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Journal articles on the topic 'Evergreen shrubs'
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1
Karatassiou, Maria, Panagiota Karaiskou, Eleni Verykouki, and Sophia Rhizopoulou. "Hydraulic Response of Deciduous and Evergreen Broadleaved Shrubs, Grown on Olympus Mountain in Greece, to Vapour Pressure Deficit." Plants 11, no. 8 (2022): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081013.
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In this study, leaf hydraulic functionality of co-occurring evergreen and deciduous shrubs, grown on Olympus Mountain, has been compared. Four evergreen species (Arbutus andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera) and four deciduous species (Carpinus betulus, Cercis siliquastrum, Coronilla emeroides and Pistacia terebinthus) were selected for this study. Predawn and midday leaf water potential, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature and leaf hydraulic conductance were estimated during the summer period. The results demonstrate different hydraulic tactics between the deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Higher hydraulic conductance and lower stomatal conductance were obtained in deciduous plants compared to the evergreens. Additionally, positive correlations were detected between water potential and transpiration in the deciduous shrubs. The seasonal leaf hydraulic conductance declined in both deciduous and evergreens under conditions of elevated vapor pressure deficit during the summer; however, at midday, leaf water potential reached comparable low values, but the deciduous shrubs exhibited higher hydraulic conductance compared to the evergreens. It seems likely that hydraulic traits of the coexisting evergreen and deciduous plants indicate water spending and saving tactics, respectively; this may also represent a limit to drought tolerance of these species grown in a natural environment, which is expected to be affected by global warming.
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Dai, Huan, Wei Li, Yan Zeng, and Xinyang Zhang. "Study on Urban Landscape Green Space -- A Case Study of Longquanshan Park." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201002.
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Studying on Qinglongshan Forest Park in Wuhan by typical plot method, 15 typical plots in the park were investigated, and the species richness index, diversity index, evenness index, frequency and important value index were calculated. The results showed that there were 139 species of woody plants belonging to 46 families and 97 genera, including 41 species of evergreen trees, 32 species of deciduous trees, 62 species of evergreen shrubs, 25 species of deciduous shrubs, and 4 species of bamboo belonging to 1 family, 3 genera. Species richness index and Simpson diversity index were all expressed as tree layer > shrub layer, evergreen species > deciduous species. Pielou evenness was tree layer > shrub layer. This study can provide some reference for understanding the existing plant status of forest parks, carrying out science popularization, scientific research, protection and improvement of forest landscape quality.
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Gulmammadova, Shalala, Minara Hasanova, Shebnem Alieva, and Aysel Zeynalli. "Using coniferous plants in the landscape design of Absheron." BIO Web of Conferences 100 (2024): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410004012.
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In improving the environment, one of the main and decisive factors is landscaping. Among them, evergreen trees and shrubs play an important role. They form the basis for protecting the environment from industrial pollution and creating conditions for cultural recreation of the population. The protection of the biosphere from pollution that negatively affects human health, the protection of natural resources and their rational use in the modern era has acquired serious importance and, as a problem of national importance, worries the public. It was revealed that landscaping has a high dust-collecting capacity. Coniferous, evergreen trees and shrubs especially have this ability. Currently, in the gardens and parks of Baku there are a significant number of species and forms of plants that can be successfully used for further landscaping of the city. But this number of tree and shrub species that are stable under these conditions is absolutely insufficient for the growing area of green spaces every day. It is necessary to expand introduction work in this area, paying special attention to the introduction of new evergreen species and forms of trees and shrubs into culture. For this purpose, research work is being carried out in the “Landscape architecture” laboratory.
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Hill, Michael J., Andrew Millington, Rebecca Lemons, and Cherie New. "Functional Phenology of a Texas Post Oak Savanna from a CHRIS PROBA Time Series." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (2019): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202388.
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Remnant midwestern oak savannas in the USA have been altered by fire suppression and the encroachment of woody evergreen trees and shrubs. The Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area (GEWMA) near Palestine, Texas represents a relatively intact southern example of thickening and evergreen encroachment in oak savannas. In this study, 18 images from the CHRIS/PROBA (Compact High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer/Project for On-Board Autonomy) sensor were acquired between June 2009 and October 2010 and used to explore variation in canopy dynamics among deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, and savanna grassland in seasonal leaf-on and leaf-off conditions. Nadir CHRIS images from the 11 useable dates were processed to surface reflectance and a selection of vegetation indices (VIs) sensitive to pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and canopy water content were calculated. An analysis of temporal VI phenology was undertaken using a fishnet polygon at 90 m resolution incorporating tree densities from a classified aerial photo and soil type polygons. The results showed that the major differences in spectral phenology were associated with deciduous tree density, the density of evergreen trees and shrubs—especially during deciduous leaf-off periods—broad vegetation types, and soil type interactions with elevation. The VIs were sensitive to high densities of evergreens during the leaf-off period and indicative of a photosynthetic advantage over deciduous trees. The largest differences in VI profiles were associated with high and low tree density, and soil types with the lowest and highest available soil water. The study showed how time series of hyperspectral data could be used to monitor the relative abundance and vigor of desirable and less desirable species in conservation lands.
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Hamraeva, D. A., V. P. Pechenicyn, and A. I. Halmurzaeva. "FEATURES OF PROPAGATION OF EVERGREEN SHRUBS WITH LIGNIFIED CUTTINGS." EurasianUnionScientists 9, no. 5(74) (2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.9.74.793.
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The expediency of cutting lignified cuttings of evergreen ornamental shrubs both in the greenhouse and in the open ground is shown. The highest rates of growth and activity of peripheral meristems are characterized by plants from the lower cuttings. It is shown that the rate of initial development of plants (the number and length of roots) when rooting cuttings are not always indicators of the rate of further growth and development of plants when growing in a nursery. The use of lower and middle lignified cuttings for vegetative propagation of strong and medium-sized shrub species makes it possible in Uzbekistan to obtain ready-made planting material in the year of cuttings.
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Ajam, Batoul, and Elena Kozlova. "The history of representatives of the genus Rhododendron L. and prospects for their use." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 64 (2024): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202144417.
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Rhododendrons Rhododendron L. are appreciated for their high decorative value, they are of scientific and practical interest. This genus includes about 1300 wild species and more than 10,000 varieties, represented by evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous shrubs, shrubs and rarely trees. This article presents brief facts about the history of the emergence of the rhododendron culture. A brief description of some species and varieties of rhododendrons is presented in terms of their decorative features, with the aim of further selection and use in in-vitro culture. Keywords: INTRODUCTION OF RHODODENDRONS, TYPES OF RHODODENDRONS, WINTER HARDINESS, VARIETIES OF RHODODENDRONS
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Nams, Vilis O., Nicholas F. G. Folkard, and James N. M. Smith. "Effects of nitrogen fertilization on several woody and nonwoody boreal forest species." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 1 (1993): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-011.
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The effects of three levels of fertilizer were tested on the growth of several woody and nonwoody plants from a boreal forest community in southwestern Yukon. The effects of fertilization were assessed by clipping ground layer vegetation and measuring twig growth at the end of the second summer. Over the 2 years of fertilization there were significant increases in growth over control levels for perennial grasses (Festuca altaica and Calamagrostis lapponica), two herbs (Epilobium angustifolium and Achillea millefolium), and two deciduous shrubs (Salix glauca and Betula glandulosa). However, the growth of white spruce trees (Picea glauca) increased only slightly in response to increasing nitrogen levels, and the evergreen dwarf shrub Arctostaphylos uva-ursi showed no response. Key words: fertilization, boreal forest, shrubs, grasses, herbs, nitrogen.
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Kudo, Gaku. "Effect of snow-free duration on leaf life-span of four alpine plant species." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 8 (1992): 1684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-207.
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Leaf life-spans and specific leaf weights of four plant species, Phyllodoce aleutica, Rhododendron aureum, Sieversia pentapetala, and Potentilla matsumurae were compared along a gradient of decreasing snow-free duration in alpine snow beds. Life-span was obtained by observation from emergence to senescence for deciduous plants and was estimated from leaf age distributions for evergreen plants. Along the gradient, the evergreen shrubs Ph. aleutica and R. aureum had extended leaf life-spans, whereas the deciduous shrubs S. pentapetala and the deciduous herb Po. matsumurae had reduced leaf life-spans. Specific leaf weights, obtained by dry weight per unit leaf area, increased in Ph. aleutica but decreased in S. pentapetala and Po. matsumurae along the gradient. These phenomena are considered adaptive adjustments for maintaining a positive carbon balance under the conditions of limited photosynthetic season. Key words: alpine snow bed, carbon balance, deciduous plants, evergreen plants, leaf life-span, specific leaf weight.
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Tolvanen, Anne, and Gregory HR Henry. "Responses of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in high arctic plants to experimental warming." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 6 (2001): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-052.
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We studied total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration in five arctic plant species, Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don (evergreen dwarf shrub), Dryas integrifolia Vahl (semi-evergreen dwarf-shrub), Salix arctica Pall. (deciduous, dioecious dwarf shrub), Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (forb), and Carex stans Drej. (graminoid, sedge), after five growing seasons of experimental increase in temperature. The experiments were established in different habitats along a moisture gradient in a coastal lowland at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island (79ºN). Sampling was conducted three times during the growing season. The seasonal patterns of C and N concentration were similar across all investigated species, even though the absolute concentrations differed. Nitrogen concentrations were high early in the season during the active growth period but declined later in the season. Warming decreased the N concentration and increased the C/N ratio in the three woody species, whereas N concentrations in the forb and the sedge were not affected. Although not measured directly in our study, the differences in concentrations may be due to the slower response in nutrient uptake and growth in the dwarf shrubs but increased nutrient uptake and growth in the forb and the sedge. Among-site differences were only significant in C concentrations of old tissues of Cassiope tetragona and S. arctica. Male and female S. arctica did not differ in their responses to warming. Differences among plant species in their plastic responses may relate to survival during rapid environmental change. Slow-responding dwarf shrubs may be under increased risk of competition from more responsive and faster growing species, such as forbs and graminoids.Key words: allocation, climate change, dwarf shrub, forb, graminoid, ITEX, Ellesmere Island.
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Potapenko, Irina, Viktoria Letukhova, and Nikolai Klimenko. "Ornamental trees and shrubs in green areas of the South-East coast of the Crimea." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017501005.
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The South-East Coast of the Crimea has been developing as recreational region. Green planting is one of the factors that improve its recreational attraction. So it is important to study cultivated here arboreal trees and shrubs for perfection their assortment for landscape gardening. We analyzed taxonomy and biomorphological structure, botanicgeographical origin of dendroflora, the history of introduction, and the present state of cultivated arboreal plants. At present cultivated dendroflora totals 229 species belonging to 107 genus of 27 families. Magnoliophyta occupies 86,0 % of species diversity and the leading role among them belongs to Rosaceae (27,4 %), Oleaceae (6,6%), Leguminosae (5,6%). Pinophyta occupies 14,0 % of species diversity and the leading role belongs to Cupressaceae (50,0 %). Species of Mediterranean flora dominate (31,4 %). The most of them are well adapted to local climatic and soil conditions and provide “Mediterranean” appearance to cultural landscapes. More than a half (62,9 %) of the species diversity are deciduous trees (38,4 %) and shrubs (24,5 %). The proportion of evergreen plants is lower: coniferous trees – 13,5 %, and evergreen shrubs – 13,1 %. Selecting assortment of ornamental arboreal trees and shrubs should correspond to their ability to withstand summer drought and winter low temperatures.
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D.V., Illarionova, and Minniakhmetov I.S. "TOPIARY GARDENING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE." Russian Electronic Scientific Journal 49, no. 3 (2023): 100–110. https://doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2023-49-3-100-110.
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The article considers the directions of development of topiary gardening. Topiary is a curly haircut of shrubs and trees. There are 3 main types of topiary: from shrubby or herbaceous plants; trees that provide not only crown trimming, but also fancy shaping of trunks and branches; flower sculptures. There are 2 ways of artistic topiary: classical (plants are planted and then given the necessary shapes) and American (frames are used with subsequent planting of seeds). For the manufacture of frames, wires with a diameter of 6-7 mm are used. Also, it is necessary to place a lid on top of the skeleton of the topiary so that it is possible to fill the product with the substrate from the inside. The range of topiary forms includes: ball; cone; trellis; umbrella; pyramid; arch; pavilion; spiral; hedges; pine tree shape; roof; Green art; Art object. For curly haircuts, straight-growing plants with a dense green mass are used, so plants with an abundance of needles and foliage are selected. Shrubs up to 1 m high are used for the border (dwarf birch bark, small—leaved honeysuckle, evergreen boxwood, etc.). For hedges and creating a maze - yellow acacia, European birch bark, ordinary privet, etc. When creating dense and high green walls — hornbeam, field maple, noble laurel, etc. For a more simplified and fast method of creating a topiary, climbing plants (wild grapes, lemongrass, ivy, etc.) are used. The best evergreen shrubs for complex curly haircuts are yew and boxwood.
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Maráczi, K., E. H. Baracsi, and L. Gáspár. "PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXAMINATIONS OF THERMOPHILE EVERGREEN ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS IN HUNGARY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 937 (September 2012): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.937.11.
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Calatayud, Vicent, Francisco Marco, Júlia Cerveró, Gerardo Sánchez-Peña, and María José Sanz. "Contrasting ozone sensitivity in related evergreen and deciduous shrubs." Environmental Pollution 158, no. 12 (2010): 3580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.013.
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Zhao, Wenqiang, Peter B. Reich, Qiannan Yu, et al. "Shrub type dominates the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P stoichiometry across an extensive altitudinal gradient." Biogeosciences 15, no. 7 (2018): 2033–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2033-2018.
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Abstract. Understanding leaf stoichiometric patterns is crucial for improving predictions of plant responses to environmental changes. Leaf stoichiometry of terrestrial ecosystems has been widely investigated along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. However, very little is known about the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P and the relative effects of environmental parameters, especially for shrubs. Here, we analyzed the shrub leaf C, N and P patterns in 125 mountainous sites over an extensive altitudinal gradient (523–4685 m) on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that the shrub leaf C and C : N were 7.3–47.5 % higher than those of other regional and global flora, whereas the leaf N and N : P were 10.2–75.8 % lower. Leaf C increased with rising altitude and decreasing temperature, supporting the physiological acclimation mechanism that high leaf C (e.g., alpine or evergreen shrub) could balance the cell osmotic pressure and resist freezing. The largest leaf N and high leaf P occurred in valley region (altitude 1500 m), likely due to the large nutrient leaching from higher elevations, faster litter decomposition and nutrient resorption ability of deciduous broadleaf shrub. Leaf N : P ratio further indicated increasing N limitation at higher altitudes. Interestingly, drought severity was the only climatic factor positively correlated with leaf N and P, which was more appropriate for evaluating the impact of water status than precipitation. Among the shrub ecosystem and functional types (alpine, subalpine, montane, valley, evergreen, deciduous, broadleaf, and conifer), their leaf element contents and responses to environments were remarkably different. Shrub type was the largest contributor to the total variations in leaf stoichiometry, while climate indirectly affected the leaf C : N : P via its interactive effects on shrub type or soil. Collectively, the large heterogeneity in shrub type was the most important factor explaining the overall leaf C : N : P variations, despite the broad climate gradient on the plateau. Temperature and drought induced shifts in shrub type distribution will influence the nutrient accumulation in mountainous shrubs.
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Dobbert, Svenja, Roland Pape, and Jörg Löffler. "The application of dendrometers to alpine dwarf shrubs – a case study to investigate stem growth responses to environmental conditions." Biogeosciences 19, no. 7 (2022): 1933–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1933-2022.
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Abstract. Considering the recent widespread greening and browning trends associated with shrubs in arctic–alpine ecosystems, further understanding of how these shrubs respond in a rapidly changing environment is of crucial importance. We here monitor shrub growth, using high-precision dendrometers to produce fine-scale intra-annual growth patterns from hourly stem diameter variability in a widespread evergreen species (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum). Measurements were taken at a micrometer scale for the period 2015 till 2018 on exposed and mostly snow-free ridge positions. With the same temporal resolution, we collected near-ground environmental data and identified on-site controls of growth behavior. We found high inter-plant variability in radial stem growth but strong similarities in response patterns to the local environment. Our results suggest that the evergreen species is highly adapted to the specific local conditions, remaining partly photosynthetically active during the snow-free winter, which facilitates carbohydrate accumulation for early-season physiological activities. Additionally, we discovered a phase of radial stem shrinkage during the winter months, which can be attributed to an active cell water reduction to protect the plant from frost damage. We conclude that soil moisture availability and winter snow conditions are the main drivers of radial stem growth of E. hermaphroditum in arctic and alpine regions and could negatively affect the species' distribution in a warming climate.
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Zhu, Ya-Juan, Guo-Jie Wang, and Zhi-Ming Xin. "Water use strategy of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus community in a drought year on the Mongolian Plateau." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 6 (2020): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtaa064.
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Abstract Aims In desert ecosystems, water is a restricting factor for plant growth and vegetation dynamics. The relatively stable water source from deep soil profile or groundwater is important for plant survival during drought. Understanding water use strategy of endangered species, in desert ecosystem is essential for their conservation and restoration such as Ammopiptanthus mongolicus on the Mongolian Plateau. Methods The stable isotope method of δD and δ 18O was used to examine the main water sources of A. mongolicus and two companion shrubs, e.g. Artemisia ordosica and Artemisia xerophytica. The contribution of different water sources to each species was calculated by IsoSource model. Leaf δ 13C was used to compare long-term water use efficiency of three shrubs. Soil moisture and root distribution of three shrubs was measured to explain plant water use strategy. Important Findings The results showed that A. mongolicus relied on groundwater and 150–200 cm deep soil water, with the former contributing to almost half of its total water source. Artemisia ordosica mainly used 150–200 cm deep soil water, but also used shallow soil water within 100 cm in summer and autumn. Artemisia xerophytica mainly used 150–200 cm deep soil water and groundwater, with the latter contributing to about 30%–60% of its total water source. The three shrubs had dimorphic or deep root systems, which are in accord with their water sources. The WUE in the evergreen shrub A. mongolicus was higher than in two deciduous Artemisia shrubs, which may be an adaptive advantage in desert ecosystem. Therefore, groundwater is an important water source for the endangered shrub A. mongolicus in a drought year on Mongolian Plateau. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and two Artemisia shrubs competed for deep soil water and groundwater.
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Salih, Ziyad Khalf, Seyedeh Somayyeh Shafiei Masouleh, Mohamed Abdulla Ahmed, and Marwan Abdulla Sanam. "Pruning intensity and amino acids tryptophan and glycine on growth and flowering of Jasminum sambac." Ornamental Horticulture 27, no. 1 (2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v27i1.2231.
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Abstract Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) is an evergreen shrub and very fragrant, which has a very importance in the perfume industry and its flowers are used in different religious and ceremonies. Training the shrubs for more yields of flowers and essential oil with horticultural improvement effects of pruning and amino acids may help gardeners to achieve more benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pruning intensity (without pruning, 40, 60 or 75 cm above ground level) and foliar application of amino acids (without amino acids, tryptophan or glycine) on jasmine shrubs for promoting growth and reproductive growth and the content of essential oil. The results showed that plants with light pruning (75 cm) and foliar application of amino acids especially glycine had the best growth and yield, which means that plants were affected by the interactions of pruning level and application of amino acids.
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Golovchenko, L. A., I. K. Volodko, N. G. Dishuk, V. A. Timofeeva, S. O. Stahovich, and Ya V. Kovalev. "Common problems of <i>Rhododendron</i> L. in the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 67, no. 1 (2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2022-67-1-43-53.
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Rhododendrons are some of the most attractive flowering shrubs in the landscape. The article presents the results of studying the common problems of Rhododendron collection in the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, conducted in 2012-2020. There are several diseases and pests that commonly occur on rhododendrons every year. These include powdery mildew (Erysiphe azaleae), fungal leaf spots (Pestalotiopsis rhododendri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria spp., Sphaerulina azaleae, Phyllosticta concentrica, Phyllosticta rhododendricola), black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), garden foliage beetle (Phyllopertha horticola), click beetle (Hemicrepidius niger), red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), physiological leaf spots, oedema, winter injury, chlorosis. Less common on rhododendrons are stem diseases (Botryosphaeria dothidea, Cadophora spp., Hymenoscyphus spp.), wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), bud blight (Seifertia azaleae), leaf and flower gall (Exobasidium rhododendri), rhododendron lacebug (Stephanitis rhododendri), greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). There were identified that all evergreen and half evergreen rhododendrons have some resistance to powdery mildew, deciduous rhododendrons are more resistant to fungal leaf spots than evergreens. Damage to rhododendrons by insect pests usually does not cause significant harm but heavy feeding results in an unsightly plants.
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Rohrs-Richey, Jennifer K., and Christa P. H. Mulder. "Effects of local changes in active layer and soil climate on seasonal foliar nitrogen concentrations of three boreal forest shrubs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 2 (2007): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-230.
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Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a boreal forest watershed in Interior Alaska that is susceptible to regional warming and permafrost thaw. We measured seasonal foliar N concentrations of the black spruce understory shrubs, Vaccinium uliginosum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Ledum palustre L. on north- and south-facing sides of the watershed. We predicted that the shrubs would respond to small-scale changes in active layer and soil climate, and we expected similar responses according to growth strategy (evergreen or deciduous). Overall, foliar N in shrubs was higher on warmer, drier soils with deep active layers: +7.9% N in V. uliginosum, +11.1% N in V. vitis-idaea, and +9.4% N in L. palustre. Each shrub had species-specific foliar N patterns that could not be categorized by growth strategy and were not well explained by soil climate or active layer. Leaf mineral nutrition is influenced by multiple processes, and foliar N was best explained by the combination of environmental variables operating at the study site. For Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed, we can expect increased N status of the black spruce understory along with continued climate warming, but changes cannot be predicted based on growth strategy.
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Kauffman, J. B., and R. E. Martin. "Sprouting Shrub Response to Different Seasons and Fuel Consumption Levels of Prescribed Fire in Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Ecosystems." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (1990): 748–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.748.
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Abstract Virtually all shrub species present in mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada have evolved specialized adaptations to survive the frequent low intensity surface fires that characterized the fire regime of this ecosystem. In this study we examined the variable sprouting response of broad-leaved shrubs and hardwoods following prescribed fires burned under a wide range of environmental and fuel conditions. Shrub survival was often dramatically different between treatments (i.e., fuel consumption level and season of burn), species, and size classes within plant species. Of the four different burn treatments, survival of the shrubs and hardwoods was as low as 12% after early fall burns (high levels of fuel consumption) and as high as 79% after early spring burn treatments (moderate levels of fuel consumption). As much as 95% of the smallest size of the small classes of shrubs (i.e., those ≤50 g dry weight biomass) were killed by prescribed fires. In contrast, the majority of larger individuals survived fires of low-moderate consumption, but rates of survival declined with increasing levels of fuel consumption. Post-fire shrub physiognomy was significantly lower in crown volume, crown area, height, and aboveground biomass. The number of individual shrub stems per individual significantly increased after fire. Postfire biomass partitioning was different among sprouting species; in the deciduous-leaved Quercus kelloggii, the percentage of aboveground biomass composed of leaves was lower, and the percentage composed of woody tissues was higher than that of the evergreen-leaved Lithocarpus densiflorus. For. Sci. 36(3):748-764.
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MARÁCZI, Kata, László GÁSPÁR, and Eva BARACSI. "PRELIMINARY PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXAMINATIONS OF THERMOFIL EVERGREEN ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS IN HUNGARY." Journal of Central European Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2011): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/12.4.958.
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Hamerlynck, E. P., and T. E. Huxman. "Ecophysiology of two Sonoran Desert evergreen shrubs during extreme drought." Journal of Arid Environments 73, no. 4-5 (2009): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.012.
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Sajjad, Aisha, Shaheen Begum, Muhammad Adnan, et al. "Carbon Stock Estimation of Selected Subtropical Broad-Leaved Evergreen Scrub Forest." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811219.
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This research estimates the carbon stock of the subtropical broad-leaved evergreen scrub forest of Lehtrar, a revenue estate of Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. A total of six nested co-centric plots of 17.84 m2 each were laid out in the forest, having two sub-plots of 5.64 m2 and 1 m2 each, for shrubs and litter, respectively. Stem density, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree biomass, and total carbon stock were calculated. In each plot, parameters like latitude, longitude, aspect, slope, elevation, tree count, etc., were catalogued. The carbon value was calculated in pools such as aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), litter, shrubs, etc. The tree height was measured using Abney’s level and the diameter at breast height (DBH) with diameter tape, while factors such as volume, shrub mass, litter mass, total tree biomass, and total carbon stock were calculated by using standard formulas. Results showed Olea ferrugineae to be the most abundant tree species in the study area, followed by Acacia modesta. The total average DBH and height were calculated as 17.03 and 16.79, respectively, with the species Dalbergia sissoo having the greatest DBH value. The mean carbon stock came out to be 47.75 tons/ha, with plot number 3 having the highest value of carbon stock, owing to the greatest stem count. The results of the study were significant and reflected a rich stem density, rich biomass, and an adequate carbon stocking capacity. The scrub forests of the study area, being important carbon sinks, are prone to deforestation and forest degradation activities that need to be controlled by using proper forest management practices to keep their carbon sequestration ability intact, as suggested under various reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD initiatives of UNFCCC.
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Harper, Anna B., Peter M. Cox, Pierre Friedlingstein, et al. "Improved representation of plant functional types and physiology in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES v4.2) using plant trait information." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 7 (2016): 2415–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2415-2016.
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Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models are used to predict the response of vegetation to climate change. They are essential for planning ecosystem management, understanding carbon cycle–climate feedbacks, and evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on global ecosystems. JULES (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) represents terrestrial processes in the UK Hadley Centre family of models and in the first generation UK Earth System Model. Previously, JULES represented five plant functional types (PFTs): broadleaf trees, needle-leaf trees, C3 and C4 grasses, and shrubs. This study addresses three developments in JULES. First, trees and shrubs were split into deciduous and evergreen PFTs to better represent the range of leaf life spans and metabolic capacities that exists in nature. Second, we distinguished between temperate and tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. These first two changes result in a new set of nine PFTs: tropical and temperate broadleaf evergreen trees, broadleaf deciduous trees, needle-leaf evergreen and deciduous trees, C3 and C4 grasses, and evergreen and deciduous shrubs. Third, using data from the TRY database, we updated the relationship between leaf nitrogen and the maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax), and updated the leaf turnover and growth rates to include a trade-off between leaf life span and leaf mass per unit area.Overall, the simulation of gross and net primary productivity (GPP and NPP, respectively) is improved with the nine PFTs when compared to FLUXNET sites, a global GPP data set based on FLUXNET, and MODIS NPP. Compared to the standard five PFTs, the new nine PFTs simulate a higher GPP and NPP, with the exception of C3 grasses in cold environments and C4 grasses that were previously over-productive. On a biome scale, GPP is improved for all eight biomes evaluated and NPP is improved for most biomes – the exceptions being the tropical forests, savannahs, and extratropical mixed forests where simulated NPP is too high. With the new PFTs, the global present-day GPP and NPP are 128 and 62 Pg C year−1, respectively. We conclude that the inclusion of trait-based data and the evergreen/deciduous distinction has substantially improved productivity fluxes in JULES, in particular the representation of GPP. These developments increase the realism of JULES, enabling higher confidence in simulations of vegetation dynamics and carbon storage.
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Beeson, Richard C. "Development of a Simple Reference Evapotranspiration Model for Irrigation of Woody Ornamentals." HortScience 47, no. 2 (2012): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.264.
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Rooted cuttings of Rhaphiolepis indica, a low slow-growing evergreen shrub, were grown outdoors in weighing lysimeters to market size in 11.4-L containers. Actual evapotranspiration (ETA) and evaporation from containers shaded with plastic foliage was determined daily. The first 60 days after transplanting, substrate evaporation accounted for most of ETA and was the major component through the first 127 days. ETA generally followed variations in reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Mean cumulative ETA to produce 90% of measured plants to market size was 101 L or 1.99-m depth per plant based on container surface area. Water need indices, similar to crop coefficients, were highly correlated with percent canopy closure using an exponential decay equation (r2 = 0.898), but a more precise estimate at higher canopy closures was achieved using a third-order inverse polynomial equation (r2 = 0.907). When combined with similar previous data from Viburnum odoratissimum and Ligustrum japonicum, the inverse polynomial equation correlation was 0.802 for all three shrubs. This implies the %Closure model provides a good general base for ETo-based irrigation of woody evergreen shrub species based on canopy size and spacing with improved precision when individual equations are derived by species.
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Yamtyrov, Maksim B., and Olga Y. Vasilyeva. "Ecological and biological features of the Far Eastern dendroflora representatives introduced in the Altai Mountains." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 3 (2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202093128.
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The paper substantiates the importance of research in the field of ecological morphology when introducing woody species to culture in more severe climatic conditions compared to natural habitats. A set of techniques used for introduction experiments with trees, shrubs and woody lianas is described. The authors have carried out a comparative analysis of life forms of the same species in the monsoon climate in the Far East in places of natural growth (according to literature data) and in the sharply continental climate of the Altai Mountains at the point of introduction (according to long-term observations). It has been revealed that the most frequent adaptive manifestation is the change of life form in the following directions: summer green tree above 10 m summer green tree up to 10 m; summer green shrub above 2 m summer green shrub 12 m. The least adapted ones were representatives of evergreen and wintergreen biomorphs. Berberis amurense, Corylus heterophylla, Cotoneaster dammeri, Pentaphylloides davurica, Lonicera chrysantha, Forsythia ovata, Eleutherococcus senticocus, Stephanandra incise, Rubus matsumuranus, Rubus crataegifolius, Rosa rugosa showed a high degree of winter hardiness (I score) among shrubs.
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Zidianakis G., Zidianakis G., G. Iliopoulos, and C. Fassoulas. "A NEW LATE MIOCENE PLANT ASSEMBLAGE FROM MESSARA BASIN (CRETE, GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 2 (2017): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11244.
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A rich terrigenous plant assemblage was recently excavated from early Tortonian deposits at Messara basin, southern Crete. The macro-remains are perfectly preserved as impressions or carbonized compressions in poorly lithified and locally laminated, blue-green clays with an age of at least 10.5 Ma and thus can be considered as the oldest plant assemblage found in Crete todate. Gymnosperms are represented by the families of Pinaceae (pine needles and winged seeds), Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae (leafy twings of Taxodium). Besides, 19 different angiosperm taxa of trees and shrubs have been also determined. Fagaceae is the most diversified with foliage of beech and several deciduous and evergreen oaks, while Myricaceae contribute mainly as abundant leaf remains of Myrica lignitum. Accessory elements of evergreen Lauraceae (Daphnogene polymorpha), sclerophyllus shrubs of Buxaceae (Buxus pliocenica) and various deciduous dicotyledonous such as Populus crenata, Liquidambar europaea, Carya minor and Acer pseudomonspessulanum are well documented. Leguminosae is recorded by a significant number of various small leaflet imprints. Therefore, the recovered remains indicate swampy forest habitats dominated by hygrophilic woody plants of Taxodium and Myrica, while in the surrounding plains and slopes a mixed mesophytic forest with a relatively low proportion of evergreen plants occurred in early-Late Miocene times in Crete depicting a moderately humid, warm-temperate nature for the climate.
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de Almeida, Juscidalva Rodrigues, Reginaldo de Oliveira Nunes, and Teresa Dias. "People Prefer Greener Corridors: Evidence from Linking the Patterns of Tree and Shrub Diversity and Users’ Preferences in Lisbon’s Green Corridors." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (2021): 13228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313228.
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Despite its importance as a component of urban green spaces, as far as we are aware no study has focused on plant diversity in urban green corridors (GCs). Therefore, this study aimed at: (i) characterizing tree and shrub communities in Lisbon’s GCs and (ii) assessing whether GCs’ users value trees and shrubs. We counted Lisbon’s GCs users in the same places where we assessed the tree and shrub community. Along the nine GCs, we observed trees and shrubs belonging to 70 species, distributed across 35 families with most (≥50%) species and plants being trees, exotic, pollinated by insects, with fruit dispersion by animals, evergreen leaves, and producing dry fruits. Most GCs had a similar number of users (20–30 users h−1 survey−1) except for those of Central and Ribeirinho, which were more frequented (60 and 100 users h−1 survey−1, respectively). Most users (≥50%) were adults, walking accompanied, and performing leisure activities. Finally, the number of users was shown to be influenced by: (i) tree and shrub relative abundance, confirming that users preferred greener corridors; and (ii) function(s), showing that users preferred the most multifunctional GCs (i.e., GCs fulfilling ecological, cultural, and recreational functions). Our data suggest that Lisbon’s GCs favor more the inclusion of citizens than ecological functionality and resilience.
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Vowles, Tage, Bengt Gunnarsson, Ulf Molau, Thomas Hickler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Robert G. Björk. "Expansion of deciduous tall shrubs but not evergreen dwarf shrubs inhibited by reindeer in Scandes mountain range." Journal of Ecology 105, no. 6 (2017): 1547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12753.
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Pang, Zhonglin, Yang Zhang, Shaojie Han, Enheng Wang, and Xiangwei Chen. "Effects of Root Architecture on Uprooting Properties between Deciduous and Evergreen Species with Different Growth Habits." Forests 15, no. 4 (2024): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040585.
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Roots anchor plants firmly to the soil, enabling them to effectively resist soil erosion and shear failure. Vegetation restoration has been acknowledged as one of the most useful measures for controlling soil loss; however, which root system characteristics were most beneficial for plant anchoring in the soil remains unclear. In the black soil region of northeastern China, which frequently experiences serious soil erosion, pullout tests were carried out on six species of soil and water conservation woody plants with different growth habits (deciduous shrubs, deciduous trees and evergreen trees), and the root geometry and topology of each species were determined. The results showed that the maximum uprooting force and activation displacement (the displacement at the maximum peak in the relationship curve between pulling force and displacement) of shrubs were significantly greater than those of trees, while deciduous trees were significantly greater than evergreen trees. Therefore, the ability of the whole root system to anchor the soil was the largest for shrubs, followed by deciduous trees, and the smallest for evergreen trees. The uprooting force and activation displacement were mainly affected by the root topological index, total root length and the number of inclined roots. The total root length had the greatest influence on the maximum uprooting force, and the root topology had the greatest influence on the activation displacement, both of which can be used as important predictors of plant root anchorage strength. In addition, the plants with the R-type root structure may have a greater ability to anchor the soi, and can be prioritized for vegetation restoration with black soils. These findings provide references and implications for identifying the effective plant strategies for eroded soil restoration in the black soil region of northeastern China and other areas with similar soil types and bioclimates.
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Potapenko, I.L., N.I. Klimenko, and V.Yu. Letukhova. "BIOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTIVATED DENDROFLORA OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN COAST OF CRIMEA." Bulletin of Donetsk National University. Series А. Natural Sciences, no. 3 (September 13, 2024): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758464.
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The article presents the biomorphological structure of green spaces dendroflora of the South-Eastern Coast of Crimea (SECC). We studied the species composition and form diversity of arboreal plants in parks, squares, green areas of educational, administrative, medical institutions and street planting. Arboreal plants of the SECC cultural phytocenoses include 322 species and cultivars, which are represented by a wide range of life forms. The biomorphological structure is dominated by trees and shrubs – 53.7 % and 41.9 % respectively of the total number of species, hybrids and cultivars; vines make up 4.1 %, bamboo – 0.3 %. Deciduous trees (31.1 %), deciduous shrubs (25.5 %) and conifers (15.5 %) predominated of the total range of life forms. Deciduous plants dominate in the green spaces of the SECC and cover 200 (62.1 %) species, hybrids and cultivars. Evergreen plants (including semi-evergreens) are represented by 122 (37.9 %) species. The ratio of plants of different life forms should be taken into account when creating green spaces. It will allow achieving not only stable cultural phytocenosis but also the maximum decorative effect. <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> green spaces, ornamental arboreal plants, life forms, South-Eastern Coast of Crimea.
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Bowman, William D., and Stephen W. Roberts. "Seasonal and Diurnal Water Relations Adjustments in Three Evergreen Chaparral Shrubs." Ecology 66, no. 3 (1985): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940534.
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BRAYFORD, D., and A. U. CHAPMAN. "Cylindrocladium ilicicola on cuttings of evergreen ornamental shrubs in the UK." Plant Pathology 36, no. 3 (1987): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02254.x.
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Karlsson, P. S. "Leaf longevity in evergreen shrubs: variation within and among European species." Oecologia 91, no. 3 (1992): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317622.
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Dokuchaeva, V. B. "История и современное состояние озеленения города Магадана". Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, № 4 (30 грудня 2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2022-4-57-69.
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The 90-year period using arboreal plants in Magadan greening is being discussed. In the first stages, the assortment of trees and shrubs planted in the city was mainly limited to local species, Larix cajanderi and Duschekia fruticosа, taken from their natural settings. These two species remain predominant in the current urban greenery. The successful acclimatization of some introduced trees and shrubs permitted to expand the list of arboreal plants used in greening Magadan. The evergreen conifers presence in plantings has become especially noticeable. For stable and systematic greening activities in the city, a plant nursery is needed.
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Ordóñez Díaz, José Antonio Benjamín, Luis Enrique Ortega-Treviño, Adolfo Galicia Naranjo, Anabell Munguia Barcenas, Carlos Mallén Rivera, and Verónica Reyero Hernández. "Densidad de la madera de 64 especies presentes en selva mediana subperennifolia en Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, México." E-CUCBA 9, no. 17 (2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi17.221.
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The location and shape of the Mexican Republic means that they present remarkable characteristics in their territory, one of thosenotable characteristics being the vegetation such as the medium sub-evergreen forest, which presents a great variety of species withdifferent densities of wood. The density of wood is specific to each plant species, and depends on the amount and type of cellularelements that constitute it, in addition to being necessary for the calculation of biomass for the estimation of carbon sequestration.The objective of this research is to compile the basic wood density of 64 species present in the medium sub-evergreen forest, and toprovide a database that can be consulted in Mexico. A floristic inventory was carried out in a segment of 100 ha in medium sub-evergreen forest in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico, using the method of circular plots of 500 mcompensated with the slopeaccording to different authors. Based on the classification of the type of vegetation cover by Rzedowski (1978), the different speciespresent (arboreal and woody shrubs) in the study area were recorded. The identification of the species found in said vegetation coverwas carried out by visiting forest herbaria, likewise, a bibliographic review of the basic density of the wood of the identified specieswas carried out using different sources such as specialized books, scientific articles, international databases, and specialists on thesubject. A total of 3,685 individuals of 64 species distributed in 57 genera were recorded, listing minimum, average and maximumvalues of the shrub and arboreal stratum of the wood densities.
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Varlashchenko, Liudmyla, Anatolii Balabak, Valentyna Mamchur, and Valentyn Polishchuk. "Application of Introduced Representatives of Lonicera pileata Oliv. in Landscaping of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 3 (2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040304.
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This article deals with the possibilities to introduce the ornamental shrub Lonicera pileata Oliv. belonging to Caprifoliaceae Vent. family in the landscaping of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The representatives of Lonicera pileata Oliv. (Cultivars Рileata, form Variegata and form Lemon Beauty) endure winter well and adapt to new climatic conditions of the planting site. The plants were found tolerant to shade, cold, pruning, and urban ecological conditions with polluted air. It has been revealed that, depending on the purpose of the landscaping object, these shrubs can perform various functions: create architectural and artistic image of the object; promote biological land reclamation along with other plants; protect against dust and noise; regulate moisture and temperature. Simultaneously, to grow plants of Lonicera pileata Oliv. successfully, it is critical to use farming techniques developed by the author scientists. When the representatives of evergreen shrubs of Lonicera pileata Oliv. are introduced in the landscaping of residential areas, they can be used to decorate landscape-gardening objects with different functional use creating landscape compositions in gardens and parks, on the plots with different exposition and slopes, as anti-erosion plants, in alpine landscapes, as freestanding shrubs or in group plantations, at the background of lawns, in flowerbeds, in alpine screen gardens, in rockeries, in freely growing and trimmed hedges, and as ground-covering plants.
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Lisnichuk, А. M., R. S. Panasenko, L. A. Verykivskyi та R. L. Yavorivskyi. "АВТОХТОННА ТА ІНТРОДУКОВАНА ДЕНДРОФЛОРА КРЕМЕНЕЦЬКОГО БОТАНІЧНОГО САДУ". Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 83, № 3-4 (2024): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.23.3-4.1.
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The results of study of the current state of dendrofloraon the territory of Kremenets Botanical Garden are presented. The taxonomic composition was studied, systematic and botanical-geographical analyzes were carried out, biological and ecological features of woody plants growing and cultivated on the territory of the institution were analyzed. According to the latest inventory, the collection fund includes 318 species and 96 cultivars of woody plants, which belong to 80 genera and are grouped into 44 families. Department Magnoliophyta dominates by the number of families – (39, 88,64 %), genera (68, 85 %) and species (337, 81,40 %). Division Pinophyta is represented by 5 genera (11.36 %), 12 families (15,0 %), 77 species (18,60 %). According to the classification of I. G. Serebriakovthe collection is dominated by trees (51,21 %), including: deciduous (44.69 %), evergreen (6.52 %). Among shrubs (45,41 %), deciduous ones (31.40 %) predominate, evergreens make up a small group (14,01 %). Semi-shrubs are represented by semi-evergreen specimens (3,14 %). According to ecological indicators, 3 types of ecomorphs were identified: heliomorphic, hygromorphic, and trophomorphic. According to the degree of adaptation to lighting, heliophytes (238, 72,46 %) predominate in composition of the studied flora, the group of mesotrophs (156 species, 49,06 %) predominates according to the trophic indicator, mesophytes dominate among hygromorphs (287, 90,25 %). Introducers have adapted to local growing conditions and coexist well with native species. In general, natural and climatic conditions are favorable for introduction of woody plants from various floristic regions of the Holarctic. The East Asian, Atlantic-North American and Circumboreal floristic regions are the most represented. In the collections and expositions, the most represented plants are in the range from 5 to 20 years. The staff of the Garden laid plots of the following genera complexes: Сotoneaster (Соtoneaster), Rhododendron (Rhododendron), Magnolia (Magnolia), Spiraea (Spiraea), Pinophyta (Pinophyta), and lilac (Syringa).
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Lusk, Christopher H. "Leaf functional trait variation in a humid temperate forest, and relationships with juvenile tree light requirements." PeerJ 7 (May 8, 2019): e6855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6855.
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The species-rich arborescent assemblages of humid tropical forests encompass much of the known range of the leaf economics spectrum, often including >20-fold variation in leaf lifespan. This suite of traits underpins a life-history continuum from fast-growing pioneers to slow-growing shade-tolerant species. Less is known about the range of leaf traits in humid temperate forests, and there are conflicting reports about relationships of these traits with the light requirements of temperate evergreen angiosperms. Here I quantify the range of leaf functional traits in a New Zealand temperate evergreen forest, and relationships of these traits with light requirements of juvenile trees and shrubs. Foliage turnover of saplings of 19 evergreen angiosperms growing beneath gaps (12–29% canopy openness) and in understories (1.2–2.9%) was measured over 12 months. Dry mass per area (LMA), dry matter content, thickness, density and nitrogen content (N) of leaves were also measured. Species minimum light requirements were indexed as the 10th percentile of the distribution of saplings in relation to canopy openness. Interspecific variation of leaf lifespan was ∼6-fold in gaps (0.6 to 3.8 yrs), and ∼11-fold in the understorey (0.7 to 7.7 yrs). Six small tree and shrub species are effectively leaf-exchangers, with leaf lifespans of c.1 year in gaps—albeit usually longer in the shade. Interspecific variation in other leaf traits was 2.5 to 4-fold. Lifespans and LMA of both sun and shade leaves were negatively correlated with species light requirements i.e., positively correlated with shade tolerance. However, light environment (gap vs shade) explained about the same amount of variation in LMA as species’ identity did. Species light requirements were not significantly correlated with leaf N, dry matter content, density or thickness—except for a marginally significant correlation with dry matter content of shade leaves. Species light requirements were thus less consistently related to leaf structural traits than appears to be the case in humid tropical forests. Whereas the wide interspecific variation in leaf economic traits of tropical rainforest species outweighs plastic response to light availability, temperate evergreen woody angiosperms appear to occupy a narrower range of the leaf economic spectrum. Standardization of the light environments in which LMA is measured is vital in comparative studies of humid temperate forest evergreens, because of countergradient responses of this trait to light, and because of the relative magnitudes of plastic and interspecific variation in LMA in these forests.
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Isikov, V. P., Yu V. Plugatar, and V. V. Korzhenevsky. "Modern assessment of natural dendroflora of the Crimea." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 154 (October 21, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-1-154-35-44.
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The species composition of the indigenous woody plants of theCrimeawas studied. For the peninsula, 165 species of 58 genera and 31 families were recorded. 148 forms for 50 species of woody plants from 34 genera as well as 11 hybrids for 6 species of plants have been described. In total, there are 320 taxa of woody plants in theCrimea. Of them, 24 species are included in Red Data Book. Woody plants are distributed unevenly across the territory of the Crimea: Crimean Steppe (CS) - 1 species, Crimean Forest-Steppe (CFS) - 5, Mountanious Crimea (MC) - 37, Crimean Southern Coast (CSC) -7, CS+CFS+VC+ CSC - 26, CS+CFS+ CSC - 3, CS+ CSC - 2, CS+CFS+MC - 4, CS+CFS - 2, CS+MC+ CSC - 2, CS+MC -1, CFS+MC+ CSC - 30, CFS+ CSC - 5, CFS+MC - 14, MC+ CSC - 27 species. Dominating are the genera:Rosa- 16 species, Rubus - 21, Crataegus - 15. There are 101 species of shrubs and 64 species of trees; of them evergreen deciduous trees - 1, coniferous - 8, evergreen shrubs - 10, deciduous species - 146 species. Locally distributed are 19 species of the following genera: Arbutus, Betula, Daphne, Myricaria, Nitraria, Rubus, Ruscus, Vitex.
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Knuth, Melinda J., Bridget K. Behe, Alicia Rihn, and Charles R. Hall. "Effects of Benefits Messaging on Consumer Purchasing of Plants." HortScience 58, no. 5 (2023): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16993-22.
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An online survey of plant purchasers was conducted to ascertain the influence of plant benefits messaging on consumer behavior. Three plant attributes, including type of plant, price, and plant availability, were used to distinguish purchasing preferences. To assess plant purchasing behavior, participants viewed a list of 12 different plant types and selected those they had purchased in the past year. The 12 plant types included annuals, vegetables, herbs, perennials, flowering shrubs, evergreen shrubs, fruit trees, evergreen trees, shade trees, flowering plants, foliage plants, and succulents. The most common retail locations patronized for plant purchases were home improvement stores, closely followed by independent garden centers. Consumers were grouped according to eight different plant benefit messages that they were exposed to, including physical, emotional, cognitive, social, educational, environmental, financial, and aesthetic benefits. Although some of the groups (clusters) exhibited similar purchasing behaviors in terms of plant types purchased, price levels preferred, and their preference for rare, common, or moderately available plants, there were just enough differences among groups to be able to distinguish them from other groups. The plant benefits were obviously affecting purchasing behavior, but further study is needed to understand the underlying reasons more fully.
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Garber, M. P., and K. Bondari. "Trends in Plant Material Requirements of Landscape Architects." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11, no. 3 (1993): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-11.3.110.
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Abstract Landscape architects influence the demand for plant material when specifying plants for landscape projects. A survey of landscape architects in Georgia identified the value of plant material specified for nine plant-types: deciduous trees (&gt; 3” caliper), deciduous trees ≤ 3” caliper), evergreen trees, coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/groundcovers, native herbaceous, bedding plants, and turf. As a plant category, trees represented the largest proportion of plant material, approximately 50% of the total value for all firms. With the exception of turf, landscape architects are expected to specify the same or greater value of plant material over the next five years, a positive economic sign for the nursery industry. The frequency of plant substitution due to lack of availability was greatest for the five plant-types generally produced as container nursery stock in Georgia; coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/ground covers, native herbaceous, and bedding plants. The two trends identified by landscape architects as most likely to affect the type of plants specified over the next five years are water availability and need for low maintenance landscapes.
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Fellet, Guido, Filip Pošćić, Sabina Licen, et al. "PAHs accumulation on leaves of six evergreen urban shrubs: A field experiment." Atmospheric Pollution Research 7, no. 5 (2016): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.05.007.
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Martín-Ramos, Pablo, Jesús Martín-Gil, Daniel Gómez-García, and José Antonio Cuchí-Oterino. "On the Physicochemical Characteristics and Applications of an “Undesirable” Pyrenean Thorny Cushion Dwarf: Echinospartum horridum (Vahl) Roth." Plants 9, no. 9 (2020): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091180.
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Small evergreen shrubs of the family Fabaceae represent a large proportion of current Mediterranean mountain vegetation. Their low pastoral value and tendency for encroachment makes these plants undesirable. In this paper, the thermal and chemical characteristics of Echinospartum horridum, a thorny cushion-shaped dwarf shrub native to the French Central Massif and the Pyrenees (particularly dominant in the shrublands of the Pyrenees), have been analyzed with a view to its valorization. Although the higher and lower heating values of the biomass from E. horridum met the ISO 17225-2:2014 requirements for its use in pellets, the ash content was slightly above the upper limit, so it would not comply with the normative for its acceptable use as a fuel. Nevertheless, the presence of high added-value flavonoids and lignans in its extracts, which are receiving increasing recent interest as efficient anti-tumor drugs and antivirals, may open the door to the valorization of this shrub for pharmacological applications.
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Galecic, Nevenka, Milka Glavendekic, and Ana Gacic. "Effect oh health condition on aesthetic value of green spaces in Pionirski park in Belgrade." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 96 (2007): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0796015g.
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The relation between health condition and aesthetic value of green spaces was studied in Pionirski Park. Mean ratings of these values were compared and analyzed for different plant categories (broadleaf trees, coniferous trees broadleaf shrubs, evergreen shrubs and coniferous shrubs). It was concluded that in Pionirski Park broadleaf trees have higher aesthetic values than coniferous trees. Total aesthetic value of coniferous trees is lower than that of broadleaf trees, because the latter are infested by pests and diseases of assimilation organs, which have been present for many years in high degrees of infestation and infection. It was concluded that coniferous trees were significantly degraded thanks to inadequate maintenance, by which their aesthetic value was reduced and their life span significantly shortened. It is extremely important to research the current health condition of green spaces and to determine what reclamation measures are necessary to conserve and enhance its authenticity, cultural-landscape heritage and aesthetic value.
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Kurjakov, Aleksandar, Jelena Čukanović, Milan Blagojević, Emina Mladenović, Ksenija Hiel, and Snežana Vukićević. "Ecological Analysis of the Dendroflora of Futoški Park in the City of Novi Sad." Contemporary Agriculture 66, no. 1-2 (2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/contagri-2017-0002.
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SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the floristic composition, abundance, biological spectrum and ecological effects of Futoški Park trees and shrubs on the basis of bioindicators. The field research was conducted in Futoški Park, which is one of the oldest and largest parks in the City of Novi Sad, covering an area of 81,306 m2. Upon determining the floristic composition of Futoški Park and the protection zone around the Park hotel, a total of 121 genotypes were recorded, out of which 34 species and lower taxa belong to the Gymnosperm phylum (Pinophyta) and 87 species and lower taxa belong to the Angiosperm phylum (Magnoliophyta). A total of 5,228 representatives of dendroflora were found. The biological range of trees and shrubs in the study area mostly includes deciduous nanophanerophytes (34.98%) and evergreen nanophanerophytes (33.72%), whereas the remainder includes evergreen phanerophytes (16.35%) and the least prevalent deciduous phanerophytes (14.94%). The analysis of ecological indices shows that the greatest number of species meet the environmental requirements, and are successfully acclimated to the climatic and soil conditions. On the basis of the overall vitality and ornamental features of the dendroflora analyzed, it can be argued that Futoški Park is a unique ecological and environmental entity in the urban structure of the city.
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Balachandran, Natesan, Krishnamurthy Rajendiran, and Walter Gastmans. "Endemic plants of tropical dry evergreen forest, Southern India." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 52, no. 1 (2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2018-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract During the last two decades of intensive botanical survey of the tropical dry evergreen forest, a total of 82 endemic taxa were found out of 1142 species enumerated from 85 sites in the three Coromandel Coastal districts of the state Tamil Nadu: Cuddalore, Kancheepurm and Villupuram, and in the Pondicherry district. Of 82 species, 17 are trees, 11 shrubs, 9 climbers and 45 herbs. Distribution of these endemic species was analyzed and categorised as endemic to the country, peninsular India, southern India, Eastern and Western Ghats, and at the state and district level. Interestingly, the study found that some endemic species were disjunctly distributed between districts, states, ghats, climatic regimes and bioregions. Anthropogenic disturbance and species threat status were also studied and discussed.
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Kimball, Bruce A., Dale L. Nolte, and Kelly B. Perry. "Hydrolyzed Casein Reduces Browsing of Trees and Shrubs by White-tailed Deer." HortScience 40, no. 6 (2005): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1810.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrolyzed casein (HC) and retail products that contain HC are evaluated as repellents to minimize deer damage to trees and shrubs. Three different experiments demonstrate that HC is an effective deer repellent. Technical-grade HC completely eliminated browse damage to evergreen shrubs (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) and conifers (Thuja plicata Donn.) during the test periods. Retail sources of HC (concentrated baby formula powders) are not as effective as pure hydrolyzed protein, but do offer browse protection when alternative sources of browse are available. For nursery, orchard, and reforestation applications, HC is a promising deer repellent to minimize losses due to browse. For the private homeowner, a simple repellent formulated with glue and a HC-containing baby formula may offer considerable browse protection when alternative forage is available.
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Denryter, Kristin A., Rachel C. Cook, John G. Cook, and Katherine L. Parker. "Straight from the caribou’s (Rangifer tarandus) mouth: detailed observations of tame caribou reveal new insights into summer–autumn diets." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 2 (2017): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0114.
Full textAbstract:
High-quality habitats for caribou (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) are associated primarily with lichens, but lichens alone fail to satisfy summer nutritional requirements. To evaluate the summer forage value of plant communities across northeastern British Columbia (BC), where populations of northern and boreal ecotypes of caribou are declining, we observed foraging by tame, female caribou. We compared diet composition with forage abundance to determine forage selection and to quantify forage availability. Deciduous shrubs, not lichens, largely dominated summer diets. Caribou were highly selective foragers, with 28 species comprising 78% of diets. Caribou avoided ≥50% of understory vegetation in all communities, especially conifers, evergreen shrubs, mosses, and two genera of terrestrial lichens. Availability of accepted forage (species not avoided) was strongly heterogeneous across landscapes. Alpine shrub areas and mid-elevation spruce–fir stands in the mountains, as well as treed rich fens and white spruce communities in the boreal forests, provided the greatest quantities of accepted forage for caribou. Dry alpine sites and unproductive black spruce communities provided the least accepted forage. Our work has direct implications to caribou conservation by contributing to a greater understanding of the forage value of summer habitats, with implications to habitat selection, seasonal movements, and distribution ecology.
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López, Victoria Lien, Lucia Bottan, Guillermo Martínez Pastur, María Vanessa Lencinas, Griet An Erica Cuyckens, and Juan Manuel Cellini. "Characterization of Polylepis tarapacana Life Forms in the Highest-Elevation Altiplano in South America: Influence of the Topography, Climate and Human Uses." Plants 12, no. 9 (2023): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091806.
Full textAbstract:
In the upper vegetation limit of the Andes, trees change to shrub forms or other life forms, such as low scrubs. The diversity of life forms decreases with elevation; tree life forms generally decrease, and communities of shrubs and herbs increase in the Andean highlands. Most of treeline populations in the northwestern Argentina Altiplano are monospecific stands of Polylepis tarapacana, a cold-tolerant evergreen species that is able to withstand harsh climatic conditions under different life forms. There are no studies for P. tarapacana that analyze life forms across environmental and human impact gradients relating them with environmental factors. This study aims to determine the influence of topographic, climatic, geographic and proxies to human uses on the occurrence of life forms in P. tarapacana trees. We worked with 70 plots, and a new proposal of tree life form classification was presented for P. tarapacana (arborescent, dwarf trees, shrubs and brousse tigrée). We describe the forest biometry of each life form and evaluate the frequency of these life forms in relation to the environmental factors and human uses. The results show a consistency in the changes in the different life forms across the studied environmental gradients, where the main changes were related to elevation, slope and temperature.