Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ex post facto law'

In this dissertation I consider the issue of ex post facto EIA authorisations from the inception of the EIA regime in South African law to present. At the heart of the analysis is the question of whether, at different stages of the evolvement of the EIA regime, such authorisations are provided for in South African law, adequately or at all.

The degree of access to American higher education has changed over the years. During the 1980s and 1990s, higher education witnessed an increase in the diversity of students while enrollment in higher education reached approximately 14,000,000. With the matriculation of a wider array of students, higher education realized a need to understand these students better. Researchers began to investigate issues that they considered possible influences on the experiences of students in higher education. Questions were raised as to the roles that gender, race, and socioeconomic status might play in a studentâ s college experience. Comparatively, generational status is one factor that has not been given as much attention by researchers. The purpose of the present study was to compare a sample of first generation students and non-first generation students who enrolled at the same institution in the same year. The goal was to provide a description of first generation studentsâ demographic characteristics, pre-college behaviors, and values and beliefs. Data on 3,966 first-year students who completed the Annual Freshman Survey (CIRP) and who enrolled at the selected institution in the fall of 1998 were analyzed. Results revealed significant differences on 64 out of 206 total chi-squares conducted. The majority of significant differences related to issues of money.
Master of Arts

Criminal Justice
Ph.D.
In January of 2012, Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter outlined the crime fighting measures that his administration would pursue during his second term as mayor. Included was a plan to introduce a multi-agency crime reduction program, which Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey and District Attorney Seth Williams would co-chair, called GunStat. GunStat was described as a collaborative effort to reduce gun violence through (1) identifying locations with a high incidence of violent crime, (2) pinpointing violent offenders responsible for these crimes, (3) focusing on arresting and prosecuting these offenders for crimes committed at these places, and (4) enhanced monitoring of offenders on probation and parole who are living and/or offending within these locations. In effect, GunStat was designed to target the right people (prolific, violent known offenders) at the right places (hot spots of violent crime). This dissertation is an in-depth, ex post facto evaluation of Philadelphia’s GunStat model as implemented over two phases and two years. It involved both a quasi-experimental research design which employed propensity score matching methods to generate comparisons, and a process-evaluation where several themes, including program implementation, were explored. The results here suggest that GunStat did not reduce crime relative to comparison locations. However, the qualitative data highlighted the importance of informal inter-agency networks that were developed during the course of the intervention, and suggested that GunStat put future collaborations on a solid footing. The implications for criminal justice policy, theory and evaluation design are discussed.
Temple University--Theses

La décision conditionnelle constitue un objet délaissé de la recherche en droit administratif français. Injustement perçue comme une affaire privée de spécialistes du droit des actes administratifs unilatéraux, elle n’occupe les écrits des publicistes que dans la mesure où la réalisation de la condition porte atteinte à la garantie des droits acquis. Cette réserve explique pour partie la faible contribution de la doctrine à la construction d’une définition de la décision conditionnelle, autonome du droit civil des obligations, et les difficultés corrélatives à déterminer les contours de cette notion mal identifiée. Pourtant, les orientations prises par le juge administratif et, dernièrement, par le codificateur, rendent nécessaire la recherche d’une définition clarifiée de la décision conditionnelle en droit administratif français. Depuis longtemps, le juge administratif range la décision conditionnelle dans la catégorie des actes administratifs unilatéraux et met en œuvre les principes qui les gouvernent. Or, de son côté, la doctrine ne parvient pas à l’intégrer pleinement dans la catégorie de l’acte unilatéral ou du contrat.Le visage inhabituel qu’elle présente, aux yeux des juristes, force la réévaluation des classifications traditionnelles.La doctrine malmène ses catégories binaires, dans le but de souligner la particularité de cette décision unilatérale qui ressemble à s’y méprendre au contrat. Il en résulte une contradiction inévitable entre la présentation doctrinale de la décision conditionnelle et les données du droit positif. Pour la dénouer, il apparaît nécessaire de renouveler l’appareil théorique jusqu’alors mobilisé. En prenant appui sur les données pertinentes du droit positif, il a été possible de définir la condition comme une norme juridique à part entière, à la fois dépendante et distincte des autres dispositions de la décision, et dont la fonction se limite à moduler les effets dans le temps de la norme principale qu’elle prend pour objet. À travers ces éléments de définition, transparaît un régime juridique cohérent et unifié
Conditional decisions remain much overlooked in the legal scholarship on French administrative law. Wrongfully considered as the exclusive province of the specialist on unilateral administrative acts, conditional decisions have received the attention of public lawyers only in so far as they come to present a risk for the protection of aquired rights. This goes some way to explaining both the scarcity of doctrinal contributions to a definition of the concept of a conditional decision – autonomous from the paradigm of the obligations in French civil law –, and the difficulties encountered in trying to bring some clarity to the subject by attempting to determine precisely the boundaries of the notion. Nevertheless, recent turns taken by the administrative courts, and more recently by codifiers, do call for a clear and consistent definition. The case law has for long considered these legal acts as unilateral acts, thus subjecting conditional decisions to the corresponding legal principles. Despite this, the legal scholarship on the question has never managed to fully integrate conditional decisions in either branch of the main binary subdivision – contracts and unilateral acts –, ill-using both in order to stress the highly unusual character of the notion (for instance underlining the peculiar relevance of an analysis of this unilateral decision in contractual terms). This unusual object therefore forces us to reevaluate our traditional classifications, which otherwise systematically result in a severe inconsistency between substantive law and its doctrinal exposition. In order to do so, the theoretical tools and approaches used up to now must be renewed. This doctoral dissertation aims to reconcile the positive law and its doctrinal exposition, thus proposing a clear definition of the condition itself as a legal norm in its own right – both dependant on, and distinct from, the other provisions of the decision it is attached to – the function of which is to modulate the effects over time of the main decision. These proposed elements of definition come to reveal a unified and coherent legal status of the conditional decision in administrative law

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The process of taking an idea into reality has long fascinated me. Throughout the course of college, I have had the privilege of helping to create three varying projects: a workshop designing custom-machined clock faces, a business card startup project, and MIT's first fully unified live music student organization. With this diverse set of projects and parameters, I came to question if they held a common process. Though the topic of idea development deserves greater investigation and empirical study, I offer here a set of personal case studies. I do this with the full knowledge that the world offers an enormous amount of variability, where factors and changes beyond my control are unceasingly at play. I, too, changed much throughout these projects, and therefore, I, as an author, am also subject to a certain amount of variability and change over time. All those notions given, I do believe that there exist shared traits in the ways that I was able to help grow and nourish the ideas into real projects. My main finding is an ex post facto framework that each of the projects fits within. To elucidate how this framework applies and provide substantial background to justify each step, I have derived a thorough explanation of how each project used each piece of the framework. Curious if this framework held validity given real-world constraints, I interviewed four industry professionals to understand their views and project experiences. I have included their paraphrased thoughts and experience interspersed throughout the framework in order to provide my framework with greater support and empirical validity. Once again, this is a personal case study that is open for interpretation. It is, in many ways, the application of the design process to highly variable real-world projects executed in the context of a college experience.
by Kevin Ashok Rustagi.
S.B.

The purpose of this quantitative ex post facto study was to determine if mandatory Advanced Placement courses improve reading comprehension scores for students; especially Hispanic students. Not only is a minority student achievement gap prevalent in American education, but also a minority opportunity gap is present for students in Advanced Placement courses. The literature review detailed educational reform in the United States to include the rise and expansion of the Advanced Placement Program via the College Board. The benefits and drawbacks of Advanced Placement were emphasized as well as obstacles minority students face in participating in advanced courses. The results from the archival student reading achievement on the Transitional Colorado Assessment Program between sophomore students in two rural, Colorado high schools exposed two certainties; the achievement gap remains and mandatory Advanced Placement participation does not positively affect reading achievement. In the 2013 and 2014 school years, uncommon p-values were identified rejecting the null hypothesis. The ANOVA test for interaction produced a p-value of .438 pointing to an uncommon result, and the t-test produced p-values of 1.00 and .996 which are higher than the alpha of .05, and thus the null was rejected. There is no significant effect between Advanced Placement participation and increased reading achievement scores. Furthermore, this study confirmed the school that did not mandate Advanced Placement courses outperformed the mandatory Advanced Placement school on the state reading examination. More research on this topic is necessary. Longitudinal studies of these student populations may determine if the results may be generalized to larger populations. Among the most significant findings from this study are the importance of teacher preparation and leadership in identifying, recruiting, and enrolling minority students in to Advanced Placement and honors programs with greater consistency.

La presente investigación jurídica comparada se enfocará en cuatro aspectos de los registros de ofensores sexuales: (1) el contexto sociológico en el que emergieron los registros en Estados Unidos; (2) los actores políticos que incidieron en su expansión; (3) cómo la figura fue diseminándose en EE. UU y a otras jurisdicciones como España; y (4) cómo los tribunales de mayor jerarquía han reaccionado ante su imposición. De igual forma, se examinarán los fundamentos con los que se valida esta figura jurídica, los efectos que su imposición provoca en la vida de los registrados y en la supuesta seguridad ciudadana. Una vez identificados los fundamentos de la imposición del registro y los efectos que dicha imposición causa en las personas ofensoras sexuales podrá afirmarse que el registro es una medida punitiva. De esta manera, se estará en posición de afirmar si los principios del Derecho Penal deberían anteponerse como límite a la imposición del registro.
This legal comparative study is focused on four aspects of the Sex Offender Registries: (1) the sociological context that emerged from these registries in the United States; (2) on the type of political actors that affected their expansion;(3) on how these registries spread across the United States and other jurisdictions, like Spain; and (4) on how the higher courts have reacted to their imposition. Likewise, it will look at the legal basis that supports this legal figure, the effect it provokes on the lives of sex offenders, and it’s supposed effect on security. Once we identify the basis of imposing sex offender registries ad the effects of such imposition on sex offenders, we will be able to affirm whether the sex offender registry results in a punitive mesure. Consequently, we will be able to affirm whether the principles of criminal law should provide a limit to the imposition of the sex offender registry.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the experiences of directors, disclosed in company filings, correlated with the financial results of companies. Agency theory and resource dependence theory were the theoretical frameworks used in this examination of the correlations between the experiences that a board had and financial performance of selected companies listed in the S&P 500. The results of this ex-post facto, correlational study are an addition to the collective knowledge on corporate governance regarding evidence of the relationship between director experiences and the financial performance of two types of businesses listed in the S&P 500: regulated and nonregulated. There are three primary findings from the study. First, seven attributes of boards correlated with the financial performance of companies. Second, director experience had the greatest correlation with financial performance. Third, there was not a significant connection between boards diverse in experiences and the financial performance of the company. The conclusion is that there are experiences disclosed in company filings that correlate with financial performance. Regulators and boards could use the results of this study to make changes to regulations and board policies.

This quantitative, ex post facto study examined the impact a districtwide high school one-to-one mobile technology initiative had on the number of 10 ^th grade students in the Forney Independent School District (ISD) (Texas) who passed their standardized TAKS tests during the 2010 academic year. The research study used annual public Forney ISD (Texas) data obtained from the Texas Education Agency (TEA) website. The study compared the 2009 academic year when 10^th grade students (n=520) did not have one-to-one mobile technology and the 2010 academic year when 10 ^th grade students (n=530) were able to use one-to-one mobile technology as their personal school and home device. Findings from the study determined if there was a statistically significant relationship between one-to-one mobile technology and the number of 10^th grade students who passed their standardized TAKS tests during the 2010 academic year. With a chi-square critical value of 3.84 the results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship between the number of 10^th grade students who passed their TAKS tests in 2010 with one-to-one mobile technology. In 2010, the number of 10^th grade students who passed the English Language Arts test increased by 5% (92% to 97%) with a chi-square statistic of 12.86. The number of students who passed the Math test increased by 18% (65% to 83%) with a chi-square statistic of 44.39. The number of students who passed the Science test increased by 12% (70% to 82%) with a chi-square statistic of 21.04. The number of students who passed the Social Studies test increased by 6% (90% to 96%) with a chi-square statistic of 14.79. The number of 10 ^th grade students who passed all of their TAKS tests increased by 18% (57% to 75%) with a chi-square statistic of 38.67. The theoretical framework was constructed by the dual coding theory of Alan Pavio and the multiple intelligence theory of Howard Gardner.

The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between the types of discipline modalities and the incidences of deviate behavior and to identify specific disciplinary methods that directly affect students' behaviors. Disciplinary records for the school years 1987-1988 and 1988-89 were compiled for 180 students, randomly selected, 45 from each grade 9-12. The data were analyzed using a t test. It was hypothesized by the investigator that when the results were known, there would not be any significant difference between the incidences of deviate behavior and the discipline modality used to correct the behavior. It was found that the discipline modality used helped to reduce incidences of recidivism.

La décision conditionnelle constitue un objet délaissé de la recherche en droit administratif français. Injustement perçue comme une affaire privée de spécialistes du droit des actes administratifs unilatéraux, elle n’occupe les écrits des publicistes que dans la mesure où la réalisation de la condition porte atteinte à la garantie des droits acquis. Cette réserve explique pour partie la faible contribution de la doctrine à la construction d’une définition de la décision conditionnelle, autonome du droit civil des obligations, et les difficultés corrélatives à déterminer les contours de cette notion mal identifiée. Pourtant, les orientations prises par le juge administratif et, dernièrement, par le codificateur, rendent nécessaire la recherche d’une définition clarifiée de la décision conditionnelle en droit administratif français. Depuis longtemps, le juge administratif range la décision conditionnelle dans la catégorie des actes administratifs unilatéraux et met en œuvre les principes qui les gouvernent. Or, de son côté, la doctrine ne parvient pas à l’intégrer pleinement dans la catégorie de l’acte unilatéral ou du contrat.Le visage inhabituel qu’elle présente, aux yeux des juristes, force la réévaluation des classifications traditionnelles.La doctrine malmène ses catégories binaires, dans le but de souligner la particularité de cette décision unilatérale qui ressemble à s’y méprendre au contrat. Il en résulte une contradiction inévitable entre la présentation doctrinale de la décision conditionnelle et les données du droit positif. Pour la dénouer, il apparaît nécessaire de renouveler l’appareil théorique jusqu’alors mobilisé. En prenant appui sur les données pertinentes du droit positif, il a été possible de définir la condition comme une norme juridique à part entière, à la fois dépendante et distincte des autres dispositions de la décision, et dont la fonction se limite à moduler les effets dans le temps de la norme principale qu’elle prend pour objet. À travers ces éléments de définition, transparaît un régime juridique cohérent et unifié
Conditional decisions remain much overlooked in the legal scholarship on French administrative law. Wrongfully considered as the exclusive province of the specialist on unilateral administrative acts, conditional decisions have received the attention of public lawyers only in so far as they come to present a risk for the protection of aquired rights. This goes some way to explaining both the scarcity of doctrinal contributions to a definition of the concept of a conditional decision – autonomous from the paradigm of the obligations in French civil law –, and the difficulties encountered in trying to bring some clarity to the subject by attempting to determine precisely the boundaries of the notion. Nevertheless, recent turns taken by the administrative courts, and more recently by codifiers, do call for a clear and consistent definition. The case law has for long considered these legal acts as unilateral acts, thus subjecting conditional decisions to the corresponding legal principles. Despite this, the legal scholarship on the question has never managed to fully integrate conditional decisions in either branch of the main binary subdivision – contracts and unilateral acts –, ill-using both in order to stress the highly unusual character of the notion (for instance underlining the peculiar relevance of an analysis of this unilateral decision in contractual terms). This unusual object therefore forces us to reevaluate our traditional classifications, which otherwise systematically result in a severe inconsistency between substantive law and its doctrinal exposition. In order to do so, the theoretical tools and approaches used up to now must be renewed. This doctoral dissertation aims to reconcile the positive law and its doctrinal exposition, thus proposing a clear definition of the condition itself as a legal norm in its own right – both dependant on, and distinct from, the other provisions of the decision it is attached to – the function of which is to modulate the effects over time of the main decision. These proposed elements of definition come to reveal a unified and coherent legal status of the conditional decision in administrative law

Corporations seek Master of Business Administration (MBA) students who are ready to perform upon hiring. Business schools need to align instructional practices and technology with student, accreditation, and marketplace demands. Complex simulation use has increased exponentially to provide MBA students with business experience in the classroom. Methods to assess the effectiveness of complex simulations to achieve learning outcomes is limited to student perceptions of learning, satisfaction, and direct assessment separately. The purpose of this quantitative ex post facto comparative study was to examine MBA students’ perception of learning to real performance in integrative courses with complex simulation. Archival MBA student Peregrine COMP™ pretest, posttest, and SIRII™ scores were analyzed using independent t-test, paired sample t-test, and Pearson r coefficient. MBA students perceived higher levels of learning in courses with complex simulation based on the statistically significant increase in SIRII™ scores over courses without simulation. Another key finding from the quantitative study was the statistically significant negative correlation of students’ perception of learning to actual performance. Positive student perceptions of learning could hide a complex simulation’s inability to meet student learning outcomes, according to the statistically significant decrease between pretest, and posttest Peregrine COMP™ scores. Based on the quantitative correlation analysis of student perceptions of learning to actual performance, MBA administrators and faculty need to evaluate the use of instructional technology from multiple data points to avoid applications that offer minimal value to achieving learning outcomes. Future research opportunities could include a larger MBA population from multiple regions of the United States. Additional studies could investigate undergraduate perceptions of learning to actual performance to assess any benefit from complex simulations.

This doctoral thesis examines the use of liability rules to protect patent entitlements, focusing on a specific type of rule named ex-post since it is applied and designed ex-post by a court or an agency. The research starts from the premise that patents are defined by the legal and economic scholarship as exclusive rights but nevertheless, under certain circumstances there are economic as well as other compelling reasons to transform the exclusiveness of patent rights into a right to receive compensation.

This doctoral thesis examines the use of liability rules to protect patent entitlements, focusing on a specific type of rule named ex-post since it is applied and designed ex-post by a court or an agency. The research starts from the premise that patents are defined by the legal and economic scholarship as exclusive rights but nevertheless, under certain circumstances there are economic as well as other compelling reasons to transform the exclusiveness of patent rights into a right to receive compensation.

Church leaders have historically used attendance and membership as indicators of church health and leader effectiveness, yet church attendance in America is declining. 131 senior ministers in mainline Churches of Christ in the state of Texas participated in an ex post facto study to explore the relationship between the leadership styles of senior ministers (IV) including, transformational, transactional, and passive avoidant leader styles, measured by Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and church attendance (DV) patterns, including declining, static, or growing congregations between 2009 and 2012. The findings show that all three MLQ leader styles are present in declining, static, and growing churches. The data suggests there is no relationship between leader style and church growth trends. Churches declined, remained static, or grew with each leader style. The study indicates that senior ministers in Churches of Christ in the state of Texas demonstrate transformational leader behaviors. However, transformational leader styles may not be influencing church growth as measured by attendance more significantly than transactional or passive avoidant leader styles. Because the study did not find a statistically significant difference in church growth patterns for the three leadership styles, this suggests there may be other factors at work that are influencing church growth in Churches of Christ.

Within the Air Force’s performance evaluation systems, there is a lack of standardization resulting in Air Force personnel spending extraneous hours generating, editing, and reediting performance evaluations. The amount of man-hours required to complete a single evaluation has never been quantified. The purpose of this quantitative, ex post facto study was to identify the variables: Rank of the Reviewer, Rank of the Ratee, the Organization, Method of Review, and Time contributing to the man-hours associated with completing performance reviews, and to provide leadership with data to support the need for change in order to reduce personnel costs by eliminating unnecessary manhours. Archival data consisted of 79 evaluations from six organizations. The most important finding suggested that organizations differ greatly in how they spend time, ranging from 10 to 24 hours to process a single evaluation, with a majority of the time spent correcting previous iterations due to lack of standardization. A recommendation of this study is to serve as a benchmark for replication and to encourage other organizations to streamline and standardize evaluations.

La Comunidad Nativa San Román de Satinaki – Perené – Chanchamayo – Junín carece de servicio de agua y saneamiento por lo que sus pobladores están expuestos a enfermedades de origen hídrico. Por ello el objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es determinar la caracterización física y caracterización social de la Comunidad Nativa, para la selección del sistema de agua potable y saneamiento en mejora de la calidad de vida de la población, brindando un importante aporte, en la salud y bienestar de la familia. El Método de investigación es Ex-Post-Facto, una investigación en la cual se observan situaciones ya existentes en el contexto natural en la Comunidad Nativa San Román de Satinaki, para después analizarlos.
Tesis

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship (predicative capability) between selected variables, specifically, African American student enrollment, teacher ethnicity, and urban or rural district classification and the number of African American student placements in a disciplinary alternative education program (DAEP). The study used a non-experimental ex post facto design. Archival data from the Texas Education Agency were used to identify Texas schools that sent African American students to a DAEP during the 2013-2014 school year. Archival data from the Texas Education Agency were also used to identify African American student enrollment and teacher ethnicity for the selected school districts. Finally, archival data from the Texas Department of Agriculture were used to identify district classifications of urban or rural. Participants in this study consisted of 187 school districts that placed African American students in a DAEP during the 2013-2014 school year. Based on the findings, teacher ethnicity and African American student enrollment are statistically significant contributions to African American student placement in a DAEP. Urban or rural district classification is not a statistically significant predictor in the same placements. Results of this study add to existing literature by confirming that there is an overrepresentation of African American student placements in DAEPs and suggesting possible ways to combat this epidemic.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Spanish-speaking men in the United States with limited English proficiency following their release from prison. The study specifically examined the experiences of these men in their efforts to access health care treatment, housing, education, and employment in Central Pennsylvania. An empirical, phenomenological research design was employed that used self-stigma, critical race, and self-determination theories for in-depth interviews with 8 men who spent 5 to 24 years in prison. A tiered coding method was used to generate 6 interconnected themes that tell the story of these men's lives: (1) a genuine desire to change (2) a lack of effective communication, (3) a sense of dependency on others, (4) a persistent lack of social support, (5) a perception of resentencing by society, and (6) a perception of entrapment with little possibility to get out. This study promotes positive social change by demonstrating a need for more effective transitional programs for this demographic and additional need for counselor training programs to actively recruit and train more Spanish-speaking counselors for work with this population. The results can be used by counselors and mental health providers to develop programs that would support families such as job training and second language instruction within correctional facilities. Implementing these recommendations is expected to reduce crime and facilitate the healthy integration of this population into the mainstream society post incarceration.

Les conflits récents qui ont impliqué l’Irak en 1990 et2003 sont deux conflits menés essentiellement par les Etats-Unis contre l’Irak. Si le premier se fonde, en dépit du droit de légitime défense collective, sur une autorisation du Conseil de sécurité, conformément à une interprétation évolutive de la Charte, le second repose sur des interprétations extensives de la Charte : l’autorisation implicite et la légitime défensepréventive et anticipatoire destinées à éradiquer une menace. Cette recherche tente d’analyserles arguments invoqués en allant jusqu’au bout du raisonnement américain qui s’appuie sur lastratégie de sécurité nationale pour agir dans l’ordre international. Au-delà de la confrontationdu conflit de 2003 aux nouvelles théories tendant à élargir l’autorisation et la légitime défenseet à réhabiliter de vieux concepts de "guerre juste" ou d’"autoprotection" en vigueur auXIXème siècle, c’est leur impact sur le principe de l’interdiction du recours à la force qui aété analysé. Ces nouvelles théories ne sont ni acceptées de lege lata, ni acceptables de legeferanda. Le principe de l’interdiction du recours à la force n’a donc subi aucune brèche. Aulieu d’accepter ces théories, c’est à travers le renforcement de l’action de l’ONU (ses organespolitiques et judiciaires) qu’il faudrait rechercher un moyen d’agir en cas de menace
The recent conflicts that involved Iraq in 1990 and 2003 are both conflicts fought primarily by the United States of America against Iraq. If the first is based, despite theright of collective self-defense, on an authorization of the Security Council, in accordancewith an evolutionary interpretation of the Charter, the second is based on a liberal interpretation of the Charter: the implied authorization and preventive and anticipatory self defense to eradicate a threat This research attempts to analyze the arguments put forward bythoroughly vetting the United States of America’s rationale based on its national securitystrategy to act in the international order. Beyond exploring the relationship of the 2003conflict to the new theories which attempt to extend the authorization and self-defense and therehabilitation of old concepts of "just war" or "auto-protection" in force in the NineteenthCentury, the impact of these new theories on the principle of the prohibition of the use offorce was also analyzed. These same theories are neither accepted as lege lata nor acceptableas lege ferenda. Accordingly, the principle of the prohibition of the use of force has in no waybeen breached. Instead of accepting these theories, a way to deal with threats should besought through the strengthening of the role of the UN (both its political and judiciaryorgans)

Les révolutions de l’Est ont induit la fragmentation des Etats qui s’est accompagnée, sur le plan interne par une renaissance des partis ethniques ; ce qui ne va pas sans poser de problèmes à la démocratie politique. Les transitions et a fortiori les consolidations démocratiques font émerger un double phénomène d’interaction entre les acteurs et le système, dans la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre. Les partis ethniques se politisent alors que le système s’ouvre à l’acteur ethnique. On assiste donc à un réajustement évolutif du système devant la nouvelle donne. Le système s’ouvre aux nouvelles demandes à caractère ethnique de différentes façons et à différents degrés : entre la légalisation et la tolérance. Côté acteurs, les partis ethniques rentrent progressivement dans le jeu politique ; de différentes façons et à différents degrés. Dans notre champ problématique les relations interactives se déploient entre acteurs multi-niveaux (partis-Etats) et dans les divers champs (politique, sociétal et juridique). Leurs connexions sont croisées entre l’espace étatique et internationale, public et civil, politique et sociétal ; avec les Etats d’accueil ou d’origine, mais aussi, les Etats-tiers. Ils sont à velléités indépendantistes ou simplement des lobbies politiques. Nous avons essayé de mettre en lumière les principaux aspects de la complexité de la question ethnique dans les jeunes démocraties politiques ‘‘en consolidation’’. La problématique ethnique des PECO peut-elle nous aider à compléter en actualisant certaines visions généralistes des sciences politiques ? Les acteurs impliqués sont ainsi invités à éviter les pièges des nationalismes perçus comme ‘‘mesquins’’, voire ‘‘chaotiques’’ tout en servant la cause d’une plus souple intégration politique alias la ‘‘paix démocratique’’
The revolutions of Eastern induced fragmentation of States were accompanied internally by a revival of ethnic parties, which is not without its problems in political democracy. Transitions and even more democratic consolidation are emerging a double phenomenon of interaction between actors and the system in search of a new equilibrium. Ethnic parties then politicize the system opens the ethnic actor. We are witnessing an evolutionary adjustment of the system to the new situation. The system opens to the new demands ethnic ways and to different degrees: between legalization and tolerance. Side actors, are gradually returning ethnic parties in the political game, in different ways and to different degrees. In our problem the field deploy interactive relationships between multi-level actors (parties-States) and in the various fields (political, societal and legal). Their connections are crossed between the State and international space, public and civil, political and social, with host countries or origin, but also the third States. They are separatist ambitions or simply political lobbies. We tried to highlight the main aspects of the complexity of the ethnic issue in young democracies political '' in consolidation ''. The ethnic problem of CEEC can help us to complete updating some general visions of political science? The actors involved are invited to avoid the pitfalls of nationalism perceived as '' petty '' or '' chaotic '' while serving the cause of a more flexible policy integration to the ‘‘democratic peace’’

Thesis (D. Jur.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Law.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 351-367). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ67941.

Les restructurations et les mutations de plus en plus nombreuses dans les entreprises font évoluer la trajectoire de carrière des employés vers un cheminement moins linéaire et amènent une multiplication des changements de rôle (Delobbe & Vandenberghe, 2000). Les organisations doivent de plus en plus se soucier de l’intégration de ces nouveaux employés afin de leur transmettre les éléments fondamentaux du fonctionnement et de la culture qu’elles privilégient. Par contre, la plupart des recherches sur la socialisation organisationnelle portent sur les « meilleures pratiques », et les résultats qui en découlent sont mixtes. Cette étude comparative cherche à déterminer si et sur quelles variables les nouveaux employés socialisés par leur entreprise diffèrent des nouveaux employés « non socialisés ». Premièrement, cette étude vise à comparer ces deux groupes sur 1) les résultantes proximales (la maîtrise du contenu de la socialisation organisationnelle et la clarté de rôle) et 2) les résultantes distales (l’engagement organisationnel affectif, la satisfaction au travail et l’intention de quitter) du processus de socialisation organisationnelle, ainsi que sur 3) les caractéristiques des réseaux sociaux d’information, en contrôlant pour la proactivité. Dans un second temps, cette étude a pour objectif d’explorer si le processus de socialisation organisationnelle (les relations entre les variables) diffère entre les nouveaux employés socialisés ou non. Cinquante-trois nouveaux employés (moins d’un an d’ancienneté) d’une grande entreprise québécoise ont participé à cette étude. L’entreprise a un programme de socialisation en place, mais son exécution est laissée à la discrétion de chaque département, créant deux catégories de nouveaux employés : ceux qui ont été socialisés par leur département, et ceux qui n’ont pas été socialisés (« non socialisés »). Les participants ont été sondés sur les stratégies proactives, les résultantes proximales et distales et les caractéristiques des réseaux sociaux d’information. Pour le premier objectif, les résultats indiquent que les nouveaux employés socialisés maîtrisent mieux le contenu de la socialisation organisationnelle que les nouveaux employés non socialisés. En ce qui a trait au deuxième objectif, des différences dans le processus de socialisation organisationnelle ont été trouvées. Pour les nouveaux employés « non socialisés », la recherche proactive d’informations et la recherche de rétroaction sont liées à certaines caractéristiques des réseaux sociaux, alors que le cadrage positif est lié à la satisfaction au travail et à l’intention de quitter, et que la clarté de rôle est liée uniquement à la satisfaction au travail. Les nouveaux employés socialisés, quant à eux, démontrent des liens entre la maîtrise du contenu de la socialisation organisationnelle et chacune des résultantes distales (l’engagement organisationnel affectif, la satisfaction au travail et l’intention de quitter). Globalement, l’intégration des nouveaux employés non socialisés serait plutôt influencée par leurs stratégies proactives, tandis que celle des nouveaux employés non socialisés serait facilitée par leur maîtrise du contenu de la socialisation organisationnelle. De façon générale, cette étude comparative offre un aperçu intéressant des nouveaux employés rarement trouvé dans les recherches portant sur les « meilleures pratiques » de la socialisation organisationnelle. Des recommandations pour la recherche et la pratique en suivent.
Careers today are becoming increasingly multi-organizational (Howard, 1996), as workers are becoming more mobile and less loyal to a single organization (Fang, Duffy, & Shaw, 2011). Retention is a growing problem, and organizations are more and more preoccupied with the successful socialization and integration of their newcomers. However, best practice research on the subject of newcomer socialization has come up with mixed results over the course of the last 25 years of research. This comparative study sought to explore the differences between socialized newcomers and unsocialized newcomers in terms of organizational socialization process variables. Specifically, in its first objective, this study aimed at comparing these newcomer groups in terms of (1) proximal outcomes (learning of socialization content and role clarity) and (2) distal outcomes (affective organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intention to quit) of the organizational socialization process, as well as in terms of (3) information network characteristics (network size, status, range, strength, and density), controlling for newcomer proactive strategies. In its second objective, this study sought to explore how the organizational socialization process (relationships between variables) differed between newcomer groups. The participants were new employees in a large multi-media company (n = 53), all with a tenure of less than one year in the organization. This organization had a sanctioned socialization practice in place, but allowed department managers to socialize their newcomers at their discretion. This resulted in two newcomer groups: those who were socialized by their respective departments (“socialized” newcomer group) and those who were not (“unsocialized” newcomer group). Participants completed a questionnaire measuring proactive behaviors, mastery of socialization content, role clarity, affective organizational commitment, job satisfaction, intention to quit, and information network characteristics. The results indicated that, with regards to the first objective, socialized and unsocialized newcomers differ in terms of their mastery of socialization content, namely, learning of job/task, group, and organization knowledge was significantly greater for socialized newcomers than for unsocialized newcomers. No differences in distal socialization outcomes or network characteristics were observed. As for the second objective, the organizational socialization process was different depending on the newcomer group. Unsocialized newcomers showed a significant positive relationship between proactive information seeking and network size, as well as between feedback seeking and network status. Proactive positive framing was positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to intention to quit, and role clarity was related to job satisfaction in unsocialized newcomers. These relationships were not found in socialized newcomers. Instead, socialized newcomers showed significant relationships between learning of socialization content and each of the distal socialization outcomes (affective organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intention to quit). Overall, unsocialized newcomers’ adjustment seems related to their proactive strategies, while socialized newcomers’ adjustment is facilitated by a greater mastery of socialization content. This study’s unique sample offers interesting insights into the different experiences of newcomers not normally found in popular best practice research. Recommendations for research and practice are discussed accordingly.

碩士
臺北市立教育大學
特殊教育學系身心障礙教育教學碩士學位班(
97
The main purpose of this study was to explore relevant characteristics in the pre-school period of junior elementary students with learning disability. The study also examined the differences in characteristics between junior elementary students with learning disability and regular junior elementary students. The study researched and collected the key information using “Ex Post Facto” methods, and was processed by self-developed questionnaires designed for the students’ pre-school time caregivers to answer. After analyzing the questionnaires from 63 caregivers of students with learning disability, and from 61 caregivers of regular students, conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. Over fifty percent of students with learning disability had pre-school disorders in perinatal and neonatal conditions、cognitive skills、perceptual-motor skills、language development 、emergent literacy skills, or attention、and social/emotional as well as behavior development. In between, over eighty percent of students with learning disability had disorders in fine motor coordination and reading skills. 2. Students with learning disability that differed in background variations, show differences in pre-school period relevant characteristics. Those variations were：“gender,”“caregivers’ educational level,”“ pre-school education more than two years or not,”“the period of early intervention,”“the classification of learning disability,” and“learning or developmental problems discovered in pre-school time or not.” 3. The relevant characteristics between students with learning disability and regular students show significant differences in many developmental domains. Students with learning disability revealed more developmental disorders; however, regular students usually had normal developmental experiences. The relevant characteristics in the pre-school period of students with learning disability were：（1）more chances to be under the influence of perinatal and neonatal risk factors、（2）cognitive deficiency、（3）perceptual-motor skills disorder、（4）language disorder、（5）emergent literacy skills disorder、（5）attention、social/emotional as well as behavior disorder. In line with the conclusion of the study, the researcher offered suggestions for practical application and future studies.

碩士
亞洲大學
休閒與遊憩管理學系碩士班
101
This research attempts to understand the influences of values, personality traits, capital and leisure time on health, happiness, life satisfaction and to compare national differences. This research used Ex Post Facto Study and adopted "World Values Survey" as the secondary data. Question items included Schwartz personal values (V80 ~ V89), Hofstede cultural values about masculine and individualism (V60 ~ V67), personality traits about openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness (V12 ~ V21), economic, and cultural capital (V68, V252, V253, V238), the importance of leisure time (V6) and quality of life in terms of the health, happiness and life satisfaction (V10, V11, V22). The results found that: 1. To compare the importance of leisure time, it seems that high capital countries tended to pay more emphasis on leisure, whereas low capital countries payed less attention to leisure. The importance of leisure time in Taiwan is slightly above the world average. 2. The correlation analysis showed stronger coefficients in the national level than in the individual level. 3. At the national level of analysis, Masculinity, tolerance and respect for others (agreeableness) explained 42.8% variance of leisure time importance, while the capitals explained 23.6%. This indicated that the influence of values on leisure time was not less than that of capitals. 4. Tolerance, and respect for others, conservative, values, enjoyment and self-directive values accounted for 54.1% variance of quality of life, while leisure time accounted for 16.6%. The influence of values on life quality was not less than that of leisure time or capitals on life quality. This might be because there were relationships among values, capitals and leisure time importance.

碩士
亞洲大學
休閒與遊憩管理學系碩士在職專班
102
This research aims to conduct multinational comparisons of the relationships between class and leisure participation in four eastern Asian countries: Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Philippine. The research used secondary data from Leisure and Sports, International Social Survey Program, ISSP in 2007. By stratified probability sampling method, four national representative samples were obtained: 2,147 respondents in Taiwan, 1,253 in Japan, 1,431 in South Korea, and 1,200 in Philippine. Watching TV and listening to music are the most frequently participated leisure activities in the four countries. The frequencies in surfing on the Internet vary the most greatly among the four countries. Among the 13 leisure activities that people take part the most frequently, it ranks the third in South Korea, the fourth in Taiwan, but 13 in Philippine. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Analysis showed that the relationships between the total leisure activities participation and self-reported social status are between 0.41 (p<.001, South Korea) and 0.12 (p<.001, Japan). The relationships between the total leisure participation and family income are between 0.30 (p<.001, South Korea) and 0.19 (p<.001, Philippine). The relationships between the total leisure participation and individual’s educational years are between 0.61 (p<.001, Taiwan) and 0.34 (p<.001, Philippine). In short, South Korea and Taiwan tend to have higher social hierarchy associated with leisure participation than Japan and Philippine do. Nevertheless, Japan tends to have lower leisure barriers whereas Philippine tends to have higher leisure barriers, indicating that these two countries are different in leisure participation status. Overall for individual activities, the activity of surfing on the Internet has the highest social hierarchy.

Award date: 23 February 2018
Supervisor: Professor Giorgio Monti
The rediscovery of values and principles is a fragile undertaking fraught with its own interpretive perils. Nevertheless, claims to their normative superiority have a rather uncertain and inadequately explained content. European Union law may inspire and assist scholars and practitioners alike in their understanding of the principle of solidarity. This thesis suggests the possibility of a more coherent framing of solidarity as a legal principle in European Union law. This approach may assist legal scholarship in moving forward to build upon existing literature within the field, and integrate a more holistic model of the legal principle of solidarity in European Union law based on a theory defining solidarity as joint action. The latter may better reflect the various legal correlates that together define this principle both ex ante and ex post. More than adding another voice to the debate what solidarity is, this thesis focuses rather on what solidarity does. Recent developments within Public International Law shed some light on the debate within the ambit of European Union law. The thesis will attempt to provide suggestions on how solidarity as a principle steers and interacts with other principles of EU law. Integrating the ex ante and ex post dimensions of the principle of solidarity is a subtle distinction and arguably necessary in order to explain solidarity as a form of background coercion. The elusive question remains how a legal principle of solidarity may be understood as a legal principle which takes into consideration both the ex ante and ex post natures of the principle. The gravamen of the problem is that the principle of solidarity has primarily been applied ex post after the decisions of the Member States have become subject to judicial review by the European Court of Justice. Nevertheless, there is also a need for a legal principle of solidarity which may also be applied and understood ex ante before interacting with an adjudicatory body. These two temporal dimensions are of equal importance in understanding what solidarity as a legal principle actually does. Instead of being solely an after-the-fact result-oriented approach, an ex ante application of solidarity as a legal principle places greater emphasis on formative processes and their bases in adherence to the Treaties. Between the ex ante existence and the ex post application of the principle lies the vehicle of the decisions made by the Member States in light of European Union law. Between the ex ante existence and ex post application of solidarity lies the decision of the Member States to act, framed between existing EU law and the review of the Member State´s choice by the European Court of Justice. That is, a fair opportunity for those involved to act in ways that are in accordance with the Treaties in both input and output.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
107
Due to the fact that there is a constant controversy in the operation of punishment object in violation of the Regional Planning Act.In order to explore the problems, this article will sort out the problems found in administrative remedy cases that have violated the Act over the years. By the legal principles of hazard prevention, we will discuss issues related to the duty of hazard prevention, liability person and the punishment object of post-event control. According to the research results, the following regional plans seem to have the need for review and amendment: The specific person shall be responsible for the state liability and shall be prescribed by law or authorized by the administrative organ; in principle, the Act should not specify the succession of materialized obligations. The state liability person should be clearly defined by law, but the “user” should not be included in the scope; the burden object of administrative execution expenses should have reasonable provisions. In addition, when the administrative organ exercises discretion, the use of identity to define the type of obligation is not inevitable, even if may still need to be defined in specific cases; For the purpose of elimination and prevention of hazards choices a liability person, discretion criteria rules should be established, while this form of criterion seems to be less suitable for use in the object of administrative punishment; In principle, the state liability person should focus on the obligation to exclude or prevent the hazard, the characteristics of this responsibility should not be subject to administrative penalties or include the objective of joint punishment. it is advisable to take administrative enforcement measures; When an administrative requires a specific person adeadline improvment of a disciplinary action, it should still consider whether the punished person has the de facto management power and the right to dispose of the hazard. otherwise, it will be prone to grant improper administrative sanctions from “the impossibility of de jure or de facto” obligation of action or non-action.

This paper presents the findings of an investigation into Australian laws applicable to married couples and non-married couples in the event of a breakdown of the relationship. Research was conducted from 1998 until 2000. The aim of the paper is to change the current practice of state and territorial legislation being administered in those cases where a de facto relationship breaks down but Commonwealth legislation applied where the break down of a marriage occurs.

This message is directed at both the legal fraternity and State and Commonwealth governments. These organisations are considered to have a major influence in the area of family law.

The effect of the current State and Territorial legislation pertaining to de facto relationships is inconsistent application of law to ordinary Australians. Since exercising its powers under the Australian Constitution, the Commonwealth removed the diversity that existed when marriage and divorce fell under State legislation, and delivered instead uniformity and consistency in these areas.

The findings reveal that society is registering rapid change in its attitude to relationships compared to that of a few generations ago. The suggestion of this paper is for a practical change to the current system of altering the financial and property interests of heterosexual de facto couples. As a result of those same shifting social attitudes, issues related to ex-nuptial children were referred from the States to the Commonwealth. The present position regarding current de facto legislation would indicate, and social attitude appears to agree, that it is time to bring matters related to the break down of a de facto couple's relationship under the same jurisdiction.

Le Québec est la seule province canadienne à ne pas imposer d'obligation légale quant aux rapports interpersonnels entre les membres de couples non mariés. Pourtant, leur nombre augmente considérablement et, en 2001, il y avait 1 158 410 couples en union libre au Canada, dont 508 525 vivaient au Québec. Les conjoints de fait des autres provinces canadiennes ont revendiqué un statut juridique d'égalité de droits avec les couples mariés, ce qui a donné lieu à plusieurs décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada et à la mise en vigueur de lois visant l'encadrement juridique de la rupture de ces conjoints de fait. C'est ainsi que toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf le Québec, imposent une obligation alimentaire entre conjoints de fait à la rupture. La présente étude utilise les méthodologies d'analyse proposées par les théories légales féministes pour aborder la situation juridique de la famille québécoise dans un contexte historique et social afin de suggérer la mise en place d'un cadre légal des rapports interpersonnels des conjoints de fait. Afin de favoriser une plus grande égalité et une solidarité familiale, l'auteur propose l'établissement d'une obligation alimentaire compensatoire entre les membres des couples québécois non-mariés, avec enfants.
Quebec is the only Canadian province that does not impose legal obligations regarding interpersonal relations between the members of unmarried couples. In 2001, there was 1 158 410 unmarried couples in Canada, of which 508 525 were living in the province of Ouebec. Common law spouses from other provinces have claimed equal legal status with married couples, which lead to many decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada and to provincial legislations regarding their separation. Thus, ail Canadian provinces except Ouebec impose alimentary support on common law spouses at separation. This study uses the methodology of feminist legal theories to approach the legal situation of Quebec families in a historical and sociological context to propose a legislation regarding interpersonal relations within unmarried couples. According to the author, there should be a compensatory obligation of support between the members of unmarried couples with children to favor equality and familial solidarity.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit LL.M. (2-325-1-0)"

The criterion groups validity of emotional intelligence according to Mayer & Salovey (1997), ability model of emotional intelligence was investigated. Specifically, psychology (n+207) and engineering (n=195) students were compared on the Mayer, Salovey and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2 (MSCEIT). The primary factor structure of the MSCEIT was found to be valid with some revisions needed in terms of the reliability and content of the MSCEIT. The second-order factor structure of the MSCEIT was partially confirmed. In terms of the criterion groups validity of emotional intelligence, psychology students were found to exhibit higher levels of the ability to manage emotions in relationships, the ability to understand emotion as well as the ability to facilitate emotions. Engineering and Psychology students exhibited the same level of general emotional management and the ability to accurately identify emotion. Therefore the construct validity of emotional intelligence was partially confirmed.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

O direito processual administrativo é enformado pelo princípio do inquisitório na fase da instrução, manifestando-se no exercício de poderes de oficiosidade do juiz no conhecimento dos factos relevantes da causa e nos poderes de produção de prova, segundo finalidades de descoberta da verdade material e da justa composição do litígio. Tais poderes não esgotam as suas dimensões aplicativas na fase de instrução, projetando-se noutros momentos da tramitação da causa, segundo uma dialética de atos processuais das partes e do juiz, sob o princípio da cooperação. A prevalência do princípio do inquisitório na justiça administrativa não colide com a manifestação do princípio dispositivo decorrente da iniciativa processual da parte para a constituição da instância, nem é de molde a alterar os ónus de alegação e de prova, incumbindo às partes a alegação dos factos essenciais que constituem a causa de pedir da pretensão e em que se baseiam as exceções deduzidas, e de proposição dos meios de prova necessários à demonstração dos factos relevantes da causa, para além de todos os atos processuais praticados ao longo do processo. À menor amplitude do ónus de alegação das partes, alia-se uma maior flexibilidade do figurino dos atos da tramitação da causa e o reforço das incumbências de o juiz realizar ou ordenar, mesmo oficiosamente, todas as diligências necessárias ao apuramento da verdade e à justa composição do litígio, para que a sentença reflita os factos da relação jurídico-material. No direito processual administrativo o juiz acede amplamente ao facto, pelo que, para além da oficiosidade do direito, consagra-se o poder de cognição oficiosa do facto, conhecendo o juiz de todos os factos relevantes da causa, independetemente da alegação das partes. Por isso, o objeto da instrução do processo administrativo não são os temas da prova, mas todos os factos relevantes que devam considerar-se controvertidos ou necessitados de prova, considerando os factos que hajam sido alegados pelas partes e os factos que hajam sido investigados e conhecidos pelo juiz. A prevalência do principio do inquisitório na justiça administrativa deriva das especificidades das relações jurídicas administrativas materiais, reguladas pelo direito público e sob fortes valorações de interesse público, dotando-se o juiz administrativo de amplos poderes oficiosos de conhecimento dos factos e do direito, em tutela das posições jurídicas subjetivas dos particulares e da legalidade administrativa, enformada pelo interesse público. O princípio do inquisitório já não é só justificado pelo interesse público da realização da justiça, enquanto função soberana do Estado, interessando à coletividade que a justiça se desenvolva e realize sob padrões de verdade e de tutela dos direitos materiais, mas também pela presença distintiva do interesse público, próprio das relações jurídico-administrativas, de necessidade de tutela de interesses que vão para além dos direitos subjetivos e interesses legalmente protegidos dos cidadãos. A presente dissertação incide sobre o princípio do inquisitório na justiça administrativa, na perspetiva teórico-dogmática e nas suas manifestações aplicativas práticas decorrentes da prática jurisprudencial, na confluência entre o que lei prescreve e o juiz decide. Por isso, para além da análise do princípio do inquisitório nas suas várias significações teoréticas e à luz das conceções sobre as finalidades do processo e dos fins da instrução, são analisadas as suas principais dimensões aplicativas, enquadradas no contexto da justiça administrativa e do papel que a prática jurisprudencial ocupa na interpretação e aplicação do direito.
Administrative procedural law is shaped by the inquisitorial principle at the appraisal stage, manifesting itself in the exercise of the judge's ex officio powers in the knowledge of the relevant facts of the case and in the powers of production of proof, according to the purposes of discovery of material truth of facts and fair composition of the dispute. Such powers do not cease their applicable dimensions at the appraisal stage, but are projected at other moments in the course of the proceedings, according to a dialectic of procedural acts of the parties and the judge, under the principle of cooperation. The prevalence of the inquisitorial principle in administrative justice does not conflict with the manifestation of the principle of party disposition arising from the procedural initiative of the party for the setting up of the proceedings, nor is it such as to alter the burden of allegation and evidence, and it is for the parties to state the facts which constitute the cause of the claim and on which the exceptions are based, and the proposition of the evidence needed to establish the relevant facts of the case, in addition to all the procedural acts practiced throughout the proceedings. To the lesser extent of the parties' burden of allegation, there is a greater flexibility in the design of the acts of the proceedings and the reinforcement of the task of the judge to perform or order, even of its own motion, all the steps necessary to establish the truth and fairness of the dispute’s composition, so that the sentence reflects the facts of the legal-material relationship. In administrative procedural law the judge broadly accedes to the fact, so that, apart from the ex officio of the law, there is the power of ex officio knowledge of the fact, knowing the judge of all the relevant facts of the case, regardless of the parties' claim. Therefore, the subject-matter of the administrative proceedings is not the subject matter of the evidence, but all the relevant facts which must be considered controversial or in need of evidence, considering the facts alleged by the parties and the facts investigated and known by the judge. The prevalence of the inquisitorial principle in administrative justice derives from the specificities of material administrative legal relations, governed by public law and under strong public interest valuations, giving the administrative judge extensive ex officio powers of knowledge of facts and law, under the protection of subjective legal positions of individuals and administrative legality, shaped by the public interest. The inquisitorial principle is no longer only justified by the public interest in the realization of justice, as the sovereign function of the State because it of interest of the collective interest that justice is developed and carried out under the standards of truth and protection of material rights, but also by the distinctive presence of public interest proper to legal and administrative relations of the need to safeguard interests that go beyond the subjective rights and legally protected interests of citizens. This dissertation focuses on the principle of inquisitorial in administrative justice in the theoretical-dogmatic perspective and its practical application manifestations resulting from jurisprudential practice, in the confluence between what the law prescribes and the judge decides. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the inquisitorial principle in its various theoretical meanings and in the light of the conceptions about the purposes of the process and instruction, its main application dimensions are analyzed, framed in the context of administrative justice and the role that jurisprudential practice occupies in the interpretation and application of the law.

Several stakeholders in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry have emphasized the need for petroleum sector reforms in Nigeria. Canada is reputed to have one of the best oil and gas tax regimes in the world. This thesis argues that certain tax measures in Canada’s oil and gas industry have considerable potential for addressing certain industry inefficiencies in Nigeria’s petroleum sector. In developing this argument, this thesis gives an overview of oil and gas taxation in both jurisdictions and examines the possibility of transferring laws between Nigeria and Canada by exploring legal and tax comparative law theories. The thesis also examines the major challenges in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry and identifies viable areas in Canada’s oil and gas tax system which have the potential to address these challenges. Given the peculiarities of oil and gas taxation in each jurisdiction, this thesis suggests that the selected Canadian fiscal and administrative measures may require certain modifications in order to make these measures more suitable for Nigeria’s legal and tax system.