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1
Giriraj, A., M. S. R. Murthy, and B. R. Ramesh. "VEGETATION COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN FORESTS OF THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (November 2008): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428608004952.
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The composition, abundance, population structure and distribution patterns of the woody species having a girth at breast height of ≥ 10 cm were investigated in the tropical wet evergreen forests of the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the southern Western Ghats, India. A 3 ha plot was established with an altitudinal range of 1170 to 1306 m. In the study plot 5624 individuals (mean density 1875 ha−1) covering 68 woody species belonging to 52 genera and 27 families were enumerated. The mean basal area was 47.01 m2 ha–1 and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were 4.89 and 0.95, respectively. Of these woody species nearly 51% are endemic to the Western Ghats. The four dominant species, Cullenia exarillata, Palaquium ellipticum, Aglaia bourdillonii and Myristica dactyloides, account for 34% of the trees and 67% of the basal area, and therefore constitute the main structure of the forest. Within this forest type, five species assemblages corresponding to altitudinal gradient were identified using correspondence analysis. Management of such mid elevation evergreen forests necessarily depends on knowledge of recognisable community types and their environmental variables. The present study provides essential background for formulating strategies for sustainable conservation of forest communities at the local level.
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Dubey, Rashmi. "Diversity of Microfungi of North Western Ghats, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 39, no. 2 (January 6, 2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-q1ek6a.
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The Western Ghats of India represents some of the best non-equatorial, tropical evergreen forests in the world. It is a UNESCO world Heritage site and is one of the eight hottest hotspots biodiversity in the world. Survey conducted in different regions of North Western Ghats regions revealed various fascinating fungi on important plants and it yielded many new species and new records. Therefore the objective of this paper is to highlight the diversity of microfungi along with some new records bestowed in North Western Ghats of India.
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Balachandran, Natesan, Krishnamurthy Rajendiran, and Walter Gastmans. "Endemic plants of tropical dry evergreen forest, Southern India." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 52, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2018-0015.
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Abstract During the last two decades of intensive botanical survey of the tropical dry evergreen forest, a total of 82 endemic taxa were found out of 1142 species enumerated from 85 sites in the three Coromandel Coastal districts of the state Tamil Nadu: Cuddalore, Kancheepurm and Villupuram, and in the Pondicherry district. Of 82 species, 17 are trees, 11 shrubs, 9 climbers and 45 herbs. Distribution of these endemic species was analyzed and categorised as endemic to the country, peninsular India, southern India, Eastern and Western Ghats, and at the state and district level. Interestingly, the study found that some endemic species were disjunctly distributed between districts, states, ghats, climatic regimes and bioregions. Anthropogenic disturbance and species threat status were also studied and discussed.
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Kanda, Naveen Babu, Kurian Ayushi, Vincy K. Wilson, Narayanan Ayyappan, and Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy. "The woody flora of Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India - A checklist." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 13 (November 26, 2021): 20033–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7239.13.13.20033-20055.
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Documenting the biodiversity of protected areas and reserve forests is important to researchers, academicians and forest departments in their efforts to establish policies to protect regional biodiversity. Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) is an important protected area located in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka state known for its diverse flora and fauna with distinct ecological features. For the last four decades the sanctuary has witnessed the loss of forest cover, yet the vegetation in few locations is relatively undisturbed. The current inventory was undertaken during 2019–2020 to provide a checklist of woody species from SWS under-researched earlier. The list comprises 269 species of trees, lianas and shrubs distributed in 207 genera and 68 families. The most diverse families are Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Lauraceae, Apocynaceae, Meliaceae, Malvaceae, Phyllanthaceae, and Anacardiaceae, representing 48% of total woody flora. The sanctuary shelters 263 native and six exotic plant species. Thirty-nine species were endemic to the Western Ghats, five species to peninsular India and one species to the Western Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Four forest types, i.e., dry deciduous, moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests, are represented in the sanctuary. Of the total species, only seven occurred in all forest types, while 111 species are exclusive to a single forest type. One-hundred-and-four taxa were assessed for the International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. Ten species that fall under Near Threatened, Vulnerable, and Endangered categories were encountered occasionally. The baseline data generated on plant diversity will be useful in highlighting the importance of these forests for species conservation and forest management. Such data form a cornerstone for further research. For instance, to understand the effect of invasive species and human impacts on the diversity of the region.
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Nalini, Monnanda Somaiah, Ningaraju Sunayana, and Harischandra Sripathy Prakash. "Endophytic Fungal Diversity in Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats, India." International Journal of Biodiversity 2014 (May 11, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/494213.
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Endophytes constitute an important component of microbial diversity, and in the present investigation, seven plant species with rich ethnobotanical uses representing six families were analyzed for the presence of endophytic fungi from their natural habitats during monsoon (May/June) and winter (November/December) seasons of 2007. Fungal endophytes were isolated from healthy plant parts such as stem, root, rhizome, and inflorescence employing standard isolation methods. One thousand five hundred and twenty-nine fungal isolates were obtained from 5200 fragments. Stem fragments harbored more endophytes (80.37%) than roots (19.22%). 31 fungal taxa comprised of coelomycetes (65%), hyphomycetes (32%), and ascomycetes (3%). Fusarium, Acremonium, Colletotrichum, Chaetomium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, and Pestalotiopsis spp. were commonly isolated. Diversity indices differed significantly between the seasons (P<0.001). Species richness was greater for monsoon isolations than winter. Host specificity was observed for few fungal endophytes. UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the endophytes into distinct clusters on the basis of genetic distance. This study is the first report on the diversity and host-specificity of endophytic fungal taxa were from the semi evergreen forest type in Talacauvery subcluster of Western Ghats.
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Datar, Mandar N., and Aparna V. Watve. "Vascular plant assemblage of cliffs in northern Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 11271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3611.10.2.11271-11284.
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Vertical rocky cliffs, which consist of various types of rock, are widespread all over the world. India’s northern Western Ghats consisting of basaltic rocks form probably the largest cliff ecosystem globally, however, almost no studies are available concerning their floristic richness. In an attempt to understand the vascular plant assemblage of this habitat, cliffs of the northern Western Ghats were surveyed for their microhabitats, species diversity, distribution of endemics, occurrence of particular adaptive traits and potential threats. A total of 102 species of vascular plants were documented from the cliff habitats of which 55 are endemic. Flowering of the species on cliffs is triggered by the advent of the south-west monsoon and peak flowering is seen between August and October. Of the total species, 27 grow exclusively on cliffs. Owing to habitat specificity, cliffs show a greater number of narrow endemic and threatened species when compared with other habitats like deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, which are widespread in the northern Western Ghats. Unfortunately, this habitat faces threats in the form of landslides, periodic burning and habitat loss due to road-widening.
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Stephen, Azariah, Krishnamurthy Anupama, Soupramanien Aravajy, and Chrispus Livingstone. "Leaf classes, foliar phenology and life forms of selected woody species from the tropical forests of central and southern Eastern Ghats, India." Check List 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1248.
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A checklist of selected woody species of Angiosperms is provided with the aim of classifying their life forms, foliar phenology and leaf classes from the tropical forests of central and southern Eastern Ghats, India. Though there are checklists available for the plants of the Eastern Ghats, a comprehensive listing of quantitative foliar measurements as done in other parts of the world, leading to valuable inputs for Plant Functional Type (PFT) classification, has not thus far been done for this key biogeographic zone of India. The list, gathered from 388 individual plants through the study area, encompasses 156 species and 3 infraspecific taxa which belong to 116 genera and 50 families. Of the total 159 taxa, 83 are evergreen and 76 are deciduous. 135 taxa are trees, 13 are shrubs 10 are climbing shrubs and one hemiparasite. Among the leaf classes of species, mesophyll dominated with 87 species, followed by notophyll (39), microphyll (24) and macrophyll (9). Hence, quantitative leaf trait measurements for selected woody species and the methodology for such studies in the tropics is the unique contribution of the present paper to the existing state-of-the-art.
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Tadwalkar, M., A. Joglekar, Monali Mhaskar, and A. Patwardhan. "Woody species diversity from proposed ecologically sensitive area of northern Western Ghats: implications for biodiversity management." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16048–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5524.12.9.16048-16063.
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The Western Ghats of India support an array of tropical forests ranging from wet evergreen to scrub formations. Several endemic and threatened plant species are located in areas other than protected areas (PAs). There is an urgent need to understand species diversity in areas other than PAs, for effective management of tropical forests. In this context, reserve forests and informal PAs of Amboli from northern Western Ghats have been investigated. Woody species composition, diversity, and stand structure were assessed by laying quadrats and transects (n=46, area=2.575ha) in closed and open canopy forest patches covering habitat heterogeneity and environmental gradient of the area. A total of 2,224 individuals (of 87 species, 68 genera, and 35 families) was enumerated. Memecylon umbellatum, Syzygium cumini, and Diospyros nigrescens were found to be the most dominant species as per importance value index. Melastomataceae was the most dominant family as per family importance value, whereas Euphorbiaceae and Rutaceae were the most speciose. Fourteen IUCN Red List assessed species and 18 species endemic to the Western Ghats were encountered. Endemic species accounted for nearly 20% of the total number of individuals sampled. Demographic profile exhibited reverse ‘J’ pattern. Average basal area was 27.02m2 per hectare. Woody species diversity of Amboli forests was found comparable with other PAs from northern Western Ghats. Amboli and the adjoining area have been proposed as ecologically sensitive and in the wake of anthropogenic and developmental pressures they experience, it calls for urgent conservation attention.
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JALAL, JEEWAN SINGH, and JANAKIRAMAN JAYANTHI. "Pecteilis korigadensis (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae), a new terrestrial orchid from the northern Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 388, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.388.2.3.
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The Western Ghats are a global biodiversity hotspot and treasure trove of biological diversity. They harbour many endemic species of flowering plants and also form an important centre of evolution of economically important domesticated plant species. Certain identified parts of the Western Ghats have been included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage list because they are considered as cradle of evolution (MOEF&CC 2015). Although the Western Ghats cover only 5% of the country’s total land area, they also are a habitat for more than 7000 or 27% of the total plant species in India. The number of endemic plant species in the Western Ghats is estimated to be 2253 (Nayar et al. 2014).This natural landscape exhibits wide variation in rainfall coupled with complex geography, forming a vast diversity of vegetation types (Chitale et al. 2014) and supporting a rich orchid diversity. To date, 306 species of orchids have been recorded from the Western Ghats (Nayar et al. 2014), nearly one-third of them endemic. These orchids are mainly found in semi-evergreen forest, shola forest and lateritic plateaus. The Western Ghats region has been a site of intense taxonomic activity, and due to plant explorations by several researchers there has been discovery of many new species and reports (Kumar et al. 2016, Jayanthi et al. 2017). In the past fifty years (1950–2000), more than 27 species of orchids have been discovered in the Western Ghats, and the species discovery curve has not yet attained an asymptote (Aravind et al., 2007).
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Bande, M. B., and Shaila Chandra. "Early Tertiary vegetational reconstructions around Nagpur-Chhindwara and Mandla, central India." Journal of Palaeosciences 38 (December 31, 1989): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1989.1654.
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The Deccan Intertrappean flora represents a stage in the vegetational history of India when majority of forms constituting the modern vegetation of this subcontinent had attained a stability in their morphological characters. Most of the information regarding this flora is derived from the assemblages from Nagpur-Chhindwara region and Mandla District in central India. The Nagpur-Chhindwara assemblage is constituted by taxa representing all major groups of the Plant Kingdom belonging to marine, estuarine, fresh water, marshy and terrestrial habitats. The Mandla assemblage, mainly comprising plant fossils from the localities around Shahpura is exclusively angiospermous constituted mostly by palms and arborescent dicotyledons. Based on the available data of fossil plants from these areas, early Tertiary vegetational reconstructions have been attempted. The evidence of the Deccan Intertrappean plant fossils suggests the occurrence of evergreen to semi-evergreen forests in central India during the Early Tertiary, similar to the present-day forests of Western Ghats.
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Pramod J, Hurkadale, and Bidikar Chaitrali M. "Ethno-Medicinal Plants from the North-Central Western Ghats of India for Alternative Health Care." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2023): 076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001109.
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Ethnomedicine, synonymous with traditional medicine, is a crucial healthcare system practiced by various ethnic groups worldwide, especially among those with limited access to modern Western medicine. This study explores the rich bio-cultural diversity of the North Central Western Ghats in Karnataka, India, which harbors diverse ethnomedicinal practices. The region's tropical forests are home to an extensive array of plant species, with over 600 endemic to southern India and 95 exclusively endemic to Karnataka. The research focuses on documenting and analyzing the traditional knowledge of local communities regarding the use of plants for treating various human diseases. However, this task presents significant challenges and requires collaborative efforts from the government, NGOs, and Herbal Drug Companies. Over the last decade, ethnomedicinal studies have seen a rise, but there is still limited understanding of ethnomedicine's role in the traditional healthcare system in India. The forests of North Central Western Ghats, including Agumbe, Arbail Ghat, Chorla Betta, and others, exhibit a combination of deciduous and evergreen vegetation. These forests hold a variety of medicinal plants, adding to the region's bio-cultural richness. Scientific validation of the locally used ethnomedicinal plants further supports the development of herbal drug formulations with the support of the Ministry of Ayush, enabling the conservation and sustainable utilization of threatened and endangered species. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional healers' knowledge and promoting collaboration for the preservation of ethnomedicinal practices in the region.
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Manigandan, P. K., and B. Chandar Shekar. "Uptake of some radionuclides by woody plants growing in the rainforest of Western Ghats in India." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 130 (April 2014): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.023.
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Cheng, Ye-Ming, Yu-Fei Wang, Feng-Xiang Liu, Yue-Gao Jin, R. C. Mehrotra, Xiao-Mei Jiang, and Cheng-Sen Li. "The Neogene wood flora of Yuanmou, Yunnan, southwest China." IAWA Journal 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 427–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170214.
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ABSTRACTThe Pliocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan, near the southeastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, have yielded diverse and abundant assemblages of fossilized mammals and woods. The Yuanmou fossil woods reveal a wood flora with the highest diversity in the Cenozoic wood in China. The woods can play an important role in understanding palaeofloristics and in reconstructing palaeoclimate of southeastern China. In this study, we describe ten angiosperm taxa and three gymnosperm taxa namely: Castanopsis makinoi (Ogura) Suzuki & Terada (Fagaceae), Cedreloxylon cristalliferum Selmeier (Meliaceae), Dalbergioxylon biseriatensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis Cheng, Li, Jiang & Wang (Lythraceae), Lithocarpoxylon microporosum sp. nov., Lithocarpoxylon sp. (Fagaceae), Paraalbizioxylon sinica sp. nov., P. yunnanensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Pterocaryoxylon huxii sp. nov. (Juglandaceae), Zelkova wakimizui (Watari) Watari (Ulmaceae), Abies sp. (Pinaceae), Cephalotaxus sp. (Cephalotaxaceae), and Picea sp. (Pinaceae). Nearest living relative (NLR) comparisons of these taxa, coupled with previously identified taxa, suggest that altitudinal vegetation zones were present in the Yuanmou region during the Pliocene: (i) subtropical evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest dominated by Pterocarya/Juglans, Albizia/Acacia, Bischofia and allied taxa at lower elevations, (ii) subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus/Lithocarpus and Castanopsis at middle altitudes of mountains around the basin, and (iii) evergreen coniferous forest of Abies, Picea and other genera at the higher elevations of the mountains. Based on the habits of the NLRs, the prevailing climate was probably humid subtropical and thus differed from the present-day hot and dry climate supporting savanna. It is suggested that subtropical forest was predominant in Yunnan, while tropical rainforest occurred in southwest Asia and India during the same period. The uplift of the mountains near the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in western Yunnan presumably acted as a barrier to block warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean, which influenced the dispersal and distribution of plants.
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Hrideek, T., Dilna Rajan, C. Alex, A. Raghu, and K. Mohanan. "Assessment of Juvenile Variability of Morphological and Biophysical Characters in Embelia ribes Burm." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-s653x4.
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Embelia ribes is a woody perennial forest climber that belongs to Rare Endangered and Threatened category. Because of its economic importance of its seeds and great demand in the market of ayurvedic and pharmaceutical medicines tremendous pressure is being imposed on its natural populations. The present study is an effort to analyze the variability of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes grown from the seeds collected from different geographical regions of the southern part of Western Ghats of India. Statistically significant variability between the accessions was shown only by internodal length and the other characters under study showed only insignificant variations. However, characters like number of tertiary branches, number of leaves per tertiary branches and epicuticular wax content showed some degree of variation. The present study reveals that the level of variability expressed in the case of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes when grown and compared under uniform nursery conditions is very low and this observation points to the alarming situation that the level of genetic variability among Embelia ribes plants distributed in the Western Ghats region of Kerala state of India is very low and measures to improve the extent of variability should be initiated with the objective of enriching in situ diversity and developing germplasm of the plant in which all the available genotypes across its natural habitats are conserved.
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Muthu Karthick Nagarajan and Avantika Bhaskar. "Plant species diversity in the riparian forests of the Moyar River in southern India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 4 (April 26, 2023): 22955–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4722.15.4.22955-22967.
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Riparian forests are among the most rapidly disappearing vegetation types throughout the world. River Moyar cascades through gorges and links the Western Ghats with the southernmost segments of the Eastern Ghats. Considering the relatively well-preserved state of the Moyar riparian vegetation and being amongst the least explored forests in southern India, an assessment of angiosperm diversity was undertaken. The study used an array of belt transects along and perpendicular to the river course so that the entire elevation gradient of the gallery could be covered. A total of 172 species representing 126 genera belonging to 47 families, including 100 monotypic genera and 17 monotypic families, were recorded from both the transects in the study area. 131 woody angiosperm species representing 100 genera in 41 families were recorded along the river. The perpendicular gallery transects recorded 111 woody angiosperm species representing 86 genera in 36 families. Thirteen monotypic families were found in both transects, and 70 species were found in both transects. The dominant families with the maximum species were Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Phyllanthaceae. Shannon diversity index ranged between 2.0 to 3.27 along the river transects and 1.51 to 2.67 along the galleries. The study concludes that Moyar riparian zone merits high conservation value as it supports significant species diversity, including red-listed species and habitat-specific plants, and functions as a vital wildlife corridor in the landscape.
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Page, Navendu V., and Kartik Shanker. "Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): e0235733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235733.
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Hrideek, T., Dilna Rajan, C. Alex, and K. Mohanan. "Assessment of Juvenile Variability of Morphological and Biophysical Characters in Embelia Ribes Burm." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2014-0t4505.
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Embelia ribes is a woody perennial forest climber that belongs to Rare Endangered and Threatened category. Because of its economic importance of its seeds and great demand in the market of ayurvedic and pharmaceutical medicines tremendous pressure is being imposed on its natural populations. The present study is an effort to analyze the variability of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes grown from the seeds collected from different geographical regions of the southern part of Western Ghats of India. Statistically significant variability between the accessions was shown only by internodal length and the other characters under study showed only insignificant variations. However, characters like number of tertiary branches, number of leaves per tertiary branches and epicuticular wax content showed some degree of variation. The present study reveals that the level of variability expressed in the case of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes when grown and compared under uniform nursery conditions is very low and this observation points to the alarming situation that the level of genetic variability among Embelia ribes plants distributed in the Western Ghats region of Kerala state is very low and measures to improve the extent of variability should be initiated with the objective of enriching in situ diversity and developing germplasm of the plant in which all the available genotypes across its natural habitats are conserved.
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Page, Navendu V., and Kartik Shanker. "Environment and dispersal influence changes in species composition at different scales in woody plants of the Western Ghats, India." Journal of Vegetation Science 29, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12586.
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Hrideek, T., Dilna Rajan, and K. Mohanan. "Interrelationship and Association of Characters in Juvenile Plants of Embelia ribes Burm." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-16uk2x.
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Embelia ribes Burm. Myrsinaceae is a medicinal woody climber. This species is reported to be vulnerable in the Western Ghats of penninsular India. Natural regeneration of E. ribes is poor due to over exploitation, fragmented populations, development of abortive embryos and slow germination of fertile seeds. The present study is an attempt to analyse the interrelationship and association of morphological and biophysical characters in juvenile plants of Embelia ribes Burm. Ten growth characters and six biophysical characters were studied for the purpose in the case of a juvenile seedling population. Correlation analysis revealed the interrelationship of characters. Factor analysis has shown that the 16 characters under study can be grouped in to three factors. Relative water content in leaves showed the highest factor loading in factor 1followed by total chlorophyll content. In factor 2, number of leaves per tertiary branch showed the highest factor loading.
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B, Ariharan, and Revathi P. "Documentation of ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary plants used by paliyar tribes, kurangani hills, western ghats, theni district, tamil nadu, india." Kongunadu Research Journal 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2021.8.
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A study on medicinal plant utilization in area revealed that the communities commonly used for maintaining their primary healthcare. The ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary documentation in the Kurangani forest of Tamil Nadu state was made for a period of two month from January to March 2021. The forest is a tropical evergreen with high species richness where the temperature and rainfall data indicates that it is suitable vegetation for the inhabitation of great number of species. In order to sort out health disorders or diseases based on the plants prescribed there are 8 ailment categories were classified. In present study, totally 50 plant species for ethnomedicine and 25 species of ethnoveterinary were encountered through the knowledge of indigenous tribal communities, Paliyar of Kurangani forest. Most of the treatments in both ethnobotany and ethnoveterinary practices with the use of herbs particularly leaf parts were perceived. For medicinal purposes, the family Malvaceae contributed majorly 5 species followed by Solanaceae with 4 species, Euphorbiaceae and Zingiberaceae contributed 3 species and afterward other family species solely mentioned for different ailments. In ethnoveterinary medicine documentation, 3 species belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae which is predominant, subsequently 2 species belong to Zingiberaceae. The mode of preparation and dosage, mode of application, duration of the treatment for each ailments have documented. This study highlights the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Kurangani tribal people, providing basic data for further research and protection of minority medicine. Thus, conservation of medicinal plants by local communities is emphasized in present study to avoid further loss. Moreover, phytochemical and pharmacological investigation is recommended with due consideration to frequently used medicinal plants.
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P.S. Krishnasree, P.A. Jose, K. Subin, and T.V. Sarath. "Reproductive biology of two threatened and highly traded medicinal plants, Salacia gambleana and Salacia oblonga, from the Western Ghats of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): 20859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6381.14.4.20859-20865.
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Salacia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae, consisting of woody climbers distributed in tropical America, Africa, and Asia. In India it is represented by 21 species, of which 15 occur in peninsular India. Most species of the genus have been used in traditional medicine, mainly the Ayurvedic system. Apart from overexploitation for medicinal purposes, the low fruit set and infestation of seeds have affected natural regeneration, and led to the rarity of Salacia species in their natural habitats. The reproductive biology of Salacia oblonga and S. gambleana was studied for the first time to understand the reproductive constraints of these threatened and medicinally important species. The flowering phenology, pollen viability, germination, stigma receptivity, and insect-pest interaction were analyzed. The obligatory entomophily coupled with insufficient pollinators and seed pest infestation were found to be the main reproductive constraints responsible for the low fruit set and poor natural regeneration of these species.
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P.S. Krishnasree, P.A. Jose, K. Subin, and T.V. Sarath. "Reproductive biology of two threatened and highly traded medicinal plants, Salacia gambleana and Salacia oblonga, from the Western Ghats of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): 20859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6381.14.4.20859-20865.
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Salacia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae, consisting of woody climbers distributed in tropical America, Africa, and Asia. In India it is represented by 21 species, of which 15 occur in peninsular India. Most species of the genus have been used in traditional medicine, mainly the Ayurvedic system. Apart from overexploitation for medicinal purposes, the low fruit set and infestation of seeds have affected natural regeneration, and led to the rarity of Salacia species in their natural habitats. The reproductive biology of Salacia oblonga and S. gambleana was studied for the first time to understand the reproductive constraints of these threatened and medicinally important species. The flowering phenology, pollen viability, germination, stigma receptivity, and insect-pest interaction were analyzed. The obligatory entomophily coupled with insufficient pollinators and seed pest infestation were found to be the main reproductive constraints responsible for the low fruit set and poor natural regeneration of these species.
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Mohandass, Dharmalingam, Alice C. Hughes, Mason Campbell, and Priya Davidar. "Effects of patch size on liana diversity and distributions in the tropical montane evergreen forests of the Nilgiri Mountains, southern India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 20, 2014): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000455.
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Abstract:We investigate the effect of patch size on liana diversity and distribution in 19 patches of montane evergreen forest in the Nilgiri hills, Western Ghats, southern India. Additionally, we examined how liana species richness and community assemblage in both edge (within 10 m of the forest edge) and interior regions of forest patches respond to patch size, in order to infer the impact of forest expansion or reduction on the liana communities. A total of 1276 woody liana individuals of 15 species were identified, belonging to 10 genera and nine families. Total species richness of lianas was significantly positively related to forest-patch area, both when analysed for the entire patch, in addition to both core and edge regions when examined separately. Species richness of larger lianas also showed a significant positive relationship with increasing forest patch area. Community assemblage varied with respect to forest edge, with shade-dependent species only occurring in interior patch regions, shade-averse species in edge regions, and shade-tolerant species occurring throughout. Disturbance also played a role in determining the response of liana diversity to patch size, with heavily disturbed patches showing no relationship between patch size and diversity, whereas positive relationships exist in low to moderately disturbed patches. The most significant result is the change in liana community composition between small and larger fragments. Many species present in smaller patches are also present in edge zones of larger fragments. This suggests that lianas are important structural components of montane forest ecosystems, and their compositional patterns are possibly driven by succession. Moreover, this study reveals the importance of edge effect and patch size in influencing liana species richness and compositional patterns.
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Morankar, Pravin, and Alok Pal Jain. "Extraction, Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Aerial Parts of Clematis heynei and Solanum virginianum." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2346.
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The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. Clematis heynei (C. heynei, Ranunculaceae) is commonly known as Deccan clematis, Murhar, Morvel, Ranjaee and it is a somewhat woody climber very sparsely distributed in deciduous forests of Western Ghats, India. In the Indian system of medicine ‘Ayurveda’ this plant is used to eliminate malarial fever and headache. Different plant parts were used for treating various diseases. Solanum virginianum L. (S. virginianum, Solanaceae, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl.) is a diffuse and very prickly under shrub. It is found growing commonly in various regions of the world on sandy soils and is distributed throughout India. The plant is used traditionally to treat asthma, chest pain, leucoderma, scorpion bite, and sterility in women. The aim of the present study is to examine C. heynei and S. virginianum aerial parts of plant for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of methanolic and aqueous extract of C. heynei was (0.592, 0.292 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (1.371, 0.723mg/100mg) respectively. The total phenolics content of methanolic extract of S. virginianum was (0.345mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.978mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of C. heynei and S. virginianum is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.
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Das, Arundhati Abin, and Jayashree Ratnam. "The thermal niche and phylogenetic assembly of evergreen tree metacommunities in a mid-to-upper tropical montane zone." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no. 1977 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0038.
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Frost and freezing temperatures have posed an obstacle to tropical woody evergreen plants over evolutionary time scales. Thus, along tropical elevation gradients, frost may influence woody plant community structure by filtering out lowland tropical clades and allowing extra-tropical lineages to establish at higher elevations. Here we assess the extent to which frost and freezing temperatures influence the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure of naturally patchy evergreen forests (locally known as shola ) along a mid-upper montane elevation gradient in the Western Ghats, India. Specifically, we examine the role of large-scale macroclimate and factors affecting local microclimates, including shola patch size and distance from shola edge, in driving shola metacommunity structure. We find that the shola metacommunity shows phylogenetic overdispersion with elevation, with greater representation of extra-tropical lineages above 2000 m, and marked turnover in taxonomic composition of shola woody communities near the frost-affected forest edge above 2000 m, from those below 2000 m. Both minimum winter temperature and patch size were equally important in determining metacommunity structure, with plots inside very large sholas dominated by older tropical lineages, with many endemics. Phylogenetic overdispersion in the upper montane shola metacommunity thus resulted from tropical lineages persisting in the interiors of large closed frost-free sholas, where their regeneration niche has been preserved over time.
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Mahajan, S. D. "Rare & Endemic Plants of the Sahyadri." Journal of Ecological Society 11, no. 1 (April 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.54081/jes.011/05.
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The Western Ghats in Maharashtra are home to diverse vegetation, second only to the Himalayas in India. It features mixed deciduous forests and pockets of evergreen vegetation at higher altitudes. The area has been significantly degraded due to human impact, even affecting sacred groves and protected areas. Endangered plant species are at risk due to habitat destruction. Urgent restoration and conservation efforts are needed, including afforestation programs. The article provides a list of important plant species with local names and ecological status.
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Chinthu, R. V., B. R. Praveen Kumar, and M. Raveendran. "A review on the genus Calophyllum (Clusiaceae): a potential medicinal tree species." Plant Science Today, April 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.1818.
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Calophyllum is the genus of evergreen tropical flowering plants in the Clusiaceae family. They are predominantly located in Asia with some of its genus distributed in the Pacific Islands, Americas, Australasia and Africa. Plants of the genus are well known for their chemical properties with lots of secondary metabolites such as triterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins and xanthones. Compounds from Calophyllum have been reported to have cytoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-secretory, cytotoxic, antinociceptive, molluscicidal and antimicrobial properties. Some of the plants in Calophyllum are used in folk medicine to treat conditions like peptic ulcers, tumours, inflammation, infections and pain. Calophyllum genus is important with respect to their ecological as well as their medicinal properties. But in India, some species located in Western Ghats are in vulnerable stage. Even so, there is no remarkable studies carried out about this genus. So, for a sustainable environment, we should focus on the conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of the genus that makes huge differences in their population. This article reviews the genus Calophyllum of Western Ghats as a potential medicinal tree species.
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-, Denna Susan Jacob, Anjana E. S. -, and Avani Rajeev -. "A Review Study on The Taxonomic, Phytochemical, And Pharmacological Characteristics Of “Small-Flowered Snakeroot” (Rauwolfia micrantha, Hook. F.)." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i01.1504.
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India is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries in the World and has 47,000 plant and 89,000 animal species ranking the country sixth for harboring the largest number of threatened plant species. This unique land mass of India has one of the most varied tropical and subtropical climates, altitudinal ranges reaching up to 2,800 m, and many edaphic conditions. The mentioned factors confer a variety of micro-climatic/ecological niches that nurture one of the richest endemic flora of peninsular India. With its exceedingly environmentally heterogeneous biogeographic area, the Western Ghats as a whole is an abode of rich diverse flora. The present work has been conducted to review and assess the taxonomic characters, phytochemical properties, and pharmacological uses of Rauwolfia micrantha. Rauwolfia micrantha is an important evergreen, woody, shrub used in the modern medical system and also in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine. It is also a source of pharmacologically important active chemicals and alkaloids. The data obtained from the present study will help in understanding the potential and importance of Rauwolfia micrantha and assert the significance of its conservation through micropropagation and other biotechnological tools.
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G., Raviraja Shetty. "ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND MEDICINAL STRENGTH OF VIDANGA (EMBELIA RIBES) : AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT OF WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA." International Journal on Agricultural Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijas.v12i1.7.
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Embelia ribes Burm f. a medicinal woody climber belongs to the Myrsinaceae family. It is also commonly known as false black pepper or vidanga. E. ribes is one of the 32 medicinal plant species identified by the Medicinal Board, Govt. of India, New Delhi, as being important for large-scale cultivation because of its commercial use. It is an endangered medicinal plant valued for its digestive, thermogenic, carminative, depurative, anthelmintic and laxative property since time immemorial. It is also used in the treatment of tumours, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, heart related problems, nerval disorders, cancerous tumors and liver disorders. E. ribes contain quinine derivative Embelin which has various pharmacological and medicinal properties. It helps to bring a medicinal plants revolution in our country good health and prosperity to people.
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"Correction: Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): e0238657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238657.
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