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Journal articles on the topic 'Ex-combatant reintegration'
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Özerdem, Alpaslan. "A re-conceptualisation of ex-combatant reintegration: ‘social reintegration’ approach." Conflict, Security & Development 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.667661.
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Daly, Sarah Zukerman, Laura Paler, and Cyrus Samii. "Wartime ties and the social logic of crime." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319897098.
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While ex-combatant reintegration is vital to successful transitions from war to peace, some former fighters turn to crime following demobilization. Such criminality undermines the consolidation of political order. Leading theories of crime participation emphasize the role of both individual economic opportunities and factors related to social ties. Yet, we still know little about the social logic of ex-combatant criminality and how social and economic factors relate as drivers of crime participation. This article presents a theory of how wartime social ties – namely, vertical ties to former commanders and horizontal ties to ex-combatant peers – influence ex-combatant crime on their own and via their relationship to economic opportunity costs. We use the theory to derive predictions in the context of Colombia, and then test them with a combination of administrative data and high-quality original survey data. We find that both vertical and horizontal wartime ties are powerful drivers of ex-combatant criminality. Our evidence indicates that wartime ties mitigate the risks of criminal behavior by facilitating the transmission of criminal capabilities and pro-crime social norms. We do not find that economic conditions moderate the effect of wartime times nor do we find any indication that economic opportunity costs, on their own, predict criminality. These findings underscore the importance of wartime ties – both vertical and horizontal – to understanding post-conflict transitions and designing reintegration interventions.
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MCMULLIN, JAREMEY R. "Integration or separation? The stigmatisation of ex-combatants after war." Review of International Studies 39, no. 2 (October 11, 2012): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000228.
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AbstractEx-combatant reintegration programmes are buttressed by a number of problematic assumptions about ex-combatants themselves; namely, that ex-combatants should not receive long-term support because such assistance would amplify the threat they pose to security and exacerbate community resentment towards them. The article uses data collected from Liberia to demonstrate that such thinking stigmatises ex-combatants and works against the objective of reintegration: it disruptsintegration intothe everyday social, economic, and political life of the post-conflict state and aims instead to render ex-combatantsseparate fromcommunities. Integration will remain elusive unless assumptions about ex-combatants as programme beneficiaries are challenged.
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Oppenheim, Ben, and Johanna Söderström. "Citizens by Design? Explaining Ex-Combatant Satisfaction with Reintegration Programming." Journal of Development Studies 54, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1288225.
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Themnér, Anders. "Wealth in Ex-Combatants: Examining the Resilience of Ex-Command Structures in Postwar Liberia." Journal of Global Security Studies 4, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 526–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy029.
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AbstractRecent research has shown that disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs often fail to uproot wartime command structures. A key question is why some ex-commanders succeed in retaining control over their ex-fighters, while others are less successful. This study seeks to address this question by comparing four former midlevel commanders (ex-MiLCs) in Liberia and the ex-combatant networks that they head. Contrary to previous assumptions, which have stressed the tendency of ex-fighters to flock around ex-commanders operating in spaces of marginality, I argue that ex-MiLCs employed as government brokers and who funnel patronage from ruling elites to ex-combatants are likely to possess the most durable networks. These findings highlight how ex-military bonds thrive where previous research expects them to be weakest: close to government elites who are often designated as “agents of change” by international peacemakers.
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Kaplan, Oliver, and Enzo Nussio. "Explaining Recidivism of Ex-combatants in Colombia." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 1 (May 10, 2016): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716644326.
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What determines the recidivism of ex-combatants from armed conflicts? In postconflict settings around the world, there has been growing interest in reintegration programs to prevent ex-combatants from returning to illegal activities or to armed groups, yet little is known about who decides to “go bad.” We evaluate explanations for recidivism related to combatant experiences and common criminal motives by combining data from a representative survey of ex-combatants of various armed groups in Colombia with police records of observed behaviors that indicate which among the respondents returned to belligerent or illegal activities. Consistent with a theory of recidivism being shaped by driving and restraining factors, the results suggest that factors such as antisocial personality traits, weak family ties, lack of educational attainment, and the presence of criminal groups are most highly correlated with various kinds of recidivism and hold implications for programs and policies to successfully reintegrate ex-combatants into society.
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Sánchez-Blake, Elvira. "De actores armadas a sujetos de paz: Mujeres y reconciliación en el conflicto colombiano." La Manzana de la Discordia 7, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v7i2.1558.
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Resumen: “La guerra no es una razón de ser, es unpaso en la búsqueda de paz”. Esta frase resume una delas premisas más constantes en el proceso del conflictocolombiano donde el 80 por ciento de las excombatientesdesmovilizadas trabaja o ha trabajado con proyectos depaz desde el momento de su reinserción en la sociedad.Este ensayo explora la experiencia de las mujeres excombatientesen su transformación de actores de guerraa sujetos de paz a partir de los procesos de rescate y validaciónde la memoria. Se analizan narrativas y testimoniosde mujeres excombatientes o vinculadas al conflictoen su paso hacia protagonistas de los procesos de paz,ya sea como líder, activista de organizaciones de paz oparticipantes directas en los procesos de reconciliación.El objetivo es explorar la transformación genérica queha experimentado la sociedad a partir del rol que hanjugado las mujeres en los procesos del conflicto armado,reinserción y reconciliación. Los testimonios que seanalizan son el de Vera Grave y su trabajo en el observatoriopara la paz; testimonios de excombatientes contenidosen el documental “Reveladas”, de Juliana Ladrónde Guevara, y narrativas del manuscrito, “Mujeres nocontadas”, del Colectivo de excombatientes. También seincluyen entrevistas con activistas de organizaciones depaz y con algunas mujeres que han participado en losprocesos de paz.Palabras clave: mujeres excombatientes, conflictocolombiano, procesos de paz, reinserción, reconciliación,recuperación de la memoriaFrom Armed Actors to Subjects of Peace: Womenand Reconciliation in the Colombian ConflictAbstract: “War is not a reason for being, it is a stepin the quest for peace.” This sentence condenses one ofthe most consistent premises in the process of the Colombianconflict where 80 percent of former women combatantsworks or has worked with projects of peace from themoment of his return to society. This essay explores theexperience of ex-combatants women in their transformationfrom actors of war to subjects of peace and their processof validation and recuperation of memory. I analyzenarratives and testimonies of women who participated inthe Colombian conflict and their transformation in peaceagents either as leaders, peace activists or direct participantsin the process of reconciliation. The objective is toexplore the generic transformation of society through therole played by women who underwent the processes ofconflict, reintegration and reconciliation. The testimonialsanalyzed are Vera Grave’s and her work at the observatoryfor peace; testimonies of ex-combatants includedin the documentary “Revealed” by Juliana Ladrón deGuevara, and narratives from the manuscript, “Mujeresno contadas”. I explore also interviews with peace activist’sleaders and former guerrilla combatants.Key words: ex-combatant women, Colombian conflict,peace process, reinsertion, reconciliation, recuperationof memory.
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Janzen, Randall. "Guatemalan Ex-Combatant Perspectives on Reintegration: A Grounded Theory." Qualitative Report, December 3, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1225.
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While reintegration programs for ex‐combatants have become a major focus of cease fire agreements, their success remains elusive. In this study, I interview members of Nuevo Horizonte, an intentional community comprised of Guatemalan ex‐guerrillas. These men and women reflect on two questions: what was reintegration like, and what advice do you have for other reintegrating ex-combatants. Using a grounded theory approach, common themes (such as being united) were developed and lead to a substantive theory of their transformative reintegration process. The collective voice of these ex‐ combatants challenges conventional reintegration programs by (a) challenging the demobilization prerogative showcasing how their unity was integral to their reintegration experience and (b) challenging the development model in which ex‐combatants are viewed as lacking capacity and in need of outside experts to deliver solutions. By highlighting how reliance on their own capacity resulted in their successful reintegration, these ex‐combatants believe their experience can assist other ex‐combatants around the world.
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"Towards a theory of ex-combatant reintegration." Stability: International Journal of Security & Development 2, no. 3 (December 11, 2013): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.cx.
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Saldner, Simon. "Contextualising Reintegration: Conceptualising and Measuring Ex-Combatant Reintegration Relative to Civilians." Civil Wars, May 27, 2020, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2020.1765540.
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Fakhrurrazi. "PERAN BADAN REINTEGRASI DAMAI ACEH DALAM PROSES GENCATAN SENJATA, DEMOBILISASI, DAN REINTEGRASI DI ACEH." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v3i1.2288.
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Badan Reintegrasi Damai Aceh (BRDA) didirikan berdasarkan Nota Kesepahaman Helsinki yang ditandatangani 15 Agustus 2005, khususnya pasal 3.2 yang menyatakan tentang reintegrasi bekas anggota GAM. Beragam upaya reintegrasi telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah melalui pendekatan ekonomi, sosial, budaya, politik dan keamanan. Namun beragam hambatan muncul dalam proses reintegrasi mantan anggota GAM serta dalam implementasi proses tersebut yang dikawal oleh BRDA.Menggunakan konsep analisis wacana, dalam penelitian ini, penulis berupaya menggambarkan peran BRDA dalam proses reintegrasi mantan anggota GAM kedalam masyarakat serta hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi dalam proses tersebut. Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa muncul berbagai hambatan dalam proses reintegrasi mantan anggota GAM yakni hambatan dalam bidang ekonomi; hambatan dalam bidang politik, hukum dan keamanan; serta hambatan dalam bidang sosial budaya. BRDA juga terlihat belum optimal dalam menangani proses reintegrasi, masih terdapat banyak kekurangan.Aceh Peace Reintegration Institution (APRI) was established based on Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding signed on August 15, 2005, especially article 3.2 states about reintegration of GAM (Freedom Aceh Movement) ex-combatant. Various reintegration efforts have been done by the overnment through economic, social, cultural, political, and security approaches. However, many obstacles appeared in the process of reintegration of ex GAM combatant, and in the management of this process by Aceh Peace Reintegration Institution (BRDA). Using the concept of discourse analysis, in this research, the author attempts to describe the role of BRDA in the reintegration process of GAM ex-combatant to adapt in society and how Aceh Peace Reintegration Institution as the authority board managing the reintegration process play its role. Using the concepts of conflict and integration, the study seeks to describe the process of reintegration of former GAM members into society and the obstacles encountered in the process of reintegration. Research results indicate that there were many obstacles in the process of reintegration of former GAM members, they are barriers in economic field; barriers in politics, law and security, barriers in social and cultural field. BRDA was also seen not optimal in dealing with the reintegration process, there are still many shortcomings.
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McMullin, Jaremey R. "Hustling, cycling, peacebuilding: Narrating postwar reintegration through livelihood in Liberia." Review of International Studies, May 31, 2021, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210521000255.
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Abstract Ex-combatant youth originated the commercial motorcycling sector in Liberia and have played a dominant role in its development. This article collates key insights narrated by one of Liberia's young ex-combatants-turned-commercial motorcyclists, Edwin Nyankoon, to build narrative accounts of peacebuilding around conceptualisation of youth livelihood, identity, and politics after war. The article contributes to diverse literatures on youth agency by emphasising the need for narrative and subject-led methodologies that anchor research questions and data analysis to research participants’ own language and narrated experiences of post war. It applies insights about everyday peace to interpret hustling as bottom-up peacebuilding, in opposition to dominant top-down peacebuilding accounts of ex-combatants. These latter accounts largely fail to see youth actors as peacebuilding agents, constructing them instead as troublemakers and interpreting their livelihood activities in terms of criminality and threat. Additionally, it argues that hustling also constitutes a peacebuilding style. More than a coping strategy or an indicator of peace, hustling-as-peacebuilding-style is performative: relational, embodied, contradictory, and recognisable to its adherents as peace-promoting even if (and arguably because) outsiders construct it as peace-negating. This analysis problematises agency, social relations, gendered identity, and collective security as they relate to ex-combatant and conflict-affected youth during peace processes.
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Baez, Sandra, Natalia Trujillo, Esteban Hurtado, Alejandra Ortiz-Ayala, Monica Rodríguez Calvache, Rafael Camilo Quishpe, and Agustin Ibanez. "The Dynamics of Implicit Intergroup Biases of Victims and Ex-combatants in Post-conflict Scenarios." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, December 18, 2020, 088626052098325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983258.
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Strong group identities arise in intergroup conflict scenarios and perpetuate sectarian violence even in post-conflict scenarios. In particular, out-group negative implicit associations are predictors of decreased intergroup forgiveness, as well as increased distrust and aggression against the out-group. Thus, the presence of implicit intergroup (i.e., ex-combatants and victims) biases seems to be a relevant factor in post-conflict scenarios. Here, we aimed to explore whether negative biases toward the out-group are boosted by (a) previous exposure to conflict violence or (b) identification with an armed violent group. One hundred and twenty-eight participants, 65 ex-combatants from Colombian guerrillas and 63 victims of the armed conflict, were assessed with a modified version of the implicit association test (IAT). Our results revealed that the victim group showed a significant negative bias against ex-combatants. However, no bias toward the out-group (i.e., victims) or in-group favoritism was observed in the ex-combatant group. Similarly, we found that IAT scores were not associated with sociodemographical variables (i.e., sex, years of education, or type of dwelling), the levels of combat exposure, victimization armed-conflict-related experiences, or child abuse antecedents. Our results showed an unexpected lack of in-group bias in ex-combatants, potentially triggered by the effect of current demobilization and reintegration processes. Thus, negative associations with the out-group will persist in the framework of societal condemnation of the out-group. In contrast, these negative biases will tend to be abolished when entering in conflict with larger societal reintegration processes. The results reinforce the idea that reintegration may benefit from interventions at the societal level, including all actors of the conflict. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of implementing victim interventions aimed at reducing stigma and revengeful actions in spaces of collective disarmament.
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Phayal, Anup, Prabin B. Khadka, and Clayton L. Thyne. "What Makes an Ex-Combatant Happy? A Micro-Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in South Sudan." International Studies Quarterly, January 2015, n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12186.
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Carayannis, Tatiana, and Aaron Pangburn. "Home Is Where the Heart Is: Identity, Return and the Toleka Bicycle Taxi Union in Congo’s Equateur." Journal of Refugee Studies, February 27, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez105.
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Abstract Since the end of the 2006 post-war transition, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the international community have struggled to design, finance and implement a host of national and regional disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes. The weak capacity of implementing institutions, widespread corruption, funding gaps, Western-driven processes and a misdiagnosis of local needs have all been raised as core reasons behind failures. Little is known about how processes of ex-combatant return shape and reshape public authority, where former combatants return to, how they negotiate and experience ‘return’ and how viable ways of life are successfully constituted post return. While many ex-combatants in the DRC continue to be re-recruited into militia groups, one group that has reintegrated successfully is the Toleka—a several-thousand-strong group of ex-combatants who returned (or remained) in the provincial capital of Mbandaka (Equateur province). The Toleka formed a bicycle-taxi organization and unionized its membership, providing protections and collective-bargaining authority to the group, while providing a public good. It also helped to reshape identities, produce a sense of civilian solidarity and provide a bridging function from life in the military. This article looks at how this organization was formed, how the former fighters identified and capitalized on a local need and the conditions that allowed them to successfully unionize and protect their rights as they re-entered civilian life. Based on extensive fieldwork and interviews, this article seeks to understand a case of ‘successful’ return in a region with few such successes.