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1

Bickerton, Derek. "Language evolution without evolution." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 6 (December 2003): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03250159.

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Jackendoff's major syntactic exemplar is deeply unrepresentative of most syntactic relations and operations. His treatment of language evolution is vulnerable to Occam's Razor, hypothesizing stages of dubious independence and unexplained adaptiveness, and effectively divorcing the evolution of language from other aspects of human evolution. In particular, it ignores connections between language and the massive discontinuities in human cognitive evolution.
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2

Gandhi, N. D. "Language evolution." BMJ 325, no. 7374 (November 23, 2002): 1245b—1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1245/b.

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3

Számadó, Szabolcs, and Eörs Szathmáry. "Language Evolution." PLoS Biology 2, no. 10 (October 12, 2004): e346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020346.

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4

Satterfield, Teresa. "Language acquisition recapitulates language evolution?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (October 2008): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005232.

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AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C) focus solely on general-purpose cognitive processes in their elegant conceptualization of language evolution. However, numerous developmental facts attested in L1 acquisition confound C&C's subsequent claim that the logical problem of language acquisition now plausibly recapitulates that of language evolution. I argue that language acquisition should be viewed instead as a multi-layered construction involving the interplay of general and domain-specific learning mechanisms.
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5

Chater, Nick, and Morten H. Christiansen. "Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution." Cognitive Science 34, no. 7 (July 14, 2010): 1131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01049.x.

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6

Baghana, Jerome, Elena V. Bondarenko, Oksana V. Balashova, and Irina A. Shumakova. "Evolution of the language system: ideas and thoughts." Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 30, 2014): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/jll.2014/5-2/19.

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7

Anderson, Stephen R. "Language Evolution (review)." Language 82, no. 4 (2006): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0179.

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8

Williams, Nigel. "Language evolution puzzle." Current Biology 20, no. 9 (May 2010): R388—R389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.032.

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9

Weiß, Helmut. "Darwinian language evolution." Biological Evolution 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00026.wei.

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Abstract Haider’s target paper presents a fresh and inspiring look at the nature of grammar change. The overall impression of his approach is very convincing, especially his insistence on the point that language was not selected for communication – hence it is no adaptation to communicative use. Nevertheless, I think three topics are in need of further discussion and elaboration. First, I will discuss the question whether Haider’s conception of Darwinian selection covers all aspects of grammar change. Second, I will consider the question of whether an approach that dispenses with UG (as Haider’s does) can explain why grammars are the way they are. Third, I will question Haider’s equation of grammar with the genotype and of speech with the phenotype and develop an alternative and more appropriate proposal where, among others, speech corresponds to behavior.
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10

Kronenfeld, David B. "The Ecology of Language Evolution.:The Ecology of Language Evolution." American Anthropologist 105, no. 4 (December 2003): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.856.2.

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11

A. Kuprieva, Irina, Stanislava B. Smirnova, Vladimir S. Pugach, Irina V. Belkina, Yulia N. Yatsenko, and Denis V. Kazantsev. "NON-LANGUAGE FACTORS AND LANGUAGE EVOLUTION." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.74185.

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Purpose: This paper is devoted to the description of the functioning and development of the language system seen in correlation with the influence of non-language factors. Methodology: The methodology of the research is based on the systemic approach to the terms and notions interpretation, analysis of different points of view. Result: As a result, as reality tends to change, the language system meets the requirements for the metamorphosis and starts to absorb new information and adapt to the new conditions. In conclusion, simultaneously the language system, represented by gestalts on the conceptual level, is capable of evolution while knowledge accumulation occurs. Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers and education students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of the non-language factors and language evolution is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
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12

Chio, Cecilia Di, and Paolo Di Chio. "Evolution of language with spatial topology." Interaction Studies 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.10.1.03dic.

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In this paper, we propose two agent-based simulation models for the evolution of language in the framework of evolutionary language games. The theory of evolutionary language games arose from the union of evolutionary game theory, introduced by the English biologist John Maynard Smith, and language games, developed by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. The first model proposed is based on Martin Nowak’s work and is designed to reproduce and verify (or refute) the results Nowak obtained in his simplest mathematical model. For the second model, we extend the previous one with the introduction of a world where the languages live and evolve, and which influences interactions among individuals. The main goal of this research is to present a model which shows how the presence of a topological structure influences the communication among individuals and contributes to the emergence of clusters of different languages.
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13

Boyd, Brian. "Evolution and Language (1): Language, Experience, and Imagination: The Invention and Evolution of Language." Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26613/esic/1.2.52.

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14

Scott-Phillips, Thomas C. "The Social Evolution of Language, and the Language of Social Evolution." Evolutionary Psychology 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 147470490700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500405.

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Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the evolution of the human capacity for language. Such a project is necessarily interdisciplinary. However, that interdisciplinarity brings with it a risk: terms with a technical meaning in their own field are used wrongly or too loosely by those from other backgrounds. Unfortunately, this risk has been realized in the case of language evolution, where many of the terms of social evolution theory (reciprocal altruism, honest signaling, etc.) are incorrectly used in a way that suggests that certain key fundamentals have been misunderstood. In particular the distinction between proximate and ultimate explanations is often lost, with the result that several claims made by those interested in language evolution are epistemically incoherent. However, the correct application of social evolution theory provides simple, clear explanations of why language most likely evolved and how the signals used in language — words — remain cheap yet arbitrary.
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15

Clark, Stephen R. L. "The Evolution of Language: Truth and Lies." Philosophy 75, no. 3 (July 2000): 401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100000474.

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There is both theoretical and experimental reason to suppose that no-one could ever have learned to speak without an environment of language-users. How then did the first language-users learn? Animal communication systems provide no help, since human languages aren't constituted as a natural system of signs, and are essentially recursive and syntactic. Such languages aren't demanded by evolution, since most creatures, even intelligent creatures, manage very well without them. I propose that representations, and even public representations like sculptures, precede full languages, which were devised by the first human children as secret tongues to create fantasy realms inaccessible to their proto-human parents. Language, in brief, is not required for truth-telling or for the convenience of hunters. It is a peculiar modification of public representation, which permits us to construct new public worlds.
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16

Mufwene, Salikoko. "Population Movements and Contacts in Language Evolution." Journal of Language Contact 1, no. 1 (2007): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548332.

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AbstractI argue for uniformitarianism (Mufwene 2001) in accounts of language evolution. Below, after dismissing a few myths about the development of creoles, I show how what we have learned to date about this case of language speciation prompts genetic linguists to reopen the books about language diversification in general and as a concomitant of language death in many cases. I adduce various examples from distant and recent histories to illustrate how population movements and contacts have been a critical ecological factor even in the cases of so-called "internally-motivated" change. The distinction between "internally" and "externally-motivated" language change boils down to a mere sociological contrast once contact is situated at the inter-idiolectal level, where interactions and negotiations between linguistic systems take place, regardless of whether or not xenolectal features participate in the feature pool. Ultimately, the same mechanisms of competition and selection that apply to linguistic features also apply to languages and dialects. Driven by the ecology of language use, the mechanisms roll the dice not only on how a particular language evolves under specific ecological conditions but also on the vitality of languages.
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17

Vigliocco, Gabriella, Pamela Perniss, and David Vinson. "Language as a multimodal phenomenon: implications for language learning, processing and evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0292.

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Our understanding of the cognitive and neural underpinnings of language has traditionally been firmly based on spoken Indo-European languages and on language studied as speech or text. However, in face-to-face communication, language is multimodal: speech signals are invariably accompanied by visual information on the face and in manual gestures, and sign languages deploy multiple channels (hands, face and body) in utterance construction. Moreover, the narrow focus on spoken Indo-European languages has entrenched the assumption that language is comprised wholly by an arbitrary system of symbols and rules. However, iconicity (i.e. resemblance between aspects of communicative form and meaning) is also present: speakers use iconic gestures when they speak; many non-Indo-European spoken languages exhibit a substantial amount of iconicity in word forms and, finally, iconicity is the norm, rather than the exception in sign languages. This introduction provides the motivation for taking a multimodal approach to the study of language learning, processing and evolution, and discusses the broad implications of shifting our current dominant approaches and assumptions to encompass multimodal expression in both signed and spoken languages.
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18

Botha, Rudolf. "Pidgin languages as a putative window on language evolution." Language & Communication 26, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2005.07.001.

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19

Chung, Dingyu. "Language Neuromechanics: The Human Biological-Language Evolution." Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 08, no. 08 (2018): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2018.88028.

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20

Hashimoto, Takashi, and Takeshi Konno. "Language origin from simulation of language evolution." Physics of Life Reviews 8, no. 4 (December 2011): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2011.10.012.

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21

(Ghosh), Sumana Mallick. "Early Indian Languages: An Evolution Perspective." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1432.

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Sound, signs or signals, gestures, urge of transferring higher levels of thinking and feelings and also exchange of ideas were the beginning of the formulation of languages despite the controversies in the origin of languages through the Speculative Theory, Signaling Theory, Mother tongue Hypothesis and so on. Civilization and progress have paved the origin of languages for communication and vice versa. Whatever been the reason and whenever been the time of development of language in this subcontinent or in the Earth, India always possesses a rich linguistic heritage. The Proto-Indo-Aryan language is the prime language of India followed by Old Indo-Aryan covering Vedic-Sanskrit, Classical-Sanskrit; Middle Indo-Aryans of Prakrit, Pali and Modern Indo-Aryan language. This analysis is an attempt to point out the origin of Vedic, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Dravidian languages and also these roles in the formulation of other languages and enrichment of in this subcontinent.
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22

Teal, Tracy K., and Charles E. Taylor. "Effects of Compression on Language Evolution." Artificial Life 6, no. 2 (April 2000): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454600568366.

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Abstract For many adaptive complex systems information about the environment is not simply recorded in a look-up table, but is rather encoded in a theory, schema, or model, which compresses information. The grammar of a language can be viewed as such a schema or theory. In a prior study [Teal et al., 1999] we proposed several conjectures about the learning and evolution of language that should follow from these observations: (C1) compression aids in generalization; (C2) compression occurs more easily in a “smooth”, as opposed to a “rugged”, problem space; and (C3) constraints from compression make it likely that natural languages evolve towards smooth string spaces. This previous work found general, if not complete support for these three conjectures. Here we build on that study to clarify the relationship between Minimum Description Length (MDL) and error in our model and examine evolution of certain languages in more detail. Our results suggest a fourth conjecture: that all else being equal, (C4) more complex languages change more rapidly during evolution.
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23

Wynn, Thomas. "Apes, Language, and Evolution." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3, no. 2 (October 1993): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000901.

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24

Lieberman, Philip. "Language, evolution, and learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 03 (September 1988): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00058416.

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25

Klein, Richard G. "Language and human evolution." Journal of Neurolinguistics 43 (August 2017): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.11.004.

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26

Nowak, M. A., and D. C. Krakauer. "The evolution of language." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 14 (July 6, 1999): 8028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.14.8028.

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27

Torkar, Michaela. "Molecular evolution of language." Genome Biology 3 (2002): spotlight—20020815–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20020815-01.

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28

Masataka, Nobuo. "Music, evolution and language." Developmental Science 10, no. 1 (January 2007): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00561.x.

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29

Meier, Richard P. "Language Evolution and Development." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 5 (May 1993): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/033338.

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30

Corballis, Michael C. "The Evolution of Language." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1156, no. 1 (March 2009): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04423.x.

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31

Newman, John D. "The Evolution of Language." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199, no. 4 (April 2011): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821246f0.

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32

Gong, Tao, and Qiang Wang. "The Evolution of Language." Language Dynamics and Change 1, no. 1 (2011): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058211x570321.

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33

Lloyd, Elisabeth A. "Kanzi, evolution, and language." Biology & Philosophy 19, no. 4 (September 2004): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/sbiph-004-0525-3.

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34

Lämmel, Ralf. "Evolution of Language Interpreters." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 127, no. 3 (April 2005): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.08.032.

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35

Lew, Grzegorz. "Business language evolution – accounting." Współczesne Problemy Zarządzania 7, no. 1(14) (June 28, 2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52934/wpz.72.

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All decisions of entrepreneurs and actions are determined by economic accounts. Each action has financial implications. Entrepreneurs looking for the possibility to record the financial consequences of their decisions naturally created an accounting system, which has become a widespread and universal information system of companies all over the world. Accounting has also changed with the development of companies on global markets. This evolution has led to the separation of two main accounting subsystems: financial and management accounting. Analyzing the process of accounting evolution, it can be concluded that the subsequent stages cover a shorter and shorter period of time, which can be interpreted as a constant acceleration of changes in accounting and consequently in the development of markets and companies in the global market. The main research method used to write the paper was a critical review of literature and desk research.
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36

de Boer, Bart. "Evolution of speech and evolution of language." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 24, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1130-6.

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37

Chater, Nick, and Morten H. Christiansen. "Language evolution as cultural evolution: how language is shaped by the brain." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 1, no. 5 (August 2, 2010): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.85.

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38

Mönke, Christian. "Language Evolution: the Attempt of a Synthesis." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 62, no. 3 (September 4, 2004): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/62/2004/323.

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39

Bromham, Lindell, Xia Hua, Thomas G. Fitzpatrick, and Simon J. Greenhill. "Rate of language evolution is affected by population size." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 7 (February 2, 2015): 2097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419704112.

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The effect of population size on patterns and rates of language evolution is controversial. Do languages with larger speaker populations change faster due to a greater capacity for innovation, or do smaller populations change faster due to more efficient diffusion of innovations? Do smaller populations suffer greater loss of language elements through founder effects or drift, or do languages with more speakers lose features due to a process of simplification? Revealing the influence of population size on the tempo and mode of language evolution not only will clarify underlying mechanisms of language change but also has practical implications for the way that language data are used to reconstruct the history of human cultures. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical, statistically robust test of the influence of population size on rates of language evolution, controlling for the evolutionary history of the populations and formally comparing the fit of different models of language evolution. We compare rates of gain and loss of cognate words for basic vocabulary in Polynesian languages, an ideal test case with a well-defined history. We demonstrate that larger populations have higher rates of gain of new words whereas smaller populations have higher rates of word loss. These results show that demographic factors can influence rates of language evolution and that rates of gain and loss are affected differently. These findings are strikingly consistent with general predictions of evolutionary models.
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40

Roberts, Seán G., and Stephen C. Levinson. "Conversation, cognition and cultural evolution." Interaction Studies 18, no. 3 (December 8, 2017): 402–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18.3.06rob.

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This paper outlines a first attempt to model the special constraints that arise in language processing in conversation, and to explore the implications such functional considerations may have on language typology and language change. In particular, we focus on processing pressures imposed by conversational turn-taking and their consequences for the cultural evolution of the structural properties of language. We present an agent-based model of cultural evolution where agents take turns at talk in conversation. When the start of planning for the next turn is constrained by the position of the verb, the stable distribution of dominant word orders across languages evolves to match the actual distribution reasonably well. We suggest that the interface of cognition and interaction should be a more central part of the story of language evolution.
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Benítez-Burraco, Antonio, and Cedric Boeckx. "Language Disorders and Language Evolution: Constraints on Hypotheses." Biological Theory 9, no. 3 (November 28, 2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13752-013-0148-5.

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42

Collier, Katie, Balthasar Bickel, Carel P. van Schaik, Marta B. Manser, and Simon W. Townsend. "Language evolution: syntax before phonology?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0263.

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Phonology and syntax represent two layers of sound combination central to language's expressive power. Comparative animal studies represent one approach to understand the origins of these combinatorial layers. Traditionally, phonology, where meaningless sounds form words, has been considered a simpler combination than syntax, and thus should be more common in animals. A linguistically informed review of animal call sequences demonstrates that phonology in animal vocal systems is rare, whereas syntax is more widespread. In the light of this and the absence of phonology in some languages, we hypothesize that syntax, present in all languages, evolved before phonology.
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43

Christiansen, Morten H., and Nick Chater. "Brains, genes, and language evolution: A new synthesis." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (October 2008): 537–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005281.

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AbstractOur target article argued that a genetically specified Universal Grammar (UG), capturing arbitrary properties of languages, is not tenable on evolutionary grounds, and that the close fit between language and language learners arises because language is shaped by the brain, rather than the reverse. Few commentaries defend a genetically specified UG. Some commentators argue that we underestimate the importance of processes of cultural transmission; some propose additional cognitive and brain mechanisms that may constrain language and perhaps differentiate humans from nonhuman primates; and others argue that we overstate or understate the case against co-evolution of language genes. In engaging with these issues, we suggest that a new synthesis concerning the relationship between brains, genes, and language may be emerging.
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Smith, Kenny, Amy Perfors, Olga Fehér, Anna Samara, Kate Swoboda, and Elizabeth Wonnacott. "Language learning, language use and the evolution of linguistic variation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1711 (January 5, 2017): 20160051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0051.

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Linguistic universals arise from the interaction between the processes of language learning and language use. A test case for the relationship between these factors is linguistic variation, which tends to be conditioned on linguistic or sociolinguistic criteria. How can we explain the scarcity of unpredictable variation in natural language, and to what extent is this property of language a straightforward reflection of biases in statistical learning? We review three strands of experimental work exploring these questions, and introduce a Bayesian model of the learning and transmission of linguistic variation along with a closely matched artificial language learning experiment with adult participants. Our results show that while the biases of language learners can potentially play a role in shaping linguistic systems, the relationship between biases of learners and the structure of languages is not straightforward. Weak biases can have strong effects on language structure as they accumulate over repeated transmission. But the opposite can also be true: strong biases can have weak or no effects. Furthermore, the use of language during interaction can reshape linguistic systems. Combining data and insights from studies of learning, transmission and use is therefore essential if we are to understand how biases in statistical learning interact with language transmission and language use to shape the structural properties of language. This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.
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45

Sandler, Wendy. "Vive la différence: Sign language and spoken language in language evolution." Language and Cognition 5, no. 2-3 (September 2013): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2013-0013.

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AbstractMichael Arbib's book proposes a scenario of language evolution that begins with pantomime, progresses to proto-sign, and then develops together with proto-speech in an “expanding spiral” to create a language-ready brain. The richness of detail in Arbib's hypothesis makes serious appraisal of each of its aspects possible. Here I describe findings about established and emerging sign languages that bear specifically upon the interaction between sign and speech proposed in the Mirror System Hypothesis. While supporting the central role that Arbib attributes to gestural/visual communication in understanding language and its evolution, I point out some kinks in the spiral that potentially disrupt its smooth expansion. One is the fact that each modality relies on an entirely different motor system. Another is the type of relation that holds between the articulators and grammatical structure, which is radically different in each system as well. A third kink disrupts the proposed continuity between holistic pantomime (gestural holophrases) and signs. Given such differences, instead of a scenario in which speech grew out of sign, it seems more likely that the two modalities complemented each other symbiotically throughout evolution as they do today. If so, then the modern ability to spontaneously create sign languages reveals the extraordinary richness and plasticity of human cognition, and not an evolutionary stepping stone to speech.
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46

Clements, J. Clancy. "Salikoko Mufwene, The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii, 255. Hb. $65.00, pb. $22.00." Language in Society 32, no. 4 (October 2003): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404503234059.

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In this book, author Salikoko Mufwene offers a chronology of his views on language evolution as they have developed over the past 12 years. Mufwene understands the linguistic evolutionary process in terms of a language's external ecology – that is, its position relative to other languages with which it moves in and out of contact, the power relations among groups of different language varieties in the setting, and so on – as well as its internal ecology, or the coexistence in a given setting of the linguistic features, and their relative weight. Although Mufwene uses creole languages as a starting point, his purpose is to highlight general characteristics of language evolution; he argues that, in the essentials of language change, varieties such as pidgins and creoles differ little if at all from non-pidgins and non-creoles. To build his case, Mufwene draws from population genetics, seeing any given language not as an organism but rather as its own “species.”
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47

Plotkin, Joshua, and Martin Nowak. "Major Transitions in Language Evolution." Entropy 3, no. 4 (October 10, 2001): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e3040227.

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48

Goncharova, Irina D. "THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE DIDACTICS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 3 (2018): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2018-3-132-144.

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49

Oesterdiekhoff, Georg W. "Evolution of Mind and Language." Anthropos 113, no. 1 (2018): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2018-1-195.

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Fitch, W. Tecumseh. "Language evolution: Laying linguistic foundations." New Scientist 208, no. 2789 (December 2010): vi—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)62963-6.

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