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1
Topic Detection and Tracking: Event-based Information Organization. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002.
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2
Thy kingdom come: Tracing God's kingdom program and govenant promises throughout history. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1995.
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3
Kuffner, Emily. Fictions of Containment in the Spanish Female Picaresque. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986800.
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This study examines the interdependence of gender, sexuality and space in the early modern period, which saw the inception of architecture as a discipline and gave rise to the first custodial institutions for women, including convents for reformed prostitutes. Meanwhile, conduct manuals established prescriptive mandates for female use of space, concentrating especially on the liminal spaces of the home. This work traces literary prostitution in the Spanish Mediterranean through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, from the rise of courtesan culture in several key areas through the shift from tolerance of prostitution toward repression. Kuffner’s analysis pairs canonical and noncanonical works of fiction with didactic writing, architectural treatises, and legal mandates, tying the literary practice of prostitution to increasing control over female sexuality during the Counter Reformation. By tracing erotic negotiations in the female picaresque novel from its origins through later manifestations, she demonstrates that even as societal attitudes towards prostitution shifted dramatically, a countervailing tendency to view prostitution as an essential part of the social fabric undergirds many representations of literary prostitutes. Kuffner’s analysis reveals that the semblance of domestic enclosure figures as a primary erotic strategy in female picaresque fiction, allowing readers to assess the variety of strategies used by authors to comment on the relationship between unruly female sexuality and social order.
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Nesti, Arnaldo, and Alba Scarpellini, eds. Mondo democristiano, mondo cattolico nel secondo Novecento italiano. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-469-0.
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"This book is the fruit of "excavations" carried out in memory of Prof. Corrado Corghi between 2004 and 2005. At the time Corghi was a member of the Presiding Council of the Istituto degli Innocenti of Florence. When the meetings of the Council were held, Corghi came down from Reggio Emilia to Florence, and in the evenings he was frequently my guest at dinner. These meetings enabled me to enjoy extensive tracking shots of the past, thanks to the extraordinary lucidity of a man born in 1920 who had devoted most of his life to politics. On the basis of our lengthy discussions I was able to revoke people and events from Fascism to the Resistance, from the times of Democrazia Cristiana to the funerals of the "victims of Reggio Emilia" (1960), through to the Vatican Council and the season of '68. These talks of ours gave rise to singular documents of the life and social history of the Italians. With this volume, the historic-social Archive on contemporary religion of San Gimignano presents itself with its distinctive features to the broad public and to researchers." (A. Nesti)
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 10. Historical Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on the distinctions between historical research and social scientific research, and how these are being challenged by scholars in pursuit of a genuinely ‘historical social science’. It begins with a discussion of historical approaches in Politics and International Relations, including historical events research, historical process research, and cross-sectional comparative research. It then examines three approaches for addressing temporality as the sequential active unfolding of social action and events: historical institutionalism, process tracing, and event structure analysis. It also explains how to locate essential historical information and evaluate various types of sources, and what special considerations need to be made in using documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data in historical research.
6
Richardson, Fredrick D. Imprints: Tracing Todays Behavior to Past Events. BookSurge Publishing, 2006.
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7
1961-, Allan James, ed. Topic detection and tracking: Event-based information organization. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
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8
Bennett, Andrew. Process Tracing: a Bayesian Perspective. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0030.
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This article provides an overview of process tracing, concentrating on the dimensions of this method that are relevant to Bayesian logic. It also briefly outlines the logic of Bayesian inference, emphasizing parallels with the logic of process tracing. The article shows these points with examples from the historical explanation of political events, including the 1898 Fashoda crisis, the end of the First World War, and the end of the Cold War. It concludes that Bayesianism helps in understanding the strengths of case-study methods, including their potential to develop and test explanations even with limited evidence drawn from one or a few cases, and their limits, including the provisional nature of historical explanations and the challenges of generalizing from small numbers of cases. The ‘Degrees of Freedom’ problem is inapplicable to process tracing, even though the more fundamental problem of underdetermination remains.
9
Silverstein, Adam J. Why Did Mordecai Refuse to Bow? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797227.003.0008.
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In this chapter, it is argued that a pivotal episode in Esther, Mordecai’s refusal to bow to Haman, is to be read literarily, as a topos, rather than literally, as a historical event. Drawing on materials from the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, Late Antiquity, the Qur’an, and the Islamic era, it is shown that Mordecai’s refusal to bow to Haman is but one link in a very long chain of comparable episodes in Near and Middle Eastern literature. Furthermore, in tracing this topos through history, we are able to cast new light on the Qur’anic passages in which Satan (“Iblis”) refuses to bow to the newly created Adam.
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Nair, Aruna. Rules of Tracing II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813408.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the rules that apply in the special context where a defendant has mixed the claimant's assets with those of other innocent parties. It argues that the courts have begun to adopt a similar disregard for the defendant's intentions in such cases as they do when determining the consequences of a mixed substitution involving his own assets. It argues that the principle of preserving defendant autonomy explains how, even as between innocent co-contributors, the principle is limited to contexts where the assets of the various contributors have been mixed so that it is impossible to tell whether the decision of the defendant involves a power affecting one claimant rather than another.
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Nachbar, Martin. Tracing Sense/Reading Sensation. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.22.
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Dance archives, like other archives, store documents of past events. They are particular in that the documents they store document dances or choreographies, which are also stored in the memories of the dance artists involved. This chapter examines the relations between documents of dances and bodily movement memories by tracing the processes of two dance pieces that dealt with these issues in very different ways. The first is the author’s reconstruction of Dore Hoyer’s dance cycle Affectos Humanos, for which a dance archive provided film and other documents of this cycle. The second piece is a duet the author made with his father, in which he experienced the reality of movement patterns and habitual postures that get stored in one body and passed on to the next through imitation. The dance archive is a particularly productive place to explore und understand the relations between document, body, and movement.
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Porter, Patrick. Breaking States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807964.003.0003.
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This chapter forms the core of the argument, tracing the ideological roots of ‘regime change’, identified as an underlying form of security-seeking. Though it took the structural fact of American power and the contingent event of the 9/11 terrorist attacks to make the assault on Saddam possible, it was also conditioned by the rise in the previous decade of a set of ideas about liberalism and security. Those ideas bred a ‘common sense’ that presented disputable ideas as obvious: that 9/11 was a harbinger, not an aberration, warranting high-risk and radical measures; that designated ‘rogue’ actors are undeterrable aggressors who we cannot live with; and that given the obvious ‘arc’ of history towards democracy and capitalism, Western power can be applied to transform whole regions if only Westerners have the will.
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Moseley, Mason W. Tracing the Roots of the Protest State in Argentina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0005.
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The fifth chapter introduces the case of Argentina, a country where protest has taken root as a common characteristic of everyday political life over the past two decades. The chapter begins by analyzing the history of protest from Carlos Menem’s election in 1989 to the current Fernández de Kirchner government, arguing that it has indeed crystallized as a routine form of political participation in this regime. I attribute this trend to the weakness of political institutions and strength of Argentine civil society: the two pillars of the protest state. I then proceed to utilize survey data and protest events count data to support this argument, demonstrating that not only has protest become more common over the past two decades, but that it has consolidated as a common mode of political voice for Argentine citizens across demographic groups and the political spectrum.
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D’Errico, Fabrizio, and Maurizio Dalla Casa. The Sequence of Event Analysis in Criminal Trials: Scientific Proofs for Tracking Criminal Liabilities in Complex Accidents and Disasters. Springer, 2015.
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15
Allen, Sarah. Narrative Genres. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.18.
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This chapter discusses classical narrative before 900 from two perspectives: as fiction (or proto-fiction), and as history. Modern histories of Chinese literature have focused on tracing the development of fiction—xiaoshuo小說 in Chinese—out of a narrative tradition initially dominated by history-writing. In such schemes, narrative began as a vehicle for recording history; fictional elements emerged when writers recorded events that cannot have actually occurred, leading in the eighth and ninth centuries to “conscious” fiction in a small number of sophisticated narratives on topics such as occult encounters or romance. During the period covered by this volume, however, the majority of narrative works—including those that appear most fantastic to modern readers—were seen as forms of history. Narrative was thus envisioned as an enterprise devoted to recording past events, even though the events recorded might be of varying degrees of reliability.
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Allan, James. Topic Detection and Tracking: Event-based Information Organization (The Kluwer International Series on Information Retrieval, Volume 12) (The Information Retrieval Series). Springer, 2002.
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17
Kaisha, Nikkō Shōken Kabushiki, ed. The New tide of the Japanese securities market: Tracing the events of the past 10 years and looking to the future. [Tokyo, Japan]: Nikko Research Center, 1988.
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18
Asseraf, Arthur. Electric News in Colonial Algeria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844044.001.0001.
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How do the things which connect us divide us at the same time? This book tells a different history of globalization by tracing how news circulated in a divided society: Algeria under French rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The years between 1881 and 1940 were those of maximum colonial power in North Africa, a period of intense technological revolution, global high imperialism, and the expansion of settler colonialism. Algerians became connected to international networks of news, and local people followed distant events with great interest. But once news reached Algeria, accounts of recent events often provoked conflict as they moved between different social groups. In a society split between its native majority and a substantial settler minority, distant wars led to riots. Circulation and polarization were two sides of the same coin. Looking at a range of sources in multiple languages across colonial society, this book offers a new understanding of what news is. News was a whole ecosystem in which new technologies such as the printing press, the telegraph, the cinema and the radio interacted with older media like songs, rumours, letters, and manuscripts. The French government watched anxiously over these developments, monitoring Algerians’ reactions to news through an extensive network of surveillance that often ended up spreading news rather than controlling its flow. By tracking what different people thought was new, this history of news helps us reconsider the relationship between time, media, and historical change.
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Sullivan, Meghan. Understanding Temporal Neutrality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0008.
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This chapter provides an error theory for why our time biases are persistent even though irrational. It also explains what a temporally neutral approach to rational planning does and does not require. Drawing on work in the philosophy and psychology of emotions, the chapter defends an evolved emotional heuristic theory of temporal discounting. On this account, near-biased anxiety and relief are adaptations for tracking probabilities. Similar future‐biased emotions are adaptions explained by the benefit of focusingmore attention onwhat iswithin an organism’s control. While these emotions are useful in simple planning problems, they are not evidence that time biases are rational. The chapter argues that temporal neutrality does not entail that one must live stoically or dwell on past events. And it outlines five practical consequences of temporally neutral planning.
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James, David. Decentring Englishness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0027.
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This chapter asks if there is something about the displacement of national identity that correlates with the formal development of the ‘English Novel’, even though that designation is now considered untenable, if not unusable. Reservations about tracing correlations, let alone compatibilities, between the persistence of Englishness and the prose of novelists whose job might be to decentre it, are so consolidated in literary studies that the cautions hardly need rehearsing. Yet the chapter considers how we might approach writers whose self-categorization defies criticism’s prevailing inhibitions. And even when we do spot such contradictions, the chapter considers whether we can arbitrate, textually or biographically, in discrepancies between ethnic and aesthetic realms. In doing so, this chapter explores the ‘fairy tale’ of Englishness and what it might mean for our historical understanding of contemporary fiction.
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Clooney, SJ, Francis X. Comparative Theology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797852.003.0017.
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This chapter focuses on comparative theology, a form of tradition-grounded theological practice that learns deeply and effectively from other religious traditions. Even solidly textual work—translations, the study of scholastic systems, the tracing of lines of thought in commentaries, the decipherment of ritual and moral codes—proceeds as transformative learning indebted to the religious Other. Such engaged, empathetic learning allows one to see inside that other tradition, even while the learning, its fruits, and the person of the comparativist remain grounded in a home tradition. For interreligious learning to flourish, certain virtues are essential: humility, conviction, interconnection, empathy, generosity, imagination, risk-taking, and patience with ambiguity. Although comparative theological learning exists in the liminal space between traditions, the comparative theologian still intends to return home, even if irrevocably changed by the journey abroad. Comparative theology thus cultivates virtues operative in anthropological research distinguished by empathetic dwelling in and with the Other.
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Griesemer, James. Individuation of Developmental Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0007.
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The author views concepts of individuality and associated individuation criteria, as used in the sciences, as scientific-theoretical concepts that can have different, even conflicting meanings in different theoretical contexts. Focusing on biological individuality in evolutionary contexts, he argues that despite the variety of usage, evolutionary contexts typically involve two senses of process-relativity depending on (1) empirical processes taken to be operating in the world that humans talk about, try to understand, predict, explain, or control; and (2) tracking processes that humans perform while investigating empirical phenomena. He illustrates the process-relativity of biological individuality concepts by contrasting two different kinds of attempt to articulate concepts of evolutionary individuality, one based in natural selection theory, the other in a theory of biological reproduction. Also characterized is how the tracking activities of scientific practices are entwined with the empirical processes on which both individuation and individuality depend.
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McCart, Michael R., and Kristyn Zajac. Victims of Violence. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.12.
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This chapter provides a brief overview on the prevalence and common consequences of violent victimization among adults. It also summarizes practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of victims in the acute aftermath of an assault. Guidelines argue against delivery of debriefing interventions in the days following a traumatic event and advocate instead for the provision of Psychological First Aid or early, exposure-based protocols. Symptom-based assessments are recommended for tracking victims’ distress levels over time. In addition, for individuals who continue to experience significant distress symptoms several weeks postincident, it may be advisable to deliver an evidence-based, early cognitive-behavioral intervention.
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Miah, Andy. Sport 2.0. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035477.001.0001.
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Digital technology is changing everything about modern sports. Athletes and coaches rely on digital data to monitor and enhance performance. Officials use tracking systems to augment their judgment in what is an increasingly superhuman field of play. Spectators tune in to live sports through social media, or even through virtual reality. Audiences now act as citizen journalists whose collective shared data expands the places in which we consume sports news. Sport 2.0 examines the convergence of sports and digital cultures, examining not only how it affects our participation in sport but also how it changes our experience of life online. This convergence redefines how we think of about our bodies, the social function of sports, and it transforms the populations of people who are playing. Sport 2.0 describes a world in which the rise of competitive computer game playing—e-sports—challenges and invigorates the social mandate of both sports and digital culture. It also examines media change at the Olympic Games, as an exemplar of digital innovation in sports. Furthermore, the book offers a detailed look at the social media footprint of the 2012 London Games, discussing how organizers, sponsors, media, and activists responded to the world’s largest media event.
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Loudermilk, Brandon C. Psycholinguistic Approaches. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0007.
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The fundamental goal of the study of sociolinguistic cognition is to characterize the computational stages and cognitive representations underlying the perception and production of sociolinguistic variation. This chapter discusses psycholinguistic approaches in four sections. The first section discusses different methods for examining how dialectal variation is represented, perceived, and learned. The second section reviews studies investigating the role of sociolinguistic stereotypes in speech processing. The third section explores the attitudinal aspects of language variation by presenting two recent studies using innovative variations of the matched-guise technique. It concludes by introducing the implicit association test, which may be able to address some of the limitations of alternative methods. The fourth section reports on studies that use eye tracking and event-related brain potentials to investigate sociolinguistic cognition.
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Robinson, Benedict S. Passion's Fictions from Shakespeare to Richardson. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869177.001.0001.
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Passion’s Fictions traces the intimate links between literature and the sciences of soul and mind from the age of Shakespeare to the rise of the novel. It chronicles the emergence of new sciences of the passions between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries out of and in some ways against a received “science of the soul,” and it argues that this history was shaped by rhetoric, which contained the most extensively particularized discourse on the passions, offering principles for moving and affecting the passions of others in concrete social scenes. This rhetoric of the passions centered on narrative as the instrument of a non-theoretical knowledge of the passions in their particularity, predicated on an account of passion as an intimate relation between an empassioned mind and an empassioning world: rhetoric offers a kind of externalist psychology, formalized in the relation of passion to action and underwriting an account of narrative as a means of both moving passion and knowing it. This book describes the psychology of the passions before the discipline of psychology, tracing the influence of rhetoric on theories of the passions from Francis Bacon to Adam Smith and using that history to read literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, Haywood, Richardson, and others. Narrative offers a means of knowing and moving the passions by tracing them to the events and objects that generate them; the history of narrative practices is thus a key part of the history of the psychology of the passions at a critical moment in its development.
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Vision, Gerald. The Provenance of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758600.003.0009.
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Unlike brute ‘entities’, if conscious states (c-states) are brute, it will be a consequence of their primitive—viz., not admitting further elaboration—connection to their material base, what is commonly known as emergence. One might suppose the chief challenge to emergence comes from various materialist counter-proposals. However, given the distinctive character of c-states, a class of critics describe even materialist reductions as objectionable forms of emergentism. Instead, their fallback position is a reinvigorated panpsychism: consciousness is the intrinsic nature of the most fundamental particles. In this chapter the author examines that form of panpsychism, tracing its roots to a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and to suggestions aired in Bertrand Russell’s struggles with the issue. He concludes that this panpsychism fails, leaving the field to materialism and emergentist dualism.
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Masuoka, Natalie. Multiracial Identity and Racial Politics in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.001.0001.
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This book highlights a new cultural norm to racially self-identify as “multiracial” and offers evidence on the possible political implications of this racial identity. It first catalogues a cultural shift from assigning race to perceiving race as a product of personal identification by tracing events over the course of the twentieth century. Chapters then present evidence from a variety of sources including in-depth interviews, public opinion surveys and census data to understand how certain individuals embrace the agency of self-identification and choose to assert multiracial identities. An included case study on President Barack Obama shows how multiracial identity narratives can be strategically used to reduce anti-black bias among voters. The book concludes by discussing how narratives promoting multiracial identities are in direct dialogue with, rather than in replacement of, the longstanding racial order.
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Nollkaemper, André. ‘Failures to Protect’ in International Law. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0021.
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This chapter examines failures by outside actors to protect populations from mass atrocities such as genocide and crimes against humanity. It begins by tracing the origins of ‘failures to protect critiques’, whereby many observers express moral outrage against bystander states which they believe should have done more. In this discourse, mass atrocities are attributed to a combination of acts by perpetrators and omissions by bystanders. The chapter analyses the legal basis for applying the ‘failure to protect critique’ to both perpetrators and bystanders. In particular, it discusses the extent to which international law allows holding individual bystander states responsible for a failure to protect. It also discusses the failure to protect-critique on the United Nations and other international organizations. The chapter suggests that international law justifies and even requires inaction among bystander states and international organizations when mass atrocities occur.
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Bentley, Michael. British Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0015.
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This chapter studies British historical writing, tracing its transformations from the end of the war—when, arguably, much of the late nineteenth-century empiricist agenda was still intact, and political history continued to dominate—through signal events such as the founding of a new journal of radical historiography called Past and Present (1952), to the advent of neoconservatism in the 1980s, the puffing up and eventual bursting of the bubble of Franco-American-style quantification, and the advent of the cultural turn. Intertwined in the narratives of structural evolution, as well as generational narratives, one might see another in the growing presence of technology as a force impelling historical method and providing new ways of disseminating research. By 1995, many of Britain’s most successful historians defined themselves as ‘public intellectuals’ or tele-dons commanding a wide audience in ways that no one could have dreamed of in 1945.
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Geue, Tom, and Elena Giusti, eds. Unspoken Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913843.
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Latin literature is a hotbed of holes and erasures. Its sensitivity to politics leaves it ripe for repression of all sorts of names, places and historical events, while its dense allusivity appears to hide interpretative clues in a network of texts that only the reader's consciousness can make present. This volume showcases innovative approaches to the field of Latin literature, all of which are refracted through this prism of absence, which functions as a fundamental generative force both for the hermeneutics and the ongoing literary aftermath of these texts. Reviewing and working with various influential approaches to textual absence, the contributors to Unspoken Rome treat these texts as silent types, listening out for what they do not say, and how they do not speak, whilst also tracing the ill-defined borders within which scholars and modern authors are legitimized to fill in the silences around which they are built.
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Nelkin, Dana Kay, and Samuel C. Rickless. Moral Responsibility for Unwitting Omissions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683450.003.0006.
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Unwitting omissions pose a challenge for theories of moral responsibility. For common-sense morality holds many unwitting omitters morally responsible for their omissions, even though they appear to lack both awareness and control. People who leave dogs in their car on a hot day or forget to pick something up from the store as they promised seem to be blameworthy. If moral responsibility requires awareness of one’s omission and its moral significance, it appears that the protagonists of these cases are not morally responsible. This chapter considers and rejects a number of influential views on this problem, including a view that grounds responsibility for such omissions in previous exercises of conscious agency, and “Attributionist” views that ground responsibility for such omissions in the value judgments or other aspects of the agents’ selves. The chapter proposes a new tracing view that grounds responsibility for unwitting omissions in past opportunities to avoid them.
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Glasmeier, Amy. Income Inequality and Growing Disparity: Spatial Patterns of Inequality and the Case of the USA. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.3.
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Deemed one of the major concerns of our time, income inequality has been on the rise for decades. While there is ample discussion and a vast body of knowledge already written on the subject, the focus of this chapter is on tracing the geography of rising inequality starting in the 1970s. An absence of support to maintain a middle class, an erosion of the value of wage labour, and stagnant minimum wages are a few of the many reasons for rising income inequality. Data show that inequality is highest in areas where there are growing disparities in the difference of employment opportunities between high- and low-income families. Evidence also suggests income and wealth gaps go hand in hand. If you do not own anything now your chances of ever owning anything in the future are bleak despite the pacification accorded the American dream. While this chapter highlights events and policies within the USA, rising income inequality is a significant global issue.
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Lurie, Peter. Queer Historiography in The Bridge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199797318.003.0005.
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This chapter culminates my earlier discussion of several works’ regretful looks back on U.S. history with Hart Crane’s plaintive lament over the country’s signal historical events, tempered by his hopefulness for the republic’s future. It uses sexuality theory to argue against a teleological, progressive sequencing—both in my study’s rhetorical structure and in ways of tracing history’s unfolding. It suggests the importance of textual erotics of painful empathy in the reader’s encounter with an indigenous past in its early sections, before turning to in The Bridge’s critique of U.S. aerial history and maritime trade. The poem’s account of displaced historical subjects encompasses this alterity in the figure of its peripatetic speaker across its several sections and historical eras. The chapter ends with a coda about Crane’s suicide as a response to his New Critical peers’ rejection of his nonironic, non-Eliotonian vision and of what they saw as his “undisciplined” style and sexuality.
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Nagel, Jennifer. 5. Internalism and externalism. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199661268.003.0005.
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Internalism represents the first-person point of view where knowledge is grounded by your own experience and by your own capacity to reason: if you can't see for yourself why you should believe something, you don't actually know it. Externalists say knowledge is a relationship between a person and a fact, and this relationship can be in place even when the person doesn't meet the internalist's demands for first-person access to supporting grounds. ‘Internalism and externalism’ also explains Robert Nozick's externalist tracking theory of knowledge and its difficulty, the ‘Generality Problem’. Many different solutions have been advanced, drawing on everything from patterns in natural language to the science of belief formation.
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Nagel, Jennifer. 8. Knowing about knowing. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199661268.003.0008.
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Mindreading is the natural capacity that generates instinctive feelings about another person's knowledge and other mental states. ‘Knowing about knowing’ explains that humans have specialized brain areas devoted to tracking mental states, but there are natural limitations to mindreading. One is a simple capacity limit on how many nested mental state levels we can represent. Another deeper limitation is that we suffer from ‘egocentrism’, which makes it difficult for us to override our own perspective when evaluating others who know less about their situation than we do. It concludes that even if we still don’t know the full nature of what knowledge is, we are in a better position to make progress on this ancient question.
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Milstein, Alan. The Role of Bioethics in Sports Law. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.31.
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Bioethics is the application of ethical principles to life’s biological choices. It has played a meaningful role in the intersection of sports and the law. As technology and science advance, bioethics is poised to even more dramatically influence how the various participants in the world of sports interact with the boundaries of law. To that end, this chapter explores the most critical bioethical issues in sports today. Those issues include the role of the team physician; the use of performance-enhancing pharmaceuticals, surgical techniques, and gene modification; and new advances in performance-tracking technologies. Finally, the chapter explores the ethics of watching violent contact sports knowing that participants may face a life after competition in a debilitating condition.
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Mallinson, Christine. Language and Its Everyday Revolutionary Potential. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.38.
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Centering on the English language reform movement, this chapter describes three main strategies through which feminists have targeted language, both as an object to reform and a platform for revolution. First, it describes the strategy of challenging man-made language forms, exemplified in debates over masculine generics. Second, it discusses the strategy of creating and institutionalizing egalitarian naming practices in order to reclaim the power to name and define. By tracing such forms as Ms., it becomes evident that even small shifts in language use can contribute to cultural change. Third, it describes the strategy of linguistic disruption, illustrated through such neologisms as herstory and womyn, gender-neutral forms such as singular they, and third-gender forms such as zie and zir. By using language creatively and sometimes radically to reject patriarchal language, respond to gender bias, and empower women, feminist activists and everyday speakers alike can employ linguistic practices to promote equality.
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Karakoç, Ekrem. Divergent Paths of Inequality in Turkey and Spain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0005.
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Using most similar design and process-tracing methodology, this chapter investigates the divergent outcomes in income inequality in Turkey and Spain. Even though social-security systems in both countries have been hierarchical, benefiting civil servants, the security apparatus, and workers in key sectors and others in formal sectors at the expense of the rest, they have adopted different social policies over time. This chapter discusses how Turkish governments, with a focus on 1983 to the present time, have designed contributory and noncontributory pensions, healthcare, and other social programs that have affected household income differently. In democratic Spain, however, pension-related policies and unemployment benefits have been dominant forms of social policy, but the Spanish party system has not created major incentives for political parties to utilize these policies in electoral campaigns until recently. This chapter ends with a discussion of how social policies in Turkey and Spain have affected inequality since the two nations transitioned to democracy.
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Dominy, Graham. From Whence They Came. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the influence of the British military garrison at Fort Napier by tracing the history of the organization from whence the garrison came: the British Army. During the Victorian era, the British Army was a pillar of the established order. Its main function was to defend the realm in the United Kingdom, the Indian Empire, and the colonies, as well as the monarchy. In the period before the establishment of an organized police force, the army maintained internal stability in Britain and, even more significantly, in Ireland. The chapter first provides an overview of the administration and reform of the British Army before considering the “inherent” qualities that were inculcated into future army officers, along with the “other ranks” of the army. It shows that the Victorian-era army reflected and magnified the class structure of the society from whence it came, citing its emphasis on the concept of masculinity.
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Freer, Courtney. Politicians or Preachers? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861995.003.0005.
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This chapter continues tracing the development of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliates in Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. It focuses on the period of expansion of the Brotherhood after the fall of Arab Nationalism from the 1970s through the 1990s, with a view to how Ikhwan movements used their ties with governments and their social appeal to earn more popular support. It presents case studies of Brotherhood activities within Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE during this period to show that the forms adopted by Brotherhood movements in the super-rentiers, similar to Ikhwan elsewhere in the region, were dictated by the political opportunities available to them. Opportunities became increasingly available to Ikhwan branches in the Gulf with the fall of Arab nationalism, which had been the Brotherhood’s primary ideological rival. Contrary to the predictions of rentier state theory, Brotherhood groups managed to establish themselves even as super-rentier governments were expanding welfare packages to citizens throughout the 1970s.
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von der Goltz, Anna. The Other '68ers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849520.001.0001.
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This is the first book about West German centre-right students in 1968, a major moment of political and cultural contestation in the Federal Republic and indeed across much of the globe. Based on interviews with former activists and a wealth of new archival sources, it examines the ideas, experiences, and repertoires of activists we do not normally associate with 1968. Writing them back into the history of 1968 and its afterlives, as this book does, reveals that the protest movement of these years was a broader, more politically versatile, and, ultimately, even more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals allows. Many of the protagonists of this book would later play major roles in Christian Democratic politics, especially during the era of Helmut Kohl. By tracing their influence on German political culture, this study helps us to understand why the age of Christian Democracy was interrupted but never really ended in the Federal Republic—at least until now.
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Brandeis, Daniel, Sandra K. Loo, Grainne McLoughlin, Hartmut Heinrich, and Tobias Banaschewski. Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0009.
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Neurophysiology allows us to understand and modulate the neural mechanisms in ADHD with high time- and/or frequency-resolution. These non-invasive methods include electroencephalographic recordings at rest and during tasks, with spontaneous and event-related oscillations and potentials tracking covert processing and transcranial neuromodulation through magnetic or electric fields. The findings indicate consistent cognitive and neural deficits in ADHD related to impaired attention and deficient inhibition. Advanced signal processing and source imaging methods often converge with other imaging approaches. Neurophysiological findings also reveal considerable heterogeneity in ADHD regarding cognitive, affective, and genetic subtypes. This illustrates the importance of dimensional approaches and of pathophysiological mechanisms partly shared with other disorders. Although several potential neurophysiological markers of ADHD have been considered, a clinical use for individual diagnostics and classification is not supported to date. More research should clarify the clinical potential of multivariate multimodal classification and prediction of treatment outcome to advance individualized treatment.
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Voigt, Jens Uwe, Peter Søgaard, and Emer Joyce. Heart failure: left ventricular dyssynchrony. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0026.
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Echocardiography plays a pivotal role in the management of patients with dilative cardiomyopathy and conduction disease, particularly in the setting of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Current CRT guidelines recommend the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and function. Furthermore, echocardiography has the potential of analysing regional myocardial mechanics with high temporal resolution and without radiation burden or danger for the patient. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony has therefore become the next challenge. Besides the visual approaches, newer methods of functional imaging such as tissue Doppler and speckle tracking allow the exact quantification of regional myocardial function. This chapter reviews the current status of left ventricular dyssynchrony assessment by echocardiography and introduces emerging techniques which can better link conduction abnormalities and mechanical events and, thus, potentially improve clinical decision-making in this field.
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Staub, Michael E. The Mismeasure of Minds. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643595.001.0001.
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The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision required desegregation of America’s schools, but it also set in motion an agonizing multidecade debate over race, class, and IQ. In this innovative book, Michael E. Staub investigates neuropsychological studies published between Brown and the controversial 1994 book The Bell Curve. In doing so, he illuminates how we came to view race and intelligence today. In tracing how research and experiments around such concepts as learned helplessness, deferred gratification, hyperactivity, and emotional intelligence migrated into popular culture and government policy, Staub reveals long-standing and widespread dissatisfaction—not least among middle-class whites—with the metric of IQ. He also documents the devastating consequences—above all for disadvantaged children of color—as efforts to undo discrimination and create enriched learning environments were recurrently repudiated and defunded. By connecting psychology, race, and public policy in a single narrative, Staub charts the paradoxes that have emerged and that continue to structure investigations of racism even into the era of contemporary neuroscientific research.
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Cook, David. The Boko Haram Reader. Edited by Abdulbasit Kassim and Michael Nwankpa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908300.001.0001.
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Since it erupted onto the world stage in 2009, people have asked, what is Boko Haram, and what does it stand for? Is there a coherent vision or set of beliefs behind it? Despite the growing literature about the group, few if any attempts have been made to answer these questions, even though Boko Haram is but the latest in a long line of millenarian Muslim reform groups to emerge in Northern Nigeria over the last two centuries. The Boko Haram Reader offers an unprecedented collection of essential texts, documents, videos, audio, and nashids (martial hymns), translated into English from Hausa, Arabic and Kanuri, tracing the group's origins, history, and evolution. Its editors, two Nigerian scholars, reveal how Boko Haram's leaders manipulate Islamic theology for the legitimization, radicalization, indoctrination and dissemination of their ideas across West Africa. Mandatory reading for anyone wishing to grasp the underpinnings of Boko Haram's insurgency, particularly how the group strives to delegitimize its rivals and establish its beliefs as a dominant strand of Islamic thought in West Africa's religious marketplace.
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Manzo, V. J. Max/MSP/Jitter for Music. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199777679.001.0001.
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In Max/MSP/Jitter for Music, expert author and music technologist V. J. Manzo provides a user-friendly introduction to a powerful programming language that can be used to write custom software for musical interaction. Through clear, step-by-step instructions illustrated with numerous examples of working systems, the book equips you with everything you need to know in order to design and complete meaningful music projects. The book also discusses ways to interact with software beyond the mouse and keyboard through use of camera tracking, pitch tracking, video game controllers, sensors, mobile devices, and more. This book will be of special value for everyone who teaches music at any level, from classroom instructors to ensemble directors to private studio instructors. Whether you want to create simple exercises for beginning performers or more complex programs for aspiring composers, this book will show you how to write customized software that can complement and even inspire your instructional objectives. No specialist foreknowledge is required to use this book to enliven your experience with music technology. Even musicians with no prior programming skills can learn to supplement their lessons with interactive instructional tools, to develop adaptive instruments to aid in composition and performance activities, and to create measurement tools with which to conduct research. This book allows you to: -Learn how to design meaningful projects for composition, performance, music therapy, instruction, and research -Understand powerful software through this accessible introduction, written for beginners -Follow along through step-by-step tutorials -Grasp the principles by downloading the extensive software examples from the companion website This book is ideal for: -Music educators at all levels looking to integrate software in instruction -Musicians interested in how software can improve their practice and performance -Music composers with an interest in designing interactive music -Music therapists looking to tailor programs to the needs of specific groups or individuals And all who are interested in music technology. Visit the companion website at www.oup.com/us/maxmspjitter
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Weiss, Harvey. Megadrought, Collapse, and Causality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0001.
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Recent discoveries of megadroughts, severe periods of drought lasting decades or centuries, during the course of the Holocene have revolutionized our understanding of modern climate history. Through advances in paleoclimatology, researchers have identified these periods of climate change by analyzing high-resolution proxy data derived from lake sediment cores, marine cores, glacial cores, speleothem cores, and tree rings. Evidence that megadroughts occurred with frequency and abruptly over the last 12,000 years, a timespan long assumed to be stable compared to earlier glacial periods, has also altered our understanding of societies’ trajectories. The fact that severe, multi-decadal or century-scale droughts coincided with societal collapses well known to archaeologists has challenged established multi-causal analyses of these events. Megadroughts, impossible to predict and impossible to withstand, may have caused political collapse, regional abandonment, and habitat tracking to still-productive regions. The nine megadrought and societal collapse events presented in this volume extend from the foraging-to-agriculture transition at the dawn of the Holocene in West Asia to the fifteenth-century AD collapse of the Khmer Empire in Angkor (Cambodia). Inevitably, this collection of essays also raises challenges to causal analyses of societal collapse and for future paleoclimatic and archaeological research.
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Klein, Peter D. The Nature of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0003.
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The purpose of the chapter is to show that the defeasibility theory of knowledge provides the best solution to the most philosophically interesting way of characterizing the Gettier Problem. I will examine Gettier’s presentation of the problem in order to show that the principles that Gettier used to motivate the problem require some important corrections and, even with those corrections, the hard task remains, namely to make clear how fallible reasoning can result in real knowledge by eluding epistemic luck. I argue that various etiology of beliefs theories of knowledge (tracking theories, safety views, reliabilism, and virtue theories) do not provide a good basis for characterizing epistemic luck and depend upon highly speculative empirical claims. In addition, I will argue that among evidentialist theories (defeasibility theories, Dretske’s and Foley’s views) only a well-constructed defeasibility theory can correctly and informatively solve the Gettier Problem.
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McAlpine, Erica. The Poet's Mistake. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691203492.001.0001.
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Keats mixed up Cortez and Balboa. Heaney misremembered the name of one of Wordsworth's lakes. Poetry—even by the greats—is rife with mistakes. This book gathers together for the first time numerous instances of these errors, from well-known historical gaffes to never-before-noticed grammatical incongruities, misspellings, and solecisms. But unlike the many critics and other readers who consider such errors felicitous or essential to the work itself, the book makes a compelling case for calling a mistake a mistake, arguing that denying the possibility of error does a disservice to poets and their poems. Tracing the temptation to justify poets' errors from Aristotle through Freud, the book demonstrates that the study of poetry's mistakes is also a study of critical attitudes toward mistakes, which are usually too generous—and often at the expense of the poet's intentions. Through close readings of Wordsworth, Keats, Browning, Clare, Dickinson, Crane, Bishop, Heaney, Ashbery, and others, the book shows that errors are an inevitable part of poetry's making and that our responses to them reveal a great deal about our faith in poetry—and about how we read.