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Journal articles on the topic 'Evaporative flux'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 March 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gelderblom, Hanneke, Oscar Bloemen, and Jacco H. Snoeijer. "Stokes flow near the contact line of an evaporating drop." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 31, 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.321.

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AbstractThe evaporation of sessile drops in quiescent air is usually governed by vapour diffusion. For contact angles below $9{0}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $, the evaporative flux from the droplet tends to diverge in the vicinity of the contact line. Therefore, the description of the flow inside an evaporating drop has remained a challenge. Here, we focus on the asymptotic behaviour near the pinned contact line, by analytically solving the Stokes equations in a wedge geometry of arbitrary contact angle. The flow field is described by similarity solutions, with exponents that match the singular bou

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2

Anderson, Bruce T., Alex C. Ruane, John O. Roads, and Masao Kanamitsu. "Estimating the Influence of Evaporation and Moisture-Flux Convergence upon Seasonal Precipitation Rates. Part II: An Analysis for North America Based upon the NCEP–DOE Reanalysis II Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 4 (2009): 893–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1063.1.

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Abstract In this paper, a diagnostic metric—termed the local-convergence ratio—is used to analyze the contribution of evaporation and atmospheric moisture-flux convergence to model-based estimates of climatological precipitation over the North American continent. Generally, the fractional evaporative contribution is largest during spring and summer when evaporation is largest and decreases as evaporation decreases. However, there appears to be at least three regions with distinct spatiotemporal seasonal evolutions of this ratio. Over both the northern and western portions of the continent, the

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3

Rassam, Daud W., and David J. Williams. "A numerical study of steady state evaporative conditions applied to mine tailings." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 4 (1999): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-030.

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The suction profile of a desiccating soil is dependent on the water table depth, the soil-water retention characteristics, and the climatic conditions. In this paper, an unsaturated flow model, which simulates both liquid and vapour flow, was used to investigate the effects of varying the water table depth and the evaporation rate on the evaporative fluxes from a desiccating tailings deposit under steady-state conditions. Results obtained showed that at a critical evaporation rate, beyond which evaporation is no longer dictated by climatic conditions, the matric suction profiles remain basical

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4

Harris, Daniel J., Jacinta C. Conrad, and Jennifer A. Lewis. "Evaporative lithographic patterning of binary colloidal films." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1909 (2009): 5157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0157.

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Evaporative lithography offers a promising new route for patterning a broad array of soft materials. In this approach, a mask is placed above a drying film to create regions of free and hindered evaporation, which drive fluid convection and entrained particles to regions of highest evaporative flux. We show that binary colloidal films exhibit remarkable pattern formation when subjected to a periodic evaporative landscape during drying.

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Anderson, Bruce T., Guido Salvucci, Alex C. Ruane, John O. Roads, and Masao Kanamitsu. "A New Metric for Estimating the Influence of Evaporation on Seasonal Precipitation Rates." Journal of Hydrometeorology 9, no. 3 (2008): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jhm968.1.

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Abstract The objective of this paper is to introduce a diagnostic metric—termed the local-convergence ratio—that can be used to quantify the contribution of evaporation (and transpiration) to the atmospheric hydrologic cycle, and precipitation in particular, over a given region. Previous research into regional moisture (or precipitation) recycling has produced numerous methods for estimating the contributions of “local” (i.e., evaporated) moisture to climatological precipitation and its variations. In general, these metrics quantify the evaporative contribution to the mass of precipitable wate

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6

Suchan, Jared, and Shahid Azam. "Datasets for the Determination of Evaporative Flux from Distilled Water and Saturated Brine Using Bench-Scale Atmospheric Simulators." Data 7, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7010001.

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Evaporation from fresh water and saline water is critical for the estimation of water budget in the Canadian Prairies. Predictive models using empirical field-based data are subject to significant errors and uncertainty. Therefore, highly controlled test conditions and accurately measured experimental data are required to understand the relationship between atmospheric variables at water surfaces. This paper provides a comprehensive dataset generated for the determination of evaporative flux from distilled water and saturated brine using the bench-scale atmospheric simulator (BAS) and the subs

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7

DasGupta, S., I. Y. Kim, and P. C. Wayner. "Use of the Kelvin-Clapeyron Equation to Model an Evaporating Curved Microfilm." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 4 (1994): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911436.

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A Kelvin–Clapeyron change-of-phase heat transfer model is used to evaluate experimental data for an evaporating meniscus. The details of the evaporating process near the contact line are obtained. The heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient are a function of the film thickness profile, which is a measure of both the intermolecular stress field in the contact line region and the resistance to conduction. The results indicate that a stationary meniscus with a high evaporative flux is possible. At equilibrium, the augmented Young–Laplace equation accurately predicts the meniscus slope. The in

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8

Panwar, Annu, Maik Renner, and Axel Kleidon. "Imprints of evaporative conditions and vegetation type in diurnal temperature variations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (2020): 4923–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4923-2020.

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Abstract. Diurnal temperature variations are strongly shaped by the absorption of solar radiation, but evaporation, or the latent heat flux, also plays an important role. Generally, evaporation cools. Its relation to diurnal temperature variations, however, is unclear. This study investigates the diurnal response of surface and air temperatures to evaporative conditions for different vegetation types. We use the warming rate, defined as the increase in temperature in response to absorbed solar radiation in the morning, and evaluate how it changes with evaporative fraction, which is an indicato

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9

Suchan, Jared, and Shahid Azam. "Influence of Desaturation and Shrinkage on Evaporative Flux from Soils." Geotechnics 2, no. 2 (2022): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2020019.

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An assessment of evaporation losses from soils is critical for sustainable agriculture in semi-arid regions. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of desaturation and shrinkage on evaporative flux from representative soils. Results indicated that the surface area did not change for silty sand (6% volume reduction) and substantially increased for lean clay (17% volume reduction). The evaporative flux for silty sand decreased from 31 to 25 mg/m2∙s in Stage II, remained constant during Stage III, and decreased to 11 mg/m2∙s in Stage IV. In contrast, the lean clay showed a longe

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10

Xu, Longfei, and Xuefeng Xu. "A Computational Investigation of the “Equivalent Substrates” in the Evaporation of Sessile Droplets." Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (2025): 6083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116083.

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This paper investigates the coupled relationship between solid-phase temperature fields and droplet evaporation, focusing on the effects of substrate thermal conduction properties on droplet evaporation behavior. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the impacts of substrate thermal conductivity, thickness, and lower-surface temperature on evaporation rate, surface temperature, and evaporation flux. A dimensionless relative evaporation rate (HCs) is introduced to characterize the influence of substrate thermal conduction. Results show that increasing substrate thermal conductivity enhan

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Suchan, Jared, and Shahid Azam. "Influence of Saline Pore Fluid on Soil Behavior during Evaporation." Geotechnics 2, no. 3 (2022): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2030036.

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Saline conditions govern soil behavior during evaporation, thereby affecting the water budget in semi-arid regions. This research examined the effects of saline pore fluid on soil behavior during evaporation. The results indicated volumetric reductions of about 5% for silty sand and about 15% for lean clay. The evaporative flux for silty sand decreased from 26 mg/m2∙s to 22 mg/m2∙s in StageII, remained at a constant flux in StageIII, and decreased to 13 mg/m2∙s in StageIV. The air entry and residual suction values were found to be 5 kPa and 100 kPa, respectively, and the total suction of about

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12

Li, Xinhu, and Fengzhi Shi. "Salt precipitation and evaporative flux on sandy soil with saline groundwater under different evaporation demand conditions." Soil Research 60, no. 2 (2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr21111.

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Context Salt precipitation and its influence on evaporation have been widely studied in recent years. However, the evolution process of salt precipitation and evaporative flux is poorly understood under various evaporation demand (ED) rate condition, which is defined as the evaporation rate of distilled water from soil under constant radiation conditions. Aims and methods This study investigated the evolution of salt crust and evaporative flux on sand soil columns with fixed saline groundwater at a depth of 20 cm under four ED conditions (29.5, 21.5, 9.0 and 4.0 mm day−1). Key results Evaporat

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Su, Z. "The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 1 (2002): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-85-2002.

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Abstract. A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is proposed for the estimation of atmospheric turbulent fluxes and evaporative fraction using satellite earth observation data, in combination with meteorological information at proper scales. SEBS consists of: a set of tools for the determination of the land surface physical parameters, such as albedo, emissivity, temperature, vegetation coverage etc., from spectral reflectance and radiance measurements; a model for the determination of the roughness length for heat transfer; and a new formulation for the determination of the evaporative fracti

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Katul, Gabriel G., Richard H. Cuenca, Philippe Grebet, James L. Wright, and William O. Pruitt. "Analysis of Evaporative Flux Data for Various Climates." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 118, no. 4 (1992): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1992)118:4(601).

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15

Hasan, Mohammad Nasim, Sheikh Mohammad Shavik, Kazi Fazle Rabbi, Khaled Mosharraf Mukut, and Md Muntasir Alam. "Thermal transport during thin-film argon evaporation over nanostructured platinum surface: A molecular dynamics study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 232, no. 2-3 (2018): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397791418802498.

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Investigation of thermal transport characteristics of thin-film liquid evaporation over nanostructured surface has been conducted using molecular dynamics simulation with particular importance on the effects of the nanostructure configuration for different wall–fluid interaction strengths. The nanostructured surface considered herein comprises wall-through rectangular nanoposts placed over a flat wall. Both the substrate and the nanostructure are of platinum while argon is used as the evaporating liquid. Two different wall–fluid interaction strengths have been considered that essentially emula

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Mukunthan, Shriram, Jochen Vleugels, Toon Huysmans, Kalev Kuklane, Tiago Sotto Mayor, and Guido De Bruyne. "Thermal-Performance Evaluation of Bicycle Helmets for Convective and Evaporative Heat Loss at Low and Moderate Cycling Speeds." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (2019): 3672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183672.

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The main objective of the study was to investigate the thermal performance of five (open and closed) bicycle helmets for convective and evaporative heat transfer using a nine-zone thermal manikin. The shape of the thermal manikin was obtained by averaging the 3D-point coordinates of the head over a sample of 85 head scans of human subjects, obtained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D-printed. Experiments were carried out in two stages, (i) a convective test and (ii) an evaporative test, with ambient temperature maintained at 20.5 ± 0.5 °C and manikin skin temperature at 30.5 ± 0.5

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Ceperley, Natalie C., Theophile Mande, Nick van de Giesen, Scott Tyler, Hamma Yacouba, and Marc B. Parlange. "Evaporation from cultivated and semi-wild Sudanian Savanna in west Africa." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 8 (2017): 4149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4149-2017.

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Abstract. Rain-fed farming is the primary livelihood of semi-arid west Africa. Changes in land cover have the potential to affect precipitation, the critical resource for production. Turbulent flux measurements from two eddy-covariance towers and additional observations from a dense network of small, wireless meteorological stations combine to relate land cover (savanna forest and agriculture) to evaporation in a small (3.5 km2) catchment in Burkina Faso, west Africa. We observe larger sensible and latent heat fluxes over the savanna forest in the headwater area relative to the agricultural se

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MURISIC, N., and L. KONDIC. "On evaporation of sessile drops with moving contact lines." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 679 (April 18, 2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.133.

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We consider theoretically, computationally and experimentally spontaneous evaporation of water and isopropanol drops on smooth silicon wafers. In contrast to a number of previous works, the solid surface we consider is smooth and therefore the droplets' evolution proceeds without contact line pinning. We develop a theoretical model for evaporation of pure liquid drops that includes Marangoni forces due to the thermal gradients produced by non-uniform evaporation, and heat conduction effects in both liquid and solid phases. The key ingredient in this model is the evaporative flux. We consider t

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Eloyan, Karapet, Alexey Kreta, and Egor Tkachenko. "Two-phase cooling system with controlled pulsations." EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600021.

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One of the promising ways of removing large heat fluxes from the surface of heat-stressed elements of electronic devices is the use of evaporating thin layer of liquid film, moving under the action of the gas flow in a flat channel. In this work, a prototype of evaporative cooling system for high heat flux removal with forced circulation of liquid and gas coolants with controlled pulsation, capable to remove heat flux of up to 1,5 kW/cm2 and higher was presented. For the first time the regime with controlled pulsation is used. Due to pulsations, it is possible to achieve high values of critica

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20

Benilov, E. S. "Dynamics of a drop floating in vapor of the same fluid." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (2022): 042104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088421.

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Evaporation of a liquid drop surrounded by either vapor of the same fluid, or vapor and air, is usually attributed to vapor diffusion, which, however, does not apply to the former setting, as pure fluids do not diffuse. The present paper puts forward an additional mechanism, one that applies to both settings. It is shown that disparities between the drop and vapor in terms of their pressure and chemical potential give rise to a flow. Its direction depends on the vapor density and the drop's size. In undersaturated or saturated vapor, all drops evaporate, but in oversaturated (yet thermodynamic

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21

Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim, Mohd Yusoff Bin Sulaiman, and Md Razali bin Hj Ayob. "Analytical Solutions of Heat Transfer and Film Thickness with Slip Condition Effect in Thin-Film Evaporation for Two-Phase Flow in Microchannel." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/369581.

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Physical and mathematical model has been developed to predict the two-phase flow and heat transfer in a microchannel with evaporative heat transfer. Sample solutions to the model were obtained for both analytical analysis and numerical analysis. It is assumed that the capillary pressure is neglected (Morris, 2003). Results are provided for liquid film thickness, total heat flux, and evaporating heat flux distribution. In addition to the sample calculations that were used to illustrate the transport characteristics, computations based on the current model were performed to generate results for

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Duan, Fei, and C. A. Ward. "Investigation of Local Evaporation Flux and Vapor-Phase Pressure at an Evaporative Droplet Interface." Langmuir 25, no. 13 (2009): 7424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la900337j.

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23

Aminzadeh, Milad, Peter Lehmann, and Dani Or. "Evaporation suppression and energy balance of water reservoirs covered with self-assembling floating elements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 7 (2018): 4015–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4015-2018.

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Abstract. The growing pressure on natural freshwater resources and the projected climate variability are expected to increase the need for water storage during rainy periods. Evaporative losses present a challenge for the efficiency of water storage in reservoirs, especially in arid regions with chronic water shortages. Among the available methods for suppressing evaporative losses, self-assembling floating elements offer a simple and scalable solution, especially for small reservoirs. The use of floating elements has often been empirically based; we thus seek a framework for systematic consid

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de Lozar, Alberto, and Juan Pedro Mellado. "Mixing Driven by Radiative and Evaporative Cooling at the Stratocumulus Top." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 12 (2015): 4681–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0087.1.

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Abstract The stratocumulus-top mixing process is investigated using direct numerical simulations of a shear-free cloud-top mixing layer driven by evaporative and radiative cooling. An extension of previous linear formulations allows for quantifying radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and the diffusive effects that artificially enhance mixing and evaporative cooling in high-viscosity direct numerical simulations (DNS) and many atmospheric simulations. The diffusive cooling accounts for 20% of the total evaporative cooling for the highest resolution (grid spacing ~14 cm), but this can be muc

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Blyth, Eleanor, John Gash, Amanda Lloyd, Matthew Pryor, Graham P. Weedon, and Jim Shuttleworth. "Evaluating the JULES Land Surface Model Energy Fluxes Using FLUXNET Data." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 2 (2010): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1183.1.

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Abstract Surface energy flux measurements from a sample of 10 flux network (FLUXNET) sites selected to represent a range of climate conditions and biome types were used to assess the performance of the Hadley Centre land surface model (Joint U.K. Land Environment Simulator; JULES). Because FLUXNET data are prone systematically to undermeasure surface fluxes, the model was evaluated by its ability to partition incoming radiant energy into evaporation and how such partition varies with atmospheric evaporative demand at annual, seasonal, weekly, and diurnal time scales. The model parameters from

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Rubert, Gisele Cristina Dotto, Débora Regina Roberti, Marcelo Bortoluzzi Diaz, and Osvaldo Luiz Leal de Moraes. "ESTIMATIVA DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO EM ÁREA DE PASTAGEM EM SANTA MARIA – RS." Ciência e Natura 38 (July 20, 2016): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20237.

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The eddy covariance technique was used to estimate the sensible and latent heat flux between the atmosphere and the Pampa Biome in the period from 20 November 2013 to 20 November 2014. Annual Evapotranspiration (ET) was 1021 mm, corresponding to 55% of the annual precipitation. The ET is highly correlated with the net radiation (97%). The Bowen ratio was indicated that most of the available energy was used for the evaporation. The evaporative fraction remained about average, with greater variability in the colder months.

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GUO, W., and R. NARAYANAN. "Interfacial instability due to evaporation and convection: linear and nonlinear analyses." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 650 (March 15, 2010): 363–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200999348x.

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Interfacial instability arising from evaporation of a single component liquid is investigated using linear and weakly nonlinear analysis. Evaporative convection is studied taking into account the fluid dynamics of both liquid and vapour phases as well as lateral rigid sidewalls. Both open and closed systems are addressed. The nature of the bifurcation and the change in heat flux in the nonlinear regime are determined. It is shown that depending upon the aspect ratio of the geometry, either supercritical or subcritical branching behaviour is possible.

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Arieli, Yehuda, Neomi Feinstein, Pnina Raber, Michal Horowitz, and Jacob Marder. "Heat stress induces ultrastructural changes in cutaneous capillary wall of heat-acclimated rock pigeon." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 4 (1999): R967—R974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r967.

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In heat-acclimated rock pigeons, cutaneous water evaporation is the major cooling mechanism when exposed at rest to an extremely hot environment of 50–60°C. This evaporative pathway is also activated in room temperature by a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) or an α-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) and inhibited by a β-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). In contrast, neither heat exposure nor drug administration activates cutaneous evaporation in cold-acclimated pigeons. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we studied the role of the ultrastructure and permeability of the

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HADLEY, NEIL F., MICHAEL C. QUINLAN, and MICHAEL L. KENNEDY. "Evaporative Cooling in the Desert Cicada: Thermal Efficiency and Water*sol;Metabolic Costs." Journal of Experimental Biology 159, no. 1 (1991): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.159.1.269.

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Using plant xylem water for evaporative cooling, the desert cicada Diceroprocta apache can maintain a body temperature as much as 5°C below ambient (Ta=42°C). Simultaneous measurements of water loss and gas exchange for cicadas feeding on perfused twigs show substantial increases in transpiration at temperatures at which evaporative cooling begins (between 37 and 38°C), but only modest increases in Vo2 and Vco2. The extent and duration of evaporative cooling depend on the cicada's hydration state and the rate of water flux from cuticular pores located on the surface of the thorax and abdomen.

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Lay, J. H., and V. K. Dhir. "Shape of a Vapor Stem During Nucleate Boiling of Saturated Liquids." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 2 (1995): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822535.

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The transport processes occurring in an evaporating two-dimensional vapor stem formed during saturated nucleate boiling on a heated surface are modeled and analyzed numerically. From the heater surface heat is conducted into the liquid macro/microthermal layer surrounding the vapor stems and is utilized in evaporation at the stationary liquid–vapor interface. A balance between forces due to curvature of the interface, disjoining pressure, hydrostatic head, and liquid drag determines the shape of the interface. The kinetic theory and the extended Clausius–Clapeyron equation are used to calculat

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Sharma, P. K., A. K. Sinha, and T. N. Chaudhaby. "Upward flux of water and deep-placed P in relation to soil texture, water table depth and evaporation rate." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 2 (1985): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600043963.

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SummaryUpward flux of water and deep-placed (8–10 cm) P was studied in columns of sandyloam and silty clay loam, with water tables of 60 and 90 cm, each subjected to potential evaporation rates of 2–2 and 7–5 mm/day, for 15 days. An amount of 300 mg P/kg soil, labelled with 20 /tCi 32P/g P, was applied as diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate.Evaporation losses increased with increase in potential evaporation (PE) and decrease in depth to water table in both soils, but the ratio of actual to potential evaporation (AE/PE) decreased with increasing PE, indicating that the evaporative losses in both

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Suchan, Jared, and Shahid Azam. "Determination of Evaporative Fluxes Using a Bench-Scale Atmosphere Simulator." Water 13, no. 1 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010084.

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An accurate determination of evaporative fluxes is critical for efficient water management in semi-arid climates such as in the Canadian Prairies. The main achievements of this research are the design and operation of a bench-scale atmosphere simulator, performance evaluation using selected weather scenarios pertaining to regional atmospheric conditions, validation using established empirical correlations, and estimation of evaporation rates and the amount for a typical local water body. Results indicate that the measured data achieved the target values for the various parameters and the data

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Shukla, Digvijay, and Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi. "Digital holographic study of vapor transport of heavy hydrocarbon from heated well cavity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012079.

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Abstract Thin film evaporative cooling is one of the liquid cooling technologies, capable of removing high heat flux with lower junction temperature due to the utilization of latent heat of vaporization. To understand the various transport processes involved in vapour phase during thin film evaporation, evaporation from a heated well cavity of diameter 3 mm and height 2 mm is studied using Digital holographic interferometry technique. A flat disk-shaped vapour cloud is appeared for heated as well as not- heated well surface case. This signifies radial outward natural convection instead of pure

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Folkins, Ian, and Randall V. Martin. "The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 5 (2005): 1560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3407.1.

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Abstract Convective clouds in the Tropics that penetrate the boundary layer inversion preferentially detrain into a shallow outflow layer (2–5 km) or a deep outflow layer (10–17 km). The properties of these layers are diagnosed from a one-dimensional model of the Tropics constrained by observed mean temperature and water vapor profiles. The mass flux divergence of the shallow cumuli (2–5 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of evaporatively forced descent (downdrafts), while the mass flux divergence of deep cumulonimbus clouds (10–17 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of clear-sk

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Pittaway, P., V. Martínez-Alvarez, and N. Hancock. "Contrasting suspended covers reveal the impact of an artificial monolayer on heat transfer processes at the interfacial boundary layer." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (2015): 1621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.379.

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The highly variable performance of artificial monolayers in reducing evaporation from water storages has been attributed to wind speed and wave turbulence. Other factors operating at the interfacial boundary layer have seldom been considered. In this paper, two physical shade covers differing in porosity and reflectivity were suspended over 10 m diameter water tanks to attenuate wind and wave turbulence. The monolayer octadecanol was applied to one of the covered tanks, and micrometeorological conditions above and below the covers were monitored to characterise diurnal variation in the energy

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Mohammed, Maged, Nashi K. Alqahtani, Hafiz M. Asfahan, and Muhammad Sultan. "Evaporation-Assisted Humidification–Dehumidification Cycles for Desalination Application in Tropical and Subtropical Regions." Water 15, no. 6 (2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061125.

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The present study aims to evaluate the performance of evaporation-assisted humidification–dehumidification (E-HDH) desalination, specifically direct evaporative (DE-HDH), indirect evaporative (IE-HDH), and Maisotsenko evaporative (ME-HDH) systems. To achieve this, a thermodynamic modeling approach is utilized, which incorporates the wet bulb effectiveness method, psychrometric relationships of humid air, and equations that govern heat and mass balance. The key performance indicators of the studied E-HDH desalination systems are estimated concerning operating parameters. The results show that t

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Eloyan, K. S., and D. V. Zaitsev. "Thin film evaporative cooling system for high heat flux applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1105 (November 2018): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1105/1/012084.

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Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (1989): 2468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-348.

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This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flux into major components. Our calculations indicated

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39

Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (1989): 2468–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13504323.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flu

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40

Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (1989): 2468–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13504323.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flu

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41

Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (1989): 2468–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13504323.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flu

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42

Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (1989): 2468–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13504323.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flu

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43

Er., Naveen Prajapati, and Kuldeep Sharma Er. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COPPER COILS ON EVAPORATIVE TUBULAR HEAT DISSIPATOR TO FIND THE EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER OF WATER AND INLET TEMPERATURE OF PROCESS FLUID ON DRY OUT HEAT FLUXES WITH ONLY WATER FLOW." International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology 5, no. 2 (2016): 923–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46616.

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The experimental results of a copper coils of an evaporative tubular heat dissipator are investigated in this paper. Effect of Reynolds number of water and inlet temperature of process fluid (hot water) on dry out heat flux with only flow water is determined on different operating conditions. Based on the experiments it is concluded that due to increase in the value of Reynolds number of water ( ) & inlet temperature of process fluid (  ) the dry out heat flux on (  ) & (  ) are increased. 

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Tan, Xiao Qian, and Li Jiu Wang. "Slag-Clay Foam Cement as Roof Material for Passive Evaporative Cooling." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.890.

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The objective of this study is to propose a light weight and suitable strength material as roof surface which can detain rainwater during rainy day and lower room temperature in sunny day by passive evaporative cooling. So blast furnace slag was used as the main raw material and clay as the subordinate ingredient to synthesize an alkali-activated cement matrix at room temperature. Furthermore the cement matrix were made into porosity by injecting prepared foam and attempted to improve strength by incorporation of short polypropylene fiber. Finally, the dry density of 453 kg/m3 and compressive

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Liu, Rong, Jun Wen, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Yu Liu, and Ming Zhang. "Estimates of Daily Evapotranspiration in the Source Region of the Yellow River Combining Visible/Near-Infrared and Microwave Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010053.

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The spatial variation of surface net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux at different times of the day over the northern Tibetan Plateau were estimated using the Surface Energy Balance System algorithm, data from the FY-2G geostationary meteorological satellite, and microwave data from the FY-3C polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. In addition, the evaporative fraction was analyzed, and the total evapotranspiration (ET) was obtained by the effective evaporative fraction to avoid the error from accumulation. The hourly change of latent heat flux presented a s

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46

Lee, Hyung Ju, Chan Ho Jeong, Dae Yun Kim, Chang Kyoung Choi, and Seong Hyuk Lee. "Solid–Liquid Interface Temperature Measurement of Evaporating Droplet Using Thermoresponsive Polymer Aqueous Solution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2021): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083379.

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The present study aims to measure the solid–liquid interface temperature of an evaporating droplet on a heated surface using a thermoresponsive polymer. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) was used owing to its sensitive optical and mechanical properties to the temperature. We also measured the refractive index variation of the pNIPAM solution by using the surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). In particular, the present study proposed a new method to measure the solid–liquid interface temperature using the correlation among reflectance, refractive index, and temperature. It was found that

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47

Alkhaier, F., Z. Su, and G. N. Flerchinger. "Reconnoitering the effect of shallow groundwater on land surface temperature and surface energy balance using MODIS and SEBS." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (2011): 8671–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-8671-2011.

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Abstract. The possibility of observing shallow groundwater depth and areal extent using satellite measurements can support groundwater models and vast irrigation systems management. Besides, these measurements help bringing groundwater effect on surface energy balance within land surface models and climate studies. To inspect the MODIS capacity of detecting shallow groundwater effect on land surface temperature and surface energy balance in an area within Al-Balikh River basin in northern Syria, we investigated the interrelationship between in-situ measured water table depths and land surface

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48

Carrier, Odile, Noushine Shahidzadeh-Bonn, Rojman Zargar, et al. "Evaporation of water: evaporation rate and collective effects." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 798 (June 9, 2016): 774–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.356.

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We study the evaporation rate from single drops as well as collections of drops on a solid substrate, both experimentally and theoretically. For a single isolated drop of water, in general the evaporative flux is limited by diffusion of water through the air, leading to an evaporation rate that is proportional to the linear dimension of the drop. Here, we test the limitations of this scaling law for several small drops and for very large drops. We find that both for simple arrangements of drops, as well as for complex drop size distributions found in sprays, cooperative effects between drops a

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49

Zhang, Zhao, Xuesheng Wang, Qinzhu Chen, and Ting Zhang. "Experimental study on enhanced heat transfer tubes in falling film evaporation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012042.

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Abstract The vertical tube falling film evaporation experimental platform was built, and the falling film evaporation heat transfer experiment was carried out. Comparative study was carried out between two types of enhanced heat transfer tubes, which are converging-diverging tube and the transversally corrugated tube, to explore their heat transfer characteristics of falling film evaporation. The results show that the falling film evaporative heat transfer coefficient of the two tubes increases with the increase of the unit peripheral flow rate, the heat transfer temperature difference, heat f

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50

ZHANG, JIN, STEPHEN J. WATSON, and HARRIS WONG. "Fluid flow and heat transfer in a dual-wet micro heat pipe." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 589 (October 8, 2007): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007007823.

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Micro heat pipes have been used to cool micro electronic devices, but their heat transfer coefficients are low compared with those of conventional heat pipes. In this work, a dual-wet pipe is proposed as a model to study heat transfer in micro heat pipes. The dual-wet pipe has a long and narrow cavity of rectangular cross-section. The bottom-half of the horizontal pipe is made of a wetting material, and the top-half of a non-wetting material. A wetting liquid fills the bottom half of the cavity, while its vapour fills the rest. This configuration ensures that the liquid–vapour interface is pin

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