Academic literature on the topic 'Evidence pased practice'

More than 10 years have passed since Dr. Sally Lusk introduced this column to the AAOHN Journal in 1992. Its purpose, as stated by Dr. Lusk, is to acquaint occupational health nurses with an array of research studies that have relevance and application to occupational health nursing practice. Clearly, it has achieved this goal. The success of the column is reflected in a recent readership survey conducted by SLACK Incorporated, which indicated the vast majority of respondents read the column. Of those who read it, 86% indicated it was useful in their practice. During the years, 40 columns have provided readers with a breadth of valuable information that has contributed to occupational health nurses' knowledge, and subsequently, their ability to be more effective in their practice. I am honored and humbled to have been selected to continue the tradition established by Dr. Lusk. 1 invite you, the readers, to keep me informed about your interests and questions in terms of research that can inform your practice. If you would like to contribute to this column, please contact me directly at msalazar@u.washington.edu.

Celiac disease (CD) is a complex polygenic disorder, which involves genetic factors human leukocyte complex (HLA) and non-HLA genes, environmental factors, innate and adoptive immunity, and a robust chronic T-mediated autoimmune component. The main goal of the present monograph is to define a methodological approach for the disease, characterized by frequent late diagnosis, in order for the physician to become aware of the disease management, the diversity of the clinical presentation itself and in different patients. A unique attention is payed to the specific diagnostic tests to define a correct and accurate application of them, and in addition, to disease follow-up and possible complications. Moreover, a dedicated space is assigned to refractory CD, to potential CD and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Legislative aspects of the celiac disease in Italy are addressed, too. The celiac disease guidelines and their evaluation by means of Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II instrument allow us to classify the different recommendations and to apply them according to the stakeholders’ involvement, pertinence, methodological accuracy, clarity and publishing independence. Finally, the most current scientific evidence is taken into account to create a complete updated monograph.

Abstract Purpose The complex competency labeled practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI) by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) incorporates core knowledge in evidence-based medicine (EBM). The purpose of this study was to operationally define a “PBLI-EBM” domain for assessing resident physician competence. Method The authors used an iterative design process to first content analyze and map correspondences between ACGME and EBM literature sources. The project team, including content and measurement experts and residents/fellows, parsed, classified, and hierarchically organized embedded learning outcomes using a literature-supported cognitive taxonomy. A pool of 141 items was produced from the domain and assessment specifications. The PBLI-EBM domain and resulting items were content validated through formal reviews by a national panel of experts. Results The final domain represents overlapping PBLI and EBM cognitive dimensions measurable through written, multiple-choice assessments. It is organized as 4 subdomains of clinical action: Therapy, Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Harm. Four broad cognitive skill branches (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, and Apply) are subsumed under each subdomain. Each skill branch is defined by enabling skills that specify the cognitive processes, content, and conditions pertinent to demonstrable competence. Most items passed content validity screening criteria and were prepared for test form assembly and administration. Conclusions The operational definition of PBLI-EBM competence is based on a rigorously developed and validated domain and item pool, and substantially expands conventional understandings of EBM. The domain, assessment specifications, and procedures outlined may be used to design written assessments to tap important cognitive dimensions of the overall PBLI competency, as given by ACGME. For more comprehensive coverage of the PBLI competency, such instruments need to be complemented with performance assessments.

Evidence-based medicine is an approach to practicing medicine in which the clinician is aware of the evidence in support of her practice and the strength of that evidence. It requires daily application of systematic methods for finding, appraising, and incorporating the best available evidence in the care of individual patients. The evidence-based medicine approach compliments and enhances clinician expertise. It helps clinicians put the burgeoning medical literature into perspective. This article outlines the rationale of evidence-based medicine and lists resources for learning this approach and for finding repositories of evidence applicable to the critically ill pediatric population. We address the unique challenges posed by the smaller populations typically evaluated in pediatric critical care and practical constraints of incorporating evidence-based medicine into the fast-paced practice of critical care.

This opinion piece invites a professional debate on the organisation of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) occupational therapy in order to deliver the modernisation agenda while sustaining its excellent record for practice development and innovation. In the face of such challenges, there needs to be reflection on whether CAMHS occupational therapy is ‘poised’ or ‘paused’ for action and what strategies would tackle existing challenges and support its growth. The piece puts forward a potential vision involving occupation-focused theory and developing academic and practice partnerships in order to ensure that children with mental health difficulties access occupation-focused, theory-driven and evidence-based occupational therapy services.

This paper examine the traditional values of nursing i.e. caring, maintaining dignity, and self-respect, and why it is difficult for nurses to flourish in the era of Technical Rationality and fast-paced evidence-based practice. “The moral construct of caring in nursing as communication action” offers the theory on which to investigate human flourishing and the vulnerable nurse. Technical rationality and evidence-based practice do not allow for the humanness of those who are required to deliver evidence-based care. Jurgen Habermas’s (1995) premise is that all humans are vulnerable and in need of “considerateness.” Vulnerability occurs because an individual can only mature through communication, which exposes the core of self. Evidence suggests that many nurses are not happy in a technical, rational, evidence-based practice where their humanness is ignored or overlooked. When unhappy, nurses cannot flourish and the implications are worrying.

Twenty-five years have passed since the global community agreed in Nairobi to address the high maternal mortality by implementing the Safe Motherhood Initiative. However, every year around 22 million women seek unsafe abortion in developing countries. Globally, the unsafe abortion accounts for 13% maternal deaths. Out of the total aborted women, around five million women were admitted to hospitals as a result of unsafe abortion. Similarly, more than three million women suffer from severe complications from unsafe abortion every year. In 2002, responding to the public voices and high attribution of unsafe abortion on maternal mortality, Nepal granted legal access to safe abortion introducing safe abortion act. Women can seek abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation for any indication. However, sex selective pregnancy termination is prohibited in Nepal. This study aimed to assess the results of various studies on abortion practices in Nepal. Literature published in PubMed, Lancet, Medline, WHO and Google Scholar web pages from 1990 to 2014 were used to prepare this paper. From 2004 to 2014, more than half a million women sought safe abortion care in Nepal. Despite the considerable progress, unsafe abortion is still a major issue in Nepal as it has been estimated that it constitutes half of all abortions undertaken every year. Published literature further showed that still an unmet need of safe abortion services exists in Nepal. However, the overall awareness of legal abortion was found to be high among Nepalese women. We found negative attitude of most people towards women who sought abortion care. Similarly, a large number of unmarried women were found at risk for seeking abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and stigmas in Nepal.

Diploma thesis analyses the macro practice in the Czech social work. It defines macro practical concept and its relationship to social policy and community social work by analysing the Czech and foreign specialized publications. It defines the key knowledge, skills and abilities which macro practicioner should manage. It emphasizes the macro scope towards the political representation. Macro practical methods are presented too. Diploma thesis defines two main principles - networking and evidence based practice. At first, macro practicioner is the creator of professional's networks or social services network. Secondly, in the evidence based practice macro practicioner is obligated to manage his decision making process on the base of the best and the most recent scientific researches. It all concludes the macro practice framework, which leads to the efective work with social excluded people. Macro practice is viewed as the approach, which helps clients, communities, regions and target groups in the implementation of their civil right, when it uses the enpowerment techniques. According to the international perspective, the status of the actual Czech macro practice is vieved as unconsolted. Therefore, author proposes the development of the social work education on the bachelor and master degrese...

This book investigates the role that music has played in the development of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) cultural heritage from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. Contrary to prevailing discourses of cultural loss and collapse, it argues that the continuity of Rapanui musical practices can be considered as evidence of cultural survival and continuity. The descriptions of music provided here extend beyond considerations of aesthetics, toward an appreciation of what it means for a once-endangered culture to survive, and to thrive, and the contribution that music can make to this process. It discusses how the Rapanui have carefully nurtured ancestral knowledge passed down over generations, as well as embracing a world of trans-Pacific cultural flows. It investigates five key domains of musical influence on Rapa Nui: ancient tradition, Christian music, Chilean influences, Polynesian influences, and influences derived from global popular culture.

The topic of this book is stenography and how it relates to Dickens’s life and work. The book covers the period from Dickens’s learning of Gurney’s Brachygraphy in 1827/8 to his teaching of shorthand to Arthur Stone in 1859—almost his entire working life. It examines all existing shorthand sources in detail, particularly the shorthand notebooks Dickens compiled with Arthur Stone and the shorthand letters he wrote from Gads Hill Place and Tavistock House. The first half of the book (Chapters 1–4) explores Dickens’s shorthand as a nineteenth-century textual practice, arguing that the manual’s alphabetical characteristics were the defining elements of the mindset that Dickens acquired through learning and practising shorthand. Drawing on evidence from cognitive psychology, these chapters argue that Dickens acquired a specific cognitive disposition towards the processing and manipulation of language, defined in Chapter 4 as the stenographic mind. The second half of the book (Chapters 5–8) examines Dickens’s stenography in relation to his literary and non-literary production. It explores the impact of shorthand on Dickens’s law and parliamentary reporting (Chapter 5) and how it is expressed through the phonetic speech of Pickwick (Chapter 6) and stenographic representations in his literary work (Chapter 7). Chapter 8 draws together the different threads of the book, arguing that the Gurney system, with its emphasis on the creative manipulation of vowels, constituted a pedagogy for reading spoken words and hearing written ones, which Dickens passed on to his readers as a new kind of stenographic literacy.

Since the beginning of the Obama Administration, conservative politicians have railed against the President's "War on Coal." As evidence of this supposed siege, they point to a series of rules issued by the Environmental Protection Agency that aim to slash air pollution from the nation's power sector . Because coal produces far more pollution than any other major energy source, these rules are expected to further reduce its already shrinking share of the electricity market in favor of cleaner options like natural gas and solar power. But the EPA's policies are hardly the "unprecedented regulatory assault " that opponents make them out to be. Instead, they are merely the latest chapter in a multi-decade struggle to overcome a tragic flaw in our nation's most important environmental law. In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which had the remarkably ambitious goal of eliminating essentially all air pollution that posed a threat to public health or welfare. But there was a problem: for some of the most common pollutants, Congress empowered the EPA to set emission limits only for newly constructed industrial facilities, most notably power plants. Existing plants, by contrast, would be largely exempt from direct federal regulation-a regulatory practice known as "grandfathering." What lawmakers didn't anticipate was that imposing costly requirements on new plants while giving existing ones a pass would simply encourage those old plants to stay in business much longer than originally planned. Since 1970, the core problems of U.S. environmental policy have flowed inexorably from the smokestacks of these coal-fired clunkers, which continue to pollute at far higher rates than their younger peers. In Struggling for Air, Richard L. Revesz and Jack Lienke chronicle the political compromises that gave rise to grandfathering, its deadly consequences, and the repeated attempts-by presidential administrations of both parties-to make things right.

Abstract Modern agricultural practices have increased the efficiency of food production with a decrease in their cost and prices for consumers. However, to some extent this has been detrimental to the ethical way in which livestock are treated, particularly in more intensive production systems. On the demand side, an increasing number of consumers are interested in the way that food is produced and the attributes behind it. Animal welfare is one of those ethical attributes that are particularly important for consumers, and at the retail level, it is reflected in a number of labels aiming at passing cues (due to its nature as a credence attribute) to consumers. For meat supply chains, these labels have the possibility to positively affect sales if consumers are willing to pay more for products with those attributes. Moreover, if increasing animal welfare implies higher costs of production, it is important for the supply chain to know whether these costs can be passed on to consumers. These issues have motivated a substantive literature on the measurement of consumers' interest in animal welfare and their willingness to pay for its attributes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the economic theory behind the measurement of animal welfare and some empirical applications.

This chapter reviews the history of scientific evidence regarding sexual and gender minority (SGM) mental health, from the unscientific, homophobic theories of the early 20th century to the pioneering research that paved the way for the accurate evidence on SGM mental health that researchers currently possess and continue to acquire. This chapter also discusses historical impediments to creating evidence-based treatments for SGM mental health, including a lack of clear treatment targets and treatment studies specific to SGM, as well as the recent progress toward overcoming these barriers as illustrated in the chapters throughout this handbook. The chapter offers several justifications for the widespread use and dissemination of evidence-based treatments with SGM, including ethical, professional, and scientific considerations in this pursuit. Finally, it provides suggestions for future research to advance evidence-based practice for SGM, spanning psychiatric epidemiology to psychotherapy process research.

This chapter introduces the generic positive psychotherapy (PPT) session structure and provides an overall orientation to PPT. The nuts and bolts of PPT, in terms of its 14 sessions, broadly parsed in three phases are described. The factors that support therapeutic process including ground rules, confidentiality, relaxation, therapeutic relationship, motivation, active engagement, and process of change and installing hope is also described. The chapter is underscore that PPT is an evidence based therapeutic approach. Throughout the course of treatment, ways to monitor progression including therapeutic efficacy, potential deterioration, changes in client-activity fit due to situational dynamics, and ways to prevent relapse are also highlighted.

This chapter evaluates the magical practice of healing and harming. Healing and its immediate counterpart, harming, occupy the number one spot in magical repertoires. Those who healed were often presumed to have the capacity to harm, and the evidence in the cases in the chapter suggests that one person's perception could differ sharply from another's in explaining the motives and the nature of healing or harming practices. In all of these instances, it is critical to weigh the evidence and to consider how it was elicited: whether through the use of torture, with its distorting effects, or by interrogation and intimidation, with their own attendant problems. In any case, the recorded testimony reveals what passed as culturally plausible accusations and confessions. Servants, close relatives, neighbors, and passersby became easy targets of suspicion. Early modern Russians and Ukrainians of all classes believed that perfectly safe plants and roots could be transformed into dangerous substances through the application of malefic magic.

This chapter sets out to develop an understanding of how social policies were disseminated between welfare officials. The first half demonstrates that, before the creation of the Poor Law Commission, there was no central welfare authority to suggest ways in which parishes could cope with the increasing demand on poor relief, resulting in parish officials seeking solutions from one another. The information they passed originated at a specific location, but it was presented and promoted as ‘best practice’. Knowledge was transferred between officials in a number of ways; they conducted correspondence, went on trips to workhouses and published, read and referred to pamphlets detailing workhouse practice. Locally derived knowledge was not insignificant after the passage of the Amendment Act. The Commission was proactive in seeking local precedents and encouraging Boards of Guardians to adopt particularly beneficial practices. In addition, regardless of the presence of a central welfare authority, evidence can be found of local officials continuing the tradition of conferring with one another, without the interference of the Commission. In short, the policy process was not constrained by parish boundaries before 1834, nor controlled by the Commission thereafter.

The elimination of midwifery was finally achieved when many states across the South passed legislation prohibiting lay midwifery practice. Chapter 14 uses the personal experience of lay midwives to explore various methods employed by state boards of health to control the activity of midwives and enforce retirement. As the evidence shows, the economic marketplace of childbirth became a factor in some physicians’ interactions with lay midwives; for others commitment and mutual respect rescinded state legislation for a while. For some lay midwives their duty to serve eclipsed any legal restriction.

This chapter examines time in contemporary culture. Slowness as an aesthetic practice and a mode of reception features prominently in much contemporary photography and film, defying the fast-paced entertainment conventions and the capitalist commodification of time, as are evident, for example, in recent blockbusters. While mainstream films favor fast-paced cutting, jerky and unfocused panning, or hectic zooming, slow cinema and slow photography embrace grammars of minimalism to interrupt the cult of speed. Slowness in this sense is more than a binary term in opposition to speed: it is an aesthetic art practice that may include the employment of digital or analogue technologies; slow diegesis and slow narrative; the gallery or cinema as a contemplative exhibition or reception space; and a responsive spectatorship. The chapter then debates the concept of slow art in dialogue with international art practice, as exemplified in the performance art of Lee Lozano and Marina Abramović, before analyzing the representation of time in the works of two prominent German photographers: West German Michael Wesely and East German Ulrich Wüst.

Chapter 4 shows how negative ideological baggage can be passed down from the translocal to the local. This is evident in the varying ways that women are treated within the scene as well as the ways that the intoxication of craft can lead to regressive acts of materialism and conspicuous consumption. Such practices run counter to the egalitarian ethos espoused by craft beer scene participants.

Screening for depression has been so widely advocated that the burden of proof has shifted to skeptics who argue against it. Yet only recently has sufficient evidence accrued to judge dispassionately the advantages and disadvantages of screening. Here we discuss the evidence for specific tools and specific strategies in improving the outcome of depression screening in primary care. In 1978, the Institute of Medicine defined primary care as ‘‘care that is accessible, comprehensive, coordinated, continuous, and accountable.’’ While the definition has evolved over time,2 these fundamental characteristics are still valid today. Included in the primary care mission is to serve as the first line for detection and either treatment or referral of common mental disorders, including depression. The inclusion of first-line mental health services as a component of primary care distinguishes primary care (including outpatient clinics in managed care organizations, community hospitals, Veterans Administration hospitals, teaching institutions, and other medical centers) from care in more specialized clinical settings. The comprehensiveness of primary care and the obligation of its providers for first-line care make it a logical and appropriate venue for mental health screening. Complicating the issue, however, are the time constraints on primary care providers. Although the amount of time spent per patient visit is about 20 minutes in the United States, the recommended services that should be provided in that short period of time are daunting. It is therefore imperative that these recommended services—in particular preventive health services— be provided in the most efficient manner possible. Services that cannot be provided efficiently and fit within the busy, fast-paced world of primary care are at risk of being omitted. This is especially true for preventive mental health services. Screening for depression is such a service; therefore, it is critical that primary care providers make use of the best and most efficient depression screening approaches possible. In this chapter, we will address issues related to screening for depression in the primary care context. We will start by briefly reviewing the epidemiology of depression as related to primary care. Next, we will provide a critical examination of the applicability to depression screening of the World Health Organization’s criteria.

With the high school dropout rate in the United States at epidemic levels and the proportion of guidance counselors decreasing, mentoring programs are an increasingly effective way to reach young people with the college and career guidance they need. icouldbe.org’s online mentoring programs reach young people who do not have access to quality educational resources, using a dynamic virtual learning environment to connect them to mentors who offer practical and individualized advice, information and expertise. The organization’s award-winning program is grounded on an evidence-based curriculum that is student-paced and student-led, placing young people at the center of a community of classroom teachers and adult mentors invested in the their futures. icouldbe.org puts child safety first and monitors mentor-mentee relationships in a controlled and accountable environment. Evidence indicates that icouldbe.org’s e-mentoring program has many of the benefits of face-to-face mentoring—an exciting find as educators turn to mentoring as a classroom intervention.

Pandemic of virus COVID-19 posed numerous and unprecedented challenges to citizens and authorities which required shift in behavior and actions of all segments of society. Representing Ombudsmen Institution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, authors shared their experience in monitoring implementation of the decisions of all levels of government and presented challenges in striking the right balance between interests of public health and protection of rights of vulnerable groups. Public authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina have passed emergency measures aimed at containing the spread of virus, but some of them failed to maintain human rights standards. Following the decisions of crisis centers to limit the freedom of movement, it was necessary to secure rights of children to education, protection from domestic violence and neglect in the family context. In introducing online education, authorities were asked to adapt recognition and grading system to the children in different conditions and circumstances, especially to the children with difficulties in development, children living in poverty and on margins of society such as Roma children or those living in institutions. Ombudsmen Institution registered increase in the number of domestic violence cases because measures limiting freedom of movement had impact on victims' ability to seek help from trusted sources, usually members of immediate family or representatives of law enforcement agencies. Having in mind that large number of citizens could not afford access to the official gazettes in any form, Ombudsmen requested that all enacted legislation be accessible online recommended that the decision banning reporters from conferences be reconsidered, guided by the right of citizens to be informed of their government actions. Examining the practice of placing COVID stickers on mail by the Post Office, Ombudsmen issued recommendation to stop such practice as it was deemed disproportional to the right to privacy and protection of personal data, while the protection of postal workers could have been ensured by other protective measures. It also became evident that national budgetary capacities had to be increased in order to prevent deterioration in provision of basic public services such as health and social protection, since economic consequences of the pandemic were disproportionally felt by the groups exposed to poverty, such as Roma, refugees or migrants. Drawing conclusion from concrete cases, authors offer review of particular emergency measures, analyze their adequacy, justifiability and timeliness, while presenting authorities’ response to Ombudsmen’s findings in formulating more adequate and efficient but, at the same time, least intrusive measures taken in response to the disaster. In search of common response to such widespread phenomenon, governments should recognize the intention of Ombudsmen Institutions to be in „permanent session“ over protection of vulnerable groups and should more actively involve it in discussions on emergency measures and their effect on human rights and freedoms. It proved to be better suited to act quickly, to apply more effective remedies and to correct government actions thanks to its knowledge of the local context than traditional institutions for protection of human rights, such as constitutional courts, international courts or treaty bodies.

The concept of endothermic fuels is not a strange thing to the aeronautical community. Research is going on, globally, to achieve these kinds of fuels experimentally; but restricted to laboratory scale test setup. This is because of the stringent and controlled method of cracking the fuel thermally as well as catalytically. In this research work we have followed a systematic approach, i.e, developed a laboratory scale reactor for the preliminary feasibility studies and a realistic experimental set up, for the development and analysis of the cracked fuel by simulating the conditions of combustor walls. Developing this technology indigenously involves many steps, namely identification of the suitable catalysts, developing the technology of preparation of catalytically active coatings and then the design and fabrication of the catalytic cracking core. Finally the catalytic cracking core has to be integrated to the test combustor with the experimental setup. To carry out the catalytic cracking reaction, a high pressure and high temperature catalytic reactor was designed and developed. The reactor can heat kerosene up to 725 K and maintain pressures up to 10 bar. The catalytic coatings were prepared with ZSM-5 and molecular sieves (20:80); coated on aluminum cylinders. A temperature drop of 114 K was obtained when kerosene fuel was passed through the catalytic system. This clearly shows the cooling effect by the endothermic fuel. A mixed bed catalytic system (Molecular sieves, Reformax-100 and ZSM-5) was also developed for the in-situ generation of Hydrogen gas along with the catalytic cracking process. The presence of Hydrogen gas in the cracked fuel is confirmed by gas chromatographic (GC) Retention time Vs Voltage investigation. The experimentation in test rig was carried out in two modes, one is for thermal cracking (absence of catalyst) of kerosene fuel and the other one is catalytic cracking. In both the cases, the combustor duct is heated by hot air to 1200 K. Skin temperatures were measured to study the cooling effect of the endothermic fuel and the results are reported in this paper. It is noticed that the chemical composition of the kerosene fuel has been changed and fragmented into lighter chains. It is evident in the Gas Chromatography results that the catalytically cracked kerosene samples (gaseous and liquid samples) are having 30% higher of lighter chains (Ethane, Propane and Butane) of chemical compounds than thermally cracked kerosene samples. As expected, the fuel has got cracked thermally and catalytically while cooling the wall of the duct (simulating the actual flight conditions to realize the practical feasibility of generating endothermic fuels rather than restricting it to laboratory scale experiments).

Negative pressure is one of the metastable states of liquids at which it can be extended up to a certain limit without a gap of continuity. There are numerous experimental studies where a negative pressure up to 40 MPa has been obtained at laboratory conditions. However, these results of the experimental works were not practically implemented, as real liquids both in the nature and the technological processes contain impurities. Under certain kinetic and hydrodynamic conditions the waves of negative pressure in real liquids (crude oil, water, and water-based solutions) were observed. The wave of negative pressure is a turned soliton wave with one negative hump. It is a conservative wave, which maintains its shape and dimensions, and travels long distances with the speed of sound. An advanced technology of generation of the negative pressure wave in real systems allowed creating completely new energy saving technology. This technology based on negative pressure phenomenon has been already used for increasing oil production efficiency during various oil well operations, cleaning of oil well bore, and pipelines from various accumulations. It is shown that a new technology has a lot of potentials for bottom-hole cleaning operations, oil recovery enhancement, pipeline transportation, gas-lift operation etc. Negative pressure is known to be one of the metastable states at which liquids can be extended up to a certain limit. Theoretic evaluations show that in pure liquids negative pressure may reach large values while the liquid may stand significant extending efforts. For instance, the maximum negative pressure that may be sustained by ideally pure water is estimated as −109N/m2. It means that an imaginable rope of completely pure water with the diameter of 0.01m can sustain a huge extending effort more than 105 N. It is evident that the real experimental values of negative pressure are much less than the corresponding theoretic estimations. It is connected with the impossibility of obtaining ideally pure liquids without any “weak places” (gas bubbles, admixture, etc) and with the circumstance that in experience, the rupture often happens not in the liquid volume but on the surface touching the walls of the vessels weakened by the existence of thin films, embryos, etc. There are numerous results of the experimental work of static and dynamic character, where negative pressure has appeared in one or another degree [1]. In laboratory conditions, negative pressure apparently was first revealed in the experiences made by F. M. Donny (1843), who used degassed sulfuric acid and obtained negative pressure only −0.012 MPa. Among the further attempts of receiving bigger negative pressure, it is worth mentioning the experiences made by O.Reynolds, M.Bertelot and J.Meyer. Basing upon a centrifugal method and using mercury, L.J.Briggs obtained the record value of negative pressure (−42.5 MPa). But as a matter of fact, beginning from the first experiences by F. M. Donny, the main condition in the investigations for the appearance of negative pressure has been the homogeneous character of the liquid and high degree of the purity the liquid-vessel system. Significant values of negative pressure has been obtained under those conditions, however these results of a great scientific importance have no effective applications in practice as real liquids in Nature and technological processes are heterogeneous multicomponent systems. A long-term experimental work has been done to generate negative negative pressure in real liquid systems and investigate influence of this state on thermohydrodynamical characteristics of natural and technological processes [2,3]. Basing on the idea that negative pressure can be created due to the sudden character of extending efforts a direct wave of the negative pressure in real liquids (water, oil, solutions etc.) have been obtained experimentally. For impulsive entering into metastable (overheated) zone in a phase diagram “liquid-vapor” the pressure should drop so fast that the existing centers of evaporation (bubbles, embryos, admixtures etc.) would not be able to manifest themselves for this period. In these terms purity of the liquid is not decisive, and herewith there might exist states of an overheated liquid with the manifestation of negative pressure. It was determined that wave of the negative pressure resembling overturned soliton wave with one but negative peak propagates with speed of sound. The typical variation of the pressure in the petroleum stream in pipe is given in Figure 1. Reversed wave of the negative pressure was not recorded during the experiments. Evidently this is associated with considerable structural changes in the liquid after the passing of the direct wave. The arising negative pressure though being a short-term, results in a considerable overheating of the fluid system and leads to spontaneous evaporation and gas-emanation with the further cavitation regime. It was determined that after passing of the negative pressure wave hydraulic resistance in the system becomes much less, and significant increase of permeability of the porous medium and intensification of the filtration process take place. On the base of the investigations it was made a conclusion that any discharge in the hydraulic systems when the drop of the pressure requires much less time that relaxation of the pressure in the system inevitably results in the arising of rarefaction wave, in particular, the negative pressure wave [4]. The larger is the hydraulic system and the higher is the depression of the pressure, the more intensively the negative pressure wave may manifest itself. In certain terms waves of the positive pressure may be reflected from free surfaces, different obstacles, from contact surfaces between phases in the form of the reverse wave of the negative pressure. On this base there were presented numerous theoretical and experimental works on the simulation of the process, investigation of impact of the negative pressure on certain physical features of real systems [5]. The negative pressure wave may lead to very hard complications: showings of oil and gas leading sometimes to dreadful open fountains, borehole wall collapse, column crushing, gryphon appearance [6]. Analysis of numerous facts of complications, troubles in wells as water-oil-gas showings, crushing of columns, collapses, gryphon formation demonstrates that they arise usually as a result of round-trip operations in drilling of wells and their capital repairs. The negative pressure wave may be initiated by a sudden pulling of pipes or drilling equipment, as well as their sudden braking, quick opening of a valve at the well exit, etc, resulting in metastable extension of the working fluid agent. Though impulse negative pressure manifests itself as a significant dynamic factor, its structural consequences are more dangerous for an oil well. Moving along a well the negative pressure wave results in the spontaneous boiling of the water in the drilling fluid, and as a result of considerable reduction of its specific weight the hydrostatic column is “switched-off’ for some seconds and this may be sufficient for oil and gas showings of the well to be appeared accompanied often by crushing of columns and collapsing of wells due to great destroying energy manifestation. Negative pressure waves may be considered also as one of the dominant factors in geophysical processes, especially, in evolution and appearance of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes [7,8]. Extreme dynamic processes in the underground medium as a matter of fact can be considered as a synergetic manifestation of the negative pressure together with other thermohydrodynamical factors. The waves of negative pressure in the underground environment may be initiated by tectonic dislocations and faults as a result of different dynamic processes, dramatic decrease of pressure during the displacement of fluids and rocks. They may arise also in the form of a reverse waves as a result of reflection of ordinary seismic waves from different underground surfaces. On the basis of received results the method of artificial creation of negative pressure waves has been created [4]. The essence of the method is that negative pressure waves can be generated by means of discharge in hydraulic systems (pipes, wells, etc) when the drop of the pressure takes place during the characteristic time much less than that of pressure relaxation in the system. The greater is the volume of hydraulic system and the higher is the depression of the pressure, the more intensively the negative pressure wave may manifest itself. This method was taken as a basis of elaboration of principally new technologies and installations to increase effectiveness and efficiency of some oil recovery processes. It has been worked out and widely tested in field conditions new technologies on using of the negative pressure phenomenon for cleaning of oil producing hydraulic systems/well bore, pipeline/from various accumulations and increasing of effectiveness of oil producing at different well operation methods. The technology provides generation negative pressure waves in the well using the special mechanisms that leads to the shock depression impact upon the oil stratum, and as a result, to considerable growth in the oil influx, bottom-hole cleaning, accompanied by essential saving both reservoir and lifting energies, elimination and prevention of sandy bridging, paraffin, silt, water, etc. accumulations. For implementations of these technologies corresponding installations have been elaborated, in part, equipments for cleaning out of oil holes from sand plugs, increasing of efficiency and effectiveness of gas-lift well operations and bottom-hole pumping. In cleaning out of oil-holes from sand plugs the most operative and effective liquidation of different sand plugs irrespective of their rheological character is provided, associated with complete bottom-hole cleaning, essential increase of oil recovery and overhaul period. Elaborated equipment is simple and easy to use. Other comparatively advantageous application of the technology provides increase of efficiency of a gas-lift well operation, expressed in considerable reduction of a specific gas consumption associated with essential increase of oil recovery and overhaul period. The design of the equipment is reliable and simple to service. There are different modifications of the equipment for single-row, double-row lifts in packer and packerless designs. The introduced technologies have passed broad test in field conditions. The operative and complete cleaning of numerous oil wells was carried out, where the altitude of sand plugs varied from 20m to 180m; oil output of wells and their overhaul period have been increased and specific gas discharge reduced significantly.

An economic and population boom in the 1890s created opportunities for architects to find work and fame in Western Australia. Architecture, therefore, became a viable profession for the first time, and the number of practicing architects in the colony (and then state) quickly grew. Associations such as the Western Australian Institute of Architects were established to organise the profession, but as the number of architects grew and Western Australian society matured, it became evident that a role for government was required to ensure practice standards and consumer protection. In 1921, therefore, the Architects Act was passed, and, in the following year, the Architects Board of Western Australia was launched. This report traces the evolution and transformation of professional architectural practice since then, and evaluates the role and impact of the Board in its first century.