Academic literature on the topic 'Evropský legislativní proces'

Tato stať zkoumá kulturní předpoklady a cíle evropské audiovizuální politiky, reprezentované především Směrnicí č. 89/552/EHS o Televizi bez hranic, a praktické výsledky této politiky v prostředí české televizní krajiny. V první části autor stručně rekapituluje přítomnost a charakter kulturních cílů ve vývoji evropské vysílací legislativy. Následně se zaměřuje na prezentaci a kritické zhodnocení dosavadních výsledků politiky programových kvót, obsažené v článcích 4 a 5 uvedené Směrnice, napříč státy EU. Druhá část statě je věnována empirické případové studii implementace Směrnice o Televizi bez hranic do české mediální legislativy, přičemž si všímá zejména otázky, do jaké míry české televizní stanice naplňují kvóty na evropskou a nezávislou produkci. V závěrečné části je krátce diskutován aktuální proces přípravy nové Směrnice o audiovizuálních mediálních službách, opět s důrazem na její kulturně-politické aspekty a vztah k existujícím koncepcím evropské kultury a identity.

This paper looks at the different stages of European municipal defragmentation and at the diverse models that post-war countries have adopted for their municipal structures. It notes that defragmentation has been undertaken with little previous knowledge regarding the possible impacts of these approaches. Through applying the QCA method of analysis it looks at common and distinct features of these approaches and draws a sharp dichotomy between defragmentation trends in post-communist countries and countries of the Western bloc. By showing that there are trends intrinsic to post-communist political systems, this paper presents the idea that these systems can learn from errors made by countries that approached municipal defragmentation before them. Drawing on the example of the late-defragmenting Iceland, this paper shows how currently or prospectively defragmenting countries can learn from its experience. In the last part of the paper, suggestions are made with regard to how the Czech Republic can learn from this experience, particularly from democratic referendums, legislative and economic incentives, and municipal cooperation.

Predmet analize u ovom radu jeste politika azila u Republici Srbiji. Cilj je analiza politike azila sa fokusom na postojeći normativni, strateški i institucionalni okvir u ovoj oblasti i njihovu usklađenost sa standardima i propisima Evropske unije i međunarodnim dokumentima. Teorijski okvir analize predstavlja koncept migracije između blagostanja i državljanstva koji istovremeno uključuje i isključuje migrante. Metodološki pristup zasniva se na analizi sadržaja statističkih, političkih i legislativnih dokumenata. Rezultati analize pokazuju da navedeni sistem zahteva postojanje uređenog okvira koji sačinjava jasnu politiku azila i organizacionu i normativnu strukturu koja će omogućiti pravednu proceduru i zaštitu prava tražilaca azila. Praćenje i analiza procesa sprovođenja i kreiranja odgovarajuće politike azila dobija posebnu dimenziju, ne samo zbog povećavanja broja tražilaca azila, već i zbog praćenja stanja i kreiranje poželjnog sistema u ovoj oblasti.

Autonomous vehicles process a huge amount of data about the driver, or rather passengers of the vehicle, as well as about other persons (pedestrians and passengers of other vehicles). This is why the autonomous vehicles raise questions about the protection of personal data. In 2018 a new European data protection legislation came into force. The General Data Protection Regulation places new obligations on controllers of personal data and provides new rights to data subjects, which will relate to operations of autonomous vehicles and their infrastructure. The providers thereof will have to implement the principles of data protection legislation into their systems. In this context the personal data is not just data concerning the identity of the driver, a passenger or other persons, but any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, or even due to a peculiar behaviour in the vehicle. The paper will focus on the new legal regulation in relation to the operation of autonomous vehicles.Autonomní vozidla zpracovávají velké množství údajů o řidiči vozidla, resp. cestujících ve vozidle, jakož i o dalších osobách (spolucestujících, chodcích a pasažérech v jiných vozidlech). To je důvod, proč provoz autonomních vozidel vyvolává řadu otázek týkajících se ochrany osobních údajů. V roce 2018 nabyla účinnosti nová evropská právní úprava regulující tuto oblast. Obecné nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů přináší nové povinnosti správcům osobních údajů, jakož i nová práva subjektům údajů, která se budou týkat provozu autonomních vozidel a infrastruktury. Výrobci a poskytovatelé služeb budou muset do svých systémů implementovat legislativu o ochraně osobních údajů. Osobními údaji nejsou pouze údaje týkající se totožnosti řidiče, cestujících nebo jiných osob, ale veškeré informace vztahujících se k identifikované nebo identifikovatelné fyzické osobě, kterou lze přímo nebo nepřímo identifikovat, zejména odkazem na identifikátor, jako je např. název, identifikační číslo, lokalizační údaje, nebo třeba i kvůli osobitému chování ve vozidle. Tento článek se zaměřuje na novou právní úpravu ve vztahu k provozu autonomních vozidel.

In the history of human civilization, there has always been the problem of overindebtedness and personal bankruptcy, as well as the tendency to protect such persons to some extent from excessive sanctions or the consequences of their insolvency. Benevolence towards the debtor is limited by the existence of conditions of conscientiousness and honesty of the debtor in all legal systems, while the amount of debt forgiveness is different. Debt relief and providing a new chance to the entrepreneur is a kind of systemic social measure that should ensure the employment of the individual and his family, but also to ensure the continuity of the capitalist system. It is noticeable that benevolence towards the debtor through debt relief was a characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions, while the regulations of the states of legal systems based on Roman law were traditionally oriented in the opposite direction. Although the Republic of Serbia has regulated the matter of bankruptcy and reorganization, in many parts under the EU Directive on reorganization and bankruptcy from June 2019, it has not been the case with the area of the second chance for the entrepreneur and the possibility of debt release, so it will be necessary to adjust national regulations of bankruptcy. In this paper, the authors analyze the origin of debt forgiveness in case of entrepreneur bankruptcy through history and theories, and select the comparative law and provisions of the EU Directive on reorganization and bankruptcy which regulate the second chance for entrepreneurs, as well as the purpose and measures that preceded the adoption of this Directive. Another important possibility for insolvent entrepreneurs is their personal administration with bankruptcy estate during the process of reorganization. Entrepreneurs' personal administration is regulated by bankruptcy legislation in various ways in comparative legal systems, and in Serbian law, it had been regulated for the first time by the Bankruptcy Procedure Act of 2004, but repealed by the Bankruptcy Act in 2009. Taking into account its importance for the national bankruptcy law, Serbian legal theory has already given the reasons due to which it is necessary to reintroduce the institute of personal administration of debtors into domestic bankruptcy law. On the other hand, sole debt release in Serbian law comes into effect at the moment the creditor declares to the debtor that he will not ask for the fulfillment of the debt and the debtor agrees with that, and such an agreement is made in writing. Debt release is a possibility provided in the Agreed Financial Restructuring Act 2015 that creditor and debtor may use during the process of reorganization, provided they reach an agreement to that end.

Bosna i Hercegovina je, postavši punopravna članica Savjeta Evrope, preuzelaobavezu ispunjenja obaveza koje nameće proces evropskih integracija, a pod tim se,pored ostalog, podrazumijeva sveobuhvatno prilagođavanje pravnog sistema idostizanje evropskih standarda. Proces pravne harmonizacije i prihvatanje evropskihstandarda implicira opsežne unutrašnje reforme u cilju ostvarenja osnovnih ličnih idemokratskih prava i sloboda izraženih u Evropskoj konvenciji za zaštitu ljudskihprava i osnovnih sloboda, ali i odlukama Evropskog suda za ljudska prava. U ovomradu se daje kraći osvrt na uticaj presude Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetuMuslija protiv Bosne i Hercegovine na reformisanje bosankohercegovačkihprekršajnih zakona i njihove harmonizacije sa krivičnim zakonima. U tom cilju autorocjenjuje postojeće stanje u bosanskohercegovačkoj legislativi i judikaturi i predlažemjere koje je potrebno preduzeti radi usklađivanja cjelokupnog kaznenopravnog(krivičnog i prekršajnog) sistema sa zahtjevima iz navedene presude i prakseEvropskog suda za ljudska prava u pogledu primjene načela ne bis in idem.

The subject of my diploma thesis is to describe, analyze and quantify the impact of the European legislation on the solutions of IT support, selected processes and to propose steps to manage them. The work analyses present situation and deals with option of optimal solution at using present piece of knowledge. End of my work is go in actual procedure application IT systems, so as effectively support the company process.

This diploma thesis looks at lobbying as one of the tools for shaping European legislation. Lobbyists are often perceived as carriers of valuable information that make it possible for decision-makers to get expert opinions and perspectives directly from the industry. Lobbyists can therefore make a significant contribution to policy making and to improving European legislation that meets the needs of stakeholders. The main objective of the thesis is to find out in what way and at what stages the interest groups participate and intervene in the EU decision-making process and identify the access points through which they can enter into the legislative process. For the sake of clarity, this research is applied to a particular case of lobbying in the field of animal testing of cosmetics, which has greatly influenced the legal regulation of the area.

The doctoral thesis examines process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement from the perspective of accounting regulation on global scale, identifies nature of IFRS due process in all its phases and compares IFRS due process with accounting regulation in Czech Republic, especially with legislative process of creating Czech accounting legislation. The due process of any accounting rules, whether standards or legislation, determines quality of these rules and consequently also potential level quality of financial statements prepared in accordance with such rules. Process of IFRS development and endorsement is to guarantee quality of standards that are the output of such a process. For global accounting harmonization, which requires transparent, reliable and comparable information in financial reporting across countries of the world, the IFRS due process is essential. The whole process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement, which develops IFRS as global accounting standards, also is connected with several obstacles associated to political and social aspects as well as to cultural differentiation. In the thesis the legal systems, as determinants of the nature of accounting regulation, are used for analysis and identification of possible natures of accounting regulation from global perspective. For global accounting regulation it is necessary its acceptance by major interested parties, specification of the range of entities for which it is meaningful and desirable, establishment of an independent, reliable and respected international professional organization in the role of standard-setter and development of a sophisticated, transparent and comprehensive standard setting process. Besides the thorough analysis of particular phases of IFRS due process, the thesis also maps current acceptance of IFRS in the world and describes endorsement process in Europe Union applied for the adoption of IFRS within its area, what provides an integrated view of current evolution in global accounting harmonization. Global accounting regulation, which requires the adoption and application of IFRS in their original range, still faces many obstacles. Less than half countries of G20 (ie 9 countries) requires the use of IFRS in their original form for listed companies. Problem with such acceptance of IFRS especially have the countries with tradition based on Roman law (continental European legal culture), where the creation of rules is exclusive subject to state. Quantitative analysis of IFRS due process performed on three selected projects of IASB agenda is a core of application part of the thesis. On the basis on the timeline the analysis follows particular steps of IFRS due process, especially from the perspective of particular comment periods quantified through the comments received, not only in number but also the composition of comments by geographical region and respondent type. The analysis showed the due process as complicated and time-consuming process leading to global consensus of opinions and also showed the importance of compliance of its complexity, which leads to general agreement on adopted solutions and to global acceptance of these solutions by all of the interested parties. The analysis of IASB due process leads into its comparison with legislative process of creating accounting legislation in Czech Republic. The comparison of both of the processes enables to identify the weaknesses of Czech due process and provides specific recommendations for its improvement and increase efficiency. From the perspective of nature of accounting regulation the delegation of creating accounting rules from the state to the accounting profession is important especially to strengthen the quality, understanding and acceptance of accounting rules, which can be effectively ensured through the due process different from that legislative. The IFRS due process is an inspiration in this case.

This thesis is embedded in the theoretical approach of multilevel governance and presumption of the rational behaviour of actors. Using the method of process tracing it aims to uncover the legislative process in the European Union. It is a single case study and as a case was chosen the negotiation of the regulation of the citizens' initiative. Various actors were involved in the negotiations, this thesis focuses on the main one - European Commission, European Parliament, the Council, interest organisations and national parliaments. The thesis presumed, that all actors will try to push through their interests based on their rational choice. This presumption was verified, although the success rate of the players varied a lot. As the most successful should be considered the European Parliament, who defended the interests of the individuals and the Council, which apparently represented the interests of the governments of the member states (especially in the issues of lowering the bureaucratic burden). The interest organisations showed their positions clearly, however the Commission did not take their positions much into account while preparing the draft regulation. The position of the national parliaments was different then presumed. Although the thesis expected them to be directly involved in the...

The democratic deficit of the European Union The European Parliament in the legislative process of the European Union - in comparison with the position of the Bundestag This thesis examines the democratic deficit of the European Union based on the comparison of the position of the European Parliament in the legislative process of the European Union and the Bundestag in German legislative process. I chose the comparison with the Bundestag because out of all the Member States, the German political system and its legislative process resembles the one of the European Union the most. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether and to what extent, taking into consideration the strengthening of the European Parliament in recent years, we can still discuss the democratic deficit of the European Union, when the European Union citizens and their elected representatives were excluded from effective participation in the adoption of legislative acts. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the context of the democratic deficit of the European Union within the role of the European Parliament according to a number of leading authors on the issue of European integration. The second part is devoted to the legislative process in Germany, focusing on the position and role of the Bundestag in...

This diploma thesis examines networking of interest groups. It presents potentional entrance points for influencing legislative processes in the EU. The thesis focuses mainly on European Commission's public consultations. It tries to answer the question whether the interest groups cooperate strategically or whether they try to reach their goals on their own. This thesis is grounded in the framework of the network theory and uses the method of graphic modeling. For the research we have selected three areas of European Commission's consultations. The participating interest groups were chosen based on their characteristics and the consultations they took part in. We have found out that among the interest groups gathered around European Commission there is no close collaboration taking place. Furthermore, the interest groups act rather spontaneously as they are generally only taking part in individual consultations. Only 12.3% of them participated in more than one consultation and they were mainly registered organizations.

The aim of the master thesis "The role of the European Council in the pre-legislative phase of the European legislative process" is to analyse position and influence of the European Council before proposing an official legislative proposal by the European Commission in the EU's legislative process. This pre-legislative phase of a designing of a European legislation is important, though informal. The aim of this master thesis it to find out how strong is the European Council in an agenda setting when it comes to a European legislation and to what extent the Commission is inspired or follows the European Council's conclusions when proposing a legislation. According to many authors who this thesis referring to and their research that this thesis follows, an importance and influence of the European Council has been growing a lot, recently. In their view, it has been happening primarily during serious political or economic crisis. The Commission's position as the only official proposer of a European legislation weakens in that moments while influence of the EU summits grows. The question is if it is true and how much we can really argue that during European crisis the EU's executive power is so weakened that it does not - without ex ante "permission" and ex ante "consultation" with the summits - allow...

Aim of this Diploma Thesis is to have a closer look at current powers of National Parliaments of the Member States to influence legislative process of the European Union. The main question is how do National Parliaments control legislative process in practise. Theoretical Framework is based on a debate about Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union. First the term needs to be defined and basic arguments about the (non)existence of Democratic deficit need to be introduced, then the research question can be introduced. The main focus is on Early Warning Mechanism and a process of issueing of reasoned opinions. An assumption is that through a process of issueing those reasoned opinions by National Parliaments that consist of a democratic elected political parties a Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union could be strenghtened. It is a one-case study of Czech Parliament. All the reasoned opinions, that Czech Senate and Czech Chamber of Deputies issued, will be analysed.

The aim of this thesis is description of the EU legal process during and after Brexit. The thesis includes description of functioning of European Union institutions. Also, there is a description of the legislative process, a description of the course of the referendum on Brexit and a summary of the impacts, especially the economic ones. One of main themes of the practical part is the analysis of changes that will occur in institutions after the departure of Great Britain - what will be the new composition and what specific changes will happen here. In the practical part, the research question was set: How will the failure of the British mandate influence the course of voting in the EU Council? For finding answer on the research question, was made an analysis of legal acts which was approved by the ordinary legislative procedure 2014-2018. There is a special focus on the UK position during the vote analysis. The analysis is based on data that comes from the EU portal, which allows access to EU law - Eur-lex.europa.com. Data was collected and divided by reference years and by the country's position.

Ustavno političko pravo građana je da konstituišu organe vlasti u političkim zajednicama putem izbora. Izbornost daje legitimitet zakonodavnom tijelu kao najširem neposredno izabranom predstavništvu građana. Činom izbora građani neposredno iskazuju svoje povjerenje u vlast koju konstituišu. Izbori su put sticanja, odnosno gubitka legitimiteta. Mogućnost učešća građana u izboru organa vlasti garantuje izborno pravo, što pretpostavlja postojanje, prije svega, višestranačkog sistema, jer u jednopartijskom sistemu građani, praktično, ne vrše izbor, već plebiscitarno glasaju. Međutim, izborni sistem je dio političkog sistema i, po pravilu, dijeli njegovu sudbinu. Pri svemu tome, važan aspekt u posmatranju uloge i dejstva izbornog sistema predstavlja usaglašenost izbornog sistema koji uspostavljaju ustav, zakoni i drugi propisi i onog izbornog sistema koji stvarno funkcioniše u praksi. To pretpostavlja postojanje kontrole (od strane zakonom određenih organa) poštovanja svih izbornih principa i pravila i sankcionisanje svih povreda koje narušavaju izborni sistem i izborni proces. Moderna ustavna država zasnovana je na suverenosti naroda i vladavini prava, a izbori su spona ta dva stuba moderne države. Kao i svako pravo, tako i izborno pravo može biti povrijeđeno, pa je zaštita tog prava još jedan važan preduslov njegovog ostvarivanja. Ovo pitanje ima širi konstitucionalni značaj, koje komparativna ustavna praksa rješava na različite načine. Pravo da se bira i bude izabran nije apsolutno pravo i državi se priznaje široko polje procjene u pogledu načina na koji će urediti to pitanje, kao i pitanje organizovanja i provođenja izbornog procesa. Obaveza države, koja proističe iz člana 3 Protokola broj 1 uz Evropsku konvenciju za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, predviđa aktivno i pasivno biračko pravo naroda: aktivno pravo glasanja na izborima i pasivno pravo da se učestvuje kao kandidat na izborima. Međutim, ova prava se odnose samo na izbor „zakonodavnih tijela“. Evropski sud za ljudska prava ima dosljedno mišljenje da se ovaj član primjenjuje samo u odnosu na izbor tijela koja vrše značajnu zakonodavnu funkciju. Da li određeno tijelo vršidovoljnu zakonodavnu vlast da bi u ovu svrhu moglo da se smatra zakonodavnim tijelom, pitanje je procjene na koje treba da se odgovori u svjetlu uloge tog tijela i njegovog doprinosa demokratskoj izradi zakona u kontekstu ustava u cjelini. Član I/2 Ustava Bosne i Hercegovine utvrđuje da je Bosna i Hercegovina „demokratska država, koja funkcioniše na principu vladavine prava i na osnovu slobodnih i demokratskih izbora“ iz kojeg slijedi princip vladavine prava prema kojem svi ustavi, zakoni i drugi propisi koji se donose moraju da budu usklađeni sa ustavnim principima. U tom kontekstu, treba podsjetiti da države uživaju široko polje procjene u uspostavljanju i regulisanju izbornog sistema koji će primjenjivati. Postoje različiti načini organizovanja i sprovođenja izbora, a ova različitost uslovljena je, između ostalog, i političkim razvojem zemlje. Zbog toga, zakonodavstvo koje reguliše izbore mora da bude sagledano u svjetlu političkog razvoja zemlje koja je u pitanju. Nadalje, prema opštem principu demokratije, pravo na demokratsko odlučivanje ostvaruje se legitimnim političkim predstavljanjem koje mora da bude zasnovano na demokratskom izboru onih koje predstavlja i čije interese zastupa. U tom smislu veza između onih koje predstavlja i njihovih političkih predstavnika na svim administrativno-političkim nivoima je ta koja omogućava legitimitet predstavnicima zajednice. Dakle, samo legitimitet predstavljanja stvara osnov za stvarno učestvovanje i odlučivanje. Izborni zakon BiH usvojen je 2001. godine od kada je u više navrata pretrpio izmjene i dopune, čemu je razlog, između ostalog, bio i složen ustavni, institucionalni i politički koncept u Bosni i Hercegovini. Izborni zakon BiH, kako je to propisano odredbom člana 1.1, propisuje izbore na državnom nivou i „utvrđuje principe za provođenje izbora na svim nivoima vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini“. Prema ocjenama različitih međunarodnih organizacija i institucija (npr. OSCE i Venecijanska komisija), Izborni zakon BiH je sveobuhvatan i, generalno, propisuje čvrstu osnovu za provođenje demokratskih izbora. S druge strane, s obzirom na broj i prirodu zakona koji se primjenjuju u vezi s izborima, te imajući na umu kompleksno pravno uređenje u Bosni i Hercegovini, pravni okvir za provođenje izbora u Bosni i Hercegovini takođe može da se smatra kompleksnim. Naime, osim Izbornog zakona BiH, postoje i Izborni zakon Republike Srpske i Izborni zakon Brčko distrikta BiH, dok je u Federaciji BiH donesen Zakon o osnivanju organa za provođenje izbora u Federaciji BiH. Zbog toga, postoji naročita potreba da, s ciljem da se provedu fer i demokratski izbori, kompleksni izborni legislativni okvir bude harmonizovan i da svi zakoni u toj oblasti slijede osnovne principe i standarde utvrđene Izbornim zakonom BiH.