Relevant bibliographies by topics / Evolution of Foot

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Evolution of Foot'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Harman, Oren. "Evolution on One Foot." Journal of the History of Biology 48, no. 2 (2015): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-015-9406-7.

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Kim, Seung-Jae. "Overview of Relevance Between Foot Injury and Foot Evolution." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 82 (October 31, 2020): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2020.10.82.503.

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Weil, Lowell. "Evolution of Foot and Ankle Specialist." Foot & Ankle Specialist 4, no. 3 (2011): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640011411561.

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Tobalem, Mickaël, and Ilker Uçkay. "Evolution of a Diabetic Foot Infection." New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 23 (2013): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1211053.

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McNutt, Ellison J., Bernhard Zipfel, and Jeremy M. DeSilva. "The evolution of the human foot." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 27, no. 5 (2018): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21713.

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Mishra, Saurabh, and Bhuwan Chandra Kapri. "Anthropometric basis of Human Feet: Predictive Insights into Evolution." International Journal of Kinanthropometry 4, no. 2 (2024): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijk2428.

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Introduction: Understanding human foot morphology through anthropometric measurements and evolutionary perspectives provides critical insights into its role in bipedalism and contemporary health issues. This article explores recent advancements in foot research, focusing on the interaction between foot structure and function, and its implications for both biomechanics and evolutionary trends. Methods: A review of literature was carried out by focusing on anthropometric measurements, biomechanical assessments, and evolutionary trends in human foot morphology. Major databases for studies on foot anatomy and function were used for literature search, particularly those employing geometric morphometrics and evolutionary modeling. Data synthesis involved analyzing measurement techniques and methodological rigor to draw comprehensive insights on foot health and biomechanics. Results: The review revealed that anthropometric measurements such as foot length, width, and arch height significantly influence gait and foot function. Biomechanical assessments have clarified how foot structures contribute to load distribution and injury prevention. Evolutionary studies indicate that adaptations in foot morphology have shaped modern foot health, with implications for predicting future trends. The integration of these findings underscores the importance of considering evolutionary and biomechanical factors in foot health research and practice. Conclusion: The synthesis of anthropometric, biomechanical, and evolutionary data provides a comprehensive understanding of foot morphology and its implications for health. The findings highlighted the need for continued research into how evolutionary trends influence contemporary foot issues and emphasize the importance of applying these insights to improve clinical practices. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools and treatment strategies, leveraging both historical data and modern advancements to enhance foot health outcomes.
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Gebo, Daniel L., Marian Dagosto, and Kenneth D. Rose. "Foot morphology and evolution in early EoceneCantius." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, no. 1 (1991): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330860105.

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Domingo, Esteban, Cristina Escarmı́s, Eric Baranowski, et al. "Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus." Virus Research 91, no. 1 (2003): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00259-9.

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C Jain, Amit Kumar. "Diabetic Foot Push." International Academic Research Journal of Surgery 2, no. 01 (2022): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47310/iarjs.2022.v02i01.006.

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The use of spinal anesthesia in obstetrics is justified by the advantages it has over general anesthesia. It is a simple and easy technique. However, the possibility of serious complications or even death with this technique during cesareans leads to questions about its place. We report a case of totalization of spinal anesthesia during a cesarean section, that had a favorable evolution for both mother and child.
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Bates, Karl T., David Collins, Russell Savage, et al. "The evolution of compliance in the human lateral mid-foot." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (2013): 20131818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1818.

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Fossil evidence for longitudinal arches in the foot is frequently used to constrain the origins of terrestrial bipedality in human ancestors. This approach rests on the prevailing concept that human feet are unique in functioning with a relatively stiff lateral mid-foot, lacking the significant flexion and high plantar pressures present in non-human apes. This paradigm has stood for more than 70 years but has yet to be tested objectively with quantitative data. Herein, we show that plantar pressure records with elevated lateral mid-foot pressures occur frequently in healthy, habitually shod humans, with magnitudes in some individuals approaching absolute maxima across the foot. Furthermore, the same astonishing pressure range is present in bonobos and the orangutan (the most arboreal great ape), yielding overlap with human pressures. Thus, while the mean tendency of habitual mechanics of the mid-foot in healthy humans is indeed consistent with the traditional concept of the lateral mid-foot as a relatively rigid or stabilized structure, it is clear that lateral arch stabilization in humans is not obligate and is often transient. These findings suggest a level of detachment between foot stiffness during gait and osteological structure, hence fossilized bone morphology by itself may only provide a crude indication of mid-foot function in extinct hominins. Evidence for thick plantar tissues in Ardipithecus ramidus suggests that a human-like combination of active and passive modulation of foot compliance by soft tissues extends back into an arboreal context, supporting an arboreal origin of hominin bipedalism in compressive orthogrady. We propose that the musculoskeletal conformation of the modern human mid-foot evolved under selection for a functionally tuneable, rather than obligatory stiff structure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Cottam, Eleanor Myfanwy. "Micro-evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis. Move to record for print version, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/92/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Wright, Caroline Frances. "Dissecting the molecular basis of foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4254/.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes the most contagious transboundary disease of animals, affecting both wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals. Similarly to other RNA viruses, FMDV is highly variable as a result of the inherent low fidelity of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The accumulation of this variability and relatedness between FMDV sequences was used to provide evidence for modes of transmission (fomite) as well as a constant clock rate across two FMDV topotypes (~8.70 x 10-3 substitutions/site/year), during the 1967 UK FMD epidemic, using full genome consensus sequencing. However, during an epidemic, virus replicates within multiple animals, where it is also replicating and evolving within different tissues and cells. Each scale of evolution, from a single cell to multiple animals across the globe, involves evolutionary processes that shape the viral diversity generated below the level of the consensus. During this PhD project, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to dissect the fine scale viral population diversity of FMDV. Collaboration with the Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine at the University of Glasgow provided the specialist bioinformatic and statistical capabilities required for the analysis of NGS datasets. As part of this collaboration, a new systematic approach was developed to process NGS data and distinguish genuine mutations from artefacts. Additionally, evolutionary models were applied to this data to estimate parameters such as the genome-wide mutation rate of FMDV (upper limit of 7.8 x 10-4 per nt). Analysis of the mutation spectra generated from a clonal control study established a mutation frequency threshold of 0.5% above which there can be confidence that 95% of mutations are real in the sense that they are present in the sampled virus population. This threshold, together with an optimized protocol, was used for the more extensive investigation of within and between host viral population dynamics during transmission. Analysis of mutation spectra and site-specific mutations revealed that intra-host bottlenecks are typically more pronounced than inter-host bottlenecks. NGS analysis has distinguished between the population structure of multiple samples taken from a single host, which may provide the means to reconstruct both intra- and inter-host transmission routes in the future. A more sophisticated understanding of viral diversity at its finest scales could hold the key to the better understanding of viral pathogenesis and, therefore development of effective and sustainable disease treatment and control strategies.
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Logan, Grace. "The molecular and genetic evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7877/.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (Family: Picornaviridae, Genus: Aphthovirus) is a significant global pathogen with extensive economic impact. FMDV has a low fidelity RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and lacks proof reading capability. This coupled with its relatively short generation time and large population sizes means it exists in a swarm of genetically closely related variants. The reservoir of diversity contained within this mutant spectrum allows the virus to adapt rapidly to new environments. Much of the previous work looking at virus evolution has focused on the consensus level genetic sequence. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. This PhD project uses NGS technologies to interrogate the swarm structure by investigating factors affecting the viral swarm and the dynamics of variants within it. Furthermore, this work shows how analysis of the swarm can reveal fundamental information about virus biology. A PCR-free NGS methodology was developed to create deep sequencing data sets of all genomes present within an FMDV viral swarm. The elimination of the PCR step results in less errors being introduced in the sequencing process thereby improving the resolution and reliability of the identification of low level variants. This optimised method was then used to define and compare the FMDV swarms of several wildtype isolates. This revealed differences in swarm structure from isolate to isolate and produced evidence of within swarm selection. Not all proteins known to be under selection at the consensus level were also under selection within the swarm. The diversity of viruses within the swarm was found to be dependent upon the host from which a virus was sampled, with African buffalo potentially able to maintain multiple infections. Subconsensus variants in these mixed samples had mutations at positions previously associated with immune escape. Investigation of the evolution of swarm structure when adapting to new cell type in vitro indicated that two distinct population structures can exist relative to the existence of adaptive pressure. These two population structures have different distributions of variable nucleotides but comparative total levels of variation (as measured by Shannon's entropy). Deep sequencing of the virus swarm enabled the discovery of conserved novel stem loop structures, which were hypothesized to be required for packaging of the virus genome. Mutating these sites produced a virus with decreased packaging efficiency. This thesis includes novel analysis techniques for considering the viral swarm. It demonstrates how investigating the diversity in the swarm can help us to understand virus molecular biology, its evolution and the limits upon this. Understanding viral evolution at this scale has the capacity to improve our fundamental understanding of the biology and evolution of FMDV which can in turn inform vaccine design and disease control strategies.
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Miller, E. Elizabeth. "The Effect of Natural Running on Human Foot Strength." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353087830.

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Lewis-Rogers, Nicole Noel. "Evolution of Picornaviruses: Impacts of Recombination and Selection." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1956.

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Picornaviruses are responsible for some of the most common and debilitating diseases affecting humans and animals worldwide. The objectives of this dissertation research were (1) estimate phylogenetic relationships among 11 picornavirus genera and within three species: foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV: Aphthovirus) which afflicts cloven-hoofed animals and human rhinovirus A and B (HRV: Enterovirus) which cause the common cold; (2) better understand the impact recombination has on genomic organization and evolution; (3) characterize where positive and purifying selection has occurred in proteins and how selection has influenced phenotype. The dissertation includes four studies. The first chapter provides an overview of the evolutionary significance of recombination, its detection and estimation, and its effect on phylogenetic analysis in four biological systems: bacteria, viruses, mitochondria, and the human genome. Chapter two investigates the inter- and intra-serotypic relationships within FMDV by examining 12 genes. Gene sequences were analyzed to assess recombination breakpoint locations, genetic diversity, and natural selection in FMDV. Recombination breakpoints were located throughout the genome. Paraphyletic relationships among serotypes were not as prevalent as previously reported, suggesting that convergent evolution was prevalent. Purifying selection was the dominant evolutionary force influencing both genotype and phenotype. Chapter three examines inter- and intra-specific relationships of HRV using 11 genes. Similar hypotheses were tested as in chapter two. No recombination was detected and phylogenetic relationships among enteroviruses, HRV-A, and HRV-B remain unresolved. The evolution of HRV-A major serotypes appeared to be under extensive purifying selection, HRV-A minor serotypes under predominantly positive selection, and a nearly equal influence from both kinds of selection was evident for HRV-B serotypes. Chapter four examines phylogenetic relationships among genera using three conserved genes. The hypothesis of cospeciation between picornaviruses and their hosts was also tested. The deepest split in the family separated Hepatovirus, ‘Tremovirus’, Parechovirus, and seal picornavirus type 1 from the remainder of the family. Enterovirus and ‘Sapelovirus’ were sister taxa. Cardiovirus, ‘Senecavirus’, Aphthovirus, Erbovirus, Teschovirus, and Kobuvirus were derived from a common ancestor with Kobuvirus occupying a basal position relative to the other genera in this clade. My analyses suggest that picornaviruses have not cospeciated with their known hosts.
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Saers, Jacobus Petrus Paulus. "Ontogeny and functional adaptation of trabecular bone in the human foot." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270298.

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Trabecular bone forms the internal scaffolding of most bones, and consists of a microscopic lattice-like structure of interconnected bony struts. Experimental work has demonstrated that trabecular bone adapts its structural rigidity and orientation in response to the strains placed upon the skeleton during life, a concept popularly known as “Wolff’s Law” or “bone functional adaptation”. Anthropological work has focused on correlating variation in primate trabecular bone to locomotor and masticatory function, to provide a context for the interpretation of fossil morphology. However, intraspecies variation and its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this thesis, variation in trabecular bone structure is examined in the human foot in four archaeological populations. The aim is to tease apart the factors underlying variation in human trabecular microstructure to determine whether it may be a suitable proxy for inferring terrestrial mobility in past populations. μCT scanning is used to image the three-dimensional trabecular structure of the talus, calcaneus, and first metatarsal in samples from four archaeological populations. Trabecular structure is quantified in seventeen volumes of interest placed throughout the foot. Trabecular bone is influenced by a variety of factors including body mass, age, diet, temperature, genetics, sex, and mechanical loading. Before trabecular structure can be used to infer habitual behaviour, the effects of these factors need to be understood and ideally statistically accounted for. Therefore, the effects of variation in bone size and shape, body mass, age, and sex on human trabecular structure are examined in four populations. Significant effects of body mass and age are reported, but little sexual dimorphism was found within populations. Taking these results into account, variation in trabecular structure is compared between archaeological populations that were divided into high and low mobility categories. Results demonstrate that the four populations show similar patterns of trabecular variation throughout the foot, with a signal of terrestrial mobility level superimposed upon it. Terrestrial mobility is associated with greater bone volume fraction and thicker, more widely spaced, and less interconnected trabeculae. Ontogeny of trabecular bone in the human calcaneus is investigated in two archaeological populations in the final chapter of the thesis. Results indicate that calcaneal trabecular bone adapts predictably to changes in loading associated with phases of gait maturation and increases in body mass. This opens the possibility of using trabecular structure to serve as a proxy of neuromuscular development in juvenile hominins. This work demonstrates that trabecular bone may serve as a useful proxy of habitual behaviour in hominin fossils and past populations when all contributing factors are carefully considered and ideally statistically controlled for.
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Webber, James T., and David A. Raichlen. "The role of plantigrady and heel-strike in the mechanics and energetics of human walking with implications for the evolution of the human foot." COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622583.

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Human bipedal locomotion is characterized by a habitual heel-strike (HS) plantigrade gait, yet the significance of walking foot-posture is not well understood. To date, researchers have not fully investigated the costs of non-heel-strike (NHS) walking. Therefore, we examined walking speed, walk-to-run transition speed, estimated locomotor costs (lower limb muscle volume activated during walking), impact transient (rapid increase in ground force at touchdown) and effective limb length (ELL) in subjects (n=14) who walked at self-selected speeds using HS and NHS gaits. HS walking increases ELL compared with NHS walking since the center of pressure translates anteriorly from heel touchdown to toe-off. NHS gaits led to decreased absolutewalking speeds (P=0.012) and walk-to-run transition speeds (P=0.0025), and increased estimated locomotor energy costs (P<0.0001) compared with HS gaits. These differences lost significance after using the dynamic similarity hypothesis to account for the effects of foot landing posture on ELL. Thus, reduced locomotor costs and increased maximum walking speeds in HS gaits are linked to the increased ELL compared with NHS gaits. However, HS walking significantly increases impact transient values at all speeds (P<0.0001). These trade-offs may be key to understanding the functional benefits of HS walking. Given the current debate over the locomotor mechanics of early hominins and the range of foot landing postures used by nonhuman apes, we suggest the consistent use of HS gaits provides key locomotor advantages to striding bipeds and may have appeared early in hominin evolution.
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KUZNETSOVA, NATALIA. "Dynamics of phonetic and phonological quantity in Ingrian and other Finnic languages of Ingria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1046358.

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The primary focus of this study is on dynamic quantity-related prosodic processes (reduction and lengthening) in the Finnic languages of Ingria, which are situated in the vicinity of St. Petersburg in Russia: Ingrian, Votic, Ingrian Finnish, mixed Siberian Ingrian/Finnish. All of them are severely endangered or moribund: the number of currently living speakers ranges from zero to a couple of hundred. I have been conducting field research on the phonetics, phonology, and morpho(no)logy of these varieties since 2006. Their phonology is extremely complex, especially from the point of view of phonological quantity and contains several cross-linguistic phonological rarities. The complexity of phonology and a great degree of intra- and interdialectal variability, aggravated by powerful reduction processes, pose major challenges for the development of a consistent phonetic and phonological transcription needed for the documentation, revitalisation, and description of these languages. The varieties in question are studied unevenly. There exist one or more dictionaries on each but the last one. Several grammatical descriptions have been published on Votic. For Ingrian, there exists only one normative grammar written in Ingrian, and all other works describe only some particular aspects of the language. Ingrian Finnish dialects are studied even more fragmentarily. The Siberian Ingrian/Finnish had been barely known in linguistics until recently. Votic, Ingrian, and Ingrian Finnish have been in intense contact for centuries, and some of their dialects form a Sprachbund (language union) in the Lower Luga area of Western Ingria . Siberian Ingrian/Finnish is spoken in Western Siberia, but originates from Ingria, as its speakers were expelled from the Lower Luga area to the Omsk region in Siberia in 1803-1804. This mixed variety was formed in isolation from its mother languages, but shows many similar phonetic and phonological trends. There exist many phonetic and phonological studies on quantity in Finnic languages. However, broad comparative typological studies are still missing, with an exception of Viitso (1981, 2008), written in Estonian. His works are insightful yet purely theoretical, as few phonetic studies on these languages were available at that time. Modern technology provides broader possibilities for phonetic studies, and the fact that all these languages are still spoken gives the last chance to study them all simultaneously and run comparable phonetic experiments. Such experiments are urgently needed to complete phonological descriptions and transcription verifications. In particular, none of existing grammatical and other descripions provides a detailed comparative account both on the ongoing transformation of the vocalic length contrast in non-initial syllables under the influence of reduction and on the prosodically-motivated gemination of consonants, observed in all these varieties. Both phenomena occupy a central place in the dissertation. Comparative work allows to take a glance at the phonetic and phonological evolution of certain aspects of Finnic quantity, as the varieties in question manifest different developmental stages of the same phenomena. Moreover, rare phonological features of Finnic languages are of greater typological and theoretical interest, for example, the ternary quantity consonantal contrast in Estonian, Livonian, and Soikkola Ingrian, reduced voiceless vowels in Lower Luga Ingrian, or prosodically motivated gemination of consonants in di- and trisyllabic foot in Soikkola Ingrian. All these phenomena have never been discussed in general typological and theoretic literature and are addressed in this respect in the dissertation. In sum, presented results fill some of the most important remaining gaps in the phonetic and phonological description of the Finnic languages of Ingria, contributing to the documentation and revitalisation of vanishing languages, as well as to general phonetic and phonological theory and phonological typology. Existing gaps in description filled by this study are primarily linked to the quantity-related innovations in these languages, first of all, ongoing vowel reduction in non-initial syllables, which follows an isochronic (compensatory) pattern, and “anti-isochronic” (anti-compensatory) lengthening of sounds before longer sounds, including first of all the so-called secondary gemination of consonants before long vowels. These two phenomena for the first time receive a comprehensive systematic description that embraces their phonetics, phonology, evolution, and various typological and theoretical aspects. At the same time, some tradionally studied quantity-related phenomena, like Finnic grade alternation, are not touched upon in this study. Grade alternation is a historical Proto-Finnic process of quantity reduction in certain structures, related to foot isochrony. It is realtively well-studied for Finnic languages, on the one hand, and does not create issues for the transcription of the Finnic languages of Ingria, on the other hand, so it was of minor importance for the present work. The study is based on first-hand field data collected by the author and colleagues and includes phonetic experiments designed by the author. Among other things, it uses some novel experimental techniques, such as a phonemic categorisation test for non-written varieties.
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Hassel, Chervin. "Epidémiologie moléculaire et évolution de l'entérovirus A71 et interactions génétiques avec les autres entérovirus de l'espèce A responsables de la maladie pied-main-bouche." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM03/document.

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La maladie pied-main-bouche (PMB) et l’herpangine sont deux maladies pédiatriques bénignes causées par les entérovirus (EV), en particulier les sérotypes de l’espèce A (EV-A). Le sérotype EV-A71 fait l’objet d’une surveillance dans les pays du Sud Est de l’Asie car il est associé à des atteintes neurologiques sévères chez les très jeunes enfants, parfois mortelles (défaillance cardio-pulmonaire). Les infections causées par les autres EV-A tel que le coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) provoquent rarement des atteintes sévères. En Europe, les cas de maladie PMB causés par l’EV-A71 ne font pas l’objet d’une déclaration obligatoire, car ce virus ne cause pas d’épidémies de grande ampleur. L’objectif général de la thèse était d’étudier l’épidémiologie des EV-A en Europe et nous avons utilisé une approche phylogénétique bayésienne pour analyser un échantillon de 500 souches. Nous montrons la circulation discontinue de l’EV-A71 de deux populations virales principales (sous génogroupes C1 et C2), ce qui explique la rareté des épidémies en Europe. L’épidémiologie de ce virus est aussi caractérisée par des transports de souches entre les pays Européens et sporadiquement entre l’Europe et l’Asie (sous génogroupes B5 et C4). La recombinaison génétique intertypique survient rarement parmi les populations d’EV-A71 en circulation et ne contribue pas significativement à leur diversité génétique. Cependant, ce mécanisme génétique est relié à l’émergence d’un sous génogroupe CV-A16 qui circule en France depuis 2011. Comparés à l’EV-A71, les sérotypes CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A6 sont plus fréquemment sujets à des événements de recombinaison intertypiques. L’analyse de la sélection à l’échelle moléculaire indique que la fixation des mutations dans les protéines de capside de l’EV-A71 est lente, probablement à cause des contraintes structurales et fonctionnelles. La surveillance des infections à EV-A71 en Europe devrait être renforcée à cause de la neurovirulence de ce virus, de l’introduction récente et répétée de souches variantes « asiatiques » et de l’existence d’une grande diversité de génogroupes en Afrique et en Inde encore peu explorée<br>Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and Herpangina are two benign pediatric diseases caused by Enteroviruses (EV), especially enterovirus A species serotypes (EV-A). Infections caused by the EV-A71 serotype are monitored in countries of South East Asia because they are associated with severe neurological symptoms in young children and may be fatal (cardiopulmonary failure). Infections caused by the other EV-A serotypes, e.g. coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), rarely induce severe symptoms. In Europe, EV-A71 HFMD cases are not notifiable because this virus does not cause large-scale epidemics. The overall objective of this thesis was to study the EV-A epidemiology in Europe and we used a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to analyze 500 viral strains. We show a discontinued circulation of two EV-A71 populations (C1 and C2 subgenogroups), which explains the rare outbreaks in Europe. The epidemiology of this virus is characterized by transportation events of viral strains between European countries and sporadically between Europe and Asia (C4 and B5 subgenogroups). Intertypic genetic recombination occur rarely among circulating EV-A71 populations and does not contribute significantly to their genetic diversity. We found that genetic mechanism was related to the emergence of a new CV-A16 subgenogroup, which is circulating in France since 2011. In comparison with EV-A71, a number of serotypes (CV-A2, CV-A4, and CV-A6) are more frequently involved in intertypic recombination events. The structural and functional constraints are possible factors involved in the slow mutation fixation in the EV-A71 capsid proteins as determined by analyses of molecular selection. Neurovirulence, the recent and repeated introductions of variants “Asian” strains, and the diversity of genogroups in Africa and India call for strengthened surveillance of EV-A71 infections among European countries
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Ingram, Travis. "Evolution of the trophic niche and food web structure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36377.

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Food webs – networks of predator-prey interactions – are of fundamental importance to the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of biodiversity. The stability and functioning of food webs can be dependent on their 'vertical' structure: the distribution of species' trophic positions, the length of food chains and the prevalence of omnivory. Food web interactions such as predation, resource competition and intraguild predation can be potent agents of natural selection, driving evolutionary responses that feed back to reconfigure the food web. The structure and function of food webs thus arises from an interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes. My thesis describes four studies of the evolutionary ecology of food webs. First, I test whether trophic position evolution is associated with speciation events in Sebastes rockfish. My phylogenetic comparative analyses find no signal of change at speciation in the evolution of trophic position or trophic morphology. Instead, speciation events in rockfish appear to be primarily associated with divergence in depth habitat in the ocean. Next, I use an evolutionary assembly model to explore how the strength of foraging trade-offs influences the structure and temporal dynamics of food webs, as well as patterns of trait evolution. Across a range of trade-off strengths, the amount of omnivory in a food web is positively related to both species turnover and the degree of convergence in trophic position evolution. I then fit macroevolutionary models to Sebastes trophic position data. The data support a model of recurrent evolution in a constrained trait space, as predicted for omnivorous consumers. Finally, I examine the ecological and evolutionary consequences of intraguild predation on three spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by prickly sculpin (Cottus asper). My collaborators and I use comparative and experimental studies to show that sculpin presence in lakes is associated with the evolution of antipredator and pelagic foraging morphology in stickleback, leading to reduced predator vulnerability, increased zooplanktivory, and changes to the structure of the food web. These studies address a number of important questions about how evolutionary processes influence food web structure and function, and illustrate the work that remains to be done in this exciting area of research.
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Books on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Zeininger, Angel, Kevin G. Hatala, Roshna E. Wunderlich, and Daniel Schmitt, eds. The Evolution of the Primate Foot. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06436-4.

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Rinzler, Carol Ann. Leonardo's foot: How 10 toes, 52 bones, and 66 muscles shaped the human world. Bellevue Literary Press, 2013.

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3

Chunovic, Louis. One foot on the floor: The curious evolution of sex on television from I love Lucy to South Park. TV Books, 2000.

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Bordiga, Matteo, and Leo M. L. Nollet. Food Aroma Evolution. Edited by Matteo Bordiga and Leo M. L. Nollet. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429441837.

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1927-, Harris Marvin, Ross Eric B, and Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Symposium, eds. Food and evolution: Toward a theory of human food habits. Temple University Press, 1987.

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Sauner-Nebioglu, Marie-Hélène. Evolution des pratiques alimentaires en Turquie: Analyse comparative. K. Schwarz, 1995.

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Cook, Annabel Kirschner. The evolution of Japanese food spending patterns, 1963-1984. IMPACT Center, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1988.

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Consiglio, Carlo. Evoluzione e alimentazione: Il cammino dell'uomo. Bollati Boringhieri, 2003.

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Tarabella, Angela. Food Products Evolution: Innovation Drivers and Market Trends. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23811-1.

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David, Marsh, ed. The driving force: Food, evolution, and the future. Harper & Row, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Klenerman, Leslie, and Bernard Wood. "Early Evolution of the Foot." In The Human Foot. Springer London, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-032-x_1.

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Klenerman, Leslie, and Bernard Wood. "Recent Evolution of the Human Foot." In The Human Foot. Springer London, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-032-x_2.

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Hong, Joon Pio. "Evolution of Diabetic Foot Reconstruction." In Landmark Papers in Plastic Surgery. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57132-9_29.

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Kirby, Kevin A. "Evolution of Foot Orthoses in Sports." In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76416-0_2.

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Kirby, Kevin A. "Evolution of Foot Orthoses in Sports." In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52136-7_2.

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Domingo, E., N. Pariente, A. Airaksinen, et al. "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Evolution: Exploring Pathways Towards Virus Extinction." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27109-0_7.

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McClymont, Juliet, and Robin H. Crompton. "Repetition Without Repetition: A Comparison of the Laetoli G1, Ileret, Namibian Holocene and Modern Human Footprints Using Pedobarographic Statistical Parametric Mapping." In Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_3.

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AbstractIt is traditionally held that early hominins of the genusAustralopithecushad a foot transitional in function between that of the other great apes and our own but that the appearance of genusHomowas marked by evolution of an essentially biomechanically modern foot, as well as modern body proportions. Here, we report the application of whole foot, pixel-wise topological statistical analysis, to compare four populations of footprints from across evolutionary time:Australopithecusat Laetoli (3.66 Ma, Tanzania), early AfricanHomofrom Ileret (1.5 Ma, Kenya) and recent modern (presumptively habitually barefoot) pastoralistHomo sapiensfrom Namibia (Holocene), with footprints from modern Western humans. Contrary to some previous analyses, we find that only limited areas of the footprints show any statistically significant difference in footprint depth (used here as an analogy for plantar pressure). A need for this comparison was highlighted by recent studies using the same statistical approach, to examine variability in the distribution of foot pressure in modern Western humans. This study revealed very high intra-variability (mean square error) step-to-step in over 500 steps. This result exemplifies the fundamental movement characteristic of dynamic biological systems, whereby regardless of the repetition in motor patterns for stepping, and even when constrained by experimental conditions, each step is unique or non-repetitive; hence, repetition without repetition. Thus, the small sample sizes predominant in the fossil and ichnofossil record do not reveal the fundamental neurobiological driver of locomotion (variability), essentially limiting our ability to make reliable interpretations which might be extrapolated to interpret hominin foot function at a population level. However, our need for conservatism in our conclusions does not equate with a conclusion that there has been functional stasis in the evolution of the hominin foot.
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Robinson, Peter W., and Peter Lam. "Percutaneous Correction of Mild to Severe Hallux Valgus Defomity: The Evolution and Current Concepts of the PECA Technique." In Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Foot Surgery. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98791-6_14.

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Hapsoro, N. A., H. F. S. Rusyda, and C. N. Bramiana. "Study of controlling the layout and construction on pedestrian foot-bridge based on regulation." In Dynamics of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Digital Technology Transformation and Cultural Evolution. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003193241-17.

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Jacobs, Haike. "The interaction between the evolution of syllable structure and foot structure in the evolution from Classical Latin to Old French." In Theoretical Analyses in Romance Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.74.06jac.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Jayaraman, Buvana, and Mark Potsdam. "UH-60A Rotor Tip Vortex Prediction and Comparison to Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Measurements." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9445.

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Structural dynamics coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using the US Army and HPCMP CREATE-AV™ Helios flow solver are compared with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data on a full-scale UH-60A rotor in the 40- by 80-foot National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex wind tunnel. The PIV data was obtained on the advancing side of the rotor disk. Helios CFD results use two near-body modules, NSU3D and OVERFLOW, with highly refined unstructured and structured meshes. Off-body wake grid spacings, as small as 1.7% chord, are investigated using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). High-speed and low-speed descending flight test conditions are studied. For the finest mesh spacing the wake vortical structures compare exceptionally well qualitatively, although the CFD flow field is seen to be smoother, more distinct, and periodic. CFD is used effectively to trace the origin of vortical structures on the PIV plane due to the tip vortices, trim tab, and blade twist/planform. Structures emanating from the high twist and swept planform region of the UH-60A are noticeably discrete and independently persistent. Quantitative vortex properties (core radius, circulation, and location) are in general agreement between simulation and experiment, although the vortex evolution is not captured accurately and the trajectories are offset. Overall, the CFD results show that with sufficient grid resolution, wake convection over a distance of at least a blade radius can be reasonably computed, with eventual application to rotor-fuselage interaction problems.
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Marchesi, Lodovica, Maria Ilaria Lunesu, and Michele Marchesi. "Simulating an Agri-Food DApp System." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00012.

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Golovko, Liudmyla, Olena Gulac, Iryna Siuiva, Elina Pozniak, and Olena Shompol. "EVOLUTION OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF THE EU." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s23.96.

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The agricultural sector is an important strategic branch of any economy. Food security and food independence of the state are the key to ensuring the national security of the state. This fact became especially evident during Russia's aggression against Ukraine, which, among other things, affected the global food market. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the oldest policies of the European Community, as it was launched in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, signed by six countries (Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg), which were about the creation of the European Union. The goal of �AP has always been a strong and competitive policy in the field of agriculture and ensuring a sufficient amount of food for the population. At the same time, it should be noted that CAP has evolved significantly from the beginning of European integration to the present stage, in addition to the above-mentioned initial goals, new goals have appeared in it. The purpose of this article is to show the evolution of CAP with special emphasis on environmental protection and the role of CAP in climate change. The Common Agricultural Policy for 2023-2027 and its strategic priorities were analyzed. New priorities included in CAP were revealed. General theoretical methods of study were used. Analysis and synthesis, system-functional method, theoretical generalization made it possible to generalize tendencies of the development of the CAP.
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Liu, Zeng-hui, Zhang-Jun Liu, and Jian-Bing Chen. "Global dynamic reliability analysis of large floating offshore wind turbine under 3-directional wind and wave loads." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2543.

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&lt;p&gt;In this paper, a global dynamic reliability analysis framework of FOWTs under 3D wind and wave loads was established. First, a physical 3-D turbulent wind field simulation method based on the physical spectral tensor and the SHF approach was proposed to generate the rotational sampling wind field of the FOWT. Then, the joint probability distribution model of the wind-wave parameters was established by combining the Copula method and the ocean reanalysis data. In order to perform the meticulous global dynamic reliability analysis of the FOWT, two kinds of dynamic reliability analysis methods were developed using the probability density evolution theory (PDEM). Using the above methods, the global dynamic reliability of the OC3 Hywind Spar-type FOWT under different wind conditions was analysed. The numerical results demonstrated the practicality of the proposed dynamic reliability analysis framework.&lt;/p&gt;
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Mizaikoff, Boris. "Mid-Infrared (Bio)Photonics: From Emerging Technology to Enabling Devices." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/laop.2024.tu1b.5.

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Vibrational spectroscopies - and especially infrared spectroscopy - play an increasingly important role in modern biodiagnostics, environmental analysis, and food safety/quality scenarios. This has led to the evolution of mid-infrared photonics from an emerging tool into an enabling technology. With applications ranging from non-invasive exhaled breath analysis to in-vivo assessment of cartilage damage, mid-infrared (MIR; 3-20 μm) photonics ranges among the most flexible molecular sensing platforms nowadays available. In particular, with the emergence of quantum and interband cascade laser technology along with advanced MIR waveguide concepts the on-chip hybridization and/or integration of entire MIR sensing devices is on the horizon ultimately leading to IR-lab-on-chip systems.
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Ortiz-Sosa, R., EI Fuentes-Oliver, R. Solalinde-Vargas, R. Solalinde-Vargas, R. Serrano-Loyola, and C. García-Segundo. "Temporal changes in the radiometric information of patients with diabetic foot disease." In QIRT. QIRT Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2022.1006.

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This work presents a temporal analysis of the metabolic evolution of patients with a diagnosis of diabetic foot diseaseand a group of control individuals, this as a response of an external stimulus. For this purpose, the asymmetry and thermal response index between the infrared images in the basal state and images acquired at different evolution times post-stimulus was calculated. As a result, a difference in the temporal metabolic behavior of patients and disease-free subjects was observed
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Nguyen, Tan Thang, Thanh-Phong Dao, and Shyh-Chour Huang. "Biomechanical Design of a Novel Six DOF Compliant Prosthetic Ankle-Foot 2.0 for Rehabilitation of Amputee." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67700.

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This paper develops a new design of a compliant prosthetic ankle-foot 2.0. The ankle-foot is a composite made of glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP). The finite element analysis is used to evaluate the structural behavior of the ankle-foot, including the deformation, stress and strain energy. The Taguchi method is used to build a special orthogonal array. By using a differential evolution algorithm, the geometric parameters of the ankle-foot are determined. The result indicated that the optimal strain energy is improved approximately 155%. The maximum energy strain of 93.914 mJ is recognized. The results also revealed that the prosthetic ankle-foot is becoming more flexible due to the compliant ankle. Lastly, the prosthetic ankle-foot was proved to be effective for a human body up to 100 kg.
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Исупова, М., and M. Isupova. "ROLE OF MOUTH PROCESSES IN THE DYNAMICS OF ACCUMULATIVE FORMS IN COASTAL ZONE OF BLACK SEA (WITHIN THE RUSSIAN SECTOR)." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3cbeb5b90.32745131.

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The processes in the river mouth areas play a special role in the formation and dynamics of coastal accumulative forms. The experience of Russian and foreign specialists on investigations of river mouths shows a modern intensification of sea impact on the river deltas in the world and enhance the abrasion of their delta coastlines. These processes show a trend of transformation of different mouths from the fluvial-dominated objects to the marine-dominated objects. A striking example of this process is the variability of the mouth fan, which has a complicated structure, and the mouth bars. In most cases, the structure of the mouth fan presents several successive layers. There are the following 1) abovewater and submarine sand layers; 2) layer of silty sediments of the sea slope of the mouth fan; 3) gently sloping layers of clay, component the foot of the mouth fan; 4) layer of shelf sand, not related to the formation of mouth fan. Each of these layers is characterized by a specific size and composition of sediments. Under intensification of abrasion of the mouth accumulative forms (accordance with the stage of this abrasion), the sediments significantly differed by composition, can be penetrate in the lithodynamic coastal system. A rather complex topography of the underwater slope rugged canyons is typical for the Russian coast of the Black Sea. Through these canyons, sediments, entering the river mouth area and playing an important role in the dynamics of coastal accumulative forms, can be delivered to the depths. These depths exclude of their return.
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Yin, Kaiyang, Muye Pang, Kui Xiang, and Chen Jing. "Optimization Parameters of PID Controller for Powered Ankle-foot Prosthesis Based on CMA Evolution Strategy." In 2018 IEEE 7th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems Conference (DDCLS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddcls.2018.8515918.

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Casero, P., J.-F. Salel, and A. Rosatto. "Multidisciplinary Correlative Evidences for Polyphase Geological Evolution of the Foot-Hills of the Cordillera Oriental." In 6th Simposio Bolivariano - Exploracion Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.117.007eng.

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Reports on the topic "Evolution of Foot"

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Bezerra, Alexandre Sacchetti, Flavia Altheman Loureiro, Carla Maria Pasquareli Vazquez, Afonso Cesar Polimanti, and Rafi Felicio Bauab Dauar. Empiric Treatment of Foot Infection in Patients with Severe Diabetes. Science Repository, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jicoa.2021.04.04.

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Background: Despite being treated with antibiotics of broad spectrum recommended by International Consensus, severe diabetic patients with lower limb infection do not present a positive clinical evolution during empirical treatment. This study’s bacterial profile was analysed and compared with other worldwide hospital centers. Objective: To confirm the need of an individualized empirical treatment for severe diabetic patients with foot infection. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cultures and antibiograms of severe diabetic patients admitted by foot infection. Results: The results were consistent with the socioeconomic realities of developing countries. Gram-negative bacteria (52,11%) were present in most bone cultures. Results presented a high incidence of Enterococcus faecalis in both gram-positive (21,2%) and polymicrobial (34,7%) samples. Bacterial resistance with the use of ordinary antibiotics in the statistical analysis was high. Conclusion: The community infections should undergo broad spectrum empirical therapy combining amikacin (80,43%) or meropenem (72,00%) with gram-negative and vancomycin (100%) or teicoplanin (90,00%) or linezolid (74,19%) with gram-positive.
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Piercy, Candice, Timothy Welp, and Ram Mohan. Guidelines for how to approach thin layer placement projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47724.

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Historically, dredged material (DM) has been placed at the nearest available placement site. There has been an increasing trend of beneficial use projects recently, often using innovative methods. Thin layer placement (TLP) involves one- to two-foot-thick DM placement, compared to traditional, thicker sediment placement applications, to restore coastal wetlands. The main idea of TLP is to promote the natural recolonization or reestablishment of habitat and benthic species. This guidance presents a roadmap of TLP’s evolution and offers easily digestible examples and considerations for TLP applications in wetlands and open-water environments. Offered as a tool to the practitioner, the eight chapters of this guidance covers the history of TLP, characterization of the project area, setting goals and objectives, project design, construction considerations, monitoring and adaptive management, knowledge gaps, and future research needs. Several case studies are presented as examples of how such applications have been implemented and highlight lessons learned, particularly best-management practices. This guidance offers consideration of TLP as a critical component in the project development phase, a tool for the sustainable management of DM, and a method that may create, maintain, enhance, or restore ecological function while supporting navigation channel infrastructure and providing flood risk management benefits.
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strauss, Bernhard, Samuel Short, and Pantea Lotfian. The Evolution of personalised nutrition. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ean605.

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Health and wellbeing and susceptibility to disease are causally linked to food and nutrition intake, an observation that has informed dietary advice for centuries. However, physiological response to different food types varies greatly by individual, meaning that a “one size fits all” approach to nutritional advice may be inadequate to ensure optimum health outcomes. Personalised nutrition (PN) services, operating at the intersection between health advisory, the wellness sector, and the food system, seek to address this through individualised targeted dietary advice focused on achieving lasting dietary behaviour change that is beneficial for health. In this report we specifically analyse the evolution of personalised nutrition defined as nutritional advice based on personalised analysis of scientific data obtained from the customers’ phenotype and the scientific knowledge base underpinning such advice. We will touch on technologies that enable the personalisation of food more generally only insofar as they might impact PN in the future through wider network effects within the food system. Personalised nutrition as a clinical and academic field of study has existed for at least four decades, however recent investor interest and cheaper direct-to-consumer (D2C) testing devices have enabled a growing commercial PN sector that has evolved over the past ten years. Commercial PN services provide mostly advice, which is claimed to be based on the latest scientific evidence showing the causal connections between certain individual phenotypic traits (genes, lifestyle factors, gut microbe, blood parameters, age, sex, etc.) and the physiological response to food. In addition to advice, providers increasingly offer personalised supplements and vitamins (which are within the FSA remit) as well as personalised, tailored subscription meal plans. The sector in the UK is currently still small but represented by a number of different business models serving increasing consumer interest in health-related offerings. Moreover, there are hopes that commercial PN might, in the longer-term future, contribute to public health. In this report we have analysed the specific input trends that have enabled the emergence of the sector with the drivers and challenges that are shaping its evolution today. This analysis included a thorough assessment of the science that underpins PN services, the role of technology trends and commercial activity including an overview of the current global and UK markets, wider social trends that impact consumer uptake of PN, and the existing regulatory environment that surrounds PN, a currently unregulated commercial activity. The potential impact on public health, food safety and consumer choice as the industry develops over the coming decade were also assessed.
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Hamilton, W. B. Fort Anne National Historic Park: its evolution through the years. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/298172.

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Williams, G. K. Tectonic evolution of the Fort Norman area, Mackenzie Corridor, N.W.T. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130647.

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Strauss, Bernhard, Britta Kleinsorge, and Pantea Lotfian. 3D printing technologies in the food system for food production and packaging. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.suv860.

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3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, represents a range of technologies that create 3D objects through a layer-by-layer deposition process using digital image files. 3D printing evolved over the past four decades from a prototyping tool to a manufacturing method in its own right in a number of industries and several additive manufacturing processes have matured into robust production technologies for highly customised and bespoke products when produced in small numbers. However, 3D printing technologies at their current stage of evolution are usually not considered commercially viable for mass production applications.
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Brutsche, Katherine E., and Ping Wang. First Year Morphological Evolution of an Artificial Berm at Fort Myers Beach, Florida. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada559305.

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Gillespie, Rebecca, and Stephanie Friend. Trends in Twitter conversations about food during 2019-20. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.lbs663.

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As part of our responsibilities, we work to understand the continuing evolution of the food landscape to identify opportunities to improve standards of food safety and/or authenticity. To do this, we use science and evidence to tackle the challenges of today, to identify and address emerging risks, and to ensure the UK food safety regulation framework is modern, agile and represents consumer interests. One way we build our understanding of consumer interests and concerns is through social media analysis, which permits real time monitoring of key issues relating to food safety and other consumer concerns.
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Hart, Lucy. Understanding platform businesses in the food ecosystem. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.puh821.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is responsible for public health in relation to food in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It makes sure that people can trust that the food they buy and eat is safe and is what it says it is. As part of this responsibility, the FSA works to understand the continuing evolution of the food landscape to identify opportunities to improve standards of food safety and/or authenticity. As well as any new or magnified risks from which consumers should be protected. One area that has evolved rapidly is that of digital platforms in the food and drink industry. Consumers are increasingly purchasing food via third party intermediaries, known as ‘aggregators’, from a range of vendors. Digital platforms remain a relatively new concept, with many launching in the past decade. As such, there has been a knowledge gap in government about how these platforms work and how they impact the landscape in which they operate.
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Aier, Chubanaro, Pazhuni Pfote, and Jeyaparvathi Somasundaram. ECONOMIC AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSAMIA RICINI RAISED ON CASTOR LEAVES FORTIFIED WITH PROBIOTICS - REVIEW. World Wide Journals, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/9019083.

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The gut microbiota affects silkworm growth and development and is particularly associated with food absorption, nutrient use, and disease immunity. The behaviour and evolution of insects are inuenced by interactions with their microbiome. In cases of nutritional deciency or other health conditions, certain microbes can be given as dietary supplements to promote insect reproduction, food conversion, and growth as well as health parasitic infection. An overview of insect-microbiota interactions is provided, as well as information on the function of probiotics, their typical application in the rearing of insects for food and feed, and their interactions with the host microbiota. The improvement of the silkworm's growth and development is greatly aided by nutrition
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