase continuous function, in which the structural properties of the SFWRP material was taken into account. Furthermore, the function calculating the evaporation of the water vapor was then developed in this research through heat and mass transfer analogy. Besides, the calculating results can be captured by the self-coding program in Finite Element Modeling (FEM) for water evaporation simulation. Also, the results of laboratory tests were adopted to validate the calculating model. Finally, it has been proved that the mortar was recommended to be used in semi-flexible water retaining pavement to serve as material with permeable and water retaining property, and the semi-flexible water retaining pavement material is recommended to applied in the surface layer of the permeable pavement.

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Wang, Leiqing, Donghui Zhang, Yi Chen, Lili Sun, and Jijing Mao. "Heat dissipation performance of grooved- and copper foam -type vapor chambers." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200821141w.

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Both grooved-type and copper foam-type vapor chambers are explored and investigated. The overall performance of vapor chamber depends on both axial and spread thermal resistance mutually. The copper foam-type vapor chambers achieved the lowest axial thermal resistance less than 0.2 K/W. The grooved-type sample presented the lowest spread thermal resistance, indicating better temperature uniformity. The visual experiment demonstrated that the evaporating surface of the copper-foam vapor chamber was dominated by the thin film evaporation mechanism at low charging ratio while dominated by the pulsed pool boiling mechanism at large charging ratio. For the grooved-type vapor chamber, the pool boiling mode was observed at any charging ratio.

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Li, Yaxing, Christian Diddens, Tim Segers, Herman Wijshoff, Michel Versluis, and Detlef Lohse. "Evaporating droplets on oil-wetted surfaces: Suppression of the coffee-stain effect." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (July 2, 2020): 16756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006153117.

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The evaporation of suspension droplets is the underlying mechanism in many surface-coating and surface-patterning applications. However, the uniformity of the final deposit suffers from the coffee-stain effect caused by contact line pinning. Here, we show that control over particle deposition can be achieved through droplet evaporation on oil-wetted hydrophilic surfaces. We demonstrate by flow visualization, theory, and numerics that the final deposit of the particles is governed by the coupling of the flow field in the evaporating droplet, the movement of its contact line, and the wetting state of the thin film surrounding the droplet. We show that the dynamics of the contact line can be tuned through the addition of a surfactant, thereby controlling the surface energies, which then leads to control over the final particle deposit. We also obtain an analytical expression for the radial velocity profile which reflects the hindering of the evaporation at the rim of the droplet by the nonvolatile oil meniscus, preventing flow toward the contact line, thus suppressing the coffee-stain effect. Finally, we confirm our physical interpretation by numerical simulations that are in qualitative agreement with the experiment.

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BROUT, R. "VACUUM INSTABILITY INDUCED BY HORIZONS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 03, no. 01 (March 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271894000022.

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The tunneling mechanism for producing particles in the presence of horizons is illustrated in three examples: (i) Production of charged pairs in a static E field, (ii) Thermal excitation of an accelerating system, (iii) Black hole evaporation. The thermodynamics of black hole evaporation is discussed in detail.

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Fengjuan, Zhang, Xing Liting, Wang Song, Zhuang Huibo, Dou Tongwen, and Yang Zengyuan. "Research on Formation Mechanism of Jiyang Shallow Saline Ground Water." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2015): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101509010155.

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Shallow salt water in the inland plain has huge development potential. Taking saline water area in Sungeng Town, Jiyang County as an example, based on field water quality and water table tests., tracing test, methods such as mathematical statistical, hydrochemistry diagram of piper and numerical simulation by PHREEQC are used to analyze synthetically. 6862 groups data were studied. Results showed: (1) The groundwater presents typically “weather - evaporation” type, chemistry type is Cl.SO4-Mg.Na. and Cl.SO4-Na.Mg type. (2) In area of inland saline water presents characteristics of lagging water flow with high clay content in aquifer medium. Groundwater mineralization is obvious. (3) Hydrogeochemistry actions such as evaporation, alternate adsorption and water-rock interaction are the primary cause of the forming complex hydrochemistry type. The unique groundwater circulation characteristics of inland plains saltwater area makes water dynamic being relatively stable.

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Marshall, Andrew G., Oscar Alves, and Harry H. Hendon. "An Enhanced Moisture Convergence–Evaporation Feedback Mechanism for MJO Air–Sea Interaction." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 970–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2313.1.

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Abstract Simulations using an atmospheric model forced with observed SST climatology and the same atmospheric model coupled to a slab-ocean model are used to investigate the role of air–sea interaction on the dynamics of the MJO. Slab-ocean coupling improved the MJO in Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology atmospheric model over the Indo-Pacific warm pool by reducing its period from 70–100 to 45–70 days, thereby showing better agreement with the 30–80-day observed oscillation. Air–sea coupling improves the MJO by increasing the moisture flux in the lower troposphere prior to the passage of active convection, which acts to promote convection and precipitation on the eastern flank of the main convective center. This process is triggered by an increase in surface evaporation over positive SST anomalies ahead of the MJO convection, which are driven by the enhanced shortwave radiation in the region of suppressed convection. This in turn generates enhanced convergence into the region, which supports evaporation–wind feedback in the presence of weak background westerly winds. A subsequent increase in low-level moisture convergence acts to further moisten the lower troposphere in advance of large-scale convection in a region of reduced atmospheric pressure. This destabilizing mechanism is referred to as enhanced moisture convergence–evaporation feedback (EMCEF) and is utilized to understand the role of air–sea coupling on the observed MJO. The EMCEF mechanism also reconciles traditionally opposing ideas on the roles of frictional wave–conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) and wind–evaporation feedback. These results support the idea that the MJO is primarily an atmospheric phenomenon, with air–sea interaction improving upon, but not critical for, its existence in the model.

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Feng, Song Jiang, Hao Bo He, Xue Liu, Bo He, and Wan Sheng Nie. "Investigation of the Evaporation Processes of Gel Propellant Droplets." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.753.

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Due to their high-performance and improved safety, gel propellants can be used in various boost motors and large launchers. The evaporation and combustion characteristics of gel propellants are the foundation for the gel-engine design. Especially, it is basal and important to study the gel droplet evaporation process. In this paper, the gel droplet evaporation model is developed to simulate the gel droplet evaporation process at first. Then the experiments to record the gel droplet evaporation process are conducted. During the droplet evaporation process, the decreased velocity of the droplet diameter increases gradually, whereas that of the droplet mass decreases gradually. The mass of both the liquid fuel and the gellant decreases gradually, however, the gellant mass concentration increases gradually and at the evaporation later stage the gellant mass is larger than that of the liquid fuel. The typical evaporation process characteristics captured by experiments are in reasonable agreement with the gel droplets evaporation mechanism. Especially, the “micro-burst” phenomenon of the gelled propellant may appears in rocket engines.

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Gran, M., J. Carrera, S. Olivella, and M. W. Saaltink. "Modeling evaporation processes in a saline soil from saturation to oven dry conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 4, 2011): 2077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2077-2011.

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Abstract. Thermal, suction and osmotic gradients interact during evaporation from a salty soil. Vapor fluxes become the main water flow mechanism under very dry conditions. A coupled nonisothermal multiphase flow and reactive transport model was developed to study mass and energy transfer mechanisms during an evaporation experiment from a sand column. Very dry and hot conditions, including the formation of a salt crust, necessitate the modification of the retention curve to represent oven dry conditions. Experimental observations (volumetric water content, temperature and concentration profiles) were satisfactorily reproduced using mostly independently measured parameters, which suggests that the model can be used to assess the underlying processes. Results show that evaporation concentrates at a very narrow front and is controlled by heat flow, and limited by salinity and liquid and vapor fluxes. The front divides the soil into a dry and saline portion above and a moist and diluted portion below. Vapor diffusses not only upwards but also downwards from the evaporation front, as dictated by temperature gradients. Condensation of this downward flux causes dilution, so that salt concentration is minimum and lower than the initial one, just beneath the evaporation front. While this result is consistent with observations, it required adopting a vapor diffusion enhancement factor of 8.

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Liu, Bo Yun, Min Lin Liu, and Yan Hong Liu. "Study of Hot Surface Aviation Fuel Thermal Ignition Pattern." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.332.

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Fuel evaporation and ignition process on the high-temperature hot surface are difficult to be predicted accurately. The rule of fuel evaporation and ignition delay that various with hot wall temperature have been obtained by utilizing the simulated experiment to study the evaporation and ignition process of aviation fuel on hot surface. This study complements the related content of the fuel ignition mechanism on hot wall,at the same, reference method for fuel fire engineering practice has been provided.

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