Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Evidence preservation'

Criminals are becoming increasingly involved in computing activity and connectivity, but practitioners in the criminal justice field do not seem to be keeping pace with crime in a computing context. Being comfortable with the technology that underpins the Information Age is a non-negotiable skill for those who have to unravel and bring twenty-first century crimes to book. Chapter two of this study therefore sought to serve two purposes. The first aim was to acquaint the reader with the exceedingly complex technologies involved in computers and networks. The second aim was to clarify the technical context and terminology typical of the collection of electronic evidence. South Africa signed the Cybercrime Convention in November 2001. At present, the Cybercrime Convention is the only existing internationally accepted benchmark, inter alia, for the procedural powers aimed at the collection of electronic evidence. The main objective of this study was to consider whether the South African search and seizure, production and preservation devices need to be augmented and/or aligned so as to be on par with the devices proposed in the Cybercrime Convention. This objective was served in two ways. Firstly, an exposition of the requirements, scope, conditions and safeguards of the domestic and transborder search and seizure, production and preservation mechanisms proposed by the Cybercrime Convention was provided in chapter three of this study. Secondly, an exposition of the domestic and transborder international search and seizure, production and preservation devices available in the current South African legislative framework was given in chapter four of this study. A comparative analysis was done between the South African catalogue of criminal procedural search and seizure, production and preservation devices compared to those set out in the Cybercrime Convention. Where any alignment or augmentation of the South African devices was found to be necessary, this study identified these intervention areas. The findings and recommendations based on this comparative analysis were set out in chapter seven of this study. In considering any alignments and/or augmentations required in respect of the South African domestic search and seizure, production and preservation mechanisms, the application of the equivalent mechanisms directed at electronic evidence used in the United States of America and England were investigated in chapters five and six respectively. The lessons learned were also referred to in chapter seven of this study.
Thesis (LL.D. (Law of Evidence))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Speleothems are rare in high-latitude and high-altitude caves, which is why Bear Cave in the north-western Yukon Territory is particularly unique, as it houses some of the oldest and highest latitude speleothem in the world. In this study, a detailed petrographic and geochemical study was conducted along the profile of a 68-cm long late-Miocene flowstone from Bear Cave (BC1) to reveal the processes that took place at the time of deposition, in addition to those that followed, in aims to determine its paleoclimatic suitability. These studies suggest that softer facies are generally representative of disequilibrium conditions, where in-filled textures provide evidence for diagenic phenomena; these processes ultimately obscure the original climate signal, compromising the integrity of the flowstone in terms of its paleoclimatic suitability. Conversely, harder facies are likely deposited in isotopic equilibrium and resistant to post-depositional diagenesis, and are therefore more reliable for detailed paleoclimatic analysis. The variability of the calcite sequences in the profile of BC1 imply that environmental conditions have been considerably variable of the course of deposition, reflecting alternating cool/dry (softer facies) and warm/wet (harder facies) climatic conditions. Results from radiogenic 4He-dating constrain the timeframe of deposition, with ages centering around 9.35 +/- 0.52 Ma, which are in line with regional geomorphic interpretations. This study emphasizes the importance of a complimentary petrographic study in speleothem geochemical studies used in paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research.

The molecular components of life (i.e., biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, lipids) have the potential to preserve in animals that have been extinct for millions of years, offering a scale of analysis previously inaccessible from the fossil record. As new technology (e.g., high resolution mass spectrometry) has been incorporated into fossil analyses, researchers have begun to detect biomolecules in terrestrial vertebrates dating back to the Triassic Period (~230 Ma). However, these biomolecules have not been demonstrated to be the biological remains of these ancient animals and may instead be exogenous organic contaminants. Here, I developed a series of analytical techniques to detect and interpret the preservation of the degraded remains of the most common protein in bone, collagen, in terrestrial vertebrates from two time slices that represent the two ends of the preservation spectrum: a "shallow time" study of fossils <150,000 years old from different burial environments (i.e., permafrost, fluvial and hot springs) and a deep time study of dinosaurs (~212 - 66 Ma) from the same burial environment (i.e., fluvial), representing the current limit of the reported protein preservation in the fossil record. Unlike previous studies that have focused on organic extractions to detect biomolecules, I studied intact fossil bones and the rocks they were found in, to understand more about the effect of burial conditions on preservation and potential alternative sources of organic compounds. I found endogenous amino acids (the degradation products of proteins) and lipids in the mammoth bones, although they were already heavily degraded in fluvial environments, even on such short timescales. I also found that there were amino acids and lipids preserved in the dinosaur bones, however tests on the age of the amino acids and the types of lipids present, demonstrate that they are not original to the animals in this study. Therefore, fluvial environments, one of the most common depositional environments preserved in the geologic record, are not conducive to the preservation of proteins on long timescales and researchers should be cautious when using these biomolecules to make interpretations about the biology of ancient animals.
Doctor of Philosophy

This research challenges the archaeological record in at least three ways. Through the enquiry of thirteen selected case studies, namely four Roman cemeteries and nine Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, it reviews textile remains and grave objects associated with clothing and personal equipment. Firstly, this analysis evaluates the degree of variation between different populations through cultural traits, using for the first time the statistical formula elaborated by Penrose to discern different populations by some biological traits. Secondly, this research considers cultural and non-cultural factors, which may preserve textile in different forms. Some mechanisms of preservation for textile are already investigated by experimental studies. This subject is affected by its intrinsic incomplete condition, textiles occur less than other materials in the archaeological record. However, the archaeological reports often show a lack of interest that makes this subject even more inconclusive. It seems important that a full understanding of preservative mechanisms of textiles can improve the archaeological reconstructions. This aspect is also linked with the ERC InterArChive project that works for an ideal sampling strategy in burial contexts and for detecting organic remains in soil. Finally, the research questions the extent of the influence of taphonomic factors in making archaeological inferences based on the analyses of organic materials like textiles. In order to do so, it has taken research data on over 3862 inhumation graves and 3100 grave objects. These data are archived in a digital database, produced for this purpose. In addition, some SEM studies, carried out by the author, are also presented, in order to discuss the mechanisms of organic textile preservation.

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Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 143 p. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2005 June 21.

This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.

Family preservation services are intended to prevent the out-of-home placement (into foster care or some other alternative arrangement) of children and youth in families at risk of maltreating them. An Ecological Systems perspective of these families might suggest that a family’s context (represented by the variables of poverty, agency services, family history, and individual/caretaker characteristics) must be considered as an over-arching influence in families’ risk and outcomes. The purpose of this cross-sectional secondary data analysis study was to identify layered factors that distinguish family preservation cases in Richmond, VA that experience removal or subsequent abuse or neglect from those that do not, in order to make recommendations about how services can be better directed to support families in caring for their children and youth. Using Hierarchical Discriminant Function Analysis, this research project evaluated the “predictive” values of the external conditions and internal characteristics of family recipients of the Richmond, Virginia Department of Social Services corollary to family preservation services on the outcomes of (a) successful case closure, (b) out-of-home placement during services, and (c) child maltreatment after case closure. Contextual factors (poverty), Agency factors (number of services and ratio of concrete services), Family factors (history of placement, chronicity of maltreatment, abuse risk score, and neglect risk score), and Individual/Caretaker factors (caretaker substance abuse, caretaker mental health, and family structure) were investigated. The findings of this study showed that poverty, agency characteristics, and family characteristics each directly explained substantial amounts of variance among the outcomes and that poverty, provision of concrete services, and a family history of foster care placement best distinguished among families experiencing these different outcomes. These findings highlight the need of family preservation programming to directly address conditions of poverty in abuse and neglect risk, and suggest that the services provided to the families need better targeting to families’ needs. Recommendations based on this study include the development of a theory-based, local-evidence-based model of services for family preservation services at the agency for which the research was conducted.

This research used the Queensland Police Service, Australia, as a major case study. Information on principles, techniques and processes used, and the reason for the recording, storing and release of audit information for evidentiary purposes is reported. It is shown that Law Enforcement Agencies have a two-fold interest in, and legal obligation pertaining to, audit trails. The first interest relates to the situation where audit trails are actually used by criminals in the commission of crime and the second to where audit trails are generated by the information systems used by the police themselves in support of the recording and investigation of crime. Eleven court cases involving Queensland Police Service audit trails used in evidence in Queensland courts were selected for further analysis. It is shown that, of the cases studied, none of the evidence presented was rejected or seriously challenged from a technical perspective. These results were further analysed and related to normal requirements for trusted maintenance of audit trail information in sensitive environments with discussion on the ability and/or willingness of courts to fully challenge, assess or value audit evidence presented. Managerial and technical frameworks for firstly what is considered as an environment where a computer system may be considered to be operating “properly” and, secondly, what aspects of education, training, qualifications, expertise and the like may be considered as appropriate for persons responsible within that environment, are both proposed. Analysis was undertaken to determine if audit and control of information in a high security environment, such as law enforcement, could be judged as having improved, or not, in the transition from manual to electronic processes. Information collection, control of processing and audit in manual processes used by the Queensland Police Service, Australia, in the period 1940 to 1980 was assessed against current electronic systems essentially introduced to policing in the decades of the 1980s and 1990s. Results show that electronic systems do provide for faster communications with centrally controlled and updated information readily available for use by large numbers of users who are connected across significant geographical locations. However, it is clearly evident that the price paid for this is a lack of ability and/or reluctance to provide improved audit and control processes. To compare the information systems audit and control arrangements of the Queensland Police Service with other government departments or agencies, an Australia wide survey was conducted. Results of the survey were contrasted with the particular results of a survey, conducted by the Australian Commonwealth Privacy Commission four years previous, to this survey which showed that security in relation to the recording of activity against access to information held on Australian government computer systems has been poor and a cause for concern. However, within this four year period there is evidence to suggest that government organisations are increasingly more inclined to generate audit trails. An attack on the overall security of audit trails in computer operating systems was initiated to further investigate findings reported in relation to the government systems survey. The survey showed that information systems audit trails in Microsoft Corporation's “Windows” operating system environments are relied on quite heavily. An audit of the security for audit trails generated, stored and managed in the Microsoft “Windows 2000” operating system environment was undertaken and compared and contrasted with similar such audit trail schemes in the “UNIX” and “Linux” operating systems. Strength of passwords and exploitation of any security problems in access control were targeted using software tools that are freely available in the public domain. Results showed that such security for the “Windows 2000” system is seriously flawed and the integrity of audit trails stored within these environments cannot be relied upon. An attempt to produce a framework and set of guidelines for use by expert witnesses in the information technology (IT) profession is proposed. This is achieved by examining the current rules and guidelines related to the provision of expert evidence in a court environment, by analysing the rationale for the separation of distinct disciplines and corresponding bodies of knowledge used by the Medical Profession and Forensic Science and then by analysing the bodies of knowledge within the discipline of IT itself. It is demonstrated that the accepted processes and procedures relevant to expert witnessing in a court environment are transferable to the IT sector. However, unlike some discipline areas, this analysis has clearly identified two distinct aspects of the matter which appear particularly relevant to IT. These two areas are; expertise gained through the application of IT to information needs in a particular public or private enterprise; and expertise gained through accepted and verifiable education, training and experience in fundamental IT products and system.

[Truncated abstract] The collection of buccal cells is common practise in the epidemiological and forensic science. Unlike venipuncture collection of blood; it is a safer, non-invasive method for collection of biological material. The methods by which these cells are collected from the inner cheek of an individual and stored are the key elements in preserving DNA. Typically, forensic samples require long term storage. Samples are commonly collected on cotton swabs and stored moist at low to ultra-low temperatures (less than -20oC). Although this is the method of choice in most forensic facilities, there are drawbacks. The samples are inherently contaminated with microflora within the oral cavity and the moisture allows a plethora of microorganisms to grow. As the time frame that has elapsed from collection to storage increases, there is an exponential increase in bacterial cells. Storage of containers containing swabs coated with cells at temperatures below 20oC is also costly due to requirements for large freezers which are running and monitored over 24 hours. In the pass 10 to 15 years, researchers have focussed on alternative ways to store buccal cells. The FTA card system by Whatman is one such development. The FTA card is unique in that it provides a means for the collection of buccal cells for storage at room temperature. DNA profiling from samples stored in this way for 11 years has been successfully achieved. The filter paper matrix of the FTA card binds and subsequently lyses cells. ... (2) The second component of this thesis describes a study which subjected cells on buccal swabs to various conditions of increased temperature over periods of time to establish if DNA could be amplified. The aim was to mimic exposure to the vigours of field conditions, particularly in the extreme local environments that prevail in the United Arab Emirates. a. Initially, buccal cells stored at -20oC over 360 days were used to mimic standard archiving procedures. The cells were subsequently transferred to FTA cards, amplified and profiled by using ABI AmpFLSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Complete STR profiles were successfully recovered from the archived swabs. In most cases 100% of alleles were recovered, suggesting that it is feasible to transfer DNA from properly archived buccal swabs to FTA cards. b. The second phase involved the storage of fresh swabs that had been artificially aged by using incubation temperatures ranging from 40oC to 100oC. Partial profiles resulted from artificially aged samples, indicating that the prevailing conditions prior to low temperature storage of the swabs plays an important role in ensuring cellular integrity and thus, DNA quality. Results from this study suggest that it is possible for biological samples stored under correct conditions to be transferred from swabs to FTA card. In combination, the two chapters presented in this study show that it is feasible to transfer achieved forensic biology samples from swabs to the FTA card system. However, it is necessary to ensure that the samples are treated in the correct manner so as to minimise contamination from external sources and to maintain the correct environmental state to maintain intact cells and usable DNA.

This diploma thesis deals with an electronic (digital) archiving issue and its using in the financial accounting and general company matters. The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part includes the legislative framework in the archiving theory, after that there is an analysis of means for the internal and external communication in companies. At the end of the theoretical part is contained an archiving standardization, archiving strategies and some products and solutions to a trustworthy electronic archiving in organizations. The practical part is based on the author's survey about using the electronic archiving in the Czech Republic. The procedure of the survey was performed by sending of an electronic questionnaire. At first, the structure of respondents is pursued, in the second part follows the analysis of the reached outcome.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the wrongfully convicted person’s possibilities for taking investigative measures in his or her own case, in order to apply for post-conviction relief according to 58:2 p.4 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure (SCJP), with a particular focus on preservation of evidence and post-conviction DNA testing. Since the legal requirements for reconsidering the preliminary investigation according to 58:6a SCJP are set high, the convicted is, with very few exceptions, left alone to make his or her own attempt at reinvestigating the case, but without legal right to get access to all the evidential items in the case. This is a huge problem when the convicted would need to let such items get reanalyzed by forensic or scientific experts, in order to exculpate him- or herself, for instance by using the newest DNA technology, which was not available during the preliminary investigation. Hence, there is a great interest in preserving evidence, and in particular “traces” (spår), after the verdict has become legally binding. In this thesis, I argue that evidence, such as “traces”, should be preserved not only in the interest for clearing unsolved crimes in the future, but also for the possibility of a future petition of post-conviction relief - at least if the crime committed was a serious crime. According to my study, it is a common belief among the police, that preservation of evidence called “traces” is unregulated. I argue that The Archives Act, which regulates the general duty of state agencies to preserve official documents, is applicable also regarding these “traces”. Consequently, I propose that all of these types of evidence should be preserved by the agencies. Alternatively, the convicted should be notified by the appropriate agency that the evidence is going to be destroyed and grant him or her a right to request further preservation within a certain time. Moreover, I conclude that there should be a possibility for the convicted to require post-conviction DNA testing in Sweden as exemplified on the federal level in the US, as well as that the legal requirements for reconsidering the preliminary investigation in 58:6a SCJP should be more lenient. Another solution would be to make it possible for the court, according to 58:6b SCJP, to decide upon that the prosecutor should take investigative measures when it can be assumed that it would lead to the reconsideration of the preliminary investigation. If the proposed legislative changes are not taken, at least it should be possible for the prosecutor to take investigative measures, such as initiating the DNA testing, by using the opportunity to partwise reconsideration of the preliminary investigation.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda den oskyldigt dömdes utredningsmöjligheter för att ansöka om resning enligt 58:2 p.4 Rättegångsbalken (RB), med särskilt fokus på bevarande av bevismaterial och begäran om DNA-testning efter lagakraftvunnen dom. Eftersom kravet på förundersökningens återupptagande enligt 58:6a RB ställs högt, är den dömde, med mycket få undantag, lämnad åt att själv vidta utredningsåtgärder, men utan laglig rätt att få tillgång till allt bevismaterial i fallet. Detta är ett stort problem då den dömde skulle behöva få till stånd nya forensiska eller kriminaltekniska analyser på materialet, i syfte att rentvå hen från skuld, genom att exempelvis använda den nyaste DNA-tekniken, som inte fanns tillgänglig vid den ursprungliga förundersökningen. Därför finns det ett starkt intresse av att bevismaterial, främst spår, bevaras efter domen har vunnit laga kraft.  I denna uppsats argumenterar jag för att bevismaterial, såsom spår, inte endast bör bevaras med hänsyn till intresset av att klara upp kalla fall, utan även beträffande möjligheten till framtida ansökan om resning - åtminstone om det brott som begicks var ett allvarligt sådant. Enligt min studie är det en vanlig uppfattning bland polisen att bevarandet av bevismaterial, såsom spår, är oreglerat. Jag argumenterar för att arkivlagen, som reglerar den allmänna skyldigheten för statliga myndigheter att bevara allmänna handlingar, även är tillämplig lag avseende spår. Följaktligen föreslår jag att myndigheter bör bevara alla dessa typer av material. Alternativt borde den dömde underrättas av lämplig myndighet att bevismaterialen ska hävas, och ge hen rätt att begära, inom viss tid, att bevismaterialen ska fortsätta att bevaras. Dessutom konstaterar jag att det bör införas en möjlighet för den dömde att begära ny DNA-testning efter lagakraftvunnen dom i Sverige, likt regleringen på federal nivå i USA, samt att kravet på förundersökningens återupptagande enligt 58:6a RB bör sänkas. En annan lösning skulle vara att göra det möjligt för domstolen i enlighet med 58:6b RB att förelägga åklagaren att vidta viss utredningsåtgärd när det kan antas leda till förundersökningens återupptagande. Om inte dessa förändringar sker bör åklagaren åtminstone ha möjlighet att vidta utredningsåtgärder, som att t.ex. initiera ny DNA-testning, genom att utnyttja möjligheten att delvis återuppta förundersökningen.

The growth of data/information on social media and in large organizations is huge in terms of velocity, volume and variety which is also something being tackled by the large IT companies providing Big Data solutions. The other challenges which are linked to managing the huge pile of data are about ensuring preservation and access of crucial data which has implications in every sector ranging from pharmaceuticals to aerospace and cultural institutions (museums, archives and governmental records). The challenges for data management are further complicated by the changing infrastructure landscape and the new business models to host data in virtualized cloud-based storage termed as Cloud solutions (PaaS, SaaS, and IaaS). Several large companies and public institutions are migrating their data/applications to cloud due to the apparent benefits of scalability, reliability, cost, easy of operability and security. The digitization and maintenance of e-records / digital archives in Cloud provides many potential benefits but it is also prone to several risks to ensure long-term retention of data as well as to ensure integrity, authenticity and accessibility of data. For several organizations such as memory institutions, heavy industries (Aerospace & Defence), banks and pharmaceutical companies, it is business critical to securely store data for long-term with integrity, authenticity and accessibility ensured. Hence, along with preservation of data, it is crucial to keep integrity and authenticity of data intact. The digital forensics methods and tools offer several solutions to ensure preservation of data and detect risks at pre-ingest stage of digital archiving to take appropriate measures towards ensuring authenticity, integrity and accessibility. The specific forensics methods and tools also offers possibilities to detect malicious activities or tampering in the digital archives and prepare report for presentation in the court. This thesis work is focussed on the applications of digital forensics towards ensuring the preservation of data in cloud-based storage. It discusses the applications of processes, methods and tools to improve the acquisition, management and accessibility of collections hosted on cloud-based storage (Google Drive, Sky Drive). The pilot platform (i.e. Google Drive) would be tested with forensics methods/tools to draw conclusions for the memory institutions about hosting their data on cloud storage.

Les catastrophes sanitaires sérielles rythment désormais l'histoire des dommages. Face à de tels risques, les avancées de ces dernières années ont été marquées par une volonté de prévention, de traitement en amont, à travers la mise en place d'un véritable arsenal législatif à visée préventive. Mais on ne peut oublier que l'ensemble de cet arsenal législatif « d'évitement » ne saurait être effectif sans un véritable dispositif « sanctionnateur ». Pourtant, le constat est ici celui de la difficulté dans laquelle se trouve notre droit de la responsabilité classique à se saisir de tels événements et à permettre l'engagement effectif des responsabilités et même, avant cela, afin de permettre une recherche efficace de la vérité, des causes et des éventuels responsables de la catastrophe. Le constat d'impunité découle de l'inadéquation des règles classiques du droit de la responsabilité aux particularités des catastrophes sanitaires sérielles. Les avancées en matière d'adaptation de notre droit de la responsabilité à ce type d’événement sont d'ores et déjà remarquables. Mais la question de la construction d'un véritable droit des catastrophes sanitaires se pose avec toujours plus de véhémence. Le sujet de cette étude est très justement d'étudier les spécificités des catastrophes sanitaires particulièrement sérielles, pour analyser comment notre droit de la responsabilité s'y adapte afin d'y répondre. Il s'agira, ensuite, de proposer des pistes de solutions envisageables afin de perfectionner encore, de compléter, voire même, de réformer, notre droit de la responsabilité pour conformer la recherche judiciaire des responsabilités aux spécificités des catastrophes sanitaires sérielles et la rendre ainsi efficace et effective. L’incidence des spécificités des catastrophes sanitaires sérielles se retrouve, tout d'abord, sur les règles de droit substantiel, gouvernant les responsabilités civile, administrative et pénale (Première partie). Mais, les difficultés posées par les catastrophes sanitaires sérielles ne s’arrêtent pas aux règles substantielles et touchent également le droit procédural et l'organisation judiciaire. Il ne nous faut oublier que les règles de procédures conditionnent l’efficacité des règles du droit de la responsabilité de fond (Deuxième partie).Mais avant d’entrer dans le vif de l’analyse, encore faudra-il s'entendre sur la notion de catastrophe sanitaire sérielle. Il s'agit, tout d’abord, de conceptualiser une notion capable de devenir le creuset d'un modèle juridique
Serial sanitary disasters now punctuate the history of damages. In facing such risks, progress made in recent years has focused on prevention and upstream processing through the implementation of a strong legislative arsenal with preventive purposes. Yet, this legislative arsenal based on "avoidance" cannot be effective without a corresponding "sanctioning" mechanism. However, our classic liability law is ill equipped in terms of searching for the truth, the causes of such events and effectively engage responsibilities. This sense of impunity comes from the inadequacy between the classic liability law and the particularities of serial sanitary disasters. The progress in adapting our liability law to this type of events is already remarkable. Nonetheless, the construction of an actual law for natural disasters remains an open question.The subject of this study is precisely to study the specificities of sanitary disasters, particularly serial ones, in order to see how our liability law adapts to it. The purpose here is to propose possible solutions to further develop, complete or even reform our liability law to align judicial accountability research with the specificities of serial sanitary disasters and thus make it more efficient and effective.The specificities of serial sanitary disasters firstly have an impact on substantive law that governs civil, administrative and criminal liability (Part I). Furthermore, the difficulties posed by serial sanitary disasters also impact procedural law and the judicial system. Indeed, we must not forget that procedural rules condition the effectiveness of the liability law rules (Part II).But before getting into the substance of the analysis, it will be necessary to agree on the notion of serial sanitary disaster. In fact, it is necessary to conceptualize a notion that can become the crucible of a legal model

xxii, 272 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.)
Historic campgrounds on National Forest Service lands are a key location where the public experiences the intersection of natural and cultural resources. In the Pacific Northwest Region, the majority of historic Forest Service campgrounds date from the Civilian Conservation Corps/New Deal era of the 1930s; however, some existed previous to this period. Overall, these campgrounds were envisioned, designed, and evolved in an era of rapid technological change, when increasing industrialization, urbanization, and rural accessibility facilitated a cultural need for both preservation of and accessibility to natural resources. In order to understand how these campgrounds evolved over time, existing campground conditions were documented using a case-study approach, based on historic integrity, range of geographic accessibility, and historical data availability. In order to understand what changes have occurred over time, existing and historic conditions were compared. Based on the results, broad cultural landscape stewardship recommendations are made.
Committee in charge: Robert Z. Melnick, FASLA Chairperson; Donald Peting, Member

Der UNESCO-Welterbestatus als ein kontroverses Thema in der lokalen bis globalen Öffentlichkeit gewinnt für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. Denn zum einen nehmen die Nominierungen europäischer Stätten als Weltkulturerbe zu, und zum anderen hält der Trend zur räumlichen Polarisierung an. Es wachsen die Disparitäten zwischen peripheren und metropolen Regionen und ihren Städten. Der Notwendigkeit, wirtschaftliche, demografische und kulturelle Konzentrationsprozesse in Metropolen nachhaltig zu lenken, steht die Herausforderung gegenüber, angesichts von Schrumpfung und vielfältigen Problemlagen in peripheren Regionen, Erreichtes zu stabilisieren und Entwicklungen zu stimulieren. Der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus ist in Folge dieser Entwicklungen für immer mehr lokale und regionale Akteure ein relevantes Thema, das gegenwärtig in metropolen Welterbestätten vor allem als Entwicklungsbarriere und Konfliktpotenzial und in peripheren Regionen als Chance für Stabilität und Entwicklung brisant erscheint. Tatsächlich ist das Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung kaum beschrieben. Es fehlen zum einen umfassende Evaluationen, die die Wirkungen des Weltkulturerbestatus im Querschnitt der soziokulturellen bis wirtschaftlichen Stadtentwicklungsthemen darstellen, negative Effekte thematisieren und das Wirken des Labels am Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit bewerten. Zum anderen fehlen Studien, die systematisch erklären, warum der Welterbestatus wie auf die Stadtentwicklung wirkt und welche Bedingungen das Wirken des Welterbeslabels beeinflussen. Die räumliche Lage einer Welterbestätte und das Handeln ihrer Akeure sind dabei aus praktischer und theoretischer Sicht wesentliche und bislang unzureichend untersuchte Bedingungen. Im Ergebnis mangelt es an übertragbaren, wissenschaftlichen und praxisrelevanten Ableitungen, wie - in Anbetracht differenzierter lokaler Konstellationen - der Welterbestatus ein Teil nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung sein kann. Ziel der Arbeit sind demnach raumdifferenzierte und akteurszentrierte Ansätze, die den UNESCO-Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung erschließen: ihn schützen und nutzen. Dazu wurde das Wirken des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung evaluiert, differenziert für den peripheren und metropolen Raum und in Abhängigkeit vom lokalen Akteurshandeln. Als theoretische Leistung der Arbeit wurde ein eigenständiger Evaluationsansatz entwickelt. Er dient der Feststellung und Bestimmung der Wirksamkeit des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung auf Grundlage des sozialwissenschaftlichen Kausalitätsverständnisses und der theoriebasierten Plausibilisierung der Wirkrekonstruktionen. Er ermöglicht, entscheidungs- und verbesserungsorientiertes Wirkungswissen sowie theoriebildendes Wissen zu erarbeiten. Empirische Grundlage ist dafür die Untersuchung dreier, theoriebasiert augewählter Fallbeispiele. Es sind die Weltkulturerbestädte St. Petersburg (Russland), Stralsund und Wismar (Deutschland). Die Städte ähneln sich in dem Merkmal, dass ihre Innenstädte flächenhaft als Weltkulturerbestätte anerkannt sind. Sie unterscheiden sich in ihren Konstellationen der Kriterien "Lage im Raum" (metropoler versus peripherer Kontext) und "Verhalten der Stadtverwaltung" gegenüber dem Welterbelabel (Passivität versus Aktivität). Die zentralen Forschungsergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich letztlich in vier Punkten zusammenfassen: 1. Der Weltkulturerbestatus ist nachweislich ein Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung, das in einem breiten Themenquerschnitt Entwicklungen der Welterbestadt bedingt bzw. bedingen kann. Die Daten der Arbeit belegen, dass der Welterbestatus sowohl die lokalen Lebensqualitäten und Wirtschaftsentwicklungen in den Fallstudien, als auch die lokale Denkmalpflege und das öffentliche Stadtentwicklungshandeln verändern kann. 2. Das Welterbelabel wirkt bisher in keiner der untersuchten Welterbestädte gezielt nachhaltig-positiv (Nachhaltigkeitsthese). Die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in den Fallstudien entsprechen nicht durchgehend dem Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit. Nachhaltigkeit ist in der Arbeit über die Prinzipien der Integration, Partizipation und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit operationalisiert. Negative nicht nachhaltige Wirkungen in den Fallstudien sind beispielsweise welterbelabelbedingte Parallelstrukturen in den Stadtverwaltungen und Überlastungen lokaler Akteure (Verteilungsgerechtigkeit), intransparente Entscheidungsprozesse sowie die labelbedingte Produktion bzw. Verstärkung verwaltungsinterner Ressortgrenzen (Partizipation), welterbestatusbedingte Abschreckungen von lokalen Wirtschaftsakteuren sowie massive Gefährdungen des Bauerbes trotz Welterbelabel (Integration). Diese negativen Teilwirkungen des UNESCO-Labels sind unter anderem die Folge von Unachtsamkeit bzw. Desinteresse lokaler, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure gegenüber potenziellen Wirkbereichen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung. Die Nachhaltigkeitsthese besagt dementsprechend: Der Welterbestatus ist in den untersuchten Welterbestädten ein ungenutztes Potenzial für nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. Denn die Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus zur Beförderung des lokalen Denkmalschutzes, der lokalen Lebensqualität und Wirtschaftsentwicklung werden von den Akteuren der Stadtverwaltung, Privatwirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft nicht konsequent integrativ, transparent-partizipativ und effizient-ressourcengerecht bedacht und genutzt. 3. Das Welterbelabel ist ein räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die (nachhaltige) Stadtentwicklung (Raum- und Akteursthese). Es wirkt begleitend, statt entscheidend auf lokale Entwicklungen. Drittes Kernergebnis der Arbeit ist der Nachweis des UNESCO-Welterbelabels als ein relatives, nämlich räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die Stadtentwicklung. So betont die Raumthese der Arbeit den Einfluss des räumlichen Kontextes einer Welterbestadt auf die lokalen Möglichkeiten der Inwertsetzung und des Wirkens des Labels. Sie besagt: Das Potenzial des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist für Welterbestädte des peripheren Raumes größer als für Welterbestädte des metropolen Raumes, denn in Städten des peripheren Raumes mobilisiert der Welterbestatus deutlich stärker die Lokalakteure, Ideen und Aktivitäten zur Stadtentwicklung zu entwickeln und umzusetzen. Es sind Absichten und Aktivitäten zum Schutz und zur Nutzung des Welterbestatus. In der Tendenz sind die Wirkungen des Welterbestatus für den Schutz des baulichen (Welt-) Erbes und die soziokulturelle und ökonomische Stadtentwicklung zudem für periphere Welterbestädte relativ stärker als für Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum. Die Bedingungen für die Inwertsetzung des Welterbestatus sind allerdings im peripheren Raum relativ schlechter als in metropolen Welterbestädten, aufgrund begrenzter Finanz- und Personalressourcen der Lokalakteure aus Lokalwirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Stadtverwaltung. Neben dem räumlichen Kontext einer Welterbestadt sind die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung nachweislich vom Handeln der Lokalakteure abhängig. Die Akteursthese der Arbeit besagt: Das Potenzial des Welterbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist bedingt durch das Handeln der lokalen Akteure. Je aktiver und querschnittsorientierter Lokalakteure mit Durchsetzungsvermögen den Welterbestatus in Wert setzen, das heißt schützen und nutzen, desto deutlicher und vielfältiger sind die Wirkungen des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadtentwicklung im Rahmen des theoretisch Möglichen. Das prinzipiell positive wie negative Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels wird erst durch das Handeln, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure wie leitende Stadtverwaltungsvertreter aktiviert. Das Wirkpotenzial des Welterbestatus in allen untersuchten Bereichen der Stadtentwicklung ist allerdings nachweislich begrenzt. Denn das Label spricht stets nur kleine Zielgruppen an und wirkt in ihnen als begleitendes, statt entscheidendes Argument für Verhaltensweisen. Ein stetes Mehr an lokalen Inwertsetzungsaktivitäten stößt letztlich an diese intrinsischen Wirkgrenzen des UNESCO-Labels (die Grenzen des theoretisch Möglichen) und damit auf den so genannten abnehmenden Grenznutzen. Zudem ist das lokale Wirken des Welterbelabels nicht allein von lokalen Bedingungen, wie dem Raumkontext der Stätte und das Akteurshandeln beeinflusst. Es steht nachweislich auch - in Einzelfällen sehr deutlich - im Zusammenhang mit überlokalen Bedingungen und Akteurshandlungen. 4. Differenzierte Ansätze, die den Raumkontext und die Akteurskonstellationen der Welterbestätte als Wirkbedingungen reflektieren und abstrahieren, sind praxisrelevante und übertragbare Anregungen dafür, den Welterbestatus nachhaltig als Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung zu erschließen. Letztes Kernergebnis der Arbeit sind zwei übertragbare Ansätze, die den Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung differenziert für die Konstellationen „Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum“ und „Welterbestädte im peripheren Raum“ erschließen. Sie bieten inhaltliche, strukturelle und prozessuale Anregungen für das (Verwaltungs-) Handeln in Welterbestädten, die auf den Fallstudienergebnissen, auf Erfahrungen weiterer deutscher Welterbestädte sowie auf den aktuellen internationalen Diskussionen zum Management von Welterbestätten beruhen. Das Forschungsergebnis zum relativen, raumdifferenzierten und akteursabhängigen Potenzial des Welterbelelabels für die Stadtentwicklung begründet die Differenzierung der Ansätze. Es ist zudem der Ansatzpunkt, um die vielschichtigen Situationen in den untersuchten Fallstudien nachvollziehbar in Form von context-mechanism-output configurations zu abstrahieren und damit die Übertragung der Ansätze auf andere Welterbestädte ähnlicher Konstellationen prinzipiell zu ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte das Leitbild für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in metropolen Stadtregionen lauten: Das bauliche (Welt)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes des Denkmalschutzes in der Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild reflektiert sowohl den lokalen Handlungsbedarf und die ideelle Verpflichtung der Stadtgesellschaft gegenüber der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft, das (Welt-) Erbe dauerhaft zu schützen, als auch die empirisch-theoretisch begründete Folgerung, dass aus der lokalen Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels keine bzw. maximal marginale Wirkungen für die lokale Wirtschafts- und soziokulturelle Stadtentwicklung resultieren. Es zielt weder auf das kategorische Ausschließen soziokultureller und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungen im Welterbegebiet, noch auf den Rückzug der Denkmalpflege, sondern sucht, das Ausbalancieren von Schutz- und Entwicklungszielen nachhaltig zu qualifizieren. Das Leitbild entspricht in diesem Sinne grundsätzlich dem bekannten Leitbild der bewahrenden Stadtentwicklung. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels sowie das garantierte Mindestmaß an Aufmerksamkeit und Mitgestaltungswillen für die lokale Stadtentwicklung seitens der internationalen UNESCO und ICOMOS definieren jedoch letztlich die besondere Chance und brisante Herausforderung des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in metropolen Stadtregionen. Der in der Arbeit entwickelte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel greift deshalb zunächst auf prozessuale und strukturelle Elemente zurück, die eine nachhaltige, bewahrende Entwicklung auch in Nichtwelterbestädten fördern und detailliert diese dann in wenige Punkten entsprechend der spezifischen Notwendigkeiten und Erfahrungen in UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestädten. Die welterbespezifischen Notwendigkeiten berühren in metropolen Welterbestädten in erster Linie die nachhaltige \"Sicherung der Qualität von Planungszielen, Maßnahmen und Projekten\" für das (Welt-) Erbegebiet in konfliktfreier Kooperation mit den überlokalen Welterbegremien und ohne Aufgabe der kommunalen Selbstbestimmung sowie die nachhaltige Verankerung des Welterbeschutzgedankens in der lokalen Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild für den Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in peripheren Stadtregionen sollte in Ergänzung dazu lauten: Das bauliche (Welt-)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes der Denkmalpflege in der Stadtgesellschaft. Der Welterbestatus wird nachhaltig und erfolgreich genutzt, um soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Stabilität bzw. Entwicklungen zu befördern. Im Unterschied zu Welterbestädten im metropolen Raum zielt das Leitbild, neben dem nachhaltigen Schutz des (Welt-)Erbes, folglich auch auf die Nutzung des Welterbelabels für die soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung bzw. Stabilität der Stadt. Denn sowohl die Handlungsbedarfe in peripheren Welterbestädten, als auch die lokalen Inwertsetzungsabsichten und die theoretisch begründbaren Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus sprechen für die Aktivierung der soziokulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Wirkchancen des UNESCO-Welterbelabels. Dabei ist es entscheidend, lokale Strukturen und Prozesse auf- bzw. auszubauen, die nicht nur der Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels dienen, sondern allgemeinhin die sozioökonomische Entwicklung der Stadt fördern. Denn zum einen sind in peripheren Städten die lokalen Handlungsressourcen begrenzt und zum anderen sind den Wirkmöglichkeiten des UNESCO-Titels intrinsische Grenzen gesetzt. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels, die nationale ideelle Mitverantwortung für die lokale Welterbepflege sowie der Zugang zu (inter-)nationalen Welterbenetzwerken definieren letztlich die besondere Chance des Labels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in peripheren Städten. Der detaillierte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel thematisiert folglich auch, wie diese spezifischen Möglichkeiten nachhaltig genutzt werden könnten. Letztlich liegt in der systematisch differenzierenden Untersuchung zu den Wirkungen verschiedener lokaler Welterbemanagementsysteme weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Es sind Best Practice Beispiele für die nachhaltige (Welt-) Erbepflege und sozioökonomische Welterbelabelnutzung zu identifzieren und kommunizieren, um die Idee des weltweiten Erbes der Menschheit in allen, metropolen wie peripheren Regionen umsetzen zu helfen. Die UNESCO als Träger der Welterbeidee sollte derartige Forschungen verstärkt anstoßen und kommunizieren und damit stärker als bisher ein konstruktiver Partner für die gestaltenden Akteure in Welterbestätten sein. Im Ergebnis ist die Arbeit sowohl ein Beitrag zu aktuellen welterbebezogenen Fachdiskussionen (Welterbemanagement), als auch zu den gegenwärtigen Ziel- (Leitbilddiskussion zur Nachhaltigkeit) und Steuerungsdiskussionen in der Raumentwicklung (Governance, evidenzbasierte Planung).

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est considérée depuis plus de 30 ans comme une pathologie de la mémoire empêchant l’apprentissage d’informations nouvelles en mémoire déclarative. Cependant, l’Histoire de la neuropsychologie rapporte des cas de patients présentant des capacités d’encodage résiduelles malgré une amnésie non-dégénérative avec des lésions pourtant proches de celles de la MA. Si les tâches de laboratoire échouent à montrer ces capacités dans la MA dès les stades légers en utilisant des stimuli verbaux et picturaux neutres, nous avons étudié dans quelle mesure la musique et d’autres types de stimuli artistiques peuvent permettre de les révéler dans des conditions plus écologiques, notamment par l’exposition passive répétée. En utilisant une échelle d’apprentissage construite pour étudier l’évolution du sentiment de familiarité dans la MA, nous avons pu révéler et décrire des apprentissages nouveaux chez ces patients à des stades modérés à sévères, ainsi qu’en inférer la nature au regard des modèles de mémoire classiques et contemporains. Pour finir, nous proposons de discuter en quoi la prise en compte de ces capacités pourrait changer les représentations associées à la MA, et améliorer l’accompagnement proposé aux patients et à leurs aidants familiaux et professionnels
For the past 30 years, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been considered as a crippling memory disorder impairing any possibility of new learnings in declarative memory. However, in the history of neuropsychology, cases of residual encoding have been reported with amnestic patients presenting different etiologies despite showing lesions very similar to AD. Although using neutral verbal and pictural items in laboratory settings failed to report preserved learning capacities from the mild stages, we investigated how using music and other artistic items in ecological settings may reveal these capacities in AD patients at a moderate to late stage, notably by passive repeated exposition. By relying on a behavioral scale designed to study the evolution of the sense of familiarity in these patients, we were able to show and describe new learnings in this population, and inferring their nature in view of both classical and contemporary memory models. Finally, we offer suggestions to discuss how acknowledging these capacities could change the way AD is perceived, and how it could help caring for people affected by it and their familial and professional caregivers

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊管理學系所
105
With the development of information systems more and more mature, some companies will use some common systems to manage the company''s internal information, such as ERR, CRM, BI, HRMS and other common systems. In the enterprise usually use the information system to store the company''s business secrets and personnel information, but also because of the popularity of system information and convenience, if the company intends to steal the company''s business secrets is very easy, so how It is a very important subject to the fact that the trade secrets of the controlling company are not easily accessible. In recent years, Taiwan''s technology industry has a lot of business secrets of the case, the occurrence of these cases for the enterprise has brought great harm, in addition to lead to reduced competitiveness of the company also affected the company''s reputation in the international and credit. This study explores the cases that have occurred in recent years, and summed up the following three points (1) the enterprise log file to retain the relevant issues, (2) personal data protection law, (3) digital identification. This study also provides information security management policy process and digital identification tools to introduce and do verify the development of enterprises to help ensure the development of policy, to prevent corporate business leaks when companies can retain the relevant digital evidence and defend the company''s intellectual property rights.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊管理學系所
106
Recently, the news of hackers hack into company’s network has been heard and the personal data protection law has been issued, which have made company pay attention to the field of digital forensics. In order to achieve the principle of absolute liability in personal data protection law and be able to prove effectively after the event, the preservation of digital evidence is even more important. Also, the log data can be used as a track for tracking incidents, and it can prove behavior when a security incident happens. However, the log data can be easily modified, and it is hard to determine the integrity and original source of data. Therefore, it is more difficult for the judge to believe the admissibility of evidence and the probative value of evidence. In this study, we will aim at the need for company to preserve the digital evidence to develop a digital evidence preservation in log data. We use blockchain’s unmodifiable feature to store log data in blockchain distributed ledger, and use the consortium blockchain to design a blockchain, which contains one server peer and some company peers. The server peer controls peer’s permissions, and the company peers can store log data on the blockchain. When block is generated by mining peer, each peer will receive this block, thereby achieving the unmodifiable and consistency of log data. In the litigation, it can not only be used to prove the probative value of evidence, but also make the log data more powerful in admissibility of evidence. So that company can achieve the purpose of absolute liability and prove effectively after the event.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊管理學系所
107
Due to the convenience of the information network era, users can connect to the Internet to browse the web, mobile communication and mobile office operations on any mobile device. The company provides documents processing, mailing and sign-off for employees to carry out related work in the office. When working in a system, etc., when encountering a business trip, you must provide relevant tools, such as a notebook computer for employees to carry it for work. However, how to allow employees to work while preventing employees from carrying relevant confidential documents or sending them to the outbound mailing address is the focus of this article. In the event of a data breach, how can the company prove the evidence to prove that the employee has violated the evidence-issuing work of the data leakage, and how the information department can prove that the company’s information is protected without any fault. At this time, it is necessary to provide strong evidence to facilitate When the judicial proceedings are conducted, they are used as evidence in court. Through the Citrix Session Record environment, you can provide a side-by-side result of unmodified user behavior, and also make this behavior record the best evidence for future digital identification; and these proofs are in future legal evidence. Whether the role played is sufficient to define the facts of the crime, and whether the future judicial requirements for digital evidence will change, is the direction of this article.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資訊與財金管理系
107
Nowadays, many of digital evidence preservation systems are based on third-party centralized storage, which some problems may happen, e.g., storage device crashed and data tampering. These problems would make evidence totally valueless. In this study, I have presented and made a digital evidence preservation system based on blockchain and IPFS technology. Digital evidence file stores in the IPFS, and using the smart contract to store the information of digital evidence and the ipfs hash value of the evidence in the blockchain. It could ensure the data integrity and keep the value of digital evidences.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系法律專業組
106
The aims and functions of “disputes resolution”, “avoidance of lawsuits filing” and “procedure promotion” have been introduced into Pre-action Evidence Preservation System since the amendment to Civil Procedure Law in 2000, through an expansion of evidence collection means. Owing to the facts that patents are tend to be infringed repeatedly and the evidence is almost fully controlled by the party on the other side, there is an urgent need of Pre-action Evidence Preservation in patent infringement litigation, comparing to tangible property. It starts with the Specific Requirement (or Substantiierungspflicht) in civil litigation in this article. The specific requirement in earlier procedure stage should be loosened, allowing general statement to a certain extent in the pleading of Pre-action Evidence Preservation. In addition, because of high overlapping and means-and-end relationship between specific requirement and spoliation of evidence, a court should not dismiss the motion once specific requirement is met. Moreover, principles for selecting the requirements of pre-action evidence preservation are proposed in this article. That is, requirements relating to “factum probandum after filing” or “subject-matter of complaint” should secede, owing to these two factors doesn’t exist before filing a lawsuit. Besides, requirements for different types of evidence preservation are analyzed in detail. It is suggested that interpretation should be carried out in a manner that strengthens the protection of patentees first. Second, only if trade secret cannot be protected by reasonable means, should it be considered in interest balancing. Third, non-statutory requirements should not be considered. And last, regulations in patent law should also be taken into consideration when it comes to utility model patents.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
98
In early days, criminal evidence management and protection system were not well implemented; corresponding laws for criminal evidence protection and preservation were not established at the same time. Therefore, sometimes it is hard for prosecutor to prosecute a criminal successfully with not well preserved criminal evidence. Along with the progress of information science technology and Internet popularization, modern criminal styles and skills utilize a lot of computers and digital storage devices. On the other hand, people’s consciousness of human rights around the world has driven and enforced the legislation of related laws and regulations. Traditional criminal evidence management and preservation system cannot accommodate to the new requirements and situations any more. As the government encourages new RFID applications, we utilize the RFID technology onto the digital evidence management and preservation system in this study because the cost of RFID tag is very low and RFID reader can effectively identify tagged objects. An experimental digital evidence protection system is implemented with RFID technology. Based on our simulations and analysis, the prototype is very promising in terms of system efficiency and safety effectiveness.

碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
104
Film is known as a modern science and technology of the eighth art, as it realizes the pursuit of the modern art for the realistic illusions. Each film at various periods represents the history and culture of a certain area or a certain period of time, and the education, culture, art, science and the history value it reflected is hereby considered as an indispensable part for the cultural heritage of a country. The film development in an early stage has not been put much emphasis on the preservation of each works. In the past, film companies eliminated or discarded those silent films with no economic value or lack of commercial market. Moreover, the outbreak of the World War II has also caused huge losses or damages of many precious films. The advent of the digital age represents the crisis of disappearance that the old films with historical memories worldwide have to face with. This is more urgent that a large number of films which are on the verge of being damaged need to be repaired and restored. For chapters arrangement, the first part of this paper is the introduction, which explains the research target and purpose, research method, literature review, research scope, limitations and framework. The theme of the second chapter is about the Restoration and Preservation Principle of the Film, which is aimed to describe the film material, characteristics and repair principle. The third and the fourth chapter are the description reports on the Digital Restoration and Preservation in the European Community and the Policy and the Repair Progress by the British Film Institute. The fifth chapter is the conclusion, which is made based on the overview to the above-mentioned chapters, together with the research findings and prospect.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
104
Since subject matter of patent litigation involves highly technical and confidential information, and since plaintiff bears burden of proof, it is critical to enforce evidence preservation during patent litigation procedure. The 2000 amended Civil Procedure Law has already provided evidence preservation mechanism to assure current affairs or objects status to avoid further dispute. In addition, Article 18 of Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act provides direct enforcement means to deal with the situation where the counter party unreasonably refusing evidence preservation. However, focusing on business competition background of parties, and the necessary protection of trade secret information in a patent infringement case, under the preservation of evidence, in consideration that any of the confidential information might be released to the public under public hearing to cause it loses secret value, or let the counterparty have the opportunity gain business advantage, together with the consideration to balance plaintiff’s and defendant’s rights and interests to help litigation proceedings. Taiwan referred to Japanese Patent Law to make Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act in 2007 to provide the rule of secret protective order, under which the party receiving confidential information shall only use it for litigation purpose. As the Japanese legal system is derived from the system of Europe and U.S.A., the rule of protective order in the United States was line support in the matter under the Discovery system of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the introduction of Japanese secret protective order system, the discussion on the protective order system of Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act, the relevant legislative background, scope, normative content and the criminal responsibility of, are worth to be referring to and learn from. The paper will introduce the preservation of evidence and secret protective order on these issues as well as the development on practical of current courts after the Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act was promulgated, and proposed to explore and prospect.

yes
We have read with interest the recent article by Sponsel et al.1 There is much evidence that glaucomatous damage occurs at the optic nerve head,2 and therefore we were surprised by the authors' conjecture that there may be a central mechanism that preserves the binocular visual field in advanced glaucoma.

The intention of this study has been to establish the effectiveness and practicality of several preservation techniques to minimise microbial degradation of volatile organic hydrocarbons that constitute arson evidence. Several typical arson samples have been tested: used carpet, wood and foam with and without additions of known hydrocarbon degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas pudia and P. flourescens). Samples were either unburnt or subject to a simulated fire and then all the samples were stored for periods of up to 16 weeks prior to analyses. The hydrocarbons in arson samples were detected by GC-Mass Spectroscopy using six key compounds to monitor degradation: heptane, decanol, methylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,2,3-11 trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene. The numbers of bacteria in samples were also monitored. The techniques used to reduce microbial degradation included removal of oxygen by oxidation of iron or by substitution with nitrogen gas, reducing water availability from the samples using a desiccant and by the addition of activated charcoal bags at the time of sample collection. The effect that storage at both low and high temperatures was also investigated. The accelerant, petroleum distillate, degraded in all test scenarios except storage at -20°C. After 4 weeks of storage at room temperature, the natural microbial populations in both burnt and unburnt carpet samples degraded the accelerant's six marker compounds by 22% and 32% respectively. By 8 weeks both had degraded by over 40%. The degradation was more rapid if bacterial cultures were added with a decrease of 48% in the unburnt samples and by 25% in the burnt samples after 4 weeks. Similar trends were seen with the painted and unpainted wood and furniture foam samples. The removal of oxygen and water was not sufficient to stop microbial growth and there was no decrease in the degradation of hydrocarbons. The use of activated charcoal in comparison greatly reduced degradation with a decrease of hydrocarbons of only 7.5% after 4 weeks in unburnt samples and 5.5% in burnt samples. The activated charcoal had no effect on microbial growth so the effect is most likely due to the volatile organic compounds being adsorbed by the charcoal and inaccessible for microbial degradation. While storage at low temperatures is the best method of storage to maintain sample integrity the use of activated charcoal added at the time of sample collection provides a cheap and practical alternative that is amenable with current practice.

碩士
樹德科技大學
經營管理研究所
106
Due to the increasing of modern digital technology and media, lifestyle has been becoming convenient, many business activities are also moving toward IT management. Therefore, many people have also begun to regard information equipment as a criminal device (tool), place, or even become a target of crimes. The case began to grow year by year, and the technology and tools for committing crimes have also made great progress. Comparatively , when law enforcement come into contact with so-called information-related commercial crimes, the level of difficulty they have to face is much more complex than lifestyle before, which will leave traces after committing crime. However, when information technology scrambles to achieve another new goal, I believe that as of today, no information expert can be sure to use the forensic tools to effectively and completely collect the available digital evidence to block the invasion of commercial criminals. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore whether research using forensic tools can completely prevent the outflow of confidential business information, also expect that the research on the forensic tools and actual operation results, and by experimental analysis and the correlation between the preservation of "digital evidence" and the "forensic tool", explore whether it is possible to fully ensure the storage of any commercially valuable information in the context of the era of technological turmoil by information tools or technologies which enable the company''s companies to fully invest in product and manufacture without any worries about the company’s trade secrets and operating models being intercepted by information criminals. Effectively ensure that commercial secrets are not stolen or deleted by people is the purpose of this study, and being available for follow-up researchers to implement practical reference.

In this dissertation I provide an ethnographic account of the testimony of four expert witnesses who appeared before the Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada (the Krever Inquiry) as they described the production of scientific knowledge and the role that knowledge played in the struggle to protect the blood supply from being contaminated by AIDS during the early 1980's. In doing so, I bring together the experts' testimony with contemporary documents gathered by the Commission and interviews I conducted with participants in the proceedings. Using insights drawn from the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and history, I explore what the witnesses' accounts reveal about their understandings of their professional world and its relationships with other worlds, especially that of public health policy making. The Krever Inquiry offered a valuable opportunity for carrying out such an investigation. It provided a site where science was not only used, it was talked about. The Inquiry invited those involved in the blood system in the early 1980's to reflect upon and explain the beliefs and actions which surrounded one of the worst public health disasters in Canadian history and it asked the witnesses how similar catastrophes could be avoided in the future. As a result, many of the issues addressed at the hearings reflect matters of current concern in public health and medicine. The Inquiry addressed difficult issues surrounding the nature of scientific knowledge and its application in health decision-making and policy formulation. This study, therefore, may be of interest to those dealing with the problems surrounding uncertainty and the management of public health crises. It may also be of interest to those dealing with conflicts rising out of the intersection of different worlds of experience and practice, as well as to those involved in the current initiatives to both make medical and public health institutions more proactive, and inclusive, and public health decision-making more transparent.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
多媒體網路通訊數位學習碩士在職專班
105
Information technology leap era of ICT equipment such as springing ㄧ flourish, to bring people a lot of convenience, but also increases the risk of capital placement, and The Social Network (station) is also quietly staged, but also bring use those who can not imagine a crisis. The study on the Facebook Messenger for the study to investigate the event of cyber crime when (phishing, a resource theft, etc. ...), digital evidence is highly occult, perishable and difficult to collect evidence and other characteristics, is a new form of network topics crime. The proposed of this study reference scholars Professor Lin Yilong digital evidence forensic standard operating procedures (DEFSOP), proposes Facebook Messenger Cloud platform digital evidence collection and preservation of standard operating procedures (Facebook Messenger-DEPSOP), analyzed through the relevant digital forensics tools and practical examples; but also because the source of digital evidence is very pluralistic, collect the evidence necessary to have a reliable authenticity, integrity, hard work if investigators gathering, data analysis because it did not follow the standard operating procedures that make them unable to reach a key to enter the court evidence, then all efforts will be in vain. Therefore, this study will to ISO 27037: Comparative Analysis 2012, the Ministry of Justice information security incident preservation of evidence standard operating procedures as well as domestic scholars Professor Lin Yilong proposed digital evidence forensic standard operating procedures (DEFSOP), and in accordance with CIAC: C (Compliance) Appropriateness of , I (integrity) integrity, a (Accuracy) correctness and C (consistency) consistency principle, as the collection and preservation of digital evidence handling follow, and to ensure that evidence obtained in the original without changing or destroying evidence in the case, Thinking the future direction of hope to further provide justice practitioners and all areas of the art in this issue.

The research attempts to evaluate the maintaining of the chain of evidence as a process of effective collection, handling and preservation of evidence. The concept "chain of evidence" refers to the process of collecting, handling and preservation of evidence until its presentation in court, as part of the investigation process. Evidence is anything that tends logically to prove or disprove a fact at issue in a judicial case. Evidence essentially consists of oral evidence, documentary evidence and real evidence. The value of evidence cannot be underestimated as evidence can make or break a case. It is therefore important that evidence is correctly and properly collected, handled and preserved to establish a strong link between an individual and a specific act.
Police Practice
Thesis ((M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation) Police Practice))

DNA is identified as a powerful tool in the solving of rape cases, but it is often destroyed either by members of the public or the police officials who attend to the scene. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of DNA evidence in rape cases in the Bishop Lavis Policing Area. To address the research topic under investigation, research questions, a legal framework and policies were used. The outcome of the study indicated poor performance in securing the crime scene and ensuring that physical evidence is preserved and not tampered with. On this basis, it was recommended that developmental workshops and intensive training on the management of DNA evidence be conducted to all members of the South African Police Service attend to rape crime scenes. This should be done to equip them with knowledge and an understanding of the management of DNA evidence.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas, no ramo de Farmacologia e Farmacoterapia, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra
Infertility is a potential adverse effect of cancer treatments and oncofertility is an emergent multidisciplinary field that addresses cancer patients’ concerns regarding their future reproductive ability. As the number of cancer survivors increase, shared decisions concerning fertility preservation (FP) must take place at the time of diagnosis. This decision has to be informed and meet patients’ preferences. However, national and international reports on FP needs and practices reveal that many patients remain unaware of the risks and not all are referred to FP counselling. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women under 40 years and future fertility is an important issue for quality of life in survivorship. Multi-agent chemotherapy (CT) regimens in association with targeted therapy (TT) and/or hormonal therapy (HT) are used to treat BC but much is still to be known about the mechanisms and gonadotoxic effects of specific regimens and treatment combinations. The identification of (in)fertility in female cancer patients has been traditionally based on the presence or absence of amenorrhea but, currently, the use of more specific surrogate markers of OR such as the Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is recommended. The aims of this work are: 1) to provide significant contributions to a shared decision-making process concerning FP and 2) to support a more accurate assessment of infertility risk associated with cancer treatments, with a special focus in young female patients with BC. A comprehensive information program directed to both cancer patients and health professionals, and involving all the relevant stakeholders in the context of cancer care, was established. These information resources were developed through a systematic approach and are currently available to Portuguese health professionals and cancer patients in many Portuguese institutions of primary, cancer and reproductive healthcare. They are currently supporting an informed and shared decision-making process in the context of FP and, by including information on risks associated with specific cancer treatments and on the factors that may influence that risk, they are also contributing for a more accurate infertility risk assessment. In parallel, the results of this information program have contributed to significant advances in the oncofertility field that have been happening in our country in the last years, from which the establishment of national clinical guidance concerning FP, endorsed by several Portuguese medical societies, must be highlighted. In order to support a more accurate assessment of infertility risks in young patients with BC, two investigation approaches were used. The first was to carry out an innovative systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies with the aim of confirming the existence of one or more factors that would help to predict, in each specific BC patient, the chance of recovering post-treatment ovarian function. The main results of this review support that younger patients are more likely to recover menses and addition of taxanes to standard CT regimens is negatively associated with recovery. The second approach was a prospective observational study in young female BC patients, developed to assess the impact of modern treatment associations combining CT with TT and/or HT agents, by measuring reliable fertility surrogate markers, and focusing on relevant reproductive health outcomes. This research found that many young women with BC will not recover to their age-expected levels of OR and that some will be at risk for premature ovarian failure. AMH was confirmed to be the most relevant OR marker in this setting. Lower age, higher AMH and exposure to trastuzumab were associated with higher post-treatment OR and better reproductive health outcomes. In addition, the lack of reliable markers of OR in patients exposed to some form of HT was highlighted by the results of this study. Notably, the results from the systematic review and from the clinical study are in accordance and support each other. In conclusion, all the various results of this work have given important contributions both for shared decisions concerning FP and for an easier and more accurate assessment of the risk of infertility in each cancer patient, especially in the case of young pre-menopausal patients with BC. The overall results of this thesis are very significant contributions to a multitude of aspects related with oncofertility, both at national and international levels. Due to a high and immediate applicability in clinical practice, they will support and facilitate a more conscious journey on oncofertility.
A infertilidade é um potencial efeito adverso dos tratamentos oncológicos e a oncofertilidade é uma especialidade multidisciplinar emergente que aborda as preocupações dos doentes oncológicos no que diz respeito à sua futura capacidade reprodutiva. À medida que o número de sobreviventes de doença oncológica aumenta, é importante permitir que decisões partilhadas sobre preservação da fertilidade aconteçam no momento do diagnóstico. Estas decisões devem ser informadas e atender às preferências dos doentes. No entanto, estudos nacionais e internacionais sobre as necessidades e práticas de PF revelam que muitos doentes permanecem inconscientes dos riscos e que poucos são encaminhados para os serviços de preservação da fertilidade disponíveis. O cancro da mama é o tipo de cancro mais comum em mulheres até aos 40 anos e a fertilidade futura é uma questão importante para a sua qualidade de vida na sobrevivência. Atualmente, são utilizados regimes de quimioterapia multiagente, em associação com terapêuticas dirigidas e/ou terapêutica hormonal mas ainda há muito a ser conhecido sobre os mecanismos e efeitos gonadotóxicos de regimes e combinações específicas de tratamento. A identificação da (in)fertilidade em mulheres com cancro tem sido tradicionalmente baseada na presença/ausência de amenorreia, mas, atualmente, o uso de marcadores mais específicos e fiáveis de reserva ovárica, como a hormona Anti-Mulleriana, é recomendado. Os objetivos desta investigação são: 1) contribuir de forma significativa para um processo de tomada de decisão informada e partilhada sobre a preservação da fertilidade em doentes oncológicos; 2) apoiar uma avaliação mais precisa do risco de infertilidade associado aos tratamentos oncológicos, com um foco especial na população de mulheres jovens com cancro da mama. Foi implementado um programa de informação abrangente, dirigido a doentes oncológicos e profissionais de saúde e envolvendo todos os intervenientes relevantes no contexto da doença oncológica. Os recursos de informação foram desenvolvidos através de uma abordagem sistemática e estão disponíveis, para profissionais e doentes, em instituições portuguesas de cuidados de saúde primários, oncológicos e reprodutivos. Atualmente, contribuem para facilitar a tomada de decisões no contexto da preservação da fertilidade e para uma avaliação mais precisa do risco de infertilidade em cada doente oncológico. Em paralelo, estes resultados contribuíram para os avanços significativos da oncofertilidade em Portugal, dos quais se destaca a publicação de recomendações clínicas nacionais sobre a proteção do potencial reprodutivo no doente oncológico, em colaboração com várias sociedades médicas. Com o objetivo de apoiar uma avaliação mais precisa do risco de infertilidade em mulheres jovens com cancro da mama, foram utilizados dois métodos de investigação. O primeiro foi a realização de uma revisão sistemática, com meta-análise, com o objetivo inovador de confirmar a existência de fatores, relacionados com o doente e/ou com o tratamento, que pudessem predizer a probabilidade de recuperação da função ovárica após exposição à quimioterapia. Os principais resultados deste estudo mostraram que as mulheres mais jovens têm maior probabilidade de recuperar a menstruação e que a adição de taxanos influencia negativamente essa recuperação. O segundo método foi um estudo observacional prospetivo em mulheres jovens com cancro da mama, que pretendeu avaliar o impacto de esquemas modernos de tratamento, através da avaliação de marcadores intermédios de fertilidade fiáveis e com foco em outcomes relevantes de saúde reprodutiva. Os resultados mostraram que muitas mulheres jovens com cancro da mama não recuperam níveis de reserva ovárica que seriam esperados para a idade e que algumas estão em risco de insuficiência ovárica prematura. Confirmou-se a relevância da hormona Anti-Mulleriana como marcador de reserva ovárica no contexto do cancro da mama. Verificou-se ainda que uma menor idade, maior nível de hormona Anti-Mulleriana e exposição ao trastuzumab são fatores associados a maior reserva ovárica pós-tratamento e a melhores resultados de saúde reprodutiva. Os resultados deste estudo salientaram ainda a ausência de marcadores fiáveis de reserva ovárica em doentes expostas a terapêutica hormonal. Notoriamente, os resultados das duas abordagens são concordantes e reforçam-se mutuamente. Em conclusão, foram produzidas contribuições muito significativas para uma variedade de aspetos relacionados com a oncofertilidade, tanto a nível nacional como internacional. Os resultados desta tese irão apoiar decisões partilhadas e informadas sobre preservação da fertilidade e uma avaliação mais precisa do risco de infertilidade em cada doente oncológico, especialmente no contexto específico de mulheres jovens com cancro da mama. Tendo em conta a elevada e imediata aplicabilidade destes contributos à prática clínica, a jornada de oncofertilidade será agora, e no futuro, mais apoiada e consciente.
Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro (Bolsa LPCC/Celgene 2012)

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
94
Taiwan criminal procedural law has significant changes after the resolution of the National Judiciary Reform Conference in 1999 that determined to adopt the “Adversary System” from the “Official principle”. Amendatory Acts after the conference are proceeded based upon the idea of “Refined Adversary System”. “Preservation of Evidences” is just the product of such a thought. Under this structure, it is to pursuit the equity in substance, one shall not excising imbalanced power then the other party. Such a value creates huge difference between what the “Official Principle” emphasizes, i.e., the prosecutor has the “Objective duty” which imposes the prosecutor the position of a judicial officer instead of a party. The difference reflects the realization to the idea and the component of “Preservation of Evidences”. This article starts from the perspective of the equity of the parties principle, by instructing the concept of “Preservation of Evidences”, portrait the outline of it to assure the establishment of equal rights of both party within the structure of “Preservation of Evidences”. Follow up the introduction to the concept of “Preservation of Evidences”, this thesis further discuss the constitutional basis of this concept in chapter III, since its said that the criminal procedural law is the applicable Constitution, we have to retrace the constitutional basis while we excise the criminal procedural law for a legal rationale. The chapter IV deals with the issue with regard to the present provisions of “Preservation of Evidences”, our criminal legal system heritage most of all provisions from foreign legislation, and the memorandum of our legislation explicitly points out that the design of Taiwan criminal procedural concerning to the “Preservation of Evidences” learned from German, Japan and Taiwan civil procedural code, therefore, whenever we discuss about issues with regard to measures of securing evidences, we are supposed to be aware of the foreign legal structure as well. In the following paragraphs, this thesis would also analyze and review the present provisions with regard to “Preservation of Evidences”. Last but not the least, the chapter V concludes the thesis with all stated above, and provide certain suggestions.

Der UNESCO-Welterbestatus als ein kontroverses Thema in der lokalen bis globalen Öffentlichkeit gewinnt für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. Denn zum einen nehmen die Nominierungen europäischer Stätten als Weltkulturerbe zu, und zum anderen hält der Trend zur räumlichen Polarisierung an. Es wachsen die Disparitäten zwischen peripheren und metropolen Regionen und ihren Städten. Der Notwendigkeit, wirtschaftliche, demografische und kulturelle Konzentrationsprozesse in Metropolen nachhaltig zu lenken, steht die Herausforderung gegenüber, angesichts von Schrumpfung und vielfältigen Problemlagen in peripheren Regionen, Erreichtes zu stabilisieren und Entwicklungen zu stimulieren. Der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus ist in Folge dieser Entwicklungen für immer mehr lokale und regionale Akteure ein relevantes Thema, das gegenwärtig in metropolen Welterbestätten vor allem als Entwicklungsbarriere und Konfliktpotenzial und in peripheren Regionen als Chance für Stabilität und Entwicklung brisant erscheint. Tatsächlich ist das Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung kaum beschrieben. Es fehlen zum einen umfassende Evaluationen, die die Wirkungen des Weltkulturerbestatus im Querschnitt der soziokulturellen bis wirtschaftlichen Stadtentwicklungsthemen darstellen, negative Effekte thematisieren und das Wirken des Labels am Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit bewerten. Zum anderen fehlen Studien, die systematisch erklären, warum der Welterbestatus wie auf die Stadtentwicklung wirkt und welche Bedingungen das Wirken des Welterbeslabels beeinflussen. Die räumliche Lage einer Welterbestätte und das Handeln ihrer Akeure sind dabei aus praktischer und theoretischer Sicht wesentliche und bislang unzureichend untersuchte Bedingungen. Im Ergebnis mangelt es an übertragbaren, wissenschaftlichen und praxisrelevanten Ableitungen, wie - in Anbetracht differenzierter lokaler Konstellationen - der Welterbestatus ein Teil nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung sein kann. Ziel der Arbeit sind demnach raumdifferenzierte und akteurszentrierte Ansätze, die den UNESCO-Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung erschließen: ihn schützen und nutzen. Dazu wurde das Wirken des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung evaluiert, differenziert für den peripheren und metropolen Raum und in Abhängigkeit vom lokalen Akteurshandeln. Als theoretische Leistung der Arbeit wurde ein eigenständiger Evaluationsansatz entwickelt. Er dient der Feststellung und Bestimmung der Wirksamkeit des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung auf Grundlage des sozialwissenschaftlichen Kausalitätsverständnisses und der theoriebasierten Plausibilisierung der Wirkrekonstruktionen. Er ermöglicht, entscheidungs- und verbesserungsorientiertes Wirkungswissen sowie theoriebildendes Wissen zu erarbeiten. Empirische Grundlage ist dafür die Untersuchung dreier, theoriebasiert augewählter Fallbeispiele. Es sind die Weltkulturerbestädte St. Petersburg (Russland), Stralsund und Wismar (Deutschland). Die Städte ähneln sich in dem Merkmal, dass ihre Innenstädte flächenhaft als Weltkulturerbestätte anerkannt sind. Sie unterscheiden sich in ihren Konstellationen der Kriterien "Lage im Raum" (metropoler versus peripherer Kontext) und "Verhalten der Stadtverwaltung" gegenüber dem Welterbelabel (Passivität versus Aktivität). Die zentralen Forschungsergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich letztlich in vier Punkten zusammenfassen: 1. Der Weltkulturerbestatus ist nachweislich ein Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung, das in einem breiten Themenquerschnitt Entwicklungen der Welterbestadt bedingt bzw. bedingen kann. Die Daten der Arbeit belegen, dass der Welterbestatus sowohl die lokalen Lebensqualitäten und Wirtschaftsentwicklungen in den Fallstudien, als auch die lokale Denkmalpflege und das öffentliche Stadtentwicklungshandeln verändern kann. 2. Das Welterbelabel wirkt bisher in keiner der untersuchten Welterbestädte gezielt nachhaltig-positiv (Nachhaltigkeitsthese). Die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in den Fallstudien entsprechen nicht durchgehend dem Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit. Nachhaltigkeit ist in der Arbeit über die Prinzipien der Integration, Partizipation und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit operationalisiert. Negative nicht nachhaltige Wirkungen in den Fallstudien sind beispielsweise welterbelabelbedingte Parallelstrukturen in den Stadtverwaltungen und Überlastungen lokaler Akteure (Verteilungsgerechtigkeit), intransparente Entscheidungsprozesse sowie die labelbedingte Produktion bzw. Verstärkung verwaltungsinterner Ressortgrenzen (Partizipation), welterbestatusbedingte Abschreckungen von lokalen Wirtschaftsakteuren sowie massive Gefährdungen des Bauerbes trotz Welterbelabel (Integration). Diese negativen Teilwirkungen des UNESCO-Labels sind unter anderem die Folge von Unachtsamkeit bzw. Desinteresse lokaler, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure gegenüber potenziellen Wirkbereichen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung. Die Nachhaltigkeitsthese besagt dementsprechend: Der Welterbestatus ist in den untersuchten Welterbestädten ein ungenutztes Potenzial für nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. Denn die Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus zur Beförderung des lokalen Denkmalschutzes, der lokalen Lebensqualität und Wirtschaftsentwicklung werden von den Akteuren der Stadtverwaltung, Privatwirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft nicht konsequent integrativ, transparent-partizipativ und effizient-ressourcengerecht bedacht und genutzt. 3. Das Welterbelabel ist ein räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die (nachhaltige) Stadtentwicklung (Raum- und Akteursthese). Es wirkt begleitend, statt entscheidend auf lokale Entwicklungen. Drittes Kernergebnis der Arbeit ist der Nachweis des UNESCO-Welterbelabels als ein relatives, nämlich räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die Stadtentwicklung. So betont die Raumthese der Arbeit den Einfluss des räumlichen Kontextes einer Welterbestadt auf die lokalen Möglichkeiten der Inwertsetzung und des Wirkens des Labels. Sie besagt: Das Potenzial des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist für Welterbestädte des peripheren Raumes größer als für Welterbestädte des metropolen Raumes, denn in Städten des peripheren Raumes mobilisiert der Welterbestatus deutlich stärker die Lokalakteure, Ideen und Aktivitäten zur Stadtentwicklung zu entwickeln und umzusetzen. Es sind Absichten und Aktivitäten zum Schutz und zur Nutzung des Welterbestatus. In der Tendenz sind die Wirkungen des Welterbestatus für den Schutz des baulichen (Welt-) Erbes und die soziokulturelle und ökonomische Stadtentwicklung zudem für periphere Welterbestädte relativ stärker als für Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum. Die Bedingungen für die Inwertsetzung des Welterbestatus sind allerdings im peripheren Raum relativ schlechter als in metropolen Welterbestädten, aufgrund begrenzter Finanz- und Personalressourcen der Lokalakteure aus Lokalwirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Stadtverwaltung. Neben dem räumlichen Kontext einer Welterbestadt sind die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung nachweislich vom Handeln der Lokalakteure abhängig. Die Akteursthese der Arbeit besagt: Das Potenzial des Welterbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist bedingt durch das Handeln der lokalen Akteure. Je aktiver und querschnittsorientierter Lokalakteure mit Durchsetzungsvermögen den Welterbestatus in Wert setzen, das heißt schützen und nutzen, desto deutlicher und vielfältiger sind die Wirkungen des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadtentwicklung im Rahmen des theoretisch Möglichen. Das prinzipiell positive wie negative Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels wird erst durch das Handeln, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure wie leitende Stadtverwaltungsvertreter aktiviert. Das Wirkpotenzial des Welterbestatus in allen untersuchten Bereichen der Stadtentwicklung ist allerdings nachweislich begrenzt. Denn das Label spricht stets nur kleine Zielgruppen an und wirkt in ihnen als begleitendes, statt entscheidendes Argument für Verhaltensweisen. Ein stetes Mehr an lokalen Inwertsetzungsaktivitäten stößt letztlich an diese intrinsischen Wirkgrenzen des UNESCO-Labels (die Grenzen des theoretisch Möglichen) und damit auf den so genannten abnehmenden Grenznutzen. Zudem ist das lokale Wirken des Welterbelabels nicht allein von lokalen Bedingungen, wie dem Raumkontext der Stätte und das Akteurshandeln beeinflusst. Es steht nachweislich auch - in Einzelfällen sehr deutlich - im Zusammenhang mit überlokalen Bedingungen und Akteurshandlungen. 4. Differenzierte Ansätze, die den Raumkontext und die Akteurskonstellationen der Welterbestätte als Wirkbedingungen reflektieren und abstrahieren, sind praxisrelevante und übertragbare Anregungen dafür, den Welterbestatus nachhaltig als Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung zu erschließen. Letztes Kernergebnis der Arbeit sind zwei übertragbare Ansätze, die den Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung differenziert für die Konstellationen „Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum“ und „Welterbestädte im peripheren Raum“ erschließen. Sie bieten inhaltliche, strukturelle und prozessuale Anregungen für das (Verwaltungs-) Handeln in Welterbestädten, die auf den Fallstudienergebnissen, auf Erfahrungen weiterer deutscher Welterbestädte sowie auf den aktuellen internationalen Diskussionen zum Management von Welterbestätten beruhen. Das Forschungsergebnis zum relativen, raumdifferenzierten und akteursabhängigen Potenzial des Welterbelelabels für die Stadtentwicklung begründet die Differenzierung der Ansätze. Es ist zudem der Ansatzpunkt, um die vielschichtigen Situationen in den untersuchten Fallstudien nachvollziehbar in Form von context-mechanism-output configurations zu abstrahieren und damit die Übertragung der Ansätze auf andere Welterbestädte ähnlicher Konstellationen prinzipiell zu ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte das Leitbild für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in metropolen Stadtregionen lauten: Das bauliche (Welt)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes des Denkmalschutzes in der Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild reflektiert sowohl den lokalen Handlungsbedarf und die ideelle Verpflichtung der Stadtgesellschaft gegenüber der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft, das (Welt-) Erbe dauerhaft zu schützen, als auch die empirisch-theoretisch begründete Folgerung, dass aus der lokalen Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels keine bzw. maximal marginale Wirkungen für die lokale Wirtschafts- und soziokulturelle Stadtentwicklung resultieren. Es zielt weder auf das kategorische Ausschließen soziokultureller und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungen im Welterbegebiet, noch auf den Rückzug der Denkmalpflege, sondern sucht, das Ausbalancieren von Schutz- und Entwicklungszielen nachhaltig zu qualifizieren. Das Leitbild entspricht in diesem Sinne grundsätzlich dem bekannten Leitbild der bewahrenden Stadtentwicklung. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels sowie das garantierte Mindestmaß an Aufmerksamkeit und Mitgestaltungswillen für die lokale Stadtentwicklung seitens der internationalen UNESCO und ICOMOS definieren jedoch letztlich die besondere Chance und brisante Herausforderung des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in metropolen Stadtregionen. Der in der Arbeit entwickelte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel greift deshalb zunächst auf prozessuale und strukturelle Elemente zurück, die eine nachhaltige, bewahrende Entwicklung auch in Nichtwelterbestädten fördern und detailliert diese dann in wenige Punkten entsprechend der spezifischen Notwendigkeiten und Erfahrungen in UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestädten. Die welterbespezifischen Notwendigkeiten berühren in metropolen Welterbestädten in erster Linie die nachhaltige \"Sicherung der Qualität von Planungszielen, Maßnahmen und Projekten\" für das (Welt-) Erbegebiet in konfliktfreier Kooperation mit den überlokalen Welterbegremien und ohne Aufgabe der kommunalen Selbstbestimmung sowie die nachhaltige Verankerung des Welterbeschutzgedankens in der lokalen Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild für den Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in peripheren Stadtregionen sollte in Ergänzung dazu lauten: Das bauliche (Welt-)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes der Denkmalpflege in der Stadtgesellschaft. Der Welterbestatus wird nachhaltig und erfolgreich genutzt, um soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Stabilität bzw. Entwicklungen zu befördern. Im Unterschied zu Welterbestädten im metropolen Raum zielt das Leitbild, neben dem nachhaltigen Schutz des (Welt-)Erbes, folglich auch auf die Nutzung des Welterbelabels für die soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung bzw. Stabilität der Stadt. Denn sowohl die Handlungsbedarfe in peripheren Welterbestädten, als auch die lokalen Inwertsetzungsabsichten und die theoretisch begründbaren Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus sprechen für die Aktivierung der soziokulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Wirkchancen des UNESCO-Welterbelabels. Dabei ist es entscheidend, lokale Strukturen und Prozesse auf- bzw. auszubauen, die nicht nur der Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels dienen, sondern allgemeinhin die sozioökonomische Entwicklung der Stadt fördern. Denn zum einen sind in peripheren Städten die lokalen Handlungsressourcen begrenzt und zum anderen sind den Wirkmöglichkeiten des UNESCO-Titels intrinsische Grenzen gesetzt. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels, die nationale ideelle Mitverantwortung für die lokale Welterbepflege sowie der Zugang zu (inter-)nationalen Welterbenetzwerken definieren letztlich die besondere Chance des Labels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in peripheren Städten. Der detaillierte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel thematisiert folglich auch, wie diese spezifischen Möglichkeiten nachhaltig genutzt werden könnten. Letztlich liegt in der systematisch differenzierenden Untersuchung zu den Wirkungen verschiedener lokaler Welterbemanagementsysteme weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Es sind Best Practice Beispiele für die nachhaltige (Welt-) Erbepflege und sozioökonomische Welterbelabelnutzung zu identifzieren und kommunizieren, um die Idee des weltweiten Erbes der Menschheit in allen, metropolen wie peripheren Regionen umsetzen zu helfen. Die UNESCO als Träger der Welterbeidee sollte derartige Forschungen verstärkt anstoßen und kommunizieren und damit stärker als bisher ein konstruktiver Partner für die gestaltenden Akteure in Welterbestätten sein. Im Ergebnis ist die Arbeit sowohl ein Beitrag zu aktuellen welterbebezogenen Fachdiskussionen (Welterbemanagement), als auch zu den gegenwärtigen Ziel- (Leitbilddiskussion zur Nachhaltigkeit) und Steuerungsdiskussionen in der Raumentwicklung (Governance, evidenzbasierte Planung).