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Journal articles on the topic 'Evaporative Coolers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Kettleborough, C. F., D. G. Waugaman, and M. Johnson. "The Thermal Performance of the Cross-Flow Three-Dimensional Flat Plate Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905939.

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Evaporative coolers consist of two main types: (a) the direct evaporative cooler in which water mixes with the air to be cooled; and (b) the indirect evaporative cooler in which water is sprayed into alternate passages cooling the secondary airflow, which in turns cools the primary flow which then passes to the building to be cooled. A three-dimensional numerical evaluation of the indirect cooler is given. Energy and mass balance equations are derived for the primary and secondary flows and the effectiveness is calculated for different variable inlet velocities and compared with experimental values.

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2

Pisal, Prof Mr N. S. "Design and Development of Solar Powered 360degree Automatic Air Cooler." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45370.

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Abstract: Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use vapor-compression refrigeration or absorption refrigerator. Evaporative cooling is the conversion of liquid water into vapor using the thermal energy in the air, resulting in a lower air temperature. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of sensible heat, which affects the temperature of the air, and converted into latent heat, the energy present in the water vapor component of the air, whilst the air remains at a constant enthalpy value. Vapor-compression refrigeration uses evaporative cooling, but the evaporated vapor is within a sealed system, and is then compressed ready to evaporate again, using energy to do so. Simple evaporative coolers water is evaporated into the environment, and not recovered. In an interior space cooling unit, the evaporated water is introduced into the space along with the now-cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried off in the airflow exhaust. To Develop the Energy efficient, environment friendly direct evaporative air conditioning system having low operating cost suitable for hot and dry regions To Manufacture advanced 360-degree Rotating air cooler which rotates and provide air cooling in all directions. It can be used for domestic as well as Industrial applications. The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation). This can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants

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3

Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi, and Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.

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4

Yu, F. W., and K. T. Chan. "Application of Direct Evaporative Coolers for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Air-Cooled Chillers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 3 (July 20, 2005): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1866144.

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This paper describes how direct evaporative coolers can be used to improve the energy efficiency of air-cooled chillers in various operating conditions and with different strategies for staging condenser fans. These coolers are installed in front of air-cooled condensers to precool outdoor air before entering the condensers. A simulation analysis on an air-cooled chiller equipped with a direct evaporative cooler showed that when head pressure control is used, the cooler enables the condensing temperature to drop by 2.1–6.2°C, resulting in a 1.4-14.4% decrease in chiller power and a 1.3–4.6% increase in the refrigeration effect. When the chiller with the cooler operates under condensing temperature control, where condenser effectiveness is enhanced by staging all condenser fans, there is a savings in chiller power of 1.3-4.3% in some operating conditions in which the drop in compressor power exceeds the additional condenser fan power due to the pressure drop across the cooler.

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5

Usmonov, N., Sh Sanayev, and Z. Yusupov. "CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE OF ROUTINE WATER COOLED IN IRRIGATED LAYERS." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.19.3.-77-0036.

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The article describes the developed mathematical model, algorithm and program for calculating the process of cooling the water leaving the evaporative cooler and the final temperature of humid air. The compilation of a mathematical model is based on the analysis of literature data. Practically at all industrial enterprises, technological equipment is cooled by means of circulating water supply systems equipped with evaporative coolers. The article made a choice of a cooling system for air conditioning systems of residential premises. The developed basic design scheme of the evaporative water and air cooler with the irrigated layer is presented, as well as the estimated thermal and material balance. One of the main elements of these devices is a heat-mass transfer nozzle - sprinkler. This article presents the results of mathematical modeling of processes occurring in the volume of the sprinkler evaporator chamber, Raschig rings composed of vertical polymeric materials. Expressions are obtained for determining the values of air temperature based on the calculation of thermal modeling of the process of cooling circulating water in evaporative coolers of the type in question.

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6

Johnson, R. S. "The Theory and Operation of Evaporative Coolers for Industrial Gas Turbine Installations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240257.

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This paper discusses the theory of evaporative cooling and describes the application of wetted rigid media evaporative coolers to gas turbines. Calculations of parameters used to predict evaporative cooler performance are included. Also included are discussions of evaporative cooler design, installation, operation, feedwater quality, and the causes and prevention of water carry-over.

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7

Sun, Tiezhu, Xiaojun Huang, Caihang Liang, Riming Liu, and Xiang Huang. "Prediction and Analysis of Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Performance by Artificial Neural Network Method." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134673.

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The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, and the r2 is 0.9659, which is within the acceptable error range. However, the relative error of individual data (sample 7) is a little bit large, which is close to 10%. In order to improve the accuracy of the back propagation model, an optimized model based on particle swarm optimization was established. The relative error of the optimized model is generally smaller than that of the BP neural network especially for sample 7. It is concluded that the optimized artificial neural network is more suitable for solving the performance prediction problem of dew point indirect evaporative cooling units.

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8

Jafari Nasr, Mohammad Reza, and R. Behfar. "ENHANCED EVAPORATIVE FLUID COOLERS." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 19, no. 2 (2012): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.2012001683.

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9

Asghar, Usama, Muzaffar Ali, Danyal Iqbal, Muhammad Ali, and Muhammad Hassan Ameer. "Numerical Analysis of dew point Indirect Evaporative Cooler." MATEC Web of Conferences 381 (2023): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338101007.

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An indirect evaporative cooler that uses a Maisotsenko (M) Cycle has the potential to be a green and sustainable solution for managing a building’s cooling demand since it can attain sub-wet bulb temperature without humidification. This study presents the design and simulation analysis of a crossflow indirect evaporative cooler using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for various ambient conditions. The cooler’s performance was evaluated by varying the inlet air temperatures. The analysis was conducted using numerical simulations, and the outcomes were compared with experimental data. The simulation results demonstrated that the cooler could achieve significant temperature reductions at a minor energy consumption as compared to traditional air conditioning systems. This study delivers that this system reduces the temperature of inlet air up to 22°C as well as cooling capacity and coefficient of performance values are 3.699 kW and 27.40. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of crossflow indirect evaporative coolers as an energy-efficient alternative to conventional air conditioning systems.

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10

Murodov, J. N. "Metrological characteristics of solar evaporative coolers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 052023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/5/052023.

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Abstract The metrological characteristics such as the temperature and relative humidity of the cooled air in solar evaporative coolers in the form of an umbrella or awning are experimentally investigated in the work. Hygroscopic material was used for evaporative cooling. The results are compared with the data obtained from the waterproof material. They allow us to conclude that solar evaporative cooling is promising as an ecologically pure method for cooling air in open areas under canopies.

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11

Qureshi, Bilal Ahmed, and Syed M. Zubair. "Prediction of evaporation losses in evaporative fluid coolers." Applied Thermal Engineering 27, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.06.008.

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12

Arun, BS, and V. Mariappan. "Experimental study of an ultrasonic regenerative evaporative cooler for a desiccant cooling system." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418810934.

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This paper presents fabrication of an ultrasonic regenerative evaporative cooler, coupled with a desiccant dehumidifier. Ultrasonic regenerative evaporative cooler consists of several sets of a dry channel and a wet channel. A part of the air from the dry channel is redirected into the wet channel where it is cooled by evaporation of water mist from an ultrasonic atomiser. Air flowing through dry channels is pre-cooled by heat transfer between wet and dry channels, without changing its humidity. In this cooler, the conventional hygroscopic layer for wetting the plate surface is replaced with the water mist. It is observed that the performance of the cooling system significantly depends on the channel spacing, channel length, inlet airflow rate and extraction ratio, and marginally depends upon feed water temperature. The room cooling capacity is eminently responsive to both air mass flow rate and extraction ratio. The maximum available room cooling capacity of 339.8 W is obtained for the optimal values of 0.0488 kg/s mass flow rate of air and 0.37 extraction ratio. The prototype achieved wet-bulb effectiveness values as high as 1.15 and delivered more than 10℃ temperature drop. Practical application: An ultrasonic regenerative evaporative cooler can be coupled with a desiccant dehumidification unit for use in hot and humid climate to achieve comfort condition utilising less energy and feed water when compared to the vapour compression refrigeration system. From this prototype researchers and engineers can develop, by combining desiccant regenerators and evaporative coolers which use ultrasonic method for low-temperature dehydration of desiccant substance. Solar thermal energy can also be directly utilised for marginally heating the desiccant substance during the regeneration process. Overall, this system can contribute to the development of energy efficient buildings.

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13

Zalewski, Wojciech, Beata Niezgoda-Żelasko, and Marek Litwin. "Optimization of evaporative fluid coolers." International Journal of Refrigeration 23, no. 7 (November 2000): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(99)00082-1.

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14

Barakov, A. V., V. Yu Dubanin, D. A. Prutskikh, and A. A. Nadeev. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN EVAPORATING TYPE AIR COOLER FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 3(51) (July 21, 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.51.3.003.

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Statement of the problem. The air supplied to the premises during the hot season must be cooled to comfortable temperatures. Due to the fact that additional energy consumption for this cooling is not provided, it is possible to use an evaporative-type air cooler. However, the currently known results of experimental and theoretical studies of such devices do not allow their design, which prevents their spread. The structure of such an apparatus is considered and its theoretical and experimental studies are carried out, the results of which can be used for engineering calculation and design of such apparatus.Results. An evaporative-type air cooler designed by the authors for ventilation systems is described. A theoretical and experimental study of the air cooler has been carried out. Analytical relationships were obtained for determining the time of movement of the material checker in the "wet" chamber of the apparatus, the temperature of the cooled air and the temperature of the checker in any section of the circulation loop. Empirical relationships have been obtained for the efficiency coefficient of the cooler and its hydraulic resistance. Conclusions. The obtained dependencies will serve as the basis for the development of a methodology for the design calculation of indirect-evaporative air coolers with a moving fluidized bed in the field of centrifugal forces.

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15

Liu, Su, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Energy Performance Comparison between Two Liquid Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling-Assisted Air Conditioning Systems." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030522.

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This study investigated the annual energy saving potential and system performance of two different evaporative cooling-based liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling-assisted air conditioning systems. One system used an indirect and direct evaporative cooler with a two-stage package to match the target supply air point. The other was equipped with a single-stage, packaged dew-point evaporative cooler that used a portion of the process air, which had been dehumidified in advance. Systems installed with the two evaporative coolers were compared to determine which one was more energy efficient and which one could provide better thermal comfort for building occupants in a given climate zone, using detailed simulation data. The detailed energy consumption data of these two systems were estimated using an engineering equation solver with each component model. The results showed that the liquid desiccant and dew-point evaporative-cooler-assisted 100% outdoor air system (LDEOAS) resulted in approximately 34% more annual primary energy consumption than that of the liquid desiccant and the indirect and direct evaporative-cooler-assisted 100% outdoor air system (LDIDECOAS). However, the LDEOAS could provide drier and cooler supply air, compared with the LDIDECOAS. In conclusion, LDIDECOAS has a higher energy saving potential than LDEOAS, with an acceptable level of thermal comfort.

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16

Singh, Arvinder, Ashok Gadgil, S. Gopi, and Bhaskar Natarajan. "A pump economizer for evaporative coolers." Energy and Buildings 17, no. 1 (January 1991): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(91)90071-a.

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17

Erens, P. J., and A. A. Dreyer. "Modelling of indirect evaporative air coolers." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 36, no. 1 (January 1993): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(93)80062-y.

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18

Peterson, D., D. Glasser, D. Williams, and R. Ramsden. "Predicting the Performance of an Evaporative Condenser." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250555.

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A simple analytical method, based on the method of Parker and Treybal (1961) for evaporative coolers, was developed to predict the performance of evaporative condensers. The transfer coefficients of the model were predicted from standard correlations in the literature or those determined by Parker and Treybal for evaporative coolers. Field tests were performed on an evaporative condenser and the measured and predicted heat loads and recirculating water temperature were compared. It was found that the heat load was underpredicted by about 30 percent and the water temperature by 3°C. A change in Uo of a factor of 1.9 adequately predicts both the heat load and sump temperature.

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19

Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Dr Osama Mohammed, and Dr Elhassan Bashier Elagab. "USES, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLERS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.010.

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the benefits and advantages of an evaporative cooler, also known as swamp cooler, air cooler, or desert cooler include inexpensive price and lower energy consumption, as well as easier and inexpensive installation and maintenance, when compared to traditional air conditioners; and suitability for use in dry and arid climates, especially during hot and dry weather conditions. On the other hand, the disadvantages of an evaporative cooler center primarily on the negative impacts of too much humidification. These disadvantages translate further to more specific limitations and drawbacks. For example, using an evaporative cooler for prolonged period of time or under a hot and humid weather increase healthrelated risks such as respiratory distress, as well as the susceptibility of wood-based, paper-based, and electronic products. Evaporative cooling has both advantages and disadvantages, and the choice rests with the individual Homeowner. Therefore, the consumers should investigate all the alternatives and then make the right decision based on technical specifications, cost preference, lifestyle and individual priorities.

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20

Kiselev, Igor, Sergey Urushev, Igor Ivanov, and Yulia Vodopyanova. "HEAT EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN POWER SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTER INSTALLATIONS WITH EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLING." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-4-140-147.

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Objective: To improve reliability and endurance of semiconductor devices by means of heat exchange processes optimization of installations with evaporative air cooling. Methods: Design features analysis of cooling installations was applied. Results: The structural features of “a twophase thermal siphon” for power semiconductor devices were described. Experimental research of power blocks of semiconductor converter installations with “two-phase thermal siphon” coolers was conducted. The values of maximum permissible currents upon the application of possible button-type instrument configurations with such coolers were obtained. Practical importance: Application of “two-phase thermal siphon” evaporative air coolers will make it possible to improve weight-size parameters of converter installations.

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21

Usmonov, Nizomjon, Shaxlo Mavjudova, and Adeliya Ivanisova. "Mathematical modeling of heat and mass exchange processes in the evaporative cooler." E3S Web of Conferences 304 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130401012.

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This article describes the advantages of the widespread using of the evaporative coolers for cooling recycled wastewater in the air conditioning systems in various industries. The mathematical model of heat and mass transfer processes in the evaporative coolers has been developed. The dependence of the changes in the temperature of the air leaving the evaporator on the irrigation density is considered. When comparing the values obtained by using mathematical expressions and experiments, the resulting difference was 6.7%.

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22

Davalo, Karine Machado, Andrea Naguissa Yuba, and João Onofre Pereira Pinto. "Implementation and Performance Evaluation of a Community-Scale Adobe Evaporative Cooling Chamber for Vegetable Preservation." Buildings 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061401.

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The construction of evaporative coolers in remote areas can increase the longevity of vegetables, improving food security and the local economy of small farmers in remote, impoverished communities without access to electricity. This work presents a 1:1 scale prototype of an 8 m3 (2.1 × 2.1 × 2.3 m) stabilized adobe evaporative cooler, with a design based on the appropriate technology framework, and it was built as a chamber using double adobe walls, filled with wet sand, to induce evaporative cooling. Furthermore, the paper presents the prototype’s performance evaluation. The tests were carried out in the dry and wet states, with different volumes of water. The results show good performance compared with other prototypes, although the optimum watering volume could not be determined because of the high climate variance (outside temperature and humidity) that prevented the repetition of the experiments in identical operating conditions. Stabilized adobe proved to be a good choice for use in the cooler, even when subject to moisture accumulation, indicating an estimated long lifetime for the cooler. The data obtained about the efficiency of evaporative cooling show that the cooler, as expected, has its best performance on the hottest and driest days, reducing the internal temperature (up to 13.24 °C) and managing to keep the internal humidity. The cost, efficiency, durability, and replicability make the proposed evaporative cooler a feasible solution for food preservation.

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23

Bhatkar, V. W. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MULTISTAGE INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLERS." JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 24, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/hm024010069.

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24

Pandelidis, Demis, Sergey Anisimov, and Paweł Drąg. "Performance Comparison between Selected Evaporative Air Coolers." Energies 10, no. 4 (April 22, 2017): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10040577.

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Jafari Nasr, M. R., and R. Behfar. "A novel design for evaporative fluid coolers." Applied Thermal Engineering 30, no. 17-18 (December 2010): 2746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.07.030.

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26

ELDESSOUKY, H. "Performance analysis of two-stage evaporative coolers." Chemical Engineering Journal 102, no. 3 (September 2004): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2004.01.036.

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27

Obuoro Wayua, Francis, and Michael Wandayi Okoth. "MODELLING THE PERFORMANCE OF A CAMEL MILK STORAGE STRUCTURE WITH EVAPORATIVE COOLING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 7, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v7i2.93.

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Storage and marketing of camel milk in arid lands of Kenya is hampered by lack of cold storage facilities. This problem can be alleviated by using storage structures incorporating evaporative cooling whose performance depends on climatic conditions. The objective of this work was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict cooled milk temperature and cooling efficiency of a locally fabricated cooler. Data were obtained from the cooler which was tested under various experimental conditions. Using some of the experimental data for training, a three-layer feed-forward ANN model based on back propagation Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was developed using the Neural Network Toolbox for MATLAB®. The optimal model had a 4-4-2 structure with sigmoid transfer function in both layers. The inputs of the model were ambient dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind speed and temperature of drip water, whereas the outputs were cooled milk temperature and cooling efficiency. The experimental data set (n=165) was randomly divided into training (75%) and testing (25%) sub-sets. The performance of the ANN predictions was evaluated by comparing the predicted and experimental results. The predictions agreed well with experimental values with mean squared error of 10.2, mean relative error of 4.02% and correlation coefficients in the range of 0.86-0.93. This study reveals that, as an alternative to conventional modelling techniques, the ANN approach can be used successfully for predicting the performance of locally fabricated camel milk storage structures incorporating evaporative cooling in arid pastoral areas of Kenya. The model can be used as a design tool to estimate the sizing and performance of future coolers, as it allows the prediction of the performance of hypothetical coolers designed without a need for time demanding experimentation. This can aid in up-scaling the technology.

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Mikhailov, V. A., N. N. Sharipova, and E. V. Klimova. "Designing innovative local water evaporative air cooler for tractor cabins." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68290.

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The paper proposes the design of innovation water evaporative air cooler for the normalization of the thermal state of the tractor operator by the local supplying of air flow. To expand the market the device has two versions: voltage of 12 V DC , based on the use of a warm period in the cab of any size ; voltage of 220 V AC , based on the use of indoor stationary objects . It may be used either on the new tractor models or on the objects in use, with no coolers.

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Yuliasari, Hikmah, Kavadya Syska, and Ropiudin Ropiudin. "Disain dan Uji Kinerja Pendingin Evaporatif Tipe Aliran Searah Menggunakan CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i3.338-350.

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After harvesting, fruits will change due to physiological, physical, chemical, and microbiological influences, and they are living materials. Therefore, it is necessary to know how to harvest and handle fresh fruits and their storage conditions to handle the fruits after harvesting so that the quality of the products can be maintained. One of the first treatments in the fruit cold chain is evaporative cooling. In order to get an evaporative cooling system that has an even temperature distribution, it is necessary to make a spatial model when designing an evaporative cooling system using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The objectives of this research are: (1) design of direct flow type evaporative cooling systems and (2) test the performance of direct flow type evaporative coolers. This research method uses design methods, experiments, and computer simulations. The results showed the performance of the evaporative cooler system in the scenario with the roof on, the highest effectiveness value was 1.198, the highest approximation value was 2.832, and the highest range value was 4.589. In the scenario without a roof on the evaporative cooler system, the highest effectiveness value was 1.767, the highest approach value was 2.139, and the highest range value was 4.835. The CFD analysis in the scenario with a roof had the highest temperature value of 25.9 ° C and the lowest temperature of 21.9 ° C, while the CFD analysis in the scenario without roof had the highest temperature of 23.7 ° C and the lowest temperature of 20.4 ° C. Keywords: CFD, direct flow type, evaporative cooler, quality, fruit

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Kumar, Shiva, Jay Singh, Jogendra Siyag, and Srikar Rambhatla. "Potential Alternative Materials used in Evaporative Coolers for Sustainable Energy Applications: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 04 (October 21, 2020): 2030006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300062.

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In hot climatic conditions, increased energy consumption toward cooling has led to the development of evaporative coolers. The performance of evaporative cooler depends on the various material and operating parameters. Type of material selected for cooling pad is the most important factor among them. In this study, various types of cooling pad materials have been discussed based on their potential benefits, influence on the cooling performance like characteristics wettability, porosity, water holding capacity and cost. It is seen that organic- and fiber-based materials have been extensively used, whereas the studies related to materials based on plastics and metals are limited. Ideal material properties to be possessed by a good pad material have been discussed. Prospects and future scope for further research have been identified. Hence, this review paper certainly throws some light on the selection criteria for a potential alternative evaporative cooling pad material that shows the maximum cooling performance and helps achieve sustainable cooling in buildings.

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31

Pandelidis, Demis, Aleksandra Cichoń, Anna Pacak, Paweł Drąg, Marlena Drąg, Korneliusz Sierpowski, William Worek, and Sabri Cetin. "Performance analysis of rotary indirect evaporative air coolers." Energy Conversion and Management 244 (September 2021): 114514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114514.

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32

Lewis Thompson, T., Nader V. Chalfoun, and Martin R. Yoklic. "Estimating the performance of natural draft evaporative coolers." Energy Conversion and Management 35, no. 11 (November 1994): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(94)90022-1.

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33

Sodha, M. S., S. P. Singh, and R. L. Sawhney. "Evolution of design patterns for direct evaporative coolers." Building and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00034-p.

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Pacak, Anna, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Mathematical modelling of solid desiccant systems." ITM Web of Conferences 23 (2018): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182300029.

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In this study, the mathematical model equations for solid desiccant system integrated with indirect evaporative coolers with Maisotsenko - Cycle are presented. The authors chose the modified ε–NTU method to describe heat and mass transfer processes in regenerative indirect evaporative cooler and desiccant wheel. The models based on the ε–NTU method show satisfactory agreement with experimental results. That is why this method allows to analyze and develop the performance of solid desiccant systems. In this study, the models allowed to prove that solid desiccant system with an additional heat exchanger before the desiccant wheel (System 1) obtains higher thermal COP values, higher humidity ratio drop and lower supply airflow temperatures in comparison to system with only one heat exchanger after the desiccant wheel (System 2).

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Patunkar, Prashant, Sunil Dingare, and Virendra Bhojwani. "A Review of Recent Experimental and Theoretical Research of Dew Point Evaporative Coolers." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001021.

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Evaporative cooling is one of the techniques to lower the ambient air temperature according to the requirements. The technique includes the injection of moisture in the coming air, thus increasing its specific humidity. This technique can cool the air up to wet bulb temperature of the incoming air. In the recent past, the techniques are developed to lower the temperature of air without addition of moisture in the incoming air. These techniques demonstrate that the incoming air temperature can be approached near the dew point temperature of the incoming air. The present paper essentially focuses on the recent theoretical and experimental research of dew point evaporative coolers. Different flow configurations of heat exchange mediums, optimization of geometrical parameters, performance parameters (wet bulb and dew point effectiveness), energy efficiency ratio and energy saving potential are the key elements to study the prospects of dew point evaporative coolers over the conventional refrigeration systems operated by mechanical means. Dew point evaporative cooling technology is environmental friendly and has the potential in reducing the impact on earth due to global warming.

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Mishra, Anupam. "A Review of Literature on Various Techniques of COP Improvement in Vapor Compression Refrigeration System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39102.

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Abstract: This review paper is a study on various methods of performance improvement in domestic refrigeration systems, based on the vapor compression refrigeration VCRS cycle. Here air-cooled, water-cooled, fog cooled, evaporatively cooled condensers and nano-fluid lubricant /coolant methods their working and efficiency are reviewed, compared, analyzed and presented. The paper inspects the work done by different researchers for the maximization of heat loss from condenser & compressor and bringing about necessary modifications to reduce the overall power consumption of domestic refrigerators by improving Coefficient of Performance (COP). Numerous works have been done on improving the heat dissipation capacity of condenser but using nano-fluid in lubricant base as refrigerant and in the compressor shell as coolant is a new technology. Nano-fluid increase heat transfer due the high conductivity nano particles. It has been observed that water cooled condensers and compressors with nano-lubricants/coolants give the best performance improvements but they suit better for big or large refrigeration systems like centralized air conditioning systems or cold storage warehousing, whereas air cooled and evaporative condensers are optimal for small scale or low power appliances like domestic refrigerators, water coolers or split air conditioners to reduce overall power consumption by increasing the COP. Keywords: Refrigeration system, COP improvement, Condenser, Water mist, Evaporative cooling, Nano-fluid coolant, VCRS cycle.

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Гулевский, В. А., Е. Н. Осипов, and В. П. Шацкий. "Cooling of the Tehnical Objects Using Water-Evaporation Coolers." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 2(58) (September 17, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.58.2.002.

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Постановка задачи. Рассматривается задача охлаждения воздуха технических объектов с помощью водоиспарительных охладителей рекуперативного принципа действия. Результаты. Выводится уравнение нестационарного теплового баланса ограниченного объема с технологическим оборудованием с учетом его охлаждения рекуперативными водоиспарительными охладителями. Представлены математическая модель теплофизических процессов в косвенных водоиспарительных воздухоохладителях рекуперативного принципа действия и метод ее реализации. Модель содержит дифференциальные уравнения в частных производных, описывающие перенос энергии и массы в каналах теплообменного блока. Выводы. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что установки водоиспарительного охлаждения косвенно-рекуперативного типа позволят, не повышая влагосодержания воздуха, значительно снизить температуру в помещениях с технологическим оборудованием, выделяющим большое количество тепла. Экологическая чистота и невысокая стоимость охладительных установок подобного типа добавляют положительный эффект от их применения. Statement of the problem. The problem of air cooling of technical objects by means of water-evaporative coolers of the recuperative principle of action is considered. Results. The equation of unsteady thermal balance of limited volume with technological equipment is derived taking into account its cooling by recuperative water-evaporative coolers. The mathematical model of thermal physical processes in indirect water-evaporative air coolers of the recuperative principle of action and the method of its implementation are presented. The model contains partial differential equations describing the transfer of energy and mass in the channels of the heat exchange unit. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted studies, it is established that installations of water-evaporative cooling of indirect-recuperative type will allow one without increasing moisture content of air to considerably to reduce the temperature in rooms with the processing equipment allocating a large amount of heat. Environmental friendliness and a low cost of cooling units of this type add a positive effect from their application.

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Glauberman, M., A. Doroshenko, K. Shestopalov, K. Liudnytskyi, K. Zhuk, and A. Tsapushel. "Solar desiccant-evaporative cooling systems with ceramic packing (microporous multichannel structures)." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 54 (December 14, 2017): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2017.54.132732.

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In this paper, a method for the determination of the efficiency and limitations of the evaporative cooling process is presented. Ceramic is employed as a packing material in the evaporative equipment. It is shown that the experimental efficiency of the ceramic packing is 10-20% higher as compared to packings made of aluminum foil and multichannel polycarbonate plates because of the absence of common liquid film on the packing surface, and due to the absolute wettability of the ceramic packing. Heat and mass transfer equipment for desiccant-evaporative cooling systems (direct and indirect evaporative coolers, cooling tower) utilizing ceramic structures has been developed.

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Chelabchi, Vladimir. "Mathematical modeling of air coolers of indirect evaporative type." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (85) (February 28, 2017): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.93055.

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Rousseau, P. G., E. H. Mathews, and L. J. Grobler. "Integrated thermal simulation of buildings and regenerative evaporative coolers." Building and Environment 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)90050-7.

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Pandelidis, Demis, Sergey Anisimov, Krzysztof Rajski, Ewa Brychcy, and Marek Sidorczyk. "Performance comparison of the advanced indirect evaporative air coolers." Energy 135 (September 2017): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.111.

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Pandelidis, Demis, Sergey Anisimov, and William M. Worek. "Performance study of counter-flow indirect evaporative air coolers." Energy and Buildings 109 (December 2015): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.004.

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Almarzouq, Mohammed, Ahmed Al-Somali, Saud Al-Abdulkarim, and Amr Owes. "Smart Switching Power Supply System for Evaporative Air Coolers." Global Journal of Energy Technology Research Updates 9 (December 18, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5818.2022.09.4.

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The energy consumption by residential air conditioners could cost about half of the total energy consumption of the building. A combination of conventional and renewable energy is still an emerging technology. Therefore, using solar photovoltaic panels to provide electricity to the air conditioner is a substantial application. This research shows the possibility of using photovoltaic panels as a power source for air conditioners in a sequence exchange with the conventional grid. A smart switching system has been offered to organize the power supply between the grid and solar panels. The photovoltaic panels have been connected to the conditioner across a power inverter module for adopting a reliable and accurate quantity of power supply to the conditioner unit. The smart switching system provides an intelligent connection between the solar power source and the grid, ensuring an uninterrupted electricity supply between the two power sources.

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Guo, Chunmei, Yu Li, Xianli Li, Ruxue Bai, and Chuanshuai Dong. "Design Selection Method of Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Type Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 7371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097371.

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In order to promote the engineering application of indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) in the field of building air conditioning, as well as reduce air conditioning energy consumption and carbon emissions, this paper proposes a fresh air unit using indirect evaporative cooling to achieve heat recovery from exhaust air, which gives the recommended values of air and spray water operation parameters. The indirect evaporative cooler heat and mass transfer mathematical model and numerical solution procedure were made. In summer outdoor design conditions, the fresh air outlet state parameters, cooling capacity, fresh air cooling load, wet bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency were numerically solved for thirty typical cities from five climate zones of China. In addition, also based on the model results for the cities in China, two representative operating conditions points of medium and high humidity were selected. Eight models of fresh air unit coolers in the air volume range of 1000–10,000 m3/h commonly used in engineering were simulated to obtain the optimal heat transfer area and size selection of ERIEC heat exchangers for fresh air units, and economic analysis was performed. The results show that the wet bulb efficiency ranges from 0.67–0.98, and increases as the outdoor design wet bulb temperature decreases; the enthalpy efficiency ranges from 0.76–1.29, and increases as the outdoor design wet bulb temperature increases; and the fresh air load that the exhaust air heat recovery type indirect evaporative cooler can bear ranges from 55–100%, which could largely decrease the cold load of the matched surface cooler. As demonstrated, the energy-saving effect is remarkable.

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Бараков, А. В., В. Ю. Дубанин, Д. А. Прутских, and А. А. Надеев. "Development of an Evaporating Type Air Cooler for Ventilation Systems." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 3(63) (September 24, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.63.3.003.

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Постановка задачи. Подаваемый в помещения воздух в жаркое время года должен быть охлажден до комфортных температур. В связи с тем, что дополнительного расхода энергии на это охлаждение не предусмотрено, возможно применить воздухоохладитель испарительного типа. Однако известные в настоящее время результаты экспериментальных и теоретических исследований таких аппаратов не позволяют их проектировать, что препятствует их распространению. Рассмотрено строение такого аппарата и выполнены его теоретические и экспериментальные исследования, результаты которых могут быть использованы для инженерного расчета и конструирования подобных аппаратов. Результаты. Описан сконструированный авторами воздухоохладитель испарительного типа для систем вентиляции. Проведено теоретическое и экспериментальное исследование воздухоохладителя. Получены аналитические соотношения для определения времени движения насадки в «мокрой» камере аппарата, температуры охлажденного воздуха и температуры насадки в любом сечении контура циркуляции. Получены эмпирические соотношения для коэффициента эффективности охладителя и его гидравлического сопротивления. Выводы. Полученные зависимости послужат основой для разработки методики проектного расчета воздухоохладителей косвенно-испарительного типа с перемещающимся псевдоожиженным слоем в поле центробежных сил. Statement of the problem. The air supplied to the premises during the hot season must be cooled to comfortable temperatures. Due to the fact that additional energy consumption for this cooling is not provided, it is possible to use an evaporative-type air cooler. However, the currently known results of experimental and theoretical studies of such devices do not allow for their design, which prevents their spread. The structure of such an apparatus is considered and its theoretical and experimental studies are carried out, the results of which can be used for engineering calculation and design of such apparatus. Results. An evaporative-type air cooler designed by the authors for ventilation systems is described. A theoretical and experimental study of the air cooler has been carried out. Analytical relationships were obtained for determining the time of movement of the material checker in the «wet» chamber of the apparatus, the temperature of the cooled air and the temperature of the checker in any section of the circulation loop. Empirical relationships have been obtained for the efficiency coefficient of the cooler and its hydraulic resistance. Сonclusions. The obtained dependencies will serve as the basis for the development of a methodology for the design calculation of indirect-evaporative air coolers with a moving fluidized bed in the field of centrifugal forces.

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Shatsky, Vladimir P., and Vyacheslav A. Gulevsky. "CONCERNING WAYS FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLERS." VESTNIK OF VORONEZH STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 4, no. 67 (2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2071-2243.2020.4.88.

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AL-JUWAYHEL, FAISAL I., AMIR A. AL-HADDAD, HABIB I. SHABAN, and HISHAM T. A. EL-DESSOUKY. "Experimental Investigation of the Performance of Two-Stage Evaporative Coolers." Heat Transfer Engineering 18, no. 2 (January 1997): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457639708939893.

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Bolotin, Sergey, Borys Vager, and Vladimir Vasilijev. "Comparative analysis of the cross-flow indirect evaporative air coolers." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (September 2015): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.072.

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Pacak, Anna, and William Worek. "Review of Dew Point Evaporative Cooling Technology for Air Conditioning Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030934.

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Indirect evaporative cooling has the potential to significantly improve the natural environment. It follows from a significant reduction in electricity consumption in the hot period, and hence lower operating costs for cooling systems. This paper presents the current state of knowledge and research directions on dew point indirect evaporative cooling. It was found that researchers focus on the development of dew point indirect evaporative coolers (DPIEC) by improving its design, geometry, water distribution, and new porous materials implementation. To evaluate the performance of new types of DPIEC, different methods are used by the scientists. Finally, optimized devices are studied in terms of their performance in different systems, like hybrid and desiccant systems, considering different climate conditions. Potential directions of development of evaporative technologies were indicated, such as increasing the coefficient of performance of solid desiccant evaporative cooling systems, developing novel geometry, and efficient water distribution, including development of porous materials.

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Mikhaylov, V. A., and N. N. Sharipova. "Theoretical basis for creation of irrigated packing of regular structure intended for air coolers in cabs of wheeled and tracked vehicles." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65514.

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The paper discusses the process of heat transfer in the adiabatic lamellar packings for evaporative air coolers in cabs. Issue of heat transfer enhancement is also studied taking into account the specifics of the subject of application. Formulas for determination of parametric indices of the innovative packing are obtained.

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