Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Evolution environnementale'
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Fallet, Manon. "Etude de la réponse environnementale et transgénérationnelle chez l’huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas : focus sur les mécanismes épigénétiques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2019PERP0036.pdf.
Full textIndividual life history influences the phenotype and the phenotype of offspring. The different component of the heritability system including genetic and non-genetic heritability and their interactions are key mechanisms to generate these heritable phenotypes. Phenotype heritability can allow parents to transmit a better adaptive capacity in response to rapid local environmental changes, to their offspring. The pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a marine organism of economic interest as the main producing oysters worldwide. Oyster are sessile and filtering organisms which made them very sensitive to environmental pressures. Thus, the presence of pollutants and pathogens in the aquatic environment can have harmful consequences on oysters potentially leading to oysters’ death. The main objectives of my thesis were to decipher the part of different heritable mechanisms (genetic, epigenetic and microbiota) in the environmental response of oysters to two environmental stresses and to improve our knowledge about epigenetic transmission information in molluscs. During my PhD, I (i) realized a bibliographic study to identify main epigenetic factors implied in environmental response and heritability in molluscs ; (ii) study the influence of a parental exposure to a pesticide, the diuron, on the methylome and the gene expression of offspring and (iii) characterized the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and microbiotic impact of an precocious microbial exposure on the survival capacity of pacific oyster when faced to Pacific Oysters Mortality Syndrome, a disease, inducing massive mortalities in oysters’ juveniles, thus on three generation. The main results of my PhD allow to highlight the influence of environmental stresses on phenotype by methylome modifications of oysters and their offspring. In the case of the response to POMS, the microbial exposure as allowed to improve the oysters’ resistance and constitute so an adaptive phenotype illustrating the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in adaptive evolution
Roc, Gargallo Ana Cristina. "Evolution environnementale des lagunes salines carbonatées pendant l'Holocène dans la bassin Gallocanta, Aragon, NE Espagne : étude sédimentologique et palynologique." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12672.
Full textBallut, Christèle. "Evolution environnementale de la Limagne de Clermont-Ferrand au cours de la seconde moitié de l'holocène (Massif central français)." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO2004.
Full textBoulogne, Marine. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers dans le parc de Ranomafana (Madagascar) : dynamiques environnementales et trajectoires agroforestières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU018/document.
Full textIn the context of currents environmental changes, and deal with anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of tropical forest has become a major issue. In this context, Madagascar island has implemented a new forest policy since 1990, having garnered the creation of protected areas. Ranomafana National Park has been created in 1991 and classify as World heritage in 2007. The establishment of a landscape dynamics monitoring at the local level, using remote sensing, allow analysis of forest changes faces anthropogenic pressures, taking into account the specificities of the study area. This monitoring allows to observe past and crurrent pressures on forest and point landscape trajectories. In addition, the forest bioclimatic activity monitoring examines the impact of climatic conditions and land use change on vegetation dynamics. The trend is the global reduction of forest cover mainly of lowland forest. Forest degradation rate during these past 25 years is estimated at 0,62%/year. These variations are different depending on the distance to the Park. Furthermore, analysis of photosynthetic activity reveals a general decline in values over the study period, regardless of the plant community type studied.Keys-words : Madagascar, remote sensing, tropical forests, Land-use change
Segalen, Loïc. "Evolution environnementale du Désert du Namib depuis le Miocène : apports de la sédimentologie et des rapports isotopiques (13C, 18O) mesurés sur des coquilles d'oeufs de ratites." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066484.
Full textSaidane, Aness. "L'évolution du cadre juridique de protection de l'environnement en algérie." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0105.
Full textThe environmental law aims to study and to develop legal rules to protect, use, manage, understand or restore the environment. Algeria begins to be interested in degradation of environment since the 80's years. The law No. 83-03 of 5 February 1983 on the protection of the environment based on key principles of protection of environment including protection against various damages and pollution and on integration of environment protection into national planning. After two decades from the enactment of the law of 1983, the result is negative and no significant improvement was recorded in the field of environmental protection. The preparation work for the Law on environment protection enacted in 2003, revealed that Algeria does not have a strategy at both national and global conceming environment protection, such as ensure effective management of natural resources and their protection against all forms of pollution due to economic, natural and human factors. The Law of 2003 was an important legislative development in the field of protection of environment. In this context, was adopted the Law No. 03-10 of 19 July 2003 on protection of environment as part of sustainable development, in an international context characterized by the importance given to global problems of environment. Among the purposes of the law, there is also definition of the role of different stakeholders in the field of environment protection, including public administration and economic operators. The purpose is to define an environmental policy and propose elements and legal and institutional measures to strengthen the capacity of their taking care, then develop a framework of environmental basis, or a notion of shared responsibility, and participation of all economic actors to its application
Costa, Sophie. "Evolution socio-environnementale des oasis depuis les 5 derniers millénaires dans le désert sud-est arabique (Oasis de Ras al-Khaimah et Masafi, Emirats Arabes Unis) : Approche géoarchéologique et géochimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ2005.
Full textAgriculture in arid environments is in a permanent balance between environmental variations and technological and economic adaptations. Since the first archaeological studies conducted in Southeast Arabia, it has been commonly accepted that the traditional oasis model has been used there for nearly 5,000 years, a restitution based on studies of hydraulic structures and archaeobotanical remains. However, in this type of sensitive environment and in the current context of abandonment of these areas, it is difficult to believe in such a stable trajectory, and it seems important to understand their long-term dynamics. Until now, very few diachronic studies have been carried out on the agricultural areas of the oases themselves. However, their soils are the result of the combined action of natural and anthropogenic processes, and seem to constitute valuable archives for understanding human-environment trajectories. In order to promote the study of oasis pedo-sedimentary sequences, we have developed a geoarchaeological approach, implemented in the Masafi and Ras al-Khaimah oases in the United Arab Emirates, which aims to exploit their archival potential, both environmental and anthropic.In order to understand and trace the origin and construction processes of the oasis soils, as well as to identify pedo-sedimentary signatures characteristic of different cultivation practices, we have created a series of sedimentary and agricultural reference collections. Applied to the study of 37 deep sequences, in a systemic, multiscalar and diachronic exploratory approach to oases, we were thus able to trace the series of anthropic and/or natural events that led to their construction.The oasis sequences have thus recorded the climatic fluctuations that characterise the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. Phases of aeolian reactivation were identified during MIS4 (~65 ka BP) and MIS2 (~21 ka BP), and alluvial reactivations were observed in the early MIS3 (~54 ka BP), Late Glacial (~15 ka BP) and early Holocene (~8-6 ka BP), in the piedmonts and al-Hajar mountains. Incisions have also been observed in the Sir plain, the first between 9 and 8 ka BP, and the second between 6 and 4.2 ka BP. If during the second half of the Holocene, sedimentary dynamics are partly artificialised by oases installations, alluvial reactivations could be identified between ~4 and 3 ka BP, and around ~1.3/1 ka BP. A strong hydro-climatic destabilisation is observed between 3 and 2 ka BP, leading to aridification around 2 ka BP. In parallel, several cycles of regional agricultural expansion have been identified: Iron Age I/II (~3.3-2.6 ka BP), then Early Islamic period (~1.3-1 ka BP), and finally the transition between Middle and Recent Islamic periods (~0.6-0.3 ka BP). A regional agrarian decline has been documented during Iron Age III and Late Pre-Islamic period (~2.6-1.7 ka BP). It thus appears that while some communities were unable to overcome fluctuating environmental conditions, others were able to adapt, even though a form of continuum of agricultural practices seems to exist since the Iron Age. The role of natural vs. anthropogenic forcings seems to vary over time.In addition to the restitution of the trajectories of these oases, which feeds the question of the emergence and evolution of agriculture and land use in the region over the millenia, this new geoarchaeological approach offers a tool for the analysis of ancient agricultural soils in semi-arid to arid environments, which can be applied to other contexts
Saidane, Aness. "L'évolution du cadre juridique de protection de l'environnement en algérie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0105.
Full textThe environmental law aims to study and to develop legal rules to protect, use, manage, understand or restore the environment. Algeria begins to be interested in degradation of environment since the 80's years. The law No. 83-03 of 5 February 1983 on the protection of the environment based on key principles of protection of environment including protection against various damages and pollution and on integration of environment protection into national planning. After two decades from the enactment of the law of 1983, the result is negative and no significant improvement was recorded in the field of environmental protection. The preparation work for the Law on environment protection enacted in 2003, revealed that Algeria does not have a strategy at both national and global conceming environment protection, such as ensure effective management of natural resources and their protection against all forms of pollution due to economic, natural and human factors. The Law of 2003 was an important legislative development in the field of protection of environment. In this context, was adopted the Law No. 03-10 of 19 July 2003 on protection of environment as part of sustainable development, in an international context characterized by the importance given to global problems of environment. Among the purposes of the law, there is also definition of the role of different stakeholders in the field of environment protection, including public administration and economic operators. The purpose is to define an environmental policy and propose elements and legal and institutional measures to strengthen the capacity of their taking care, then develop a framework of environmental basis, or a notion of shared responsibility, and participation of all economic actors to its application
Harmand, Noémie. "Evolution expérimentale et spécialisation dans le paysage adaptatif d'un gradient environnemental." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT062/document.
Full textToday more than ever, it is crucial to anticipate and understand the evolutionary responses of living organisms faced with heterogeneous and unstable habitats. But to what extent is this possible? To reproduce an entire evolutionary trajectory, we must first describe the “material” available for adaptation (e.g. the phenotypic effects associated with the existing and novel genetic variability), and second describe the way evolutionary forces, shaped by the ecological context, result in specific “assemblies” of this material. At its simplest, this evolutionary process can be described by several cycles of mutation-selection events, leading to the adaptation of a population to an environment. This process is reflected in the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lineages undergoing controlled experimental evolution in the lab. Concurrently, adaptive (phenotypic) landscape models, and especially Fisher’s geometrical model of adaptation, are powerful tools to formulate general predictions, which can then be tested on such evolutionary trajectories. However, they remain highly theoretical, and are widely conceived in a simple ecological context. In this thesis, we identified the (mutational and selective) determinants of the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lines adapting to various environmental contexts. A first set of results regards evolution along a gradient of antibiotic doses, and their relevance is highlighted by experimental validation and by the reconstruction of the underlying adaptive landscape. A second experimental part integrates a biotic component (another bacteria) to the same environmental context. The evolutionary processes acting throughout the resulting long-term coevolution – maintained by frequency-dependent selection – are studied
Moussa, Ibrahim. "Evolution et adaptabilité du système comptable en Libye par rapport aux changements environnementaux." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726058.
Full textFabre, Elisabeth. "Exploration de la diversité virale dans les échantillons environnementaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0014/document.
Full textThe discovery of giant viruses about a decade ago has truly shaken our perception of the viral world. This discovery has initiated a debate on the origin and evolutionary history of these viruses, and it revived the debate on their nature: are viruses alive?I characterized a new Marseilleviridae, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Noumeavirus. The Marseilleviridae are large DNA viruses that have icosahedral particles of about 200 nm in diameter, and double-stranded DNA genomes of more than 300 kb. Various approaches, such as genomics, proteomics and the study of the infectious cycle, allowed us to reveal that the infectious cycle of these viruses was not independent from the cell nucleus as we thought, but was transiently recruiting nuclear functions to the viral factory.I also characterized a new Pandoravirus, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Pandoravirus neocaledonia. Pandoraviruses have a unique morphology and a gigantic double-stranded DNA genome of about 2.5 Mb. Comparative studies with other Pandoraviruses were performed using several approaches to better understand the characteristics of these original viruses. The astonishing morphology of these viruses led us to investigate the nature of their envelope, which is made of a mesh of fibers forming lamellar structures. Is it possible that Pandoraviruses, unlike other viruses, hijack the cellular machinery to build their particles? In this case, what would be their place in the evolutionary history of viruses?
Bernard, Charles. "Réseaux de communication au sein de communautés microbiennes environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS010.
Full textQuorum sensing systems (QSSs) are genetic systems supporting cell-cell or bacteriophage-bacteriophage communication via the production and the detection of a signal molecule, the extracellular concentration of which reflects the density of the QSS-encoding population. QSSs have a prime importance in the regulation of key biological processes such as virulence, sporulation or biofilm formation in bacteria, conjugation in plasmids or lysogeny in temperate bacteriophages. However, the genetic diversity of QSSs remains largely underexplored and the same holds for the diversity of organisms, plasmids and viruses encoding these systems. Hence, many bacterial and viral density-dependent behaviors likely await to be discovered, some of which could perhaps transform our views of microbial adaptation and of the co-evolution between bacteria and their mobile genetic elements. Specifically, this PhD in evolutionary bioinformatics explores the phylogenetic and functional diversity of quorum sensing using genome and network analysis methods applied to genetic elements traditionally neglected by this research field: genomes of poorly known lineages such as CPRs and DPANNs, environmental metagenomes, viral genomes or plasmids. In particular, this thesis lays the theoretical foundations for the inference of communication networks within environmental microbial communities and includes the development of a new method allowing the identification of QSSs of the RRNPP type (Rap-Rgg-NprR-PlcR-PrgX) that are non-homologous to already known QSSs. This work notably reveals the first bilingual bacteriophages, i.e. encoding two QSSs belonging to different genetic families, as well as the first bacteriophages predicted to manipulate in a density-dependent manner the biology of their bacterial host
Rebaud, Bettina. "Evolution vers des architectures de systèmes intégrés auto-adaptatives et tolérantes aux variations technologiques et environnementales." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20228.
Full textWith the « More Moore » and low power trends, optimizing or only well predicting the final performances of digital circuits become more and more difficult. Indeed, variability and hardness to accurately model transistor behavior impede the dimension scaling benefits. Current design methods generally use guard margins to prevent from the incertitude generated by these limits and to guarantee functional yield. But as we go in the nanometer era, the margin use is not efficient anymore, because of an increasing over-design, limiting optimizations and decreasing yield. Very different numerous solutions exist in order to overcome these troubles, following two main goals which are dissimilar but also complementary: increasing the robustness to uncertainty during the design levels, notably thanks to better performance analysis; and adapting the final circuit to its real process corner and to its environment. In this work, we considered these two directions: the first one thanks to (1) an implementation of a specific methodology called SSTA (Statistical Static Timing Analysis), allowing to perform statistical analysis on timing performances; this methodology allows us to accurately observe process variation effects on delays; and the second one in proposing (2) an efficient diagnostic system based on the in situ critical path monitoring concept and allowing all adaptive solution implementations. The latter answer to variability issue allows to know the real characteristics of the circuit, to crop design margins, to improve power consumption and frequency performances, and even to increase yield
Toulouse, Benoît. "Evolution spatiale de la savane arborée sahélienne, de ses usages et de sa gestion, face aux changements environnementaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC114/document.
Full textUsing remote sensing, geomatics and field surveys, we confirmed the existence of Sahelian regreening during the period 1981 to 2006, even though it is far from homogeneous. These spatial differences can not be explained solely by natural factors. Population growth alone does not explain these differences across the Sahel. The multiscale approach to changes in plant cover over more than 50 years, in the six workshops belonging to three different countries, shows that the increasing presence of man does not systematically cause the disappearance of trees. The observed agricultural expansion seems to have led to the "displacement" of trees from the savannah to the cultivated areas and villages, the rural Sahelian societies shaping tree cover according to their needs (agriculture, clearing, cutting, energy wood). The analysis of the speeches of the people we met showed that the involvement of local "facilitators" is essential to the success of replanting projects and safeguarding the forest heritage of each village. The use of geo-textometric analyzes of the discourse made it possible to highlight the opposition "Users-Managers" but also the differences between sites along the north-south bioclimatic gradient. Nevertheless, future generations have a representation of their environment that could go hand in hand with a concern for its preservation
Marcantoni, Pauline. "Recherche sur les évolutions du droit administratif sous la contrainte environnementale : l'exemple de la lutte contre la pollution." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010291.
Full textAlthough an age-old phenomenon, pollution has gained a new momentum throughout the l 970's. This development prompted the State to institute a plan to prevent or repair potential subsequent damages. At a time when it had already aroused many disagreements, administrative law then had to deal with a new matter. Balances of institutional administrative law were adjusted. The value of the state institution highly expected, was reasserted. And the administrative relations were redefined. Within the administrative institution, the unitary state was reinforced. On the contrary, the administrative power opened up towards its citizens, thus fostering its democratization. Besides, substantial administrative law, apprehensive of this new mission, tempered its movements. Due to its collective nature, pollution abatement does not lend itself to subjectivization of administrative law. While individual interests still hold an important place, the protection plan and its guarantees are based on the administrative action. The propensity to contest the autonomy of administrative law is also limited. The transversal essence of the pollution topic encourages administrative law to embrace other disciplines. Nevertheless, the integration of sources unrelated to law remains under control and the fulfilment of this new mission has moderate consequences in terms of trivialization of administrative law
Husquin, Lucas. "L’impact des variations génétiques et épigénétiques sur les réponses transcriptionnelles aux stimuli environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS648.
Full textDNA methylation profiles can vary in response to the different environments encoutered along the course of life, and in consequence present a strong diversity among human populations. Yet, the rôle played by such epigenetic differences on our adaptation to various environmental stimuli remains unclear. Thus, we first studied the differences in dna methylation between individuals of european or african origins in a purified cell type, namely the monocyte, and then in individuals of different sex or ages, in whole blood. Such comparisons allowed us too identify differentially methylated sites (DMS), and from there the biological functions potentially affected by those epigenetic differences. We then leveraged the genotyping data that we had for the same individuals in order to identify the genetic basis for a vast majority of those differences (meQTL). Furthermore, using RNA-seq data, we found direct evidence of associations between gene expression and such methylation differences (eQTM). Finally, by integrating our genetic, epigenetic and expression data altogether, we managed to shed light on the causality underlying such associations, both at a basal state and in response to stimulation of the immune system
Castège, Iker. "Evolution des populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères marins dans le Golfe de Gascogne en relation avec les changements environnementaux." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3025.
Full textThis Thesis report deals mainly with data processing of a long term data set (1976-2009) gathered from a long term survey of seabirds and sea mammals in the Bay of Biscay (France; East Atlantic). In this report we highlight some aspects of the spatio-temporal dynamics of those populations, and thus of the marine ecosystems in which they live. We emphasize the role of two major environmental forces. First of all, we investigated the direct influence of human-borne pollutions and accidental by-catches : recent oilspills (namely from the “Erika” and then the “Prestige” ships) had various and complex effects on seabird populations, but none on cetacean populations, given that stranding patterns were more likely linked by abundance and distribution of living animals at sea than by-catches or accidental oispills. Secondly, we adressed the influence of oceano-climatic variations on abundance of those top-predator populations. Overall results have important implications in species and ecosystem management (e. G. Marine Protected Areas design) as well as fundamental ecology (e. G. Ecosystem oceanography paradigm)
Rufin-Soler, Caroline. "Evolutions environnementales des littoraux des atolls coralliens dans les océans Indien et Pacifique : le cas des archipels Maldivien et Tuvaluan." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409568.
Full textDutilleul, Morgan. "Réponses microévolutives et coûts adaptatifs de populations de Caenorhabditis elegans exposées à des stress environnementaux." Thèse, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5860/1/D2565.pdf.
Full textMialhe, François. "Le développement de l'aquaculture saumâtre dans l'Aire Pacifique Evolution des paysages, dynamiques socio-économiques et impacts environnementaux dans deux territoires au Pérou et aux Philippines." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557715.
Full textRinguet, Stéphane. "Evolution des peuplements et des populations de micromammifères terrestres de foret tropicale a la suite de la fragmentation de leur habitat : l'exemple du barrage de petit saut (Guyane française)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0028.
Full textPereira, Quiroga Ana Isabel. "Evolution des populations phytoplanctoniques de la Baie de Banyuls-sur-Mer, avec une attention particulière pour les genres possédant des espèces potentiellement toxiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066345.
Full textEl, Helou Nour. "Evolution des performances sportives : apport de l'épidémiologie pour l'analyse des performances sportives et des influences physiologiques, technologiques, génétiques et environnementales sur les progressions humaines au cours de l'ère olympique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P603.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of athletic performance during the Olympic era and try to interpret the physiological, technological, genetic and environmental influences. Mathematical modeling of quantifiable sports performance shows similar trends in all events: they follow a piecewise multi-exponential progression punctuated by historical events. This global vision allows the discovery of a limiting phenomenon common to all disciplines, performance can not continue to grow, and some have already stopped growing. These limitations observed in the field of sports are an indicator of physiological limitations of the human species. The main factors that would allow for further performance improvements are technological innovations. Furthermore genetic predisposition of athletes and their phenotype resulting from interactions between genes and environment, enable them to perform these maximal athletic performances. The majority of world records were beaten by athletes from nations that are among the major world powers, providing a geographical, economic and socio-political environment promoting the development of sport. Thus we suggest that sport is an indicator of the secular economical and political development of a country. The results of this thesis analyzing a large number of data provide new insight into progression abilities: human physiological performance does not evolve in a linear way
Pierdet, Manon. "Evolution spatiale et temporelle de la mobilité des contaminants organiques et inorganiques dans des sols viticoles contrastés." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0316.
Full textVines have always been present in Gironde but it was in the 19th century that viticulture saw its development. The discovery of Bordeaux mixture based on copper sulphate in 1885 and then the first organic substances around 1960 enabled viticulture to fight against vine diseases affecting production.With the intensive and repeated use of phytosanitary products, wine-growing soils have been and are subject to a strong anthropogenic input of organic and inorganic substances. The soil is the initial receptacle for the fallout, either direct or indirect, of phytosanitary products. As the soil is a living and complex matrix, the physicochemical and biological processes occurring there make the fate of these phytosanitary products still poorly understood in in-situ conditions and difficult to extrapolate to the large panel of these substances.The objective of this work is to better understand the in-situ dynamic of pesticides found in wine-growing soils subject to various phenomena that can lead to their transfer by highlighting three questions:How to explain the current surface contamination of soils?Is there a deep migration of contaminants and how to explain it?Is there a significant dynamic of pesticide dissipation in wine-growing soils that varies over time?These questions were explored on an experimental watershed of Blayais with pedological and chemical variability, from acidic to neutral soils conducive to transfers.Chapter 1 presents a broad characterization of the surface contamination of the soils of the experimental site. Out of 205 molecules and 4 metals sought, 63 molecules and copper were found with concentrations varying from 0.01 ng/g to 1170 ng/g for organics and ranging from 6 to 197 mg/kg for copper. The use-presence relationship made it possible to link the presence of each molecule to its past or present use and thus to establish an index of their persistence in soils. The increased persistence for some now banned molecules is also visible for molecules still in use.Chapter 2 focuses on the vertical mobility of these contaminants via a one-meter coring of soil. For copper, old use strongly marks the soils with a gradual incorporation up to 60 cm in depth with the years of wine use and a total stock of up to 1.8 tonnes of copper per hectare in the oldest plots. While few organic molecules exceed 45 cm in depth, some, current or past, such as triazines metabolites or fluopicolide can be found up to a minimum of 75 cm in depth in some sampled soils.Chapter 3 highlights these phenomena of vertical transfers on a smaller temporal scale and in-situ with the monitoring over one year of the outgoing flows of phytosanitary products via agricultural drainage, strongly linked to rainfall. In parallel, a temporal dynamic of soil-solution exchanges was also shown over a year of cultivation via the monitoring of both the soil solution and the soil. By comparing active-passive sampling, the hypothesis of an increase in the available fraction of copper at the end of winter when the mineralization resumes by the microbial communities of the soils is put forward. This dynamic is also visible for a large number of organic molecules present in solution throughout the year, even for metabolites of molecules not authorized for 15 years.These in-situ monitoring made it possible to identify the most persistent pesticides but also those presenting the highest risk of transfers either to aquatic ecosystems, or to non-target organisms in the soil, or to both, taking into account the temporal variability related to actual environmental condition
Méndez-Vera, José. "Understanding how evolution affects the spatial dynamics of interacting species." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS262.
Full textSelective pressures on organisms are constantly changing due to multiple factors, such as climate change and the introduction of exotic species. Empirical evidence shows that interspecific interactions and evolution can have important effects on species distributions, independently or simultaneously. We are thus in need of models capable of describing the effects of both these factors, in order to better understand the drivers of species geographical distributions in a changing world. In this thesis we explored the effects of adaptation to environmental gradients under two different interaction scenarios: in a monospecific context and for a two-species predator-prey community. In a third time, we studied the effects of adaptation to pathogens in an invasion scenario, where three species interact: a native population and an exotic competitor co-introduced with a pathogen. The studied models reveal the effects of adaptation and interaction through eco-evolutionary propagation speeds that are closely linked to the species' adaptation potentials. We discuss implications of these results for description and interpretation of currently utilized Species Distribution Models
Jacquet, Pauline. "Amélioration d'une enzyme hyperthermostable pour la dégradation des organophosphorés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0618/document.
Full textOrganophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic compounds widely used as pesticides. Over the years, utilization of OP led to a considerable environmental contamination of soils and agricultural wastewaters, this pollution is furthermore a major health issue as these insecticides can be found in food. OP are highly toxic and are responsible for 300,000 deaths in the world every year. OPs were also developed as chemical warfare nerve agents such as sarin. Currently, no satisfying method for external decontamination is available, therefore bioremediation with enzymes is highly appealing. Among OP degrading enzymes, phosphotriesterases (PTEs) are the most active biocatalysts but are poorly stable what hinders their potential for bioremediation. Hyperthermostable enzymes from extreme environments were thus considered to circumvent this limitation. In particular, SsoPox isolated from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, displaying a lactonase activity and a promiscuous phosphotriesterase activity was deeply investigated. SsoPox is extremely robust but its activity for OP degradation is from far lower. A protein engineering strategy was started in order to reach a compromise between PTE activity and SsoPox robustness. Using structural similarities between PTEs and SsoPox, a mutational database was designed in order to transfer the highly performant active site of PTE into the hyperstable scaffold of SsoPox. This strategy led to variants displaying up to 2,000-fold increase against OPs as compared to wild-type enzyme. The variants efficiency was demonstrated in vivo using an original animal model planarian, allowed to enhance survival rate as well as mobility and regeneration capacity
Mbadinga, Mbadinga Duchesse Lacours. "Evolution de la cutine chez les plantes et son rôle durant la terrestrialisation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30325.
Full textThe successful and long-lasting colonization of lands by plants required the evolution of innovations in order to survive to the novel constraints such as limited nutrient and water access, gravity, oxidative environment and UV radiations. In extant land plants, hydrophobic polymers deposited on the surface of different tissues, such as sporopollenin, cuticle, suberin and lignin, are known to contribute to the limitation of water loss, and resistance to other abiotic stresses, making them potential "terrestrialization innovations". How and when these traits evolved in plants remains elusive. Fossils data and phylogenetical analysis of genes involved in cutin biosynthesis in plants proposed cutin as the best candidate for plant terrestrialization. However, works testing this hypothesis are actually scares and the evidence limited. This thesis describes conducted investigations to determine the distribution of cutin in plants, the evolution of the genes required for its biosynthesis and the function of two of them in the model bryophyte, Marchantia polymorpha. The presence of cutin in species from the zygnematophyceae, which are the closest algal relatives to land plants, and in diverse land plants was monitored through microscopic observations and biochemical analyses. Cutin was only detected in land plants, as was one terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of the cutin monomer, the Glycerol-Phosphate Acyl Transferases (GPATs). To confirm the origin of cutin in Embryophytes we have studied GPAT in the Bryophyte M. polymorpha. First, the expression pattern of M. polymorpha GPAT were studied using promoter:GUS fusion. The M. polymorpha GPATs promoter activities were mainly detected where cutin is formed. Then a mutant line of M. polymorpha GPAT was isolated. Macroscopic analysis of this mutant have shown that such as in Embryophytes, Marchantia cutin-related genes are involved in development of aerial organs. Biochemical analysis, reverse-genetics and phylogenetics were combined to reach the conclusion that cutin evolved in the first land plants together with one class of cutin-biosynthesis enzymes, the GPATs, and likely play a function in development in Bryophytes. This works indicates that cutin evolution in Embryophytes played a role in the terrestrialization event
Delaroche, Martin. "Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers in Mato Grasso, Brazil." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA038/document.
Full textCommodity production keeps expanding around the world. Past areas of commodity production have provided economic opportunities, but mixed social and environmental outcomes. In 40 years, Mato Grosso state has turned into the largest Brazilian soybean producer, representing a quarter of the country’s and 9% of the world’s production. Criticism of deforestation outcomes abounded. Much of that production was the result of smallholder farmers who migrated from southern Brazil in the 1970s and turned today into large-scale soybean producers. While environmental policies since the mid-2000s contributed to deforestation reduction in the region, the interplay between these policies, market conditions, technology and changing farmers’ values is unclear. What constitutes the environmental behavior of these producers and what explains that it evolves over time? To examine this evolution, I used a multi-methods approach based on extensive field research, 104 semi-structured interviews with producers, and quantitative data (land-use change and statistical analysis). Although the behavioral change of large-scale soybean producers has partly to do with market conditions and environmental policies, I demonstrate that their evolution in that regard is the result of a particular techno-cultural identity and pro-environmental values developed over time. This dissertation holds valuable lessons for understanding the complex mechanisms that could limit the environmental impact of future commodity frontiers
Massuel, Sylvain. "Evolution récente de la ressource en eau consécutive aux changements climatiques et environnementaux du sud-ouest Niger. Modélisation des eaux de surface et souterraines du bassin du kori de Dantiandou sur la période 1992-2003." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011097.
Full textDans cet objectif, une régionalisation du modèle de fine échelle abc-rwf a été réalisée à partir d'un jeu simulé de 50 bassins endoréiques, pour lesquels des relations entres les descripteurs physiographiques et le ruissellement calculé sont apparues significatives. La formulation d'une fonction représentant fidèlement le ruissellement simulé d'un bassin, peut être étendue à un ensemble de bassins par l'adjonction de fonctions prédictives non linéaires paramétrées sur la base de seulement 5 descripteurs physiographiques des bassins. Le modèle de méso-échelle Zarbhy permet ainsi un calcul simplifié du ruissellement des 377 bassins endoréiques identifiés sur les 5000 km² du bassin tout en limitant l'imprécision supplémentaire par rapport au modèle abc rwf.
La réalisation du couplage surface-souterrain soulève une insuffisance de la recharge forcée par le ruissellement calculé sur certaines années pour permettre la simulation de la hausse de la nappe dans des gammes de paramétrisation admissibles. Bien que l'extrême variabilité des processus hydrologiques disparaisse en partie à l'échelle régionale, la variabilité intersaisonnière demeure encore difficile à reproduire.
Le schéma de la recharge ponctuelle spatialement distribuée est compatible avec la modélisation hydrodynamique réalisée, qui dans son état actuel ne permet cependant pas de quantifier avec précision l'influence de la recharge indirecte sur la dynamique de hausse de la nappe.
Face à l'insuffisance de la recharge calculée, une étude combinant géophysique électrique, géochimie et modélisation hydrologique a été entreprise. Elle suggère le lessivage d'une bande minéralisée entre 5 et 10 m de profondeur à l'aplomb des multiples chenaux sableux de la zone d'épandage de Wankama. Cette expérimentation prometteuse ouvre la voie à de nouvelles investigations vers la caractérisation des processus de recharge. L'existence d'une infiltration profonde (>25 m) au moins épisodique, sous les zones d'épandage sableuses peut être envisagée.
Vanhoenacker, Eloïse. "The evolution of sex : theoretical study based on quantitative genetics models ad experimental approach using the facultatively sexual rotifer Brachionus plicatilis." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS347.
Full textThis thesis aimed at investigating some of the possible evolutionary benefits of sexual reproduction using both a theoretical and an experimental approach. The first approach consisted in developing evolutionary quantitative genetic models for the evolution of sex. A first model (based on Fisher’s geometrical model) considers an arbitrary number of phenotypic traits under stabilizing selection around a fixed optimum, and explores the effect of mutational bias acting on the traits. A second model represents a phenotypic trait under both stabilizing and directional selection (modeled by a linear, cyclical or stochastic change in the phenotypic optimum). Individual-based simulations showed that in the absence of mutational bias or environmental change, the population evolves towards asexuality. However, with mutational bias, intermediate rates of sex are maintained in the population even when the cost of sex is strong. Higher rates of sex evolve when the phenotypic optimum changes over time. The second part of the thesis consisted in developing an experimental model to test theoretical predictions on the possible benefits of sex, using the facultatively sexual rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The results demonstrate genetic variation for investment in sex between strains from the same natural population, and the existence of transgenerational maternal effects affecting the rate of sex. Finally, the results from an evolution experiment suggest that sex facilitates adaptation to a stressful environment
Rigollet, Virginie. "Evolution saisonnière des concentrations en métaux lourds dans les herbiers à "Zostera marina L. " de l'étang de Thau (France) et de la lagune de Venise (Italie) : relation plante-sédiment." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20046.
Full textAntunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173.
Full textThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
Antunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173/document.
Full textThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Full textOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Besset, Manon. "Morphodynamique récente, évolution et vulnérabilité des littoraux deltaïques : une analyse globale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/171122_BESSET_150scdmpz142i993bv93l_TH.pdf.
Full textRiver deltas are rich and fragile ecosystems. Deltas depend on fluvial sediment supply to balance natural subsidence and erosion caused by waves and currents. Deltas are mainly affected by river flooding, marine submersion. However, deltas are strategic sites of human settlement, economic hotspots, and geopolitical issues. This attraction increases the pressure, rendering these deltas more and more exposed to risks and vulnerable.The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the past and present functional dynamics of delta shorelines based on 60 of the world’s deltas and a holistic and systemic approach with spatial, environmental, and societal data. After the study of recent coastal evolution showing a tendency to decreasing progradation of many deltas, a conceptual and qualitative classification of deltaic morphology based on fluviomarine influences was conducted. Updating of this classification and the proposal of new approaches, in terms of morphology, dynamics, and vulnerability, have necessitated revisiting these older schemes, and the adoption of a methodological and interpretative approach aimed at quantification of the weight of each of these three parameters showing the complexity of the interactions. The thesis proposes a new quantitative and objective classificatory framework, including the human dimension. Finally, the thesis highlights the responses of deltaic shorelines to exceptional perturbations, and highlights the limits of resilience. The thesis advises over the impact of humans on these fragile coastal environments, the equilibrium of which strongly depends on sediment supply. This fragility is further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change
Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Full textOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Besset, Manon. "Morphodynamique récente, évolution et vulnérabilité des littoraux deltaïques : une analyse globale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0326/document.
Full textRiver deltas are rich and fragile ecosystems. Deltas depend on fluvial sediment supply to balance natural subsidence and erosion caused by waves and currents. Deltas are mainly affected by river flooding, marine submersion. However, deltas are strategic sites of human settlement, economic hotspots, and geopolitical issues. This attraction increases the pressure, rendering these deltas more and more exposed to risks and vulnerable.The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the past and present functional dynamics of delta shorelines based on 60 of the world’s deltas and a holistic and systemic approach with spatial, environmental, and societal data. After the study of recent coastal evolution showing a tendency to decreasing progradation of many deltas, a conceptual and qualitative classification of deltaic morphology based on fluviomarine influences was conducted. Updating of this classification and the proposal of new approaches, in terms of morphology, dynamics, and vulnerability, have necessitated revisiting these older schemes, and the adoption of a methodological and interpretative approach aimed at quantification of the weight of each of these three parameters showing the complexity of the interactions. The thesis proposes a new quantitative and objective classificatory framework, including the human dimension. Finally, the thesis highlights the responses of deltaic shorelines to exceptional perturbations, and highlights the limits of resilience. The thesis advises over the impact of humans on these fragile coastal environments, the equilibrium of which strongly depends on sediment supply. This fragility is further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change
Perysinaki, Aliki-Myrto. "Evolution du processus de création en architecture face aux impératifs du développement durable : vers une théorie du process pour des temps écosophiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100085/document.
Full textGlobal awareness of environmental matters and local regulations intending reductions of energy consumption forces disciplines related to space to expand their working methods in a substantial way. This thesis analyses influences of sustainable development on the architectural design process, particularly the case of the Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ and the case of the French context in accordance to the regulation of building and territorial matters in France. It examines the mutations of the modus operandi of the process and offers elements of method and analysis towards the consideration of Pillars of sustainable development , environment, economy, society and culture. The analysis shows that the understanding of the sustainable development issues gathers the different Pillars in common integrative dynamics, making "Complexity" the condition of their interdependency. The account of the "Complexity" through milieu as attested by the case studies in this thesis, raise questions on the project's process through a pluralist imagination that goes beyond a normalised universal answer. When "Complexity" is being applied with a simultaneous consideration of urban, rural, landscaped, architectural, quantitative and qualitative dimensions, it heads towards the crossing and the interdependency of professions. This means that architects as mediators have to build themselves a new identity, cultivating proficiency and competency in leading conception and negotiation of the architectural project
Detriche, Sébastien. "Evolution d'un système lacustre karstique au cours de la période historique d'après l'étude des archives sédimentaires : la dayet Afourgagh (Moyen Atlas, Maroc)." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR4038.
Full textLake Afourgagh is a karstic groundwater fed lake located in the Liasic dolomites of the Middle-Atlas (Morocco) which shows a fall of water level during the last three decades because of recurrent droughts and human impact. The evolution of this system allow asking the following questions: has the lake experienced such perturbations during the last 2500 years? If yes, were they linked to climate and/or to human activities? This work was initiated in order to answer these questions. For that, it is necessary to reconstruct the lacustrine palaeoenvironments using the lacustrine archives. A multi-proxy study (deposit geometry, facies characterisation, radiocarbon chronology) has been initiated in order to establish a model of the lake evolution during the last 2500 years and to propose some potential palaeoclimatic fluctuations
Delepine, Léa. "L'évolution du droit international de l'environnement : entre impulsion et régression." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0042.
Full textInternational Law is aware that the protection of the environment has finally entered the collective unconscious and has become a priority of contemporary societies, therefore it tries to evolve a legal framework conducive to its preservation. It is in this sense that it is conceived as evolutionary in order to protect the environment, the notion of evolution refers to the concept of transformation that can be progressive and impulsive or regressive. Although not a legal term the impulse implies the action and the movement, with regard to the evolution it involves a transformation of the International Law of the Environment, an impulsive transformation because favorable to a greater protection of the environment or conversely, a regressive transformation that reduces the legal guarantees of the protection of the environment. Whereas, a contrario, the notion of involution is associated with the idea of a regressive transformation. The purpose of this PhD is to examine the evolution of International Environmental Law, by retracing this evolution we will observe if the latter are evolutionary and impulsive or, involutive and regressive. To understand and analyze the evolution of International Environmental Law, we focused on the most significant legal elements and areas of Public International Law and European Union Law in order to identify the most important legal standardization, such as the law of the fight against climate change or the law of biodiversity as well as environmental principles. This work was done in two parts, the first concerns the development and integration of environmental concerns in International Law, and the second develops the systems of implementation of responsibility and the normative scope of environmental principles. In this way he will attempt to retrace a retrospective of International Environmental Law through an evolutionary interpretation
La protección del medio ambiente finalmente ha entrado en el inconsciente colectivo y se ha convertido en una prioridad de las sociedades contemporáneas, enmarcada por el Derecho Internacional. En este sentido, el Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente se concibe como evolutivo, para permitir su protección. La noción de evolución se refiere al concepto de “transformación”, que puede ser progresivo e impulsivo o regresivo. Aunque no es un término legal, el impulso implica la acción y el movimiento, mientras que la evolución implica una transformación del Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente. Esta puede ser impulsiva, porque es favorable a una mayor protección del medio ambiente o, por el contrario, regresiva, disminuyendo las garantías legales de la protección del medio ambiente. Mientras que, a contrario, la noción de involución está estrechamente asociada con la idea de una transformación regresiva. El propósito de esta tesis es examinar la evolución del Derecho Ambiental Internacional. Al examinar esta evolución, observaremos si estas últimas son evolutivas e impulsivas o, involutivas y regresivas. Para comprender y analizar la evolución del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, nos concentramos en los elementos legales y áreas más importantes del Derecho Internacional Público y el Derecho de la Unión Europea, para identificar los aspectos legales más importantes implicando una estandarización, como las normas de lucha contra el cambio climático o de biodiversidad, así como los grandes principios medioambientales. Para ello, este trabajo consta de dos partes, la primera se refiere al desarrollo e integración de las preocupaciones ambientales en el Derecho Internacional, y la segunda desarrolla los sistemas de implementación de responsabilidad y el alcance normativo de los principios ambientales, para desarrollar así una retrospectiva del Derecho Ambiental Internacional a través de una interpretación evolutiva