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Journal articles on the topic 'Evolutionär'
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1
Meyer, Dirk. "Evolutionär-stabile soziale Strategien." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 38, no. 12 (2009): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2009-12-623.
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Nienkerke-Springer, Dr Anke. "Den Vertrieb evolutionär ausrichten." Sales Excellence 29, no. 9 (September 2020): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35141-020-0352-4.
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Horváth, Péter. "(R)Evolutionär: Neues schaffen >fk." Controlling 13, no. 1 (2001): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2001-1-3.
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Wiens, Matthias, and Werner E. G. Müller. "Von evolutionär uralten Schwammgenen zu biotechnologischen Materialien." BIOspektrum 27, no. 5 (September 2021): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1619-z.
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AbstractConventional synthetic methodologies mostly bar access to the fabrication of innovative silica- or metal oxide-based materials with an expanded property spectrum. However, nature represents an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the synthesis of multifunctional materials with tailored attributes. Particularly the low-energy catalytic pathways of poriferan biosilicification, with the enzyme silicatein at their heart, have been inspiring recent biotechnological approaches.
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Voland, Eckart, and Christoph Meißelbach. "Verständigungsbarrieren zwischen kulturalistischen Sozialwissenschaften und evolutionärer Anthropologie: Ursachen, Argumente und Auswege." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 73, no. 1 (March 2021): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-021-00730-6.
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ZusammenfassungKommunikation und Kooperation zwischen sozialwissenschaftlicher und evolutionär-anthropologischer Forschung ist durch einige Verständigungsbarrieren erschwert. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten dieser Probleme systematisch geordnet und auf die folgenden Fragen hin analysiert: Wo stehen der Annäherung sozialwissenschaftlicher und evolutionär informierter Anthropologie nur Missverständnisse, Falschauffassungen oder ideologisches Misstrauen im Wege; wo sind es unterschiedliche methodologische Herangehensweisen oder paradigmatische Grundüberzeugungen; und wie lassen sich diese Hindernisse interdisziplinärer Theorieintegration überwinden?
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Piechocki, Reinhard, and Rudolf Piechocki. "Evolutionär optimierte Verhältnisse von Eigröße und Beckenweite bei verschiedenen Vogelordnungen." Annalen für Ornithologie 65, S1 (September 28, 1989): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4840650308.
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Kotrschal, Kurt. "Das Ende der Beliebigkeit — zum evolutionär-biologischen Fundament des Menschen." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie 28, no. 2 (June 2003): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11614-003-0003-1.
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Rotter, Franz, and Michael Eder. "Digitalisierung in der voestalpine High Performance Metals Division – Evolutionär und Revolutionär." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 162, no. 11 (November 2017): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-017-0674-8.
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Bonnet, Udo. "Ein kurzes Essay über die Spiritualität von Placebo aus (evolutionär) psychiatrischer Sicht." Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie 87, no. 07 (December 12, 2018): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0637-1940.
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ZusammenfassungAnders als Spiritualität ist der Placebo-Effekt bestens operationalisiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird versucht, eine phänomenologische Verwandtschaft zwischen der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit von Spiritualität und Placebo zu finden. Ähnliche Kontexteinflüsse sowie die mögliche gemeinsame Nutzung einer phylogenetisch gut konservierten protektiven Route über das mesolimbisch dopaminerge Belohnungssystem werden herausgestellt. Die klinische Wirksamkeit beider Phänomene scheint ubiquitär zu sein, wobei die Effektivität des Placebo-Effektes wissenschaftlich viel valider abgesichert ist als dieses bezüglich eines „Spiritualität-Effektes“ aktuell methodologisch möglich wäre. Die Vorhersagbarkeit für beide Effekte ist unsicher und beide sind Janus-köpfig (z. B. Placebo vs. Nocebo-Effekt). Aktuell wird sowohl für Placebo als auch für spiritualitäts-orientierte Verfahren versucht, deren klinische Wirksamkeit durch Modulation der therapeutischen Rahmenbedingungen und Gesprächsinhalte zu maximieren. Die Diskussion endet mit der reflexiven Frage, ob der Placebo-Effekt im Wesentlichen Züge von „Spiritualität-light“ besitzen könnte.
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Schäfer, Edwin, and Andres Schmid. "Disruptive Verwaltung: Alles eine Frage des (Projekt-) Managements?" Verwaltung & Management 26, no. 2 (2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2020-2-85.
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Die Forderungen nach einer disruptiven Evolution der öffentlichen Verwaltung werden vor allem im Kontext der Digitalisierung lauter. In der Praxis lassen sich entsprechende Entwicklungen kaum erkennen. Das Projekt CashBA der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) ist ein Beispiel für ein neues Denken und das infrage stellen von herkömmlichen Vorgehensweisen und eingetretenen Verwaltungspfaden. Das Projekt ist evolutionär zu einem disruptiven Projektergebnis gekommen und mit dem ersten Platz des eGovernment-Awards in der Kategorie „Bestes Modernisierungsprojekt“ im Jahr 2019 prämiert worden. In seinem Verlauf stieß es auf inner- und außerorganisatorische Widerstände. Es mussten viele Herausforderungen bewältigt werden. Das Projekt bekam große mediale Aufmerksamkeit und wurde von der Öffentlichkeit kritisch begleitet. Es stellt sich mithin die Frage: Wie konnte es zu diesem Projekterfolg kommen?
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Sorgo, Gabriele. "Jagen und Töten." Paragrana 20, no. 1 (August 2011): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/para.2011.0005.
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ZusammenfassungDas Jagen wurde in den Kulturtheorien des 20. Jahrhunderts als evolutionär bedeutsamste Errungenschaft der Menschheit dargestellt, Aggression und Sexualität als beim Menschen von Natur aus legierte Gefühls- und Tätigkeitsbereiche beschrieben. Dieser Forschungsbericht stellt diese Legierung in Frage und versucht anhand empirischer Daten andere Perspektiven zu erschließen, die nahe legen, dass die Verknüpfung von Jagd und Lust mit dem Töten von kulturellen Kontexten abhängig ist.
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Boeddri, Ute. "Ängste homöopathisch behandeln." Erfahrungsheilkunde 70, no. 04 (August 2021): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1554-3220.
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ZusammenfassungAngst ist ein evolutionär elementares Gefühl und gehört zum Leben. Im Laufe des Lebens lernt man aus den Erfahrungen heraus, damit umzugehen. Die diffuse Angst kann sich jedoch zur konkreten Furcht entwickeln. Am Beispiel der Ängste von Kindern und Jugendlichen werden in diesem Artikel einige medikamentöse Therapiemöglichkeiten in Form von Einzelhomöopathika und fixen Kombinationen vorgestellt.Im Lüscher-Farbtest lässt sich das pathologische Selbstwertgefühl entdecken, das hinter der Angst steht.
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Kalveram, Karl Theodor. "Zur Evolution der innerartlichen Aggression." Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 30, no. 2/3 (July 1999): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.30.23.111.
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Zusammenfassung: Aggression wird biologisch als eine soziale Interaktion definiert, die auf einen Artgenossen zielt und dessen Fitness herabsetzt. An Hand von Modellrechnungen und Simulationen wird die Evolution von Sozialverhalten nachgezeichnet, um die Erscheinungsformen von Gewalt nach ihrer biologischen Herkunft (Funktion) zu klassifizieren. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß die Evolution der innerartlichen Aggression beginnt mit «unbedingter Aggression», bei der Verletzungskämpfe mit allen gesucht werden, fortschreitet zur «unbedingten Aggression gepaart mit Fluchtfähigkeit», und endet mit der «bedingten Aggression und Fluchtfähigkeit», bei der Verletzungskämpfe zwischen g-Verwandten - und auch nur zwischen diesen - vermieden werden. Gen-Verwandtschaft (g-Verwandtschaft) wird dabei definiert als Übereinstimmung in der genetischen Ausstattung nur hinsichtlich der in Rede stehenden Eigenschaft, hier Aggression und Aggressionskontrolle, wobei Drohritual, Dominanzverhalten und friedlicher Wettbewerb die Funktion von Verwandtschaftsdetektoren haben. Bedingte Aggression ist eine starke evolutionär stabile Strategie (ESS), denn ihre Anwender verdrängen die Anwender konkurrierender Aggressionsstrategien vollständig. Das Resultat ist eine homogene Population von g-Verwandten, die miteinander friedlich umgehen, sich jedoch gegenüber Nicht-Verwandten (den als «fremd» Klassifizierten) äußerst feindselig verhalten. Die Überlegungen können die Abgrenzung der feindseligen Gewalt von anderen Gewaltarten, wie z. B. instrumenteller, explorativer, erzieherischer, strafender oder verteidigender Gewalt, begründen.
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Schläpfer, Martin. "Ist Sauerstoffmangel immer nur schädlich?" Praxis 107, no. 21 (October 2018): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003070.
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Zusammenfassung. Die Aufgabe des Kreislaufs ist die Versorgung von Gewebe mit Sauerstoff und Nährstoffen. Zustände des Sauerstoffmangels (Hypoxie) werden als bedrohlich erachtet, da abhängig vom Ausprägungsgrad Zellen absterben, sei es durch apoptotische oder nekrotische Vorgänge. Dem versucht das Gewebe durch evolutionär erhaltene Signalwege entgegenzuwirken, z.B. über den nukleären Hypoxie-induzierbaren Faktor, der das Gewebe schützen soll, indem er das Überleben der Zellen fördert und gleichzeitig in Angiogenese, Hämatogenese und Stoffwechselprozesse eingreift. Neuere Erkenntnisse weisen darauf hin, dass gerade diese konservierten Signalwege auch therapeutische Ansätze in der Wundheilung von Knochen und Haut sowie in der Regeneration von Geweben, z.B. der Leber, und dem hämatopoetischen System, bedeuten können.
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Vieth, Manuela. "Die Evolution von Fairnessnormen im Ultimatumspiel / The Evolution of Norms of Fairness in the Ultimatum Game." Zeitschrift für Soziologie 32, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 346–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2003-0404.
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Zusammenfassung Das Ultimatumspiel beschreibt eine soziale Verhandlungssituation, in der Fairnessüberlegungen bei der Aufteilung eines Gutes relevant werden können. In spieltheoretischen Experimenten werden mehrheitlich gleichmäßige Aufteilungen vorgenommen und geringe Angebote durchaus abgelehnt. Diese Befunde widersprechen der spieltheoretischen Vorhersage, wenn sie auf materiellen Nutzen eingeschränkt wird. Um faires Verhalten (und allgemein Moral) zu erklären, müssen daher andere als materielle Anreize ebenfalls in Betracht gezogen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues evolutionäres Fairnessmodell vorgestellt, das die Ablehnung von Angeboten im Ultimatumspiel aus dem Blickwinkel der Rational Choice Theorie erklärt. Frank (1992) folgend werden Emotionen als Signale eingeführt. Diese können Sanktionsdrohungen Glaubwürdigkeit verleihen, wenn sie bei anderen erkennbar sind. Binmore und Samuelson (1994) haben eine „Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit“ (noise level) vorgeschlagen, um faires Verhalten zu erklären. Diese wird hier nicht als zufälliges Fehlverhalten, sondern als Erkennungswahrscheinlichkeit mit Franks Idee der „Überprüfungskosten“ (inspection costs) verknüpft. Mit diesem Modell sind Computersimulationen durchgeführt worden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Fairnessnorm (disjunkte soziale Norm) entstanden sein und sich erhalten haben kann: Für diejenigen, die ein Angebot erhalten, ist es evolutionär betrachtet vorteilhaft, niedrige Angebote abzulehnen, weil dadurch das Angebotsverhalten insgesamt erhöht wird. Anhand des hier vorgestellten Modells ist somit erklärbar, dass es durchaus dem rationalen Eigeninteresse des Menschen entspricht, sich an Fairness zu orientieren.
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Spittler, J. F. "Argumente, Gründe und Motive auf dem Weg in einen assistierten Suizid." Nervenheilkunde 25, no. 10 (2006): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626791.
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ZusammenfassungZwei Patienten wurden in der Vorbereitung assistierter Suizide begleitet. Bei einem weiteren wurde die Begleitung abgebrochen, weil zumutbare eigene Schritte nicht erbracht wurden. Vordergründige Argumente (A) waren Bewegungsbehinderungen, Aktivitätseinschränkungen und Schmerzen. Als maßgebliche Motive (B) fanden sich der Verlust einer beruflichen oder partnerschaftlichen Sinnerfüllung ihres Lebens und die Angst vor zunehmender Abhängigkeit – Einbußen von Selbstwert, Selbstbestimmung und Würde. Frühe Einflüsse (C) waren traumatische Entwürdigungserfahrungen und Verluste von Bezugs- bzw. Identifikationspersonen. Überlebensdemotivierende peristatische Bedingungen (D) fanden sich im familiären Pflegekontext mit dem Unwillen, weitere Pflege beanspruchen zu müssen, und außerfamiliär in der Entwürdigung durch die ambulante Pflege. In der ablehnenden Reaktion der Umgebung werden die Angstbesetzung eines evolutionär alten, biologisch-archetypischen Überlebensimpulses und die Frustration eines Fürsorgeimpulses identifiziert. Bei einem Abbruch der Begleitung bleibt die Rechtfertigung zweifelhaft. Auch wenn der Verlust schmerzhaft bleibt, kann den Gehenden in einer personalen Begegnung Solidarität und Geborgenheit vermittelt werden.
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Sahlmann, C. O., and P. Ströbel. "Pathophysiologie der Entzündung." Nuklearmedizin 55, no. 01 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616468.
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ZusammenfassungEntzündung ist das Resultat einer Aktivierung des Immunsystems aus unterschiedlichen Ursachen. Das Immunsystem ist ein hochkomplexes, evolutionär optimiertes Verteidigungssystem aus zellulären und humoralen Komponenten. Die Immunsituation des Wirtes, die Art und Virulenz des entzündlichen Agens und die (teilweise genetisch determinierte) Feinjustierung der Entzündungsreaktion entscheiden über den Ausgang einer Entzündungsreaktion. Probleme entstehen u. a. durch entzündungsbedingte Gewebedefekte (z.B. Fibrose) sowie durch ungenügende (Immundefizienz) oder überschießende Immunantworten (Autoimmunität). Das dynamische Gleichgewicht zwischen Immundefizienz und Autoimmunität wird durch stringente Selektionsmechanismen in Knochenmark und Thymus und durch Kontrollmechanismen (Checkpoints) in den peripheren lymphatischen Geweben sichergestellt. Viele Tumoren haben Eigenschaften, die zu einer Immunsuppression in ihrem Mikromilieu führen und umgehen dadurch ihre Zerstörung durch das Immunsystem.In den vergangenen Jahren ist es gelungen, diese lokale Immunsuppression durch den Tumor teilweise zu durchbrechen. Erste klinische Studien haben sehr ermutigende Indizien dafür geliefert, dass die Nutzung des Immunsystems für therapeutische Zwecke eine sehr effektive Waffe bei der Bekämpfung von Tumorerkrankungen sein kann.
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Lutsch, Andreas. "Gleichgewicht vor Westbindung. Die Regierung Schmidt und die „Neutronenbombe“ (1977/78) – eine Neubewertung." Historische Zeitschrift 310, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 52–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2020-0003.
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ZusammenfassungDas Geschichtsbild zur Kontroverse um die „Neutronenbombe“ 1977/78 ist geprägt von einer Standarderzählung: Diversen Schwierigkeiten und großer Umstrittenheit zum Trotz habe die Bundesrepublik Deutschland die Stationierung dieser Nuklearwaffe in ihrem Gebiet letztlich befürwortet, während die Entscheidung von US-Präsident Jimmy Carter von Anfang April 1978, die Waffe einstweilen nicht lagerungsbereit produzieren zu lassen, rätselhaft bleibt. Dieser Artikel bietet eine archivalisch abgestützte Neubewertung, die eine auch hinsichtlich ihres Ausgangs vermeintlich wohlverstandene Krise der NATO und der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen von großer zeithistorischer Bedeutung einer robusteren historischen Bewertung zuführt. Diese Neubewertung lässt sich in einer zentralen These verdichten: Die Regierung Schmidt wirkte mit Erfolg darauf hin, die von ihr nicht offen abgelehnte Lagerung dieser Nuklearmunition für Gefechtsfeldartillerie in der Bundesrepublik ad calendas graecas aufschieben zu können und landgestützte nukleare Mittelstreckenwaffen in der NATO evolutionär zu modernisieren. Wo die bundesdeutschen Prioritäten für die TNF-Modernisierung lagen, wurde in der Affäre um die „Neutronenbombe“ 1977/78 sehr deutlich – wenn auch nicht in der Öffentlichkeit.
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Luszyk, Dagmar. "Geschlechtsunterschiede in Partnerwahlpräferenzen." Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.32.2.95.
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Zusammenfassung: Geschlechtsunterschiede in Partnerwahlpräferenzen können durch zwei Theorien erklärt werden: durch die evolutionär orientierte Theorie der sexuellen Strategien und durch die soziale Rollentheorie in Verbindung mit der Annahme einer Ungleichverteilung ökonomischer Ressourcen zu Gunsten der Männer. Im Fokus der Diskussion steht insbesondere die Frage, durch welche der Theorien die weibliche Präferenz für die finanziellen Ressourcen eines Partners erklärt werden kann. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 243 Frauen und 351 Männer mit unterschiedlichem sozioökonomischen Status, operationalisiert durch Unterschiede im Ausbildungsniveau, mittels eines Fragebogens nach ihren Partnerwahlpräferenzen befragt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß 1) Frauen die Hinweise auf ökonomische Ressourcen eines Partners nicht konsistent höher bewerteten als Männer und 2) Personen mit einem geringeren sozioökonomischen Status mehr Wert auf die Ressourcen eines Partners legten als Personen mit einem höheren sozioökonomischen Status. Damit liefern die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit Indizien dafür, daß ein sozioökonomischer Ansatz die Geschlechtsunterschiede im Hinblick auf die Bewertung der Ressourcen eines Partners erklären kann.
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Wildner, Manfred. "Künstliche Intelligenz." Das Gesundheitswesen 80, no. 11 (November 2018): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0750-7130.
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Der argentinische Schriftsteller Jorge Luis Borges hat uns eine gewisse, angeblich chinesische Enzyklopädie mit dem Namen „Himmlischer Warenschatz wohltätiger Erkenntnisse“ hinterlassen: „Auf ihren uralten Blättern steht geschrieben, dass die Tiere sich wie folgt unterteilen: a) dem Kaiser gehörige, b) einbalsamierte, c) gezähmte, d) Milchschweine, e) Sirenen, f) Fabeltiere, g) streunende Hunde, h) in diese Einteilung aufgenommene, i) die sich wie toll gebärden, j) unzählbare, k) mit feinstem Kamelhaarpinsel gezeichnete, 1) und so weiter, m) die den Wasserkrug zerbrochen haben, n) die von weitem wie Fliegen aussehen“ 1. Es darf gelacht werden – sehen wir hier nicht einen klaren Hinweis auf die Notwendigkeit „Künstlicher Intelligenz“ (KI), um endlich eine spektralreine, wirkliche „MECE“- Ordnung (engl.für Mutually Exclusive, Combined Exhaustive) der Kategorien zu schaffen und die Begrenztheiten und Inkonsistenzen menschlichen Denkens zu überwinden? Und belegen nicht die bis vor kurzem unvorstellbaren Rechenleistungen der Computer eine grundsätzliche Überlegenheit der Maschinen, deren höhere Entwicklungsstufe quasi evolutionär im Sinne des Transhumanismus durch die Biologie nur vorbereitet wurde? Steht damit eine für die Mitte des 21. Jahrhunderts von Googles Technischem Direktor Raymond Kurzweil vorhergesagte Singularität mit Auftreten einer transhumanen Überintelligenz bevor? Als Belege werden gerne die in Spielen wie Schach (Computer „Deep Blue“, 1996), Jeopardy! (Programm „Watson“, 2011) oder GO (Programm „AlphaGo“, 2016) schon heute erreichten Siege von Hochleistungsrechnern bzw. Programmen gegenüber den jeweiligen menschlichen Champions angeführt. Wird menschliche Intelligenz in der KI ihren Meister finden?
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Ivanov, Lachezar, Jordan Buck, and Rory Sutherland. "The evolution-similarity matrix: an evolutionary psychology perspective on cross-cultural advertising." Innovative Marketing 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.16(2).2020.12.
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Corrections to the article made on November 24, 2020 The standardization/adaptation debate in cross-cultural advertising is a topic on which little consensus prevails and which remains heavily discussed. Using evolutionary psychology, this paper presents a typology of advertising cues and explains their cross-cultural relevance and transportability. The paper highlights three distinct categories – human universals (evolved similarities), local adaptations (evolved differences), and local socialization (differences not due to evolution). The paper contributes to advertising theory by providing a meta-framework for the study of cross-cultural similarities and differences in the processing of advertising cues. It further assists advertising practice by delivering a framework aiding in cross-cultural advertising copy decisions. By raising the questions that the paper poses to develop the proposed typology categories, advertisers can identify which advertising cues are malleable by advertising and which are based on innate human preferences and are relatively stable. With that knowledge in hand, advertisers can decide when and to what extent to use a standardization approach versus an adaptation approach.
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Rayavarapu, Prasad Rao. "Antenna Array Synthesis for Controlled Side Lobes and Nulls Using Evolutionary Modified Differential Evolution." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12i1/20201027.
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Webster, Gregory D. "Evolutionary Theory in Cognitive Neuroscience: A 20-Year Quantitative Review of Publication Trends." Evolutionary Psychology 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 147470490700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500304.
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Evolutionary cognitive neuroscience is an emerging and promising new scientific field that combines the meta-theoretical strengths of an evolutionary perspective with the methodological rigor of neuroscience. The purpose of the present research was to quantify and test evolution's influence in neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience journals over time (1987–2006). In Study 1, analyses from a convenience sample of 10 neuroscience journals revealed that the proportion of neuroscience articles mentioning evolution grew significantly over the last 20 years. Moreover, beginning as early as 1990, the average proportion of neuroscience articles mentioning evolution was significantly different from zero. These effects were not moderated by between-journals differences in impact factor (a citation rate index), suggesting that the observed growth was fairly consistent across journals. In Study 2, analyses from a convenience sample of 4 cognitive neuroscience journals revealed that the proportion of cognitive neuroscience articles mentioning evolution neither differed from zero nor grew significantly over time (1987–2006); however, the change-over-time effect size was large. Compared to other research areas, evolution's penetration into cognitive neuroscience articles grew faster than anthropology, economics, and sociology, but not psychology. The implications of evolutionary psychology's increasing role in science in general, and in cognitive neuroscience in particular, are discussed.
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Zhang, Ming Qin, Da Ming Sun, and Qing Wang. "Analysis on Evolution of Car Carrier Based on Theory of Technology Evolution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.463.
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In order to predict the development direction of stereo garage car carrier to accommodate the present need of transportation, combined technology system of car carrier with evolution routes belongs to evolution patterns in theory of technology evolution. Relationships between total system and evolution routes, relationships between subsystem and evolution routes were built, on the basis of researching the structural feature of stereo garage car carrier, analyzed the evolution rules of total system andsubsystems along different evolutional routes, indicated its present evolutionary state and predicted the future development direction. It is helpful for enterprise to accurately predict the next generation of product and greatly improve market competitiveness.
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Ageno, Yasuo, Hiroki Nagayasu, Naofumi Yamada, and Yuzuru Husimi. "2P135 Evolution of Promoter in Natural Selection-type Evolution Reactor(32. Evolutionary molecular engineering,Poster Session,Abstract,Meeting Program of EABS & BSJ 2006)." Seibutsu Butsuri 46, supplement2 (2006): S329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.46.s329_3.
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Kearney, Teresa. "Evolution’s Chimera: Bats and the Marvel of Evolutionary Adaptation." African Zoology 51, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2016.1258328.
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Jarrett, Paul, and Robert Scragg. "Evolution, Prehistory and Vitamin D." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020646.
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Aspects of human evolutionary biology and prehistory are discussed in relation to vitamin D. The evolution of hairlessness, combined with the need for efficient eccrine sweat production for cooling, provided evolutionary pressure to protect the skin from ultraviolet damage by developing cutaneous pigmentation. There was a subsequent loss of pigmentation as humans journeyed to northern latitudes. Their increasing mastery of technology outstripped evolution’s finite pace as further dispersal occurred around the globe. A timeline for the development of clothing to provide warmth, and the consequent shielding from ultraviolet light, which diminished vitamin D synthesis, can be inferred by an examination of mutations in the human louse.
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Tan, Tan-Hsu, Bor-An Chen, and Yung-Fa Huang. "Performance of Resource Allocation in Device-to-Device Communication Systems Based on Evolutionally Optimization Algorithms †." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081271.
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In this study, the resource blocks (RB) are allocated to user equipment (UE) according to the evolutional algorithms for long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is one of these evolutionary algorithms, which imitates the foraging behavior of a flock of birds through learning and grouping the best experience. In previous works, the Simple Particle Swarm Optimization (SPSO) algorithm was proposed for RB allocation to enhance the throughput of Device-to-Device (D2D) communications and improve the system capacity performance. Genetic algorithm (GA) is another evolutionary algorithm, which is based on the Darwinian models of natural selection and evolution. Therefore, we further proposed a Refined PSO (RPSO) and a novel GA to enhance the throughput of UEs and to improve the system capacity performance. Simulation results show that the proposed GA with 100 populations can converge to suboptimal solutions in 200 generations. The proposed GA and RPSO can improve system capacity performance compared to SPSO by 2.0 and 0.6 UEs, respectively.
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Guo, Yi Nan, Yong Lin, Mei Yang, and Shu Guo Zhang. "User’s Preference Aggregation Based on Parallel Interactive Genetic Algorithms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1159.
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In traditional interactive genetic algorithms, high-quality optimal solution is hard to be obtained due to small population size and limited evolutional generations. Aming at above problems, a parallel interactive genetic algorithm based on knowledge migration is proposed. During the evolution, the number of the populations is more than one. Evolution information can be exchanged between every two populations so as to guide themselves evolution. In order to realize the freedom communication, IP multicast is adopted as the transfer protocol to find out the similar users instead of traditional TCP/IP communication mode. Taken the fashion evolutionary design system as test platform, the results indicate that the IP multicast-based parallel interactive genetic algorithm has better population diversity. It also can alleviate user fatigue and speed up the convergence.
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Sun, Yong Guo, Yu Wang, Guan Long Zhang, and Yun Li. "Configuration Analysis of RV Transmission Based on Topology Graph Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.103.
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This paper puts forward the method of obtaining new types of RV transmission. Research shows that the topological graph can effectively express the topology unit and topological structure of RV transmission; the process that through topology degradation and evolutionary method to Obtain the RV transmission of topology map and through the topology inversion to get the new organization is practical and feasible. The topological evolution methods have tie bar evolution, tree, increasing gear tooth ring and mixing superimposed evolution. The RV transmission topology inversion is implemented by the way of gear ring, Gear meshing, the gear, the shaft, tie rod and the frame. Method was developed to get the evolutions of a variety of RV transmission, and the evolution of a graph of the inverse mapping was enumerated. The topology graph theory methods used in the RV transmission for the structure of RV transmission innovation provides an important theoretical method.
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Ding, Yangke, Lei Ma, Ye Zhang, and Dingzhong Feng. "Analysis of Evolution Mechanism and Optimal Reward-Penalty Mechanism for Collection Strategies in Reverse Supply Chains: The Case of Waste Mobile Phones in China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124744.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the coopetition (cooperative competition) relationship between a manufacturer and a collector in the collection of waste mobile phones (WMPs) and examine the evolution mechanism and the internal reward-penalty mechanism (RPM) for their collection strategies. A coopetition evolutionary game model based on evolutionary game theory was developed to obtain their common and evolutional collection strategies. The pure-strategy Nash equilibriums of this model were obtained which showed their collection strategy choices of perfect competition or cooperation. The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium was obtained which revealed evolution trends and laws. In addition, the optimal RPM was obtained in the sensitivity analysis of related parameters. The example of WMPs in China was taken to examine the simulation of the RPM. Results show that (i) although the manufacturer and the collector may change their strategies of cooperation and competition over time, cooperation is their best choice to increase payoffs; (ii) the optimal RPM is beneficial to propel their cooperation tendency and then to increase their payoffs.
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Kunisawa, Takashi. "1P268 Evolutionary Relationships of Clostridia Species(22D. Bioinformatics:Molecular evolution,Poster,The 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(BSJ2014))." Seibutsu Butsuri 54, supplement1-2 (2014): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.54.s185_4.
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FANG, WEI, H. Q. LU, and Z. G. HUANG. "COSMOLOGY IN NONLINEAR BORN–INFELD SCALAR FIELD THEORY WITH NEGATIVE POTENTIALS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 12 (May 10, 2007): 2173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07036750.
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The cosmological evolution in Nonlinear Born–Infeld (hereafter NLBI) scalar field theory with negative potentials was investigated. The cosmological solutions in some important evolutive epoches were obtained. The different evolutional behaviors between NLBI and linear (canonical) scalar field theory have been presented. A notable characteristic is that NLBI scalar field behaves as ordinary matter nearly the singularity while the linear scalar field behaves as "stiff" matter. We find that in order to accommodate current observational accelerating expanding universe the value of potential parameters |m| and |V0| must have an upper bound. We compare different cosmological evolutions for different potential parameters m, V0.
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Meng, Xinzhu, Yang Yang, and Shengnan Zhao. "Adaptive Evolution of Virulence-Related Traits in a Susceptible-Infected Model with Treatment." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/891401.
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Evolution problem is now a hot topic in the mathematical biology field. This paper investigates the adaptive evolution of pathogen virulence in a susceptible-infected (SI) model under drug treatment. We explore the evolution of a continuous trait, virulence of a pathogen, and consider virulence-dependent cure rate (recovery rate) that dramatically affects the outcome of evolution. With the methods of critical function analysis and adaptive dynamics, we identify the evolutionary conditions for continuously stable strategies, evolutionary repellers, and evolutionary branching points. First, the results show that a high-intensity strength drug treatment can result in evolutionary branching and the evolution of pathogen strains will tend towards a higher virulence with the increase of the strength of the treatment. Second, we use the critical function analysis to investigate the evolution of virulence-related traits and show that evolutionary outcomes strongly depend on the shape of the trade-off between virulence and transmission. Third, after evolutionary branching, the two infective species will evolve to an evolutionarily stable dimorphism at which they can continue to coexist, and no further branching is possible, which is independent of the cure rate function.
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Boto, Luis. "Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 28, 2009): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1679.
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The contribution of horizontal gene transfer to evolution has been controversial since it was suggested to be a force driving evolution in the microbial world. In this paper, I review the current standpoint on horizontal gene transfer in evolutionary thinking and discuss how important horizontal gene transfer is in evolution in the broad sense, and particularly in prokaryotic evolution. I review recent literature, asking, first, which processes are involved in the evolutionary success of transferred genes and, secondly, about the extent of horizontal gene transfer towards different evolutionary times. Moreover, I discuss the feasibility of reconstructing ancient phylogenetic relationships in the face of horizontal gene transfer. Finally, I discuss how horizontal gene transfer fits in the current neo-Darwinian evolutionary paradigm and conclude there is a need for a new evolutionary paradigm that includes horizontal gene transfer as well as other mechanisms in the explanation of evolution.
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Hu, Ting, and Wolfgang Banzhaf. "Evolvability and Speed of Evolutionary Algorithms in Light of Recent Developments in Biology." Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications 2010 (June 2, 2010): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/568375.
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Biological and artificial evolutionary systems exhibit varying degrees of evolvability and different rates of evolution. Such quantities can be affected by various factors. Here, we review some evolutionary mechanisms and discuss new developments in biology that can potentially improve evolvability or accelerate evolution in artificial systems. Biological notions are discussed to the degree they correspond to notions in Evolutionary Computation. We hope that the findings put forward here can be used to design computational models of evolution that produce significant gains in evolvability and evolutionary speed.
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Post, David M., and Eric P. Palkovacs. "Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology: interactions between the ecological theatre and the evolutionary play." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1523 (June 12, 2009): 1629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0012.
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Interactions between natural selection and environmental change are well recognized and sit at the core of ecology and evolutionary biology. Reciprocal interactions between ecology and evolution, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, are less well studied, even though they may be critical for understanding the evolution of biological diversity, the structure of communities and the function of ecosystems. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks require that populations alter their environment (niche construction) and that those changes in the environment feed back to influence the subsequent evolution of the population. There is strong evidence that organisms influence their environment through predation, nutrient excretion and habitat modification, and that populations evolve in response to changes in their environment at time-scales congruent with ecological change (contemporary evolution). Here, we outline how the niche construction and contemporary evolution interact to alter the direction of evolution and the structure and function of communities and ecosystems. We then present five empirical systems that highlight important characteristics of eco-evolutionary feedbacks: rotifer–algae chemostats; alewife–zooplankton interactions in lakes; guppy life-history evolution and nutrient cycling in streams; avian seed predators and plants; and tree leaf chemistry and soil processes. The alewife–zooplankton system provides the most complete evidence for eco-evolutionary feedbacks, but other systems highlight the potential for eco-evolutionary feedbacks in a wide variety of natural systems.
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Gardner, Jacob D., and Chris L. Organ. "Evolutionary Sample Size and Consilience in Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis." Systematic Biology 70, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 1061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab017.
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Abstract Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) are commonly used to study evolution and adaptation. However, frequently used PCMs for discrete traits mishandle single evolutionary transitions. They erroneously detect correlated evolution in these situations. For example, hair and mammary glands cannot be said to have evolved in a correlated fashion because each evolved only once in mammals, but a commonly used model (Pagel’s Discrete) statistically supports correlated (dependent) evolution. Using simulations, we find that rate parameter estimation, which is central for model selection, is poor in these scenarios due to small effective (evolutionary) sample sizes of independent character state change. Pagel’s Discrete model also tends to favor dependent evolution in these scenarios, in part, because it forces evolution through state combinations unobserved in the tip data. This model prohibits simultaneous dual transitions along branches. Models with underlying continuous data distributions (e.g., Threshold and GLMM) are less prone to favor correlated evolution but are still susceptible when evolutionary sample sizes are small. We provide three general recommendations for researchers who encounter these common situations: i) create study designs that evaluate a priori hypotheses and maximize evolutionary sample sizes; ii) assess the suitability of evolutionary models—for discrete traits, we introduce the phylogenetic imbalance ratio; and iii) evaluate evolutionary hypotheses with a consilience of evidence from disparate fields, like biogeography and developmental biology. Consilience plays a central role in hypothesis testing within the historical sciences where experiments are difficult or impossible to conduct, such as many hypotheses about correlated evolution. These recommendations are useful for investigations that employ any type of PCM. [Class imbalance; consilience; correlated evolution; evolutionary sample size; phylogenetic comparative methods.]
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Daws, Alisdair G., and Candice P. Boyd. "Evolution and the Study of Human Behaviour: A Primer for the Scientist—Practitioner." Behaviour Change 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.2005.22.2.144.
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AbstractThe theory of evolution has transformed biology from a largely descriptive science to a causal one. However, few psychologists have a thorough understanding of evolution. As a result, psychologists tend not to consider evolutionary explanations for the phenomena they investigate, or they present flawed evolutionary arguments that violate fundamental principles of evolutionary theory. The primary objective of this article is to outline the basic principles of evolution as they relate to the study of behaviour in general. The article then goes on to demonstrate the application of evolutionary theory to the study of human behaviour in particular, and concludes with a discussion of problems that can occur when evolutionary theory is applied incorrectly.
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Polimeni, Joseph, and Jeffrey P. Reiss. "Evolutionary Perspectives on Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 1 (February 2003): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800107.
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The theory of evolution may be relevant to psychiatric disorders. Evolution reflects changes in genes throughout time. Thus, evolutionary forces can shape any phenotype that is genetically rooted and that possesses a long history. Schizophrenia is likely an ancient condition with a substantial genetic component. Since the 1960s, several researchers have applied evolutionary principles to the study of schizophrenia. In general, schizophrenia is either viewed as an evolutionary advantageous condition or as a disadvantageous byproduct of normal brain evolution. This paper reviews major evolutionary explanations— historical and current—that speculate on the possible origins of schizophrenia.
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Curtis, Christina. "Population Genetics Approaches to Quantify Clonal Evolution." Blood 130, Suppl_1 (December 7, 2017): SCI—37—SCI—37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.sci-37.sci-37.
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Abstract Cancer results from the acquisition of somatic alterations in an evolutionary process that typically occurs over many years, much of which is occult. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics that are operative at different stages of progression in individual tumors might inform the earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. For decades, tumor progression has been described as a gradual stepwise process, and it is through this lens that the underlying mechanisms have been interpreted and therapeutic strategies have been developed. Although these processes cannot be directly observed, the resultant spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation amongst tumor cells encode their evolutionary histories. Cancer genome sequencing has thus yielded unprecedented insights into intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) and these data enable the inference of tumor dynamics using population genetics techniques. The application of such approaches suggests that tumor evolution is not necessarily gradual, but rather can be punctuated, resulting in revision of the de facto sequential clonal expansion model. For example, we previously described a Big Bang model of human colorectal tumor growth, wherein after transformation the neoplasm grows predominantly as a single terminal expansion in the absence of stringent selection, compatible with effectively neutral evolution1. In the Big Bang model, the timing of a mutation is the fundamental determinant of its frequency in the final tumor such that all major clones persist during growth and most detectable intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) occurs early. By analyzing multi-region and single gland genomic profiles in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas within a spatial agent-based tumor growth model and Bayesian statistical inference framework, we demonstrated the early origin of ITH and verified several other predictions of the Big Bang model. This new model provides a quantitative framework for understanding tumor progression with several clinical implications. In particular, rare but potentially aggressive subclones may be undetectable, providing a rich substrate for the emergence of resistance under treatment selective pressure. These data also suggest that some tumors may be born to be bad, wherein malignant potential is specified early. While not all tumors exhibit Big Bang dynamics, effectively neutral evolution has since been reported in other tumors and hence may be relatively common. These findings emphasize the need for methods to infer the role of selection in established human tumors and the systematic evaluation of distinct modes of evolution across tumor types and disease stages. To address this need, we developed an extensible population genetics framework to simulate spatial tumor growth and evaluate evidence for different evolutionary modes based on patterns of genetic variation derived from multi-region sequencing (MRS) data2. We demonstrate that while it is feasible to distinguish strong positive selection from neutral tumor evolution, weak selection and neutral evolution were indistinguishable in current data. Building on these findings, we developed a classifier that exploits novel measures of ITH and applied this to MRS data from diverse tumor types, revealing different evolutionary modes amongst treatment naïve tumors. To better understand evolutionary tempos during disease progression, we further characterized longitudinally sampled specimens. These findings have implications for forecasting tumor evolution and designing more effective treatment strategies. 1. Sottoriva A, Kang H, Ma Z, et al. A Big Bang model of human colorectal tumor growth. Nature Genetics. 2015;47:209-16. 2. Sun R, Hu Z, Sottoriva A, et al. Between-region genetic divergence reflects the mode and tempo of tumor evolution. Nature Genetics. 2017;49:1015-24. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Reader, Simon M. "Evo-devo, modularity, and evolvability: Insights for cultural evolution." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 4 (August 2006): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06399086.
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Evolutionary developmental biology (“evo-devo”) may provide insights and new methods for studies of cognition and cultural evolution. For example, I propose using cultural selection and individual learning to examine constraints on cultural evolution. Modularity, the idea that traits vary independently, can facilitate evolution (increase “evolvability”), because evolution can act on one trait without disrupting another. I explore links between cognitive modularity, evolutionary modularity, and cultural evolvability.
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Sardi, Alberto, Enrico Sorano, Alberto Ferraris, and Patrizia Garengo. "Evolutionary paths of performance measurement and management system: the longitudinal case study of a leading SME." Measuring Business Excellence 24, no. 4 (June 27, 2020): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-01-2020-0016.
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Purpose The literature highlights the relevance of performance measurement and management system in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to face the current competitive environment. However, a number of studies investigate how performance measurement and management system is effective for evolving and how contingency factors could influence this change. Newer experiences are sporadic and rarely investigated by researchers and practitioners. The purpose of this study is to identify the feasible evolutionary path of performance measurement and management system in leading SMEs to respond to current business challenges. Furthermore, it aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of key contingency factors influencing this evolution. Design/methodology/approach A longitudinal case study, based on retrospective and real-time investigations, is performed to investigate the primary evolutions of the performance measurement and management system and its key determinants. Findings The findings highlight two evolution paths, increasing the maturity of performance measurement. The first path highlights a strong command and control of performance management; the second path shows a democratic and participative of performance management. Moreover, management information system, organizational culture and management style are highlighted as key contingency factors in the change of performance management. Originality/value The authors contribute to knowledge in performance measurement field, showing how the efforts for developing performance measurement and management system in a leading SME could determine two different evolutionary paths. Furthermore, the paper describes the increasing role of organizational culture, management style and management information system in performance management evolution, as well as the relevance of online chats and social media in performance management activities.
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Turney, Peter D. "A Simple Model of Unbounded Evolutionary Versatility as a Largest-Scale Trend in Organismal Evolution." Artificial Life 6, no. 2 (April 2000): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454600568357.
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The idea that there are any large-scale trends in the evolution of biological organisms is highly controversial. It is commonly believed, for example, that there is a large-scale trend in evolution towards increasing complexity, but empirical and theoretical arguments undermine this belief. Natural selection results in organisms that are well adapted to their local environments, but it is not clear how local adaptation can produce a global trend. In this paper, I present a simple computational model, in which local adaptation to a randomly changing environment results in a global trend towards increasing evolutionary versatility. In this model, for evolutionary versatility to increase without bound, the environment must be highly dynamic. The model also shows that unbounded evolutionary versatility implies an accelerating evolutionary pace. I believe that unbounded increase in evolutionary versatility is a large-scale trend in evolution. I discuss some of the testable predictions about organismal evolution that are suggested by the model.
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Nevo, Eviatar. "Evolution of Nonvisual Communication and Photoperiodic Perception in Speciation and Adaptation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats." Behaviour 114, no. 1-4 (1990): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00158.
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AbstractThe evolution of vocal and vibrational communications and photoperiod perception in the blind subterranean mole rat of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies, are reviewed in the context of adaptation and active speciation in the subterranean ecotype. Progressive evolution of the acoustic system and regressive evolution of the atrophied eye coupled with progressive evolution in photoperiodic perception and biorhythmicity systems, are discussed. Prospects are suggested for future research at the molecular, anatomical and organismal levels, in the twin evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. Spalax appears to be a uniquely productive evolutionary model for the study of evolutionary structural reductions and hypertrophies as well as functional shifts in evolution. It provides particularly a rich observational and experimental material to critically evaluate the challenges recently levelled against the synthetic theory of evolution concerning gradualism in speciation, the "adaptationist programme", and the role of natural selection as a creative force in evolution.
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Han, Junghee, Sunghoon Chung, and Heeyoung Jang. "Technology Evolution and Multiplier Innovation Through TDNA Analytical Model." Science, Technology and Society 26, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09717218211005631.
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Few papers have dealt with disruptive technology from a technological evolutionary perspective. This article analyses disruptive innovation activities in terms of the new concept of technological DNA (TDNA). To pursue the research aim, evolution theories and a case methodology were utilised. We find that evolutions in technology are due to changes in environmental conditions. Parallels may be drawn between technology discontinuity and the punctuated equilibrium theory in evolution. When seen from that perspective, TDNA has not been disrupted but has evolved within the new market environment, and technological evolution gives birth to a new industry. New products or services are created through the changing or reconfiguring of TDNA. Over time, technology evolves, but its inherent nature remains. For that reason, TDNA is not disrupted even if disruptive innovation occurs. Rather, through the process of disruptive innovation, new functions are created by the substitution or replacement of the architecture surrounding the technology which determines how it actually functions. Thus we may refer to this phenomenon as a ‘Multiplier innovation’ rather than a disruptive innovation in that it involves the birthing of new products. This article seeks to contribute to innovation studies in expanding its methodological framework.
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Morris, Douglas W. "Adaptation and habitat selection in the eco-evolutionary process." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1717 (May 25, 2011): 2401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0604.
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The struggle for existence occurs through the vital rates of population growth. This basic fact demonstrates the tight connection between ecology and evolution that defines the emerging field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. An effective synthesis of the interdependencies between ecology and evolution is grounded in six principles. The mechanics of evolution specifies the origin and rules governing traits and evolutionary strategies. Traits and evolutionary strategies achieve their selective value through their functional relationships with fitness. Function depends on the underlying structure of variation and the temporal, spatial and organizational scales of evolution. An understanding of how changes in traits and strategies occur requires conjoining ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Adaptation merges these five pillars to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ecological and evolutionary change. I demonstrate the value of this world-view with reference to the theory and practice of habitat selection. The theory allows us to assess evolutionarily stable strategies and states of habitat selection, and to draw the adaptive landscapes for habitat-selecting species. The landscapes can then be used to forecast future evolution under a variety of climate change and other scenarios.
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Grabusts, Peter. "EVOLUTIONARY ALORITHMS AT CHOICE: FROM GA TO GP." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 3, 2015): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1023.
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Nowadays the possibilities of evolutionary algorithms are widely used in many optimization and classification tasks. Evolutionary algorithms are stochastic search methods that try to emulate Darwin’s principle of natural evolution. There are (at least) four paradigms in the world of evolutionary algorithms: evolutionary programming, evolution strategies, genetic algorithms and genetic programming. This paper analyzes present-day approaches of genetic algorithms and genetic programming and examines the possibilities of genetic programming that will be used in further research. The paper presents implementation examples that show the working principles of evolutionary algorithms.
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Do Valle Miranda, Luiz. "Genetic assimilation in the evolution of hominin neuroplasticity." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2019.17.2.05.
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The discovery and popularisation of the study of different evolutionary processes outside the current evolutionary framework provide researchers of different areas with new tools to make progress in their field. In this work, I explored how genetic assimilation may have played a role in human evolution, more specifically the evolution of our brains. The results indicate that human brain evolution concerning neuroplasticity fits within a context of genetic assimilation. However, further studies in comparative genomics and neurogenetics are needed to fully understand how the evolutionary changes happened at the genetic level.
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Luo, Albert C. J., and Siyu Guo. "Period-1 Evolutions to Chaos in a Periodically Forced Brusselator." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 14 (December 30, 2018): 1830046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741830046x.
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In this paper, analytical solutions of periodic evolutions of the Brusselator with a harmonic diffusion are obtained through the generalized harmonic balance method. The stability and bifurcation of the periodic evolutions are determined. The bifurcation tree of period-1 to period-8 evolutions of the Brusselator is presented through frequency-amplitude characteristics. To illustrate the accuracy of the analytical periodic evolutions of the Brusselator, numerical simulations of the stable period-1 to period-8 evolutions are completed. The harmonic amplitude spectrums are presented for the accuracy of the analytical periodic evolution, and each harmonics contribution on the specific periodic evolution can be achieved. This study gives a better understanding of periodic evolutions to chaos in the slowly varying Brusselator system, and the bifurcation tree of period-1 evolution to chaos are clearly demonstrated, which can help one understand a route of periodic evolution to chaos in chemical reaction oscillators. From this study, the generalized harmonic balance method is a good method for slowly varying systems, and such a method provides very accurate solutions of periodic motions in such nonlinear systems.