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Books on the topic 'Evidence combination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hong, Xin. Heuristic knowledge representation and evidence combination parallelization. The Author], 2001.

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2

Roux, Cecil Le. On the interface of morphology and syntax: Evidence from verb-particle combinations in Afrikaans. University of Stellenbosch, 1988.

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3

Serpell, Mick G. Antineuropathic medication combination therapy. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0068.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain’, published by Gilron et al. in 2005. Although combination drug therapies for neuropathic pain had long been suggested, this seminal paper provided the first evidence for efficacy of combination therapy of mechanistically distinct medications in analgesia, using morphine in combination with gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic neuropathy. Combination therapy had greater efficacy than gabapentin alone and was equally effective as morphine alone but with a lower dose of m

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4

Kitay, Brandon M., and Michael H. Bloch. Exposure and Ritual Prevention, Clomipramine, or Their Combination for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0029.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Is the combination of exposure and ritual prevention (a cognitive behavior therapy based intervention) along with clomipramine more efficacious than monotherapy with either treatment for OCD? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study interventions, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies an

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5

Pfiffner, Linda J., and Lauren M. Haack. Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Their Combination with Medication. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0003.

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Of the nonpharmacological treatments for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavioral interventions have the largest evidence base. Current behavioral interventions include behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management, child skills training, behavioral multicomponent interventions, and multimodal treatment, which combines behavioral interventions and medication. This updated review of studies reveals significant behavioral treatment effects from randomized controlled trials on a wide range of child outcomes including ADHD and oppositional defiant disorde

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Falco, Paolo, Henrik Hansen, John Rand, Finn Tarp, and Neda Trifković. Good business practices improve productivity in Myanmar’s manufacturing sector: Evidence from two matched employer–employee surveys. 45th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/983-9.

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We look into the relationship between business practices and enterprise productivity using panel data with matched employer and employee information from Myanmar. The data show that micro, small, and medium-size enterprises in Myanmar typically do only a few modern business practices. Even so, through estimates of value-added functions and labour demand relations we find a positive and economically important association between business practices and productivity. The results are confirmed when we utilize employer–employee information to estimate Mincer-type wage regressions. In combination, t

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7

Sawitzke, Allen D., and Daniel O. Clegg. Supplements for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0031.

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Foodstuffs have long been thought to affect health beyond just their supply of calories. Some have been used as a ‘dietary supplement’ to health and thereby aid patients with osteoarthritis. The evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of using dietary supplements to improve pain or protect the structure of the joint is not complete, but some preliminary conclusions are possible. This chapter is an inclusive review of the current published evidence for selected commonly recommended dietary supplements for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Among the dietary supplements, the most credible evidenc

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8

Miriam, Goldby. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 3 Enforceability of ‘Spontaneous Law’ in England: Some Evidence from Recent Shipping Cases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0003.

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This chapter analyses the process of rule-making in the maritime transport industry. It uses the term ‘spontaneous law’ to refer to norms that emerge as a result of regular and repeated interactions among participants in shipping networks, interactions that create common understandings as to how contractual obligations undertaken are to be performed. The rule-making activity results in a combination of articulated or expressed rules that are enforceable directly as a result of the formation of a valid and binding contract; and unexpressed (or implicit) understandings that form part of the cont

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9

Overview of Secret Combinations and Evidence of the Conspiracy Today. Independently Published, 2020.

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10

Blasi, Joseph R., Richard B. Freeman, and Douglas L. Kruse. Evidence. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.15.

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Sharing the fruits of labour with workers has led to initiatives of both profit-sharing and worker ownership. Several decades of research shows that firms with worker ownership and profit-sharing tend to do better on average. A variety of studies, those comparing firms before and after they initiated worker ownership, those comparing workers in the same firm with and without worker ownership, and those looking at combinations of worker ownership and profit-sharing, find the same results. Evidence from large groups of firms and large samples of workers show that a supportive corporate culture i

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11

Thurtell, Matthew J., Robert L. Tomsak, and Robert B. Daroff. Neuro-Ophthalmology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195390841.001.0001.

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Neuro-Ophthalmology helps clinicians evaluate and manage patients with neuro-ophthalmic problems, and is divided into five sections: afferent (visual) disorders; efferent (eye movement) disorders; eyelid disorders; pupil disorders; and combination syndromes. It is based on the most current scholarly evidence and is filled with practical advice.

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12

Morgan, Catherine. Nostoi and Material Culture in the Area of the Classical-Hellenistic Ionian and Adriatic Seas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811428.003.0010.

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This chapter draws on a combination of material and epigraphic evidence, presenting and analysing four case studies which indicate that nostoi were exploited by communities so as to define themselves in relation to their neighbours. In this way, nostoi served to shape communal as opposed to personal identity.

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13

Secret Combinations Evidence of Early Mormon Counterfeiting 1800-1847 2nd Edition 2018. Lyrical Productions, 2016.

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14

Hylen, Susan E. Class Status, Wealth, and Patronage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190237578.003.0005.

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This chapter explores factors that contributed to social status in the Roman period, including family of origin, wealth, citizenship, gender, and one’s standing as a slave, freed, or free-born person. Gender also contributed to social status. However, a combination of these other factors might give a woman relatively greater social standing than a man. This variability in social rank helps to explain some of the evidence of women’s participation in the social and political arenas. The chapter provides evidence of the wealth and patronage of women of various social classes, in both the New Test

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Ostermann, Marlies, and Ruth Y. Y. Wan. Diuretics in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0058.

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Fluid overload and chronic hypertension are the most common indications for diuretics. The diuretic response varies between different types and depends on underlying renal function. In patients with congestive heart failure, diuretics appear to reduce the risk of death and worsening heart failure compared with placebo, but their use in acute decompensated heart failure is questionable. Diuretics are also widely used in chronic kidney disease to prevent or control fluid overload, and treat hypertension. In acute kidney injury, there is no evidence that they improve renal function, speed up reco

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Schnider, Armin. Mechanisms of confabulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789680.003.0007.

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From the initial observations, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain confabulations. This chapter presents the current models of confabulation and examines their empirical basis. Is gap-filling a confirmed mechanism? What is the role of personality and motivation? Does the combination of amnesia with executive failures suffice to induce confabulation? What is the experimental evidence for deficient monitoring processes—and how would such processes work? Is the confusion of memories in time a feature or a cause of confabulation? A conclusion from this chapter will be that many models la

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17

Franklin, James. Pre-history of Probability. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.3.

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The history of the evaluation of uncertain evidence before the quantification of probability in 1654 is a mass of examples relevant to current debates. They deal with matters that in general are as unquantified now as ever – the degree to which evidence supports theory, the strength and justification of inductive inferences, the weight of testimony, the combination of pieces of uncertain evidence, the price of risk, the philosophical nature of chance, and the problem of acting in case of doubt. Concepts similar to modern “proof beyond reasonable doubt” were developed especially in the legal th

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18

Murray, Sarah E. Interrogative sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 extends this implementation to interrogative sentences, accounting for the various behaviors of evidentials in questions. Not only does this extension provide support for the proposed analysis of evidentials, it provides support for the general semantics for mood. Interrogativemood is treated as a different kind of illocutionary relation, but evidentials still contribute not‐at‐issue content. In combination, they account for a range of properties, including the flip interpretation of evidentials, where the addressee has evidence for one of the answers to the question.

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19

Brown, Peter J. Coping with Disaster. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.7.

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This chapter considers the impact of natural hazards and their accompanying human disasters during the later medieval period. British medieval populations faced severe challenges as a result of sudden onset events including windstorms, tidal surges, floods, and lightning strikes. As well as the historical accounts of these disasters which litter the documentary record, the evidence for these catastrophic occurrences can often be traced in the surviving archaeology. Not only does this make it possible to visualize exactly what damage these events wrought to settlements, through excavation and l

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20

Baker, Patricia. Medicine. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.031.

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The study of ancient medicine has grown in popularity over since the early 1990s in a variety of fields, including ancient texts, epigraphy, osteology, and archaeology. Many of the studies have demonstrated that there were a diversity of medical practices and concepts throughout the Graeco-Roman world. In this chapter it is shown that the evidence for medical practices in the province of Britannia indicates there are likely to have been a combination of indigenous, Roman and, possibly, Gallic conceptions of the body and its care. Hence, through an examination of material culture, inscriptions,

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21

Lamont, Alexandra. Music in the school years. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0022.

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Music is ubiquitous in young children's experiences, but as they get older their experiences become more diverse. Defining the trajectories of musical development is thus complex; explaining them is still more challenging. This article begins by considering definitions of musical development. It reviews research on how children understand separate elements of music, individually (pitch/harmony, rhythm/metre, timbre) and in combination (structure, form, style), drawing on research that isolates and explores these experimentally and evidence from more ecologically valid tasks such as singing and

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22

Austen Jr, William G., and John Hulsen. Migraine Headaches: Surgery and Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0021.

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Despite an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine headache pain, there have been recent discoveries in neurobiology and craniofacial anatomy that suggest a peripheral nerve trigger point mechanism. The current mainstay of treatment for migraine headache is a combination of abortive and preventative medication. However, properly selected migraineurs with debilitating pain refractory to pharmacologic therapy may find substantial relief through surgical deactivation of peripheral nerve trigger sites. This chapter reviews accepted migraine diagnostic criteria, explains contemp

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23

Ajmal, Saira, and Zelalem Temesgen. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0020.

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The primary goal of therapy is to prevent HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. In addition to the dramatic decline in HIV-related illness and death that has been observed as a result of the introduction and expansion of combination antiretroviral therapy, evidence is emerging that uncontrolled HIV replication also has a deleterious impact on conditions that are not conventionally associated with immune deficiency. These conditions include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, neurologic complications, and malignancy. Studies have found an independent association between cum

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24

Ingram, Paul, and Bill Duggan. Improvisation in Management. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.013.

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Improvisation is informing new models for strategy and organization design and determining how improvisation can create more productive interactions between individuals in an organization. Management research offers something to the study of improvisation in the form of evidence that groups that combine access to diverse ideas with internal cohesion are more creative and better able to develop those ideas into effective products and performances. One example of a management practice informed by improvisation is the concept of strategic intuition, which explains how the combination of lessons f

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25

Geslani, Marko. The Inception of a Ritual Category. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862886.003.0002.

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A prime instance of innovation within orthopraxy, this chapter tracks the inception of the śānti (appeasement) ritual through the combination of diverse instruments first described in the earliest ritual manual of the Atharvaveda (the Kauśikasūtra), especially the mantra-infused “appeasement water.” It describes a shift in emphasis within the Atharvan priesthood, from the brahmán, the fourth priest of the solemn sacrifice, to the purohita, the royal chaplain of the early Indian kingdom. Examining some of the earliest evidence of divination in post-Vedic ritual, it argues that the śānti ritual

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26

Poddubnyy, Denis, and Hildrun Haibel. Treatment: DMARDs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0021.

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In axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) there is little evidence to support use of classical synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with the majority of studies performed in advanced ankylosing spondylitis. Sulfasalazine is the best investigated DMARD in axSpA. Its positive clinical effect, if any, seems to be more prominent in the presence of peripheral arthritis, although a certain proportion of patients with axial disease might benefit from sulfasalazine therapy. Available data indicate that there is no evidence that methotrexate might be effective in axial disease, and only m

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27

Brown, Jessica. Undermining Defeat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801771.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the challenge posed to undermining defeat by ‘level-splitting’ views according to which it is sometimes rational for one to be in in epistemically akratic combination of states, say, maintaining the belief that p while also holding that one’s evidence does not support that p. This chapter argues against such level-splitting views by developing arguments already in the literature that such views lead to problematic practical and theoretical reasoning. It then turns to examine and reject arguments for level-splitting views based on 1) the possibility of justified false beli

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Brady, David, Agnes Blome, and Hanna Kleider. How Politics and Institutions Shape Poverty and Inequality. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.7.

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This article explores the influence of politics and institutions on poverty and inequality. It first considers the general contention that poverty is shaped by the combination of power resources and institutions. On one hand, scholars in the power resources tradition have emphasized the role of class-based collective political actors for mobilizing “power resources” in the state and economy. On the other hand, institutionalists have highlighted the role of formal rules and regulations. The article goes on to discuss the theoretical arguments of power resources theory and the evidence for key p

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Passalent, Laura, and Salih Ozgocmen. Non-pharmacological management in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0019.

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The ASAS/EULAR panel recommends a multidisciplinary and patient-centred approach that includes a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment modalities. These updated recommendations describe a number of non-pharmacological interventions as the cornerstone of treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aims of such treatment are to: (1) reduce pain and discomfort; (2) maintain or improve muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, mobility, balance, physical fitness, and social participation; and (3) prevent spinal abnormalities, joint contractures, and deform

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Dungworth, David. Metals and Metalworking. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.030.

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Metals were a fundamental part of Roman life, providing a wide range of weapons, coins, implements, and jewellery. In Roman Britain, mining for gold and silver is known to have taken place and the working of these metals is known sporadically, mostly from urban contexts, while lead, tin, copper, and iron was also widely used, either on their own or in combination to form alloys such as bronze or pewter. This chapter explores the archaeological evidence for mining and the distribution and production of metals and metal objects in order to understand the role that metals played in the economy an

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31

Wigginton, Mark, Miguel Garcia, Timothy J. Draycott, and Neil A. Muchatuta. Simulation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0053.

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Simulation can be a powerful tool in obstetric anaesthesia, driving forwards the education of clinicians for the benefit of patients. Simulation has been closely linked with obstetrics since its inception. Today’s modern technology and educational theory have combined to make it a more powerful and accessible learning tool than ever, allowing both clinical skills and human factors to be effectively taught and assessed in combination. Since becoming more widely validated, simulation is also being used in research, to identify latent threats and for summative assessment. Setting up a simulation

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32

van Gaalen, Floris, Désirée van der Heijde, and Maxime Dougados. Diagnosis and classification of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a potentially disabling chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Lead symptoms are chronic back pain and stiffness. The disease is called radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) when, on plain radiographs, bone changes consistent with sacroiliitis are present. When no evidence of sacroiliitis is seen on radiographs, it is called non-radiographic axSpA. In such cases, diagnosis is made based on evidence of active inflammation of SI joints on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical and laboratory features, or

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33

Hazell, Philip. The treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0021.

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The presentation of bipolar disorder in young people can be different from that of adults; therefore, the approach to treatment differs slightly. Treatment is described for early intervention, acute mania, bipolar depression, relapse prevention, and refractory bipolar disorder. A strong therapeutic alliance with the patient and engagement and involvement of the patient’s family is critical to successful intervention. The evidence informing treatment is limited, but there is emerging research focused on the management of acute mania favouring monotherapy with a second-generation antipsychotic (

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Knoors, Harry, Annet de Klerk, and Marc Marschark. Mind the Gap! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0026.

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Research is continually adding to the evidence base for successful education of deaf students, but improved education does not automatically follow from well-conducted research. It requires a combination of the talents of individual students, proper support from parents, and adequate instruction by teachers. Research will have an impact only if it enhances the effectiveness of teaching practices and student learning. While early intervention generally leads to better development of deaf and hard-of-hearing students, for some learners, better may not be good enough. Those students need specific

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Ledingham, Joanna, and Sarah Westlake. Immunosuppressants. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0080.

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A variety of immunosuppressants and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with beneficial effects on inflammatory rheumatic diseases have been identified over the last 50 years. Their use for these conditions is now well established and has led to considerable improvements in disease management. Their use earlier in the inflammatory disease process and the use of combination therapies have also led to significantly improved patient outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of the immunosuppressants and DMARDs used to treat rheumatic disease, focusing particularly on those in common

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Ledingham, Joanna, and Sarah Westlake. Immunosuppressants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0080_update_001.

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A variety of immunosuppressants and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with beneficial effects on inflammatory rheumatic diseases have been identified over the last 50 years. Their use for these conditions is now well established and has led to considerable improvements in disease management. Their use earlier in the inflammatory disease process and the use of combination therapies have also led to significantly improved patient outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of the immunosuppressants and DMARDs used to treat rheumatic disease, focusing particularly on those in common

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37

Moore, Steven C., Charles E. Matthews, Sarah Keadle, Alpa V. Patel, and I.-Min Lee. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Risk of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0021.

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Current physical activity guidelines recommend that adults perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity (e.g., brisk walking), or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity (e.g., jogging), or an equivalent combination of these. In the United States and worldwide, many adults fail to meet these recommended activity levels, with deleterious consequences for health, including increased risk of some cancers. This chapter reviews the epidemiologic evidence for links between physical activity and cancer, emphasizing published meta-analyses and the results of

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Donnelly, Michael J. Group Interests, Individual Attitudes. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896209.001.0001.

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What drives support for or opposition to redistributive taxation and spending? Why is ethnic diversity associated with inequality and a lack of redistribution? This book argues that many individuals, recognizing that they live in a world of uncertainty, use the groups of which they are a member as a heuristic to understand how welfare states are likely to impact them. This leads to reduced support for redistribution among the wealthy, whose disproportionate influence over policy in turn leads to less redistribution. I develop the argument with a series of empirical implications, which I then t

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Başoğlu, Metin. Definition of Torture in US Law. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0013.

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In the light of the US Senate Intelligence Committee Report on the Central Intelligence Agency’s detention and interrogation program confirming the use of “enhanced interrogation techniques” to induce “learned helplessness” in detainees, this chapter reviews the scientific basis for the US definition of torture and its interpretation in the “Torture Memos.” These memoranda clearly indicate that “enhanced interrogation techniques” are designed for use in combination with specific intent to induce learned helplessness. Abundant research evidence shows that learned helplessness is mental harm tha

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40

Szmukler, George. A practice with a very long history. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0001.

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For over two centuries, the criteria for the detention and involuntary treatment of people with mental disorders in conventional mental health laws have remained fundamentally unchanged. They have been based on a combination of (1) a diagnosis of some form of ‘mental disorder’, generally loosely defined, if at all; and (2) the presence of risk of harm to the person or to others. The lack of change may be interpreted as evidence that such law works well. More likely, the reason for its persistence is the lack of a ‘voice’ of the largely socially excluded people who are subject to such laws. The

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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Data Preprocessing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0006.

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Successful reconstruction of a shadow attractor provides preliminary empirical evidence that a signal isolated from observed time series data may be generated by deterministic dynamics. However, because we cannot reasonably expect signal processing to purge the signal of all noise in practice, and because noisy linear behavior can be visually indistinguishable from nonlinear behavior, the possibility remains that noticeable regularity detected in a shadow attractor may be fortuitously reconstructed from data generated by a linear-stochastic process. This chapter investigates how we can test th

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42

Grömping, Max. Domestic Monitors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190677800.003.0009.

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This chapter analyzes the roles of domestic election observers who are monitoring contests in countries around the world where elections have been commonly undermined by malpractices such as clientelism, fraud, intimidation, and vote buying. It predicts that the formation and maintenance of domestic election watchdog groups depends primarily on a combination of grievances (incidents of serious electoral malpractice) and political opportunities (the freedom of civil society groups to mobilize around such issues). Moreover, these factors are theorized to interact. As a result, domestic monitors

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Håkan, Friman. Part V Fairness and Expeditiousness of ICC Proceedings, 36 Trial Procedures—With a Particular Focus on the Relationship between the Proceedings of the Pre-Trial and Trial Chambers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0036.

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The length of proceedings before the ICC has been an issue of concern. ICC proceedings at pre-trial and trial have been slow and can be improved. Based on a study of existing cases (e.g. Lubanga, Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui), this chapter highlights some areas that deserve closer review, in particular, consistency and coordination between the Pre-Trial and Trial Chambers, both of which are engaged in trial preparations. The chapter shows that the current combination of the two procedural stages is dysfunctional, and argues that the centre of gravity in criminal proceedings should be the first-in

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Laureno, Robert. Causation. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0011.

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This chapter on “Causation” examines the determination of the causes of neurologic disease. Considered are Koch-Henle postuates and Bradford Hill criteria. When we talk about “cause,” we make a distinction between necessary and sufficient causes, as well as those causes of disease that are neither necessary nor sufficient, that contribute to the development of a disease but cannot by themselves cause the disease. Probabilistic causes show their effects in combination with other probabilistic causes, known and unknown. In the absence of experimental evidence for cause, we rely on observational

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Newlands, Carrie, and Cyrus Kerawala. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198847366.001.0001.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the fully updated third edition of the essential guide for all of those working towards the Intercollegiate Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery exit exam or the Diploma of Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery assessment, as well as a handy quick reference for consultants working in the field. Providing a concise and structured overview of the current oral and maxillofacial practice, the handbook covers the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases affecting the mouth, jaws, face, and neck. Including a combinati

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Swift, Jonathan. Journal to Stella. Edited by Abigail Williams. Cambridge University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9780521841665.

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The Journal to Stella, Jonathan Swift's letters to Esther Johnson, or 'Stella', and Rebecca Dingley, written between September 1710 and June 1713, offers an extraordinary commentary on Swift's experiences in London during the most politically active and exciting years of his career and evidence of his evolving relationship with the two women. This edition seeks for the first time both to situate the letters alongside Swift's other works and to place them within their original political, historical and cultural contexts. It brings together a combination of printed work and manuscript to present

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Howlett, Jonathon R., and Murray B. Stein. Novel Prevention and Treatment Approaches to PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0021.

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Current therapeutic and preventive interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have important limitations in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Translational research based on animal models of fear extinction and the stress response has yielded a number of new targets for investigation in clinical studies. Novel treatment approaches include new medications, psychotherapies, and the combination of exposure-based therapies with medications to enhance fear extinction. PTSD prevention represents a major opportunity, and preventive interventions can also be informed by basic neurobiolo

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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc

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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_001.

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Abstract:

Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc

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50

Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_002.

Full text

Abstract:

Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc

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