Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Evidence based pedagogical method'

Evidence-based practice (EBP) ensures excellent nursing care; however, limited literature exists for implementing EBP within schools. This mixed method study, using the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework, explained EBP implementation within three school districts. Quantitative results identified the level of implementation and nursing characteristics predictive of EBP implementation. The mean EBP Implementation score (n = 64) was 8.36 (SD 9.75), indicating a low level of EBP implementation. EBP Belief scores was the only nursing characteristic that explained 34% of the variance. Qualitative results explained survey results, using a multiple case study design with interviews with six school nurses with high or low EBP Implementation scores. Analysis included pattern matching to propositional statements derived from PARIHS evidence, context, and facilitation concepts. Individual case stories varied and demonstrated both positive and negative patterns. Data synthesis examining propositions and themes indicated all cases supported four evidence propositions. No cases supported the evidence proposition about collecting and using routine student data. Three cases (n =3) with high EBP Implementation scores supported six evidence and context propositions. Three cases (n = 3) with low EBP Implementation scores supported thirteen propositions for the evidence, contest, and facilitation concepts. Common themes across cases were using evidence, cultural influences, structural supports, and impeding implementation. When integrating findings only three EBP Implementation scale items indicated routine implementation of evidence, which matched with evidence propositions supported across cases and the theme using evidence. Context and facilitation propositions and themes primarily explained low EBP Implementation items.

The local unitary authorities of Calderdale, Kirklees and Bradford in West Yorkshire have joint jurisdiction over the South Pennine Moors Special Protection Area (SPMSPA). This is an upland protected area in the North of England. The SPMSPA provides feeding and breeding habitat for an assemblage of bird species of international conservation concern. Knowledge of the habitat associations of these species within the fringe of the SPA is lacking. Thirteen species form the bird assemblage that has been identified in collaboration with the project partners as in most need of ecological evidence within the moorland fringe landscape. Within this PhD, the ecology of these species was investigated in the context of the immediate 1 km fringe outside of the SPMSPA. The habitat composition of this fringe was found to be a heterogenous mosaic, predominantly characterised by smaller fields dominated by species-poor agricultural habitats. Curlew Numenius arquata, Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Wheatear Oeanthe oeanthe and Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria were found to be associated with fields comprising tussocks, wet flush and evidence of intensive grazing. Species richness was found to be greatest in habitats not typical of moorland or farmland. Bird diversity and species richness were lowest within 100 m of Small Wind Turbines (SWTs), with Magpie Pica pica and Starling Sturnus vulgaris negatively associated with proximity to SWTs. Landsat 8 imagery were found to be a good predictor of the distribution of habitat suitability for five moorland fringe bird species, especially when used to supplement empirical data. Building density was an important predictor for the majority of these species. The lack of unimproved grassland and particularly high land cover of improved and semi-improved agricultural land indicate that the SPMSPA fringe landscape is suboptimal for the conservation of moorland fringe bird diversity. The results of this research can be used as ecological evidence to assist future planning decisions and the conservation of habitats within the SPA fringe for birds of conservation concern.

In 2004 the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was instituted following the greatest single enlargement of the European Union (EU), to support security and peaceful relations between the EU and neighbouring countries with a unified governance approach to economic, social and political aspects of international cooperation. This paper reports on an effort to develop and test a methodology for bridging social science research and policy communities on an important policy question that concerns comity between the EU and its Eurasian, Middle Eastern and North African neighbouring countries1, although the approach applies to any broad policy issue for which multiple sources and types of research evidence are present. Five evaluative elements are developed and implemented whose complementary application result in a large set of policy inferences, a strategy of implementation, and researcher insights concerning the method. This case study suggests that the recommended evidence synthesis methodology has good potential for informing policy that is comprised of multiple elements, studied by large research teams, and enacted by diverse agents. The suggested methodology requires engagement by active researchers and policy experts in the formulation of policy options. It is put forward that improving the quality of evidence-informed policy will depend upon institutions and practices in the research and policy making communities. (authors' abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

The thesis consists of an introduction and two papers. In the introduction a brief historical survey of empirical investigations into the effectiveness of medicinal interventions is given. Also, the main ideas of the EBM (evidence-based medicine) movement are presented. Both included papers can be viewed as investigations into the reasonableness of EBM and its hierarchies of evidence. Paper I: Typically, in a clinical trial patients with specified symptoms are given either of two or more predetermined treatments. Health endpoints in these groups are then compared using statistical methods. Concerns have been raised, not least from adherents of so-called alternative medicine, that clinical trials do not offer reliable evidence for some types of treatment, in particular for highly individualized treatments, for example traditional homeopathy. It is argued that such concerns are unfounded. There are two minimal conditions related to the nature of the treatments that must be fulfilled for evaluability in a clinical trial, namely (1) the proper distinction of the two treatment groups and (2) the elimination of confounding variables or variations. These are delineated, and a few misunderstandings are corrected. It is concluded that the conditions do not preclude the testing of alternative medicine, whether individualized or not. Paper II: Traditionally, mechanistic reasoning has been assigned a negligible role in standard EBM literature, although some recent authors have argued for an upgrading. Even so, mechanistic reasoning that has received attention has almost exclusively been positive -- both in an epistemic sense of claiming that there is a mechanistic chain and in a health-related sense of there being claimed benefits for the patient. Negative mechanistic reasoning has been neglected, both in the epistemic and in the health-related sense. I distinguish three main types of negative mechanistic reasoning and subsume them under a new definition of mechanistic reasoning in the context of assessing medical interventions. Although this definition is wider than a previous suggestion in the literature, there are still other instances of reasoning that concern mechanisms but do not (and should not) count as mechanistic reasoning. One of the three distinguished types, which is negative only in the health-related sense, has a corresponding positive counterpart, whereas the other two, which are epistemically negative, do not have such counterparts, at least not that are particularly interesting as evidence. Accounting for negative mechanistic reasoning in EBM is therefore partly different from accounting for positive mechanistic reasoning. Each negative type corresponds to a range of evidential strengths, and it is argued that there are differences with respect to the typical strengths. The variety of negative mechanistic reasoning should be acknowledged in EBM, and presents a serious challenge to proponents of so-called medical hierarchies of evidence.

QC 20150413

This thesis aims to predict the probable undiscovered geothermal systems through investigation of spatial relation between geothermal occurrences and its surrounding geological phenomenon in Western Anatolia. In this context, four different public data, which are epicenter map, lineament map, Bouger gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly maps, are utilized. In order to extract the necessary information for each map layer the raw public data is converted to a synthetic data which are directly used in the analysis. Synthetic data employed during the investigation process include Gutenberg-Richter b-value map, distance to lineaments map and distance to major grabens present in the area. Thus, these three layers including directly used magnetic anomaly maps are combined by means of Boolean logic model and Weights of Evidence method (WofE), which are multicriteria decision methods, in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Boolean logic model is based on the simple logic of Boolean operators, while the WofE model depends on the Bayesian probability. Both of the methods use binary maps for their analysis. Thus, the binary map classification is the key point of the analysis. In this study three different binary map classification techniques are applied and thus three output maps were obtained for each of the method. The all resultant maps are evaluated within and among the methods by means of success indices. The findings reveal that the WofE method is better predictor than the Boolean logic model and that the third binarization approach, which is named as optimization procedure in this study, is the best estimator of binary classes due to obtained success indices. Finally, three output maps of each method are combined and the favorable areas in terms of geothermal potential are produced. According to the final maps the potential sites appear to be Aydin, Denizli and Manisa, of which first two have been greatly explored and exploited since today and thus not surprisingly found as potential in the output maps, while Manisa when compared to first two is nearly virgin.

Introduction: What is meant by the need for education to rest on a scientific basis? According to Skolverket is at the heart of successful school development in education on scientific basis and proven experience. Theoretical starting points: In this section I will highlight the theoretical concepts that include in the work on the scientific basis. The theoretical concepts are: research-based approach, scientific basis, evidence, knowledge, systematic quality work, collegial learning, lifelong learning. Previous research: In this section I will explain what the research says that education should rest on a scientific basis. Then describe what the research says about school development. Then summarize Fröbels pedagogical philosophy and finally summarize the curriculum theory of the preschool. Forskningen säger att Purpose and issues: The purpose of this essay is to seek answers to what it means to preschool shall rest on a scientific basis and how to apply this to the business. Methods: The study is based on a qualitative data collection. The choice is based on the qualitative method is more appropriate for my study because the research question is about examining how preschool teachers perceive meaning with a scientific basis and how they understand their activities in relation to school laws and curriculum. Results: The result showed that preschool teachers experienced a lack of time, support from preschool managers and too little training. Also, the difficulty of transturning research into practice. Discussion: In the discussion section I discuss what came up in the results linked to previous research. I am debating that the results showed that in preschool It becomes more focus on the organizational, that the business will go around and work, instead of focusing on pedagogical issues and how to work research-based. Keywords: research-based approach, scientific basis, evidence, knowledge, systematic quality work, collegial learning, lifelong learning

Syftet med studien är att belysa lärares och rektorers tankar kring diagnostisering av elever i de tidiga skolåren vid användande av Skolverkets diagnosmaterial Diamant, som riktar in sig på den förberedande aritmetiken. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerad intevju som metod. Deltagarna i undersökningen är fyra lärare samt två rektorer med erfarenhet och utbildningen inom området. Resultatet visar att informanterna anser att de får betydelsefull information om var barnen befinner sig i den grundläggande taluppfattningen via diagnosen och därmed kan barn med behov av hjälp och stöd uppmärksammas. Informanterna har en formativ syn på diagnostisering. De fokuserar på hur resultatet följs upp, hur de finner pedagogiska och organisatoriska lösningar. Rutiner för detta är olika på de enheter där informanterna är verksamma. Stor vikt vid individuell uppföljning är ett gemensamt förhållningssätt hos samtliga informanter och det är i denna uppföljning som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen efterfrågas enligt resultatet av undersökningen.
The purpose of the study is to highlight teachers and senior staff members thoughts of diagnosing pupils in the early school years using Skolverkets diagnosis material Diamant, which focuses on early arithmetics. The study use qualitative research methods with semistructured interviews. The participants are up by four teachers and two headmasters who have both experience and training in the subject area. The results show that the participants belive they, through the diagnosing process, are able to reach an understanding of a childs comprehension of number sence.It is due to this diagnosis process that the need of support can be discovered. The results further suggest that the participants have a formative view on diagnosis.Their focus is on how the results are acted upon and how they reach their pedagogical and organisational solutions. The routines for reaching their solutions differ between organisations. However, focus on the individual monitoring is an approach that the participants all have in common and it is due to individual monitoring that the specielpedagogical needs are essenstial.

In this thesis it will be discussed whether the body-mind-spirit aspect is a missing component in Western methods in clinical social work and if yoga could contribute to a more holistic multi model in this area. Yoga includes physical postures, controlled breathing exercises, meditation and attitudes in life of no harming of oneself or any living being. Yoga invites the practitioner to enhance the selfdiscipline and control over and regulation of impulses, thoughts and feelings. In the result it will be presented in what way this Eastern discipline have influenced the participants recovery. It will be discussed weather yoga is a tool to get in contact with the body, breath and mind and if the enhanced awareness helps to control anger, stress, anxiety and craving - overwhelming feelings that can be triggers for a substance abuse. The thesis is a qualitative study with the aim of exploring the experience of yoga as a complimentary method in addiction recovery. The interviews were conducted in three different rehab centres of Kripa Foundation in India in form of focus groups and individual interviews.
I den här uppsatsen kommer aspekten kropp-själ- och sinne att diskuteras huruvida den är en saknad komponent i kliniskt socialt arbete i väst, och om yoga skulle kunna bidra som en mer holistisk och mångfasetterad modell. Yoga inkluderar fysiska positioner, kontrollerade andningsövningar, meditation och attityder i livet som bygger på att inte skada sig själv eller något levande. Yoga bjuder in utövaren att till öka självdisciplin, kontroll över impulser, tankar och känslor. I resultatdelen presenteras hur den österländska disciplinen har påverkat deltagarnas rehabilitering från sitt missbruk. Det kommer att diskuteras om yogan är ett verktyg för att komma i kontakt med kropp, andning och sinne och genom ökad medvetenhet kunna kontrollera ilska, stress, ångest och begär - överväldigande känslor som kan vara utlösare till missbruk. Det här är en kvalitativ studie som har som mål att utforska deltagarnas upplevelse av yoga som ett komplement i sin rehabilitering. Intervjuerna gjordes på tre olika Kripa Foundation center i Indien, dels som fokusgruppintervjuer, dels individuella intervjuer.

Syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för hur skolkuratorer tänker kring användningen av metoder i det skolkurativa arbetet. Utifrån studiens syfte ville jag ta reda på vilka metoder använder de intervjuade skolkuratorerna i sitt arbete, hur de ser på kunskapskällor vid val av metod samt hur de ser på behovet av fortbildning kring metoder. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats som bygger på fem intervjuer med fyra skolkuratorer i grundskolan och en skolkurator på en gymnasieskola från tre städer i Sverige. Huvudresultaten i studien visar att skolkuratorer använder olika typer av metoder som används med syfte att driva deras skolkurativa arbete framåt, dessa är; samtalsmetoder såsom MI, behandlande metoder såsom KBT och olika metodprogram såsom ABC som används vid konflikthantering. Dock framgår det även att man som skolkurator har ett tankesätt som gör att man tillämpar dessa metoder på ett oreflekterat sätt genom att man går på magkänsla, blandar metoder samt provar sig fram utan att ha koll på metodernas effekter. Resultatet av studien visar även att man tycker att forskning som kunskapskälla vid val av metod är viktig och man uppger att man arbetar i en evidensbaserad praktik som enligt dem är eftersträvansvärt men enligt deras berättelser framgår det inte i praktiken. Dels beror det på bristen av reflektion över metoders effekter samt att man väljer att inte ta sig tid till fortbildning kring metoder, vilket en evidensbaserad praktik kräver då man ska ha en medvetenhet kring vilka metoder man använder och vilka effekter de har. Detta tankesätt kan utgöra en risk för utvecklingen hos den berörde eleven. Slutligen visar resultatet av studien att arbetsgivare inte uppmuntrar till fortbildning kring metoder såsom skolkuratorerna önskar, men samtidigt uppger skolkuratorerna att det handlar om en prioriteringsfråga där man tänker att eleven går före behovet av kunskap kring de metoder som man använder i det skolkurativa arbetet.
The aim of the study is to gain an increased understanding of how school counselors think about the use of methods in the school-based work. Based on the purpose of the study, I wanted to find out what methods the interviewed school counselors use in their work, how they look at sources of knowledge in the choice of methods and how they look at the need for further training on methods. The study has a qualitative approach based on five interviews with four school counselors in elementary school and a school counselor at a secondary school from three cities in Sweden. The main results of the study show that school counselors use different types of methods used to drive their school-based work forward, these are; Call methods such as MI, treatment methods such as KBT and various methodologies such as ABC used in conflict management. However, it is also apparent that, as a school counselor, you have a mindset that allows you to apply these methods in an unexplored way by feeling in the mood, mixing methods and trying out without looking at the effects of the methods. The result of the study also shows that research as a source of knowledge in choosing a method is important and it is stated that one works in evidence-based practice which, according to them, is desirable, but according to their stories, it does not appear in practice. This is partly because of the lack of reflection on the effects of methods, and that one chooses not to take time for further training on methods, which an evidence-based practice requires when you have an awareness of the methods used and the effects they have. This approach may pose a risk to the development of the pupil concerned. Finally, the results of the study show that employers do not encourage further education on methods that the school counselors had desired, but at the same time, the school counselors state that it is a priority issue, thinking that the student goes before the need for knowledge about the methods used in school-based work.

Les carteres d'aliances importen? Com afecten els recursos als quals les empreses accedeixen per diverses aliances estratègiques simultànies amb socis diferents a la creació de valor i a l'apropiació de valor? Les carteres d'aliances expliquen l'heterogeneïtat entre empreses respecte del valor que capten quan entren en noves aliances estratègiques? Aquesta tesi doctoral es basa en la teoria dels recursos i en la bibliografia sobre el comportament estratègic i les dinàmiques competitives, i presenta un model teòric que es refereix a la creació de valor i l'apropiació en empreses que accedeixen a recursos a través de diverses aliances simultànies amb socis diferents. El model mostra que la creació de valor en les carteres d'aliances és una funció del valor creat per combinacions sinergètiques de recursos que impliquen recursos als quals tenen accés diferents socis, com també del valor destruït a causa de la incompatibilitat entre la combinació de recursos d'una empresa focal i els recursos dels seus socis. Sobre la base d'aquest model teòric, s'han desenvolupat diverses hipòtesis en un ambient marginal en què una empresa connectada multilateralment afegeix una nova aliança estratègica a la seva cartera d'aliances. Per comprovar aquestes hipòtesis, s'ha emprat la metodologia de l'event study i s'han utilitzat dades de la indústria de els línies aèries globals sobre acords de code share subscrits entre 1994 i 1998. Els resultats mostren que el mercat recompensa les empreses que formen aliances amb socis que tenen recursos complementaris i poden aportar recursos que no només es poden combinar amb els recursos propis de l'empresa sinó també amb els relacionals i que també són compatibles amb els dels socis que formen l'aliança. D'altra banda, els resultats també mostren que el mercat penalitza les empreses que formen aliances que aporten recursos incompatibles amb les carteres d'aliances, atès que creen un conflicte competitiu amb alguns dels socis existents. Els resultats de la part empírica d'aquesta anàlisi abonen la tesis que les carteres d'aliances afecten els resultats de les empreses que entren en aliances estratègiques. Aquest estudi conclou que els recursos als quals es té accés per mitjà d'aliances entre empreses s'han d'avaluar no tan sols per les seves característiques pròpies y diàdiques sinó també en el context de les carteres d'aliances.
¿Importan los portafolios de alianzas? ¿Cómo afectan los recursos a los que acceden las empresas por varias alianzas estratégicas simultáneas con socios diferentes a la creación de valor y a la apropiación de valor? Los portafolios de alianzas ¿explican la heterogeneidad entre empresas con respecto al valor que captan cuando entran en nuevas alianzas estratégicas? Esta tesis doctoral se basa en la teoría de los recursos y en la bibliografía sobre el comportamiento estratégico y las dinámicas competitivas, y presenta un modelo teórico que se refiere a la creación de valor y apropiación en empresas que acceden a recursos a través de varias alianzas simultáneas con socios diferentes. El modelo muestra que la creación de valor mediante un portafolio de alianzas es una función del valor creado por combinaciones sinergéticas de recursos que implican recursos a los cuales acceden diferentes socios, así como del valor destruido a causa de la incompatibilidad entre la combinación de recursos de una impresa focal y los recursos de sus socios. Sobre la base de este modelo teórico, se han desarrollado varias hipótesis en un ambiente marginal en el que una empresa conectada multilateralmente añade una nueva alianza estratégica a su cartera de alianzas. Para comprobar estas hipótesis se ha empleado la metodología del event study, y se han utilizado datos de la industria global de las aerolíneas sobre acuerdos de code share suscritos entre 1994 y 1998. Los resultados muestran que el mercado recompensa a las empresas que forman alianzas con socios que tienen recursos complementarios y pueden aportar recursos que no sólo pueden combinarse con los recursos propios de la empresa sino también con los relacionales y que también son compatibles con los de los socios que forman la alianza. Por otra parte, los resultados también muestran que el mercado penaliza a las empresas que forman alianzas que aportan recursos que son incompatibles con los portafolios de alianzas, en el sentido de que crean un conflicto competitivo con algunos de los socios existentes. Los resultados de la parte empírica de este análisis abonan la tesis de que los portafolios de alianzas afectan a los resultados de empresas que entran en alianzas estratégicas. Este estudio concluye que los recursos a los que se accede a través de las alianzas entre empresas han de evaluarse no sólo por sus características propias y diádicas sino también en el contexto de los portafolios de alianzas.
Do alliance portfolios matter? How do resources accessed from multiple simultaneous strategic alliances with different partners affect value creation and value appropriation? Do alliance portfolios explain heterogeneity across firms with respect to the value that they derive from entering into new strategic alliances? This dissertation builds on insights from the resource-based view of the firm and the strategic behaviour and competitive dynamics literature and advances a theoretical model that addresses value creation and appropriation in firms that access resources through multiple simultaneous inter-firm alliances with different partners. The model illustrates that value creation on the alliance portfolio level is a function of the value created from synergistic resource combinations involving resources accessed from different partners as well the value destroyed by incompatibilities between a focal firm's resource combinations and those deployed by its partners. Based on this theoretical model, empirically testable hypotheses are developed in a marginal setting, in which a multilaterally connected firm adds one new strategic alliance to its alliance portfolio. The hypotheses are tested using an event study method approach and data from the global airline industry on code share agreements formed between 1994 and 1998. The results show that the market on one side rewards firms entering into strategic alliances with partners that possess complementary resources and that contribute resources that cannot only be combined with firms' own but also existing relational resources and that are compatible with the firms' alliance portfolios. On the other side, results show that the market penalizes firms entering into alliances that contribute resources that are alliance portfolio incompatible in the sense that they create a competitive conflict with some of the existing alliance partners. The findings of the empirical part of this dissertation support the view that alliance portfolios affect the performance of firms entering into strategic alliances. This study concludes that resources accessed through inter-firm alliances should not only be evaluated on their standalone and dyadic attributes but also in the context of alliance portfolios.

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Objetivos: Realizar uma análise metodológica da área de odontologia quanto ao risco de viés de ensaios controlados randomizados (ECR) de acesso aberto, disponibilizados na base de dados Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), avaliar a potencial contribuição da Lilacs como fonte de estudos primários para revisões sistemáticas da literatura e avaliar possível associação entre a base Qualis, tipo de estudo e risco de viés. Material e Métodos: Foram selecionados 40 periódicos de acesso aberto da base Lilacs. Uma busca manual página a página foi conduzida para identificar os artigos publicados, de acordo com o tipo de estudo, durante um período de seis anos. A classificação dos estudos foi realizada por revisores independentes com a confiabilidade avaliada por estatística Kappa. Os ECR identificados foram separados para a avaliação do risco de viés. Foram coletados dados sobre: geração da seqüência de alocação, sigilo da alocação, cegamento, dados de desfechos incompletos, número de dimensões de baixo risco de viés, país e Qualis. As associações foram avaliadas pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Withney e Kendal tau, correlação de Sperman e análise de regressão. Resultados: A pesquisa manual recuperou 4879 artigos com predominância de estudos com baixo nível de evidência (92%). Estudos com alto nível de evidência para avaliação de intervenções representavam apenas 1,94% dos artigos indexados. Estudos epidemiológicos como Caso-Controle e Coorte eram apenas 1,41%. O Brasil representou 72% do total de publicações, entretanto, 64,42% dos estudos utilizaram projetos de pesquisa com baixo nível de evidência. Dos 78 estudos classificados, somente 10 eram verdadeiros ECR e, destes, somente um único estudo era de baixo risco de viés. O item mais frequentemente nos ECR avaliados foi cegamento. A base Qualis não estava associada à hierarquia de evidência e nem às dimensões de risco de viés. Conclusão: O conjunto de estudos em odontologia indexados na base Lilacs se constitui em um corpo de evidência muito limitado para fornecer estudos primários elegíveis com alto nível de evidência para autores de revisões sistemáticas, para clínicos e gestores sobre intervenções, prognóstico ou etiologia em odontologia.
Objectives: To conduct a methodological analysis of the area of dentistry on the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials (RCT) of open access, available in the database Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences), to assess the potential contribution Lilacs as the source of primary studies for systematic reviews and and evaluate possible association between the base and Qualis study type and risk of bias. Methods: We selected 40 open access journals of the Lilacs database. A handsearch page page has been conducted to identify published articles, according to the type of study, over a period of six years. The classification of studies was conducted by independent reviewers with reliability assessed by Kappa statistic. RCTs identified were separated to assess the risk of bias. We collected data on: generation of allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, number of dimensions of low risk of bias, country and Qualis. Associations were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney and Kendal tau, Spearman correlations and regression analysis. Results: The handsearch retrieved 4879 articles with predominance of studies with a low level of evidence (92%). Studies with a high level of evidence for evaluation of interventions represented only 1.94% of the articles indexed. Epidemiological studies and case-control and cohort were only 1.41%. Brazil has accounted for 72% of all publications, however, 64.42% of the studies used research projects with low level of evidence. Of the 78 studies classified, only 10 were true RCT, and of these only one study was a low risk of bias. The item most often evaluated in the RCT was blinding. The base which was not associated with the hierarchy of evidence and not to the dimensions of risk of bias. Conclusion: The set of studies in dentistry indexed in Lilacs constitutes a very limited body of evidence to provide eligible primary studies with high evidence to authors of systematic reviews to clinicians and managers about operations, prognosis or etiology in dentistry.
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

abstract: Two different techniques utilizing vocalization in clarinet performance were examined through a research study in which one subject (the author) played several tasks utilizing each technique with different played pitches, vocalized pitches, and dynamic levels for each task. The first technique was singing while playing, which is also sometimes referred to as growling. This technique is produced by engaging the vocal folds during regular clarinet performance to create a second vocalized pitch that resonates in the oral cavity and exits through the mouthpiece as part of the same air stream as that used by the vibrating reed. The second technique studied was a much more recently pioneered technique that the author has labelled humming while playing due to its similarity to traditional humming in vocal pedagogy. This technique is produced by filling the oral cavity with air, sealing it off from the rest of the vocal tract using the tongue and soft palate, and humming through the nasal cavity. The cheeks are simultaneously used to squeeze air into the mouthpiece to maintain the clarinet pitch, much like in the technique of circular breathing. For the study, audio, nasalance, and intraoral pressure data were collected and analyzed. Audio was analyzed using spectrograms and root mean square measurements of sound pressure for intensity (IRMS). Analysis of the nasalance data confirmed the description of the physiological mechanisms used to generate the humming while playing technique, with nasalance values for this technique far exceeding those for both singing while playing and regular playing. Intraoral pressure data showed significant spikes in pressure during the transitions from the regular air stream to air stored in the oral cavity when humming while playing. Audio analysis showed that the dynamic range of each technique is similar to that of regular playing, and that each technique produces very different and distinct aural effects. This information was then used to help create a method to assist performers in learning how to produce both singing and humming while playing and a resource to help educate composers about the possibilities and limitations of each technique.
Dissertation/Thesis
Example of Singing While Playing
Example of Humming While Playing
Doctoral Dissertation Music 2019

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
科學教育研究所
92
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a model of web-based case method on practice teachers’ professional growth. Thirteen biology practice teachers were invited to participate in this study. We developed eight teaching cases on the internet for the subjects. Each has written introduction, classroom teaching video segments, and some reflective thinking questions based on pedagogical strategy. We also asked the subjects to participate on synchronized and unsynchronized internet discussions. Four of them were selected as case teachers to be investigated deeply on how this case method on the internet affects their pedagogical content knowledge. This study adopted case study method. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed for the study. The qualitative data includes the practice teachers’ transcripts of discussions and reports, questionnaires on case method, interviewing with four case teachers, classroom observations, and other related documents. We used constant comparison to analyze qualitative data and presented it in triangulation with multi-data-resources. The result of this study showed that the involvement of the practice teachers on synchronized and unsynchronized internet discussions varied. The participants performed actively in the synchronized discussions; however, they responded lower interests on the unsynchronized discussions day after day. The factors that influenced their involvement depend on the interaction of discussion, time control, and some external pressures. Different ways of the discussion increased the practice teachers’ understandings of the cases as well as facilitated to reflect their own teaching. The case model also provided opportunities for the case teachers with some pedagogical strategies and assessment, which can help them plan and implement their science class teaching. According to the result of this study, we provided some suggestion for teacher educators and researchers in the future.

User-Centered Design (UCD) is a philosophy surrounding interactive system design, with the purpose of achieving product usability. One challenge with UCD and its related methods is the lack of a concrete process which supports designers in building user interface (UI) designs founded on user experiences. In current practice, design decisions are made based on loosely-defined guidelines, giving rise to a significant "gap" between user analysis and design outcomes. This is especially problematic for novice designers who lack the background and training required to make trade-offs, judgments and interpretations towards a usable design. In this thesis, we propose a Pattern-Oriented UI Design method which is driven by user experiences. It is founded on a set of core UCD principles which we have enriched with "engineering-like" concepts such as reuse and traceability. The method is based on two key artifacts--personas, used to model user experiences, and patterns, used to capture best design practices. Following this method, we define the UX-P Process, a systematic process which is semi-automated and characterized by rigorously-defined steps; designers iteratively create personas, select patterns, and compose patterns into a comprehensive design, based on user specifications and usability considerations. We have built a supporting tool, which allows designers to cluster users into personas and select candidate patterns based on persona specifications. We carried out two empirical studies with end-users. The goal of the first study was to assess the feasibility of the method; the second, to validate the process. Both studies were carried out with Bioinformatics applications and were comparative in nature testing the original design with our prototype. The outcome of these empirical studies indicated a positive increase in usability measures for our design prototypes, including a significant improvement in task times and user satisfaction.

碩士
長庚大學
資訊管理研究所
95
In 1998, Hull and White proposed the Hull and White’s method (HW method) to evaluate the Value at Risk (VaR). There are two important parameters moving window and decay factor when using HW method. According to some studies, optimal parameters are different in different markets, and finding optimal parameters is very hard. In order to find optimal moving windows and optimal decay factors, this paper devises a multi-objective optimization model with accuracy, conservatism, and efficiency, and solves optimal parameters by using NSGA-II. This paper compares the model we proposed with other VaR models on Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index, Electronic Sector Stock Index, and Finance Sector Stock Index. Empirical results show that VaR models with optimal parameters are indeed better than other VaR models on accuracy, conservatism, and efficiency.

Assessing the extreme events is crucial in financial risk management. All risk managers and and financial institutions want to know the risk of their portfolio under rare events scenarios. We illustrate a multivariate Monte Carlo and semi-parametric method to estimate Value-at-Risk (VaR) for a portfolio of stock exchange indexes in Central Europe. It is a method that uses the non-parametric empirical distribution to capture the small risks and the parametric Extreme Value theory to capture large risks. We compare this method with historical simulation and variance-covariance method under low and high volatility samples of data. In general historical simulation method over estimates the VaR for extreme events, while variance-covariance underestimates it. The method that we illustrate gives a result in between because it considers historical performance of the stocks and also corrects for the heavy tails of the distribution. We conclude that the estimate method that we illustrate here is useful in estimating VaR for extreme events, especially for high volatility times.

Thesis (M. S.)--Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Dr. Penny J. Gilmer, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Middle and Secondary Education. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 19, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 80 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

yes
This paper examines whether and how bidders' conservative tone in 10-K filings influences the subsequent mergers and acquisitions (M&A) investment decisions of these US firms from 1996 to 2013. Based on 39,260 firm-year observations, we find, consistent with behavioural consistency theory, that conservative bidders are less likely to engage in M&A deals. Further, those that decide to engage in M&As are likely to acquire public targets and within-industry firms. These bidders are inclined to employ more stock acquisitions than cash acquisitions. Our results also indicate that conservative bidders experience abnormally poor stock returns around the announcements of M&A investments. This provides new insights on the mechanism through which bidders' sentiments influence shareholders' wealth. Overall, these findings highlight the implications of the textual sentiment of corporate disclosure for the forecasting of corporate investment and financing decisions. Our results have practical implications, since they shed light on the value relevance of the information content of major Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)-mandated 10-K filings.