Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ex-situ testing

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ex-situ testing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ex-situ testing"

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Hintsala, Eric D., Syed Asif, and Douglas D. Stauffer. "Correlative Nanomechanical Measurements for Complex Engineered Systems." MRS Advances 1, no. 12 (2016): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.76.

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ABSTRACTMultilayered film stacks, with length scales less than 10 nm are commonly used in a variety of devices, but present significant challenges to mechanical testing and evaluation. This is due to property convolution of the different layers. Both the properties of the individual layers and the combined response of the film stack are important input for design optimization. Here, we present ex-situ nanoindentation of a film stack representative of a perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) hard disc drive (HDD), with more than 10 layers. We then compare this with in-situ transmission electron microscopy indentation to visualize deformation of individual layers of the stack. The ex-situ testing reveals early plastic deformation, with an initially high contact pressure (13 GPa) and modulus ( >160 GPa), followed by significant softening (8 GPa contact pressure and 140 GPa modulus), then slight hardening to 9 GPa. From in-situ testing, it is revealed that the metallic layer directly under the diamond like carbon (DLC) contributes the majority of the deformation and plastic flow, which is in turn constrained by a metallic oxide.
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Jiménez Zárate, Marian Teresa, Gisela Virginia Campos Angeles, Gerardo Rodríguez Ortiz, José Raymundo Enríquez del Valle, and Vicente Arturo Velasco Velasco. "Caracterización física ex-situ de Chamaedorea metallica como recurso forestal no maderable." E-CUCBA 9, no. 17 (December 29, 2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi17.209.

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Seed quality analysis determines factors that can affect a seed lot or samples. The aim of the studio was determine physical qualityof a lot of seeds of the Chamaedorea metallica collected in two fruiting periods; March to September 2018 and February to April2019; They were collected from mother plants of Chamaedorea metallica in the Ye`tsil garden at the Technological Institute of theValley of Oaxaca. The fruits presented purple-purple coloration in the exocarp; they were cleaning process to obtain the seeds,which consisted of soaking the fruits in water for 48 hours, they washed with running water until the mesocarp was completelydetached. The seeds dried under shade for five days on bond paper. The analysis carried out according to the minimum parametersmentioned by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). Data of percentage of purity, weight, number of seeds per kgandmoisture content obtained. The data from the physical analysis differed in both years, obtaining the best results in moisture contentand weight in the seeds collected in 2019. We concluded that the seeds of the mother plants of Chamaedorea metallica are of goodquality; that the collection period and the time of the fruit on the plant influence their quality.
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Neyko, Ihor, Zinoviy Yurkiv, Mykhailo Matusiak, and Olena Kolchanova. "The current state and efficiency use of in situ and ex situ conservation units for seed harvesting in the central part of Ukraine." Folia Forestalia Polonica 61, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2019-0014.

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Abstract Significant increase of biological stability, timber volume, and economic value of forests is impossible without refinement and improvement of the organization, and implementation of forest seed production on a genetic and breeding basis. It is possible to solve this task by creating and efficiently functioning in situ and ex situ facilities. In Ukraine, the basic principles of plus selection are envisaged, which include the selection and testing progeny of plus trees. The total number of progeny tests in Ukraine is 106 plots, in which 1,079 genotypes of plus trees are presented. Taking into account the total number of plus trees in Ukraine (4,560), only 23.7% was subjected to progeny tests. The largest number of progeny tests are represented by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – 76 plots and a significantly smaller number of plots for English oak (Quercus robur L.) – 21. The corresponding representation of genotypes is for pine – 520, for oak – 365. The area of tree breeding units in Ukraine is very small (0.4–0.6%) of the total forest area in the region. Despite the available areas, the use of in situ and ex situ objects for harvesting seed in Ukraine is low, around 30%. In the central region of Ukraine, the share of in situ and ex situ objects from the total forest area is 0.1–0.5%. On these sites, from 0 to 54% is harvested, which is insufficient. According to the results of the conducted research, it was established that the areas of permanent forest-seed base (in situ and ex situ units) are insignificant and their use is insufficient. Testing of more than 70% of the selected plus trees is required. An important trend is to study the genotype-environment interaction in connection with trends of global climate change.
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Jayusman, A. Fiani, S. Pudjiono, and L. Hakim. "Ex-situ conservation through selection and breeding: A Review On 15 Years Toona sinensis Roem. & Toona sureni Merr. base populations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012034.

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Abstract The ex-situ conservation of Toona sinensis and Toona sureni or surian weren’t supported list threatened species threat but by reduction of huge trees and leaving only small trees that are identical with the reduction of their genetic potential. Genetic potential plays a crucial role within the development of basic and breeding populations. The existence of the 15-year ex-situ conservation plot requires evaluation for simpler management to extend conservation value. The conservation area has collected genetic material from 52 populations from various islands in Indonesia and the progeny test area by testing 100 families from 10 selected populations because the basic source for assembling selected genetic material to supply superior seeds. Currently, genetic material from surian ex-situ conservation has been wont to develop genetic tests that are converted into seed orchards. Limitations of ex-situ conservation include maintenance of genetic material in artificial habitats, decreased genetic diversity, depression of close relative mating, adaptation to climate stress, and the potential for accumulation of weak alleles.it’s many constraints in terms of personnel, costs, and reliance on electrical power sources. supported the challenges within the future, efforts are needed to revamp through the unification of ex-situ conservation and progeny test management to support breeding population development. Strengthening the ex-situ conservation value of T. sinensis & T. sureni can be optimalization through solving all identified challenges and strengthening long-term management.
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Davison, Thomas A., Mark A. Norris, Joel L. Pfeffer, Jonathan J. Davies, and Robert A. Crain. "An EAGLE’s view of ex situ galaxy growth." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 497, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1816.

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ABSTRACT Modern observational and analytical techniques now enable the direct measurement of star formation histories and the inference of galaxy assembly histories. However, current theoretical predictions of assembly are not ideally suited for direct comparison with such observational data. We therefore extend the work of prior examinations of the contribution of ex situ stars to the stellar mass budget of simulated galaxies. Our predictions are specifically tailored for direct testing with a new generation of observational techniques by calculating ex situ fractions as functions of galaxy mass and morphological type, for a range of surface brightnesses. These enable comparison with results from large field of view (FoV) Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectrographs, and increasingly accurate spectral fitting, providing a look-up method for the estimated accreted fraction. We furthermore provide predictions of ex situ mass fractions as functions of galaxy mass, galactocentric radius, and environment. Using z = 0 snapshots from the 100 and 25 cMpc3 EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) simulations, we corroborate the findings of prior studies, finding that ex situ fraction increases with stellar mass for central and satellite galaxies in a stellar mass range of 2 × 107 to 1.9 × 1012 M⊙. For those galaxies of mass M* > 5 × 108 M⊙, we find that the total ex situ mass fraction is greater for more extended galaxies at fixed mass. When categorizing satellite galaxies by their parent group/cluster halo mass, we find that the ex situ fraction decreases with increasing parent halo mass at fixed galaxy mass. This apparently counterintuitive result may be due to high passing velocities within large cluster haloes inhibiting efficient accretion on to individual galaxies.
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Zhao, Nana, Harry Riley, Chaojie Song, Zhengming Jiang, Keh-Chyun Tsay, Roberto Neagu, and Zhiqing Shi. "Ex-Situ Evaluation of Commercial Polymer Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs)." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060926.

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Polymer membranes play a vital role in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), acting as a separator between the two compartments, an electronic insulator for maintaining electrical neutrality of the cell, and an ionic conductor for allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers. It is a major influencer of VRFB performance, but also identified as one of the major factors limiting the large-scale implementation of VRFB technology in energy storage applications due to its cost and durability. In this work, five (5) high-priority characteristics of membranes related to VRFB performance were selected as major considerable factors for membrane screening before in-situ testing. Eight (8) state-of-the-art of commercially available ion exchange membranes (IEMs) were specifically selected, evaluated and compared by a set of ex-situ assessment approaches to determine the possibility of the membranes applied for VRFB. The results recommend perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes and hydrocarbon anion exchange membranes (AEMs) as the candidates for further in-situ testing, while one hydrocarbon cation exchange membrane (CEM) is not recommended for VRFB application due to its relatively high VO2+ ion crossover and low mechanical stability during/after the chemical stability test. This work could provide VRFB researchers and industry a valuable reference for selecting the polymer membrane materials before VRFB in-situ testing.
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Köhler, Daniel, Behdad Sadeghian, Robert Kupfer, Juliane Troschitz, Maik Gude, and Alexander Brosius. "A Method for Characterization of Geometric Deviations in Clinch Points with Computed Tomography and Transient Dynamic Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 883 (April 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.883.89.

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When joining lightweight parts of various materials, clinching is a cost efficient solution. In a production line, the quality of a clinch point is primarily controlled by measurement of dimensions, which are accessible from outside. However, methods such as visual testing and measuring the bottom thickness as well as the outer diameter are not able to deliver any information about the most significant geometrical characteristic of the clinch point, neck thickness and undercut. Furthermore, ex-situ destructive methods such as microsectioning cannot detect elastic deformations and cracks that close after unloading. In order to exceed the current limits, a new non-destructive in-situ testing method for the clinching process is necessary. This work proposes a concept to characterize clinch points in-situ by combining two complementary non-destructive methods, namely, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonic testing. Firstly, clinch points with different geometrical characteristics are analysed experimentally using ex-situ CT to get a highly spatially resolved 3D-image of the object. In this context, highly X-ray attenuating materials enhancing the visibility of the sheet-sheet interface are investigated. Secondly, the test specimens are modelled using finite element method (FEM) and a transient dynamic analysis (TDA) is conducted to study the effect of the geometrical differences on the deformation energy and to qualify the TDA as a fast in-situ non-destructive method for characterizing clinch points at high temporal resolution.
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Marieb, T., J. C. Bravman, P. Flinn, D. Gardner, and M. Madden. "In situ observations of electromigration induced void behavior." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137598.

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Electromigration and stress voiding have been active areas of research in the microelectronics industry for many years. While accelerated testing of these phenomena has been performed for the last 25 years[1-2], only recently has the introduction of high voltage scanning electron microscopy (HVSEM) made possible in situ testing of realistic, passivated, full thickness samples at high resolution.With a combination of in situ HVSEM and post-testing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , electromigration void nucleation sites in both normal polycrystalline and near-bamboo pure Al were investigated. The effect of the microstructure of the lines on the void motion was also studied.The HVSEM used was a slightly modified JEOL 1200 EX II scanning TEM with a backscatter electron detector placed above the sample[3]. To observe electromigration in situ the sample was heated and the line had current supplied to it to accelerate the voiding process. After testing lines were prepared for TEM by employing the plan-view wedge technique [6].
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Sadeghi Alavijeh, A., S. V. Venkatesan, R. M. H. Khorasany, W. H. J. Kim, and E. Kjeang. "Ex-situ tensile fatigue-creep testing: A powerful tool to simulate in-situ mechanical degradation in fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 312 (April 2016): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.053.

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Jung, A., J. Luksch, S. Diebels, F. Schäfer, and C. Motz. "In-situ and ex-situ microtensile testing of individual struts of Al foams and Ni/Al hybrid foams." Materials & Design 153 (September 2018): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.075.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ex-situ testing"

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Renner, Axel, Uwe Marschner, and Wolf-Joachim Fischer. "A new imaging approach for in situ and ex situ inspections of conductive fiber–reinforced composites by magnetic induction tomography." Sage, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35619.

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Fiber-reinforced plastics for industrial applications face constantly increasing demands regarding efficiency, reliability, and economy. Furthermore, it was shown that fiber-reinforced plastics with tailored reinforcements are superior to metallic or monolithic materials. However, a trustworthy description of the load-specific failure behavior and damage evolution of composite structures can hardly be given, because these processes are very complex and are still not entirely understood. Among other things, several research groups have shown that material damages like fiber fracture, delamination, matrix cracking, or flaws can be discovered by analyzing the electrical properties of conductive composites, for example, carbon fiber–reinforced plastics. Furthermore, it was shown that this method could be used for structural health monitoring or nondestructive evaluation. Within this study, magnetic induction tomography, which is a new imaging approach, is introduced in the topic of nondestructive evaluation of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics. This non-contacting imaging method gains the inner spatial distribution of conductivity of a specimen and depicts material inhomogeneity, like damages, not only in two-dimensional images but also in three-dimensional images. Numerical and experimental investigations are presented, which give a first impression of the performance of this technique. It is demonstrated that magnetic induction tomography is a promising approach for nondestructive evaluation. Potentially, it can be used for fabrication quality control of conductive fiber–reinforced plastics and as a structural health monitoring system using an integrated or superficially applied magnetic induction tomography setup.
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"Investigating the Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Mechanisms of Ultrafine-grained Metal Films Using Ex-situ and In-situ TEM Techniques." Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.45509.

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abstract: Nanocrystalline (NC) and Ultrafine-grained (UFG) metal films exhibit a wide range of enhanced mechanical properties compared to their coarse-grained counterparts. These properties, such as very high strength, primarily arise from the change in the underlying deformation mechanisms. Experimental and simulation studies have shown that because of the small grain size, conventional dislocation plasticity is curtailed in these materials and grain boundary mediated mechanisms become more important. Although the deformation behavior and the underlying mechanisms in these materials have been investigated in depth, relatively little attention has been focused on the inhomogeneous nature of their microstructure (particularly originating from the texture of the film) and its influence on their macroscopic response. Furthermore, the rate dependency of mechanical response in NC/UFG metal films with different textures has not been systematically investigated. The objectives of this dissertation are two-fold. The first objective is to carry out a systematic investigation of the mechanical behavior of NC/UFG thin films with different textures under different loading rates. This includes a novel approach to study the effect of texture-induced plastic anisotropy on mechanical behavior of the films. Efforts are made to correlate the behavior of UFG metal films and the underlying deformation mechanisms. The second objective is to understand the deformation mechanisms of UFG aluminum films using in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments with Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping. This technique enables us to investigate grain rotations in UFG Al films and to monitor the microstructural changes in these films during deformation, thereby revealing detailed information about the deformation mechanisms prevalent in UFG metal films.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2017
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Nyamutswa, Lavern Tendayi. "Light Transmitting Photocatalytic Membrane For Chemical-Free Fouling Control In Water Treatment." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42647/.

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Membrane filtration has revolutionised water treatment, enabling safer provision of drinking water due to its high efficiency to block human infectious pathogens commonly present in raw water sources. Accumulation of substances on membrane surfaces and pores during operation, referred to as fouling, is considered one of the biggest barriers to wider adoption of membrane technology in water treatment. Maintaining continuous low-pressure filtration requires significant amounts of chemicals to clean off the accumulated fouling substances. Chemical use comes with economic and environmental costs associated with acquisition, transportation, storage, usage and disposal of chemicals, especially in disadvantaged and remote communities. By conservative estimates, supply of household water to a remote community of 100 people using a membrane system would require continuous supply of at least 10 L of polyaluminium chloride coagulant and 4 L of sodium hypochlorite (in concentrated form) every month. The main aim of this thesis is to demonstrate a sustainable, innovative, low cost membrane solution harnessing conveniently available solar energy to offset these chemical demands. Coating membrane substrates with semiconductor photocatalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an effective method for mitigating fouling in membranes through induced superhydrophilicity, enabling cleaning from the available water without chemicals. TiO2 also enables water contaminant degradation and pathogen inactivation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitated advanced oxidation. Despite these well- known effects, a major challenge limiting practical adoption comes from light absorption and scattering by the turbid contaminants in the feed stream before reaching the TiO2. This thesis proposed a novel solution to this challenge by transmitting light to the TiO2 through cheap porous borosilicate glass substrates with between 10% and 80 % transmission in the 340-400 nm wavelength range relevant to activating commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 photocatalyst. The concept novel membrane was produced using commercial glass substrates modified by simply dip- coating and heat sintering Degussa P25. The formed asymmetric membrane’s mean pore size was measured at 0.5 μm, which classifies the membrane as a microfiltration (MF) membrane, which are utilised in the industry as a barrier to water-borne pathogens such as protozoa and bacteria, and partially to viruses. To demonstrate the membrane’s photocatalytic ability, photocatalytic reactions stimulated by a UV lamp (365 nm peak) facing the glass substrate side in an ex-situ setup led to a 52% degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution, being only slightly lower than the 58% degradation when the TiO2 active layer faced the UV light source. The membrane was then operated in-situ using a custom module with a quartz window and UV LED installed on the permeate side, enabling simultaneous microfiltration of model fouling solutions. Results showed significant reductions in trans-membrane pressure (TMP) rise rates directly linked to UV light application. Specifically, UV light was responsible for up to 3.0-fold reduction in total filtration resistance and up to 4.2-fold reduction in irreversible fouling indices. Testing continued on simulated indirect solar light with a real non-potable water. The membrane itself showed up to 94% turbidity removal and up to 80% total organic carbon (TOC) rejection. The sunlight was directly responsible for an 8-fold reduction in the irreversible fouling index. The significant practical findings were followed by an investigation to confirm the fundamental basis for improvement. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with fouling modelling showed the beneficial photocatalytic fouling reduction effects during microfiltration stemmed from reduced intrusion of organic fouling material inside the TiO2 membrane pores, as well as reduced cake layer resistance. Analysis of results and photocatalysis mechanisms from literature led to the conclusion this was due to both superhydrophilicity minimising organic attractions to the surface and photocatalytic oxidation of organics approaching the surface. The potential for advanced oxidation to participate in reacting with organic matter surfaces attracted to the membrane was confirmed from a measurable increase in the presence of hydroxyl radicals using para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) probe experiments. The practical benefits for industry towards chemical consumption and energy reduction were also measured. For example, a 4.5-fold extension to the time needed for a clean-in-place (CIP) was realised when the membrane was operated in photocatalytic mode. A 50% reduction in filtration pump electricity demand was also calculated, which translates to a reduction in height of the feed water for a flux of 300 L/m2/h from 8.6 m to 3.7 m over a 5 hour run. Future work suggested includes using recycled glass to improve affordability and minimise glass manufacture environmental impact, as well as experimentally establishing the relationship hydroxyl radical concentration and TOC reduction. Optimisation of the glass material for enhancing light transmission efficiency and development of porous glass monoliths like current commercial ceramic membranes for full-scale use, as well as optimisation to increase contaminant degradation are also suggested.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ex-situ testing"

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Howard, C., C. D. Judge, H. T. Vo, M. Griffiths, and P. Hosemann. "In Situ SEM Push-to-Pull Micro-tensile Testing of Ex-service Inconel X-750." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 743–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67244-1_48.

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Howard, C., C. D. Judge, H. T. Vo, M. Griffiths, and P. Hosemann. "In Situ SEM Push-to-Pull Micro-tensile Testing of Ex-service Inconel X-750." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 743–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04639-2_48.

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Millward, Jason M., João S. Periquito, Paula Ramos Delgado, Christian Prinz, Thoralf Niendorf, and Sonia Waiczies. "Preparation of Ex Vivo Rodent Phantoms for Developing, Testing, and Training MR Imaging of the Kidney and Other Organs." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 75–85. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_5.

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AbstractHere we describe a simple and inexpensive protocol for preparing ex vivo rodent phantoms for use in MR imaging studies. The experimental animals are perfused and fixed with formaldehyde, and then wrapped with gauze and sealed with liquid latex. This yields a phantom that preserves all organs in situ, and which avoids the need to keep fixed animals and organs in containers that have dimensions very different from living animals. This is especially important for loading in MR detectors, and specifically the RF coils, they are usually used with. The phantom can be safely stored and conveniently reused, and can provide MR scientists with a realistic phantom with which to establish protocols in preparation for preclinical in vivo studies—for renal, brain, and body imaging. The phantom also serves as an ideal teaching tool, for trainees learning how to perform preclinical MRI investigations of the kidney and other target organs, while avoiding the need for handling living animals, and reducing the total number of animals required.This protocol chapter is part of the PARENCHIMA initiative “MRI Biomarkers for CKD” (CA16103), a community-driven Action of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
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Weber, Joanna F., and Stephen D. Waldman. "In Situ and Ex Vivo Biomechanical Testing of Articular Cartilage." In Experimental Methods in Orthopaedic Biomechanics, 331–47. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803802-4.00021-4.

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Imran Rashid, Muhammad. "Testing and Validating Instruments for Feedstocks of Mineral Carbonation." In Mineralogy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101175.

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Different feedstocks Dunite, Olivine and Lizardite are examined in this research using various measuring techniques such as TGA-MS, XRD and Quantitative XRD and EDS. Quantitative XRD results matched with TGA-MS results. Malvern Mastersizer, EDS and QXRD results also showed a good match regarding the individuality of results which are shown graphically. TGA-MS calibration curves example is provided. Matching the results of different measuring techniques is a key to fundamental research. Comparison of the reactivity of dunite, soaked dunite, heat-activated dunite and lizardite and raw dunite soaked has been performed. TGA-MS and QXRD results match each other. Malvern Mastersizer, EDS and QXRD results match with their individual results indicating the instrument’s reliability. Semi-Quantitative XRD results authenticity is EXCELLENT. TGA-MS results match with QXRD is excellent. Mineral carbonation converts CO2 into stable mineral carbonates. This research explores the utilisation of serpentinised dunite (which is comprised of 61% lizardite) as a potential feedstock for mineral carbonation. Heat activation, ex-situ regrinding and concurrent grinding techniques were employed to enhance the reaction rate and yield, and to provide information on the carbonation reaction mechanism. Silica-rich layers that appeared during reference experiments were disrupted using concurrent grinding and significantly higher magnesite yields and Mg extractions were obtained.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ex-situ testing"

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Wilson, J. Jeffrey, Douglas W. Lee, Brett M. Yeske, and Fred Kuipers. "Testing of In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation Approaches for an Oil-Contaminated Peat Bog Following a Pipeline Break." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-146.

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A biotreatability test was performed on oil-contaminated sphagnum peat moss from a 1985 pipeline spill of light Pembina Cardium crude oil at a bog near Violet Grove in central Alberta. Four tests were designed to simulate several field treatment approaches and to collect critical data on toxicity and leachability of this material. These tests included a bioslurry test, a soil microcosm test, an aerated water saturated peat column test, and a standard toxicity characteristic leachate potential (TCLP) test. In the saturated peat column tests, two nutrient amendment rates and a surfactant were tested to quantify biostimulation effects from an in-situ treatment design. An innovative aeration technology called the GLR (Gas-Liquid Reactor) was used to create a constant supply of hyperoxygenated water prior to column injection. The GLR continuously produces air bubbles of less than 50 microns in diameter, thereby maximizing air surface area and thereby increasing gas transfer rates. Crude oil biodegradation was quantified by the reduction in both extractable hydrocarbons and toxicity of the peat solids. The results confirmed that bioremediation of the residual crude oil to non-toxic levels in the peat bog at Violet Grove will be successful. All three tests — bioslurry, soil microcosm, and soil columns — gave similar results of at least 74% biodegradation of the residual crude oil on the peat solids. In situ bioremediation using the GLR aerated water injection system or an ex situ landfarming or biopile approach should achieve the 1000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon criteria. Neither fertilizer nor surfactant amendments were necessary to enhance oil biodegradation in the in situ column tests. The TCLP test indicated that ex situ treatment would require an impermeable liner for leachate collection. The time required to achieve the final remediation goals will depend on climatic variable such as temperature and rainfall during active summer season bioremediation. It is anticipated that an in situ approach using recirculated aerated water would achieve the cleanup up criteria within one full field treatment season.
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Renner, Axel, Wolf-Joachim Fischer, and Uwe Marschner. "A New Imaging Approach to In Situ and Ex-Situ Inspections of Fibre Reinforced Composites by Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT)." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8231.

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Fiber reinforced composites (FRP) for industrial applications face constantly increasing demands regarding efficiency, reliability and economy. Furthermore, it was shown that FRP’s with tailored reinforcements are superior to metallic or monolithic materials. However, a trustworthy description of load-specific failure behaviour and damage evolution of composite structures can hardly be given, because these processes are very complex and are still not entirely understood. Amongst other things, several research groups have shown that material damages like fiber fracture, delamination, matrix cracking or flaws can be discovered by analyzing the electrical properties of conducting composites, e.g. carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). Furthermore, it was shown that this method could be used for structural health monitoring or non-destructive testing (NDT) [8–12].Within this work, Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT), which is a new imaging approach, is introduced into the topic of NDT of CFRP’s. This non-contacting imaging method gains the inner spatial distribution of conductivity of a specimen and depicts material inhomogeneity, like damages, in 2D or 3D images. Numerical and experimental investigations are presented and give a first impression of the performance of this technique. It is demonstrated that MIT is a promising approach for NDT and could be used for fabrication quality control of conductive FRP’s and could potentially be used as a health monitoring system using an integrated setup.
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Drahos, Bradley, Amer Safdari, Faizan Malik, Rebecca Smith, Matt Kubala, Jack Norfleet, Conner Parsey, Shikha Goodwin, and Timothy M. Kowalewski. "Design of a Handheld Tissue Grasping Device to Measure Tissue Mechanical Properties In-Vivo or in a Laboratory Setting." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9089.

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Abstract With medical institutions increasing the use of medical simulators for educational purposes it is detrimental that the knowledge gap regarding tissue mechanical properties be researched further in depth. The grasper device discussed throughout this paper aims to provide researchers a handheld device capable of testing soft organs and tissue in-vivo and ex-situ in a laboratory setting. The device consists of two load cells on the inner jaws of the grasper to measure compressive force and an encoder to monitor the graspers angular position which yields tissue position and strain. Accompanying the grasper is a GUI written in Rust which is capable of data file management, and providing a 10 second live feed of load cell and encoder readings. The grasper device is currently being employed in a study testing the tissue mechanical response of porcine tissue at states ranging from in-vivo to ex-situ post freeze. The results from this test, and subsequent tests using the grasper have the capability of providing much needed knowledge regarding tissue mechanical properties to improve medical simulators and medical education as a whole.
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Shaffer, Benjamin E., Harn C. Lim, Robert E. Mcdonald, and Pedro D. Peralta. "Mechanical Behavior of UO2 at Sub-Grain Length Scales: A Quantification of Creep Properties via High Temperature Mechanical Testing." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67772.

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In this work, creep behavior was quantified via high temperature mechanical testing; to facilitate this, techniques were developed to: 1) measure plasticity and creep properties samples at sub-grain length scales using ex-situ mechanical testing at elevated temperatures, and 2) characterize microstructure before and after testing at the same location on the sample surface to evaluate effects of creep at the microscale. Conventional uniaxial compression testing experiments were performed under controlled atmospheres, which insured stoichiometry control, at a temperature of 900 °C, which allowed measurement of properties involving creep behavior (e.g. creep strain rates). Samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD).
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Ma, Xinqing, and Peter Ruggiero. "Nondestructive Evaluation and Analyses of Thermal Spray Coatings: Latest Technology Progresses and Case Studies." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0054.

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Abstract Nondestructive Evaluation and Testing (NDE&T) techniques have been played vital roles in property characterization, process development and quality control of various thermal spray coatings. Besides conventional NDE&T lab methods such as eddy current test (ECT) for thickness measurement and fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) for cracking detection, some latest NDE techniques have been developed, demonstrated and applied to evaluate and characterize thermal sprayed coatings recently. The improved and innovative NDE methods provide more capable and accurate measurement to inspect on surface morphology, 2D and 3D coating porosity, oxide content, interface debonding, as well as other types of coating features, defects or specific properties. In this work, some non-contact NDE techniques and their applications were investigated and discussed based on several case studies of thermal sprayed coatings. Laser confocal microscopy had been used for characterizing surface morphologies and roughness profiles of HVOF WC-based coatings with 2D and 3D mapping methods. In particular, thermal wave imaging and ultrasonic micro imaging methods were used to detect the suspicious existence of lateral coating separation within or at the MCrAlY coating-substrate interfaces. Laser dimension sensoring method exhibited the extended capability of in-situ coating thickening measurements on turbine blade and vane. The latest non-contact NDE techniques demonstrated their unique and strong capability for in-situ and ex-situ coating characterization, process and quality control and coating failure analysis.
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Daniel, Tobias, Annika Boemke, Marek Smaga, and Tilmann Beck. "Investigations of Very High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Metastable Austenitic Steels Using Servohydraulic and Ultrasonic Testing Systems." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84639.

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To investigate the fatigue behavior of metastable austenite steels in the VHCF-regime, high loading frequencies are essential to realize acceptable testing times. Hence, two high-frequency testing systems were used at the authors’ institute: an ultrasonic testing system with a test frequency of 20 000 Hz and also, a servohydraulic system with a test frequency of 980 Hz. In the present study, two different batches of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 347 were investigated. Fatigue tests on metastable austenitic steel AISI 347 batch A were carried out at an ultrasonic test system at a test frequency of 20 000 Hz, at ambient temperature. Because the test rig acts as a mechanical resonant circuit excited by a piezoelectric transducer the specimen must be designed for oscillation in its vibration Eigenmode at the test frequency to assure maximum displacement at the end and maximum stress in the gauge length center, respectively. For analyzing the deformation behavior during the tests, the change in temperature was measured. Additionally, Feritscope™ measurements at the specimen surface were performed ex-situ after defined load cycles. First results showed a pronounced development of phase transformation from paramagnetic face-centered cubic γ-austenite to ferromagnetic body-centered cubic α‘-martensite. Because formation of α‘-martensite influences the transient behavior and high frequency loadings leads to pronounced self-heating of the material, ultrasonic fatigue tests on metastable austenites represent a challenge in controlling of displacement amplitude and limiting the specimen temperature. First investigations on metastable austenitc steel AISI 347 batch B using a servohydraulic test system at a frequency of 980 Hz and a temperature of T = 300 °C resulted in no fatigue failure beyond N = 107 cycles in the VHCF-regime. However, only specimens with a low content of cyclic deformation-induced α‘-martensite achieved the ultimate number of cycles (Nu = 5·108).
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Appel, Dominik, Fabian P. Hagen, Uwe Wagner, Thomas Koch, Henning Bockhorn, and Dimosthenis Trimis. "Influence of Low Ambient Temperatures on the Exhaust Gas and Deposit Composition of Gasoline Engines." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2932.

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Abstract To comply with future emission regulations for internal combustion engines, system-related cold-start conditions in short-distance traffic constitute a particular challenge. Under these conditions, pollutant emissions are seriously increased due to internal engine effects and unfavorable operating conditions of the exhaust aftertreatment systems. As a secondary effect, the composition of the exhaust gases has a considerable influence on the deposition of aerosols via different deposition mechanisms and on fouling processes of exhaust gas-carrying components. Also, the performance of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems may be affected disadvantageously. In this study, the exhaust gas and deposit composition of a turbocharged three-cylinder gasoline engine is examined in-situ upstream of the catalytic converter at ambient and engine starting temperatures of −22 °C to 23 °C using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a particle spectrometer. For the cold start investigation, a modern gasoline engine with series engine periphery is used. In particular, the investigation of the behavior of deposits in the exhaust system of gasoline engines during cold start under dynamic driving conditions represents an extraordinary challenge due to an average lower soot concentration in the exhaust gas compared to diesel engines and so far, has not been examined in this form. A novel sampling method allows ex-situ analysis of formed deposits during a single driving cycle. Both, particle number concentration and the deposition rate are higher in the testing procedure of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) than in the inner-city part of the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). In addition, reduced ambient temperatures increase the amount of deposits, which consist predominantly of soot and to a minor fraction of volatile compounds. Although the primary particle size distributions of the deposited soot particles do not change when boundary conditions change, the degree of graphitization within the particles increases with increasing exhaust gas temperature.
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Schinstock, Emma, Xiaoyin Ling, Renato Conedera, Aaron Tucker, and David Ramirez. "Constant Force Application on a Beating Swine Heart: Robotic Assistance for Mapping and Ablation Procedures." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3253.

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Robot assisted surgery has been widely accepted by the medical community. Surgeons utilize robots in many different procedures worldwide. However, cardiothoracic surgeons do not regularly use robotic tools to aid them in performing even simple, catheter based procedures such as cardiac ablation or mapping. Some cardiac Monophasic Action Potentials (MAPs) and ablation catheters require a specific window of force to either effectively characterize or scar cardiac tissue. This is challenging to maintain through the cardiac cycle, so the application of a constant force is not a trivial task for surgeons. Robotic assistance to control the force applied to a catheter through ablation and mapping procedures is needed to improve the outcome for patients. The purpose of this work is to develop a single degree of freedom robot that controls the force applied to a beating swine heart. Rather than trying to predict the motion and timing of the heartbeat, or tracking its movement this robot senses and reacts to the force produced by the myocardium. Through the cardiac cycle, the robot applies a constant force to the surface of a beating heart. The kinematics of the cardiac tissue were characterized by utilizing piezoelectric transducers. Hardware to control the catheter motion was designed to fit most commercially available devices. The controller was designed by first building a mathematical model using measured data, and then a control law was implemented considering the heartbeat as disturbances to the system. Finally, testing was completed with dry runs, and in situ and ex-vivo testing in the Visible Heart® Laboratory.
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Stuart, Hannah, Kristopher Inman, and Xia Wang. "Initial Development of a Method for Optical Measurement of Water Droplet Formation in the Cathode Flow Channel of a PEM Fuel Cell." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18087.

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Cathode flooding in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, or the displacement of reactant gases from the catalyst layer by water formation, limits performance and durability. Water transport is not yet well understood and can vary under different operating conditions, such as temperature. Previous work performed to characterize water formation has mostly involved water visualization, using materials/construction which could alter water condensation characteristics. The objective of this work is to investigate a method to optically measure the relative size of water droplet formation in PEM fuel cell cathode gas flow channels using an unobtrusive and previously developed temperature sensor. A single-sensor mathematical model was developed which considers channel geometry, fiber diameter, and water droplet shape and size. Droplet formation involved three different possible shapes, resulting from different hydrophobic properties of channel material. Ex situ testing utilized chromium doped yttrium aluminum garnet as the chosen phosphor, applied to a carbon paper GDL. No correlation was found between the theoretical model and the experimental findings. Although signal attenuation cannot accurately predict droplet size, it is still possible to characterize water droplet formation using statistical analysis. Since a water droplet consistently produces measurable attenuation, the frequency of water droplet detection in the flow channel can be used to characterize the amount of water formation or flooding in the cathode flow channels. The work is ongoing and new methods of water droplet characterization are still being investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Ex-situ testing"

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R. Will Grimes, Norman Merriam, L.J. Fahy, C.G. Mones, Jr L.A. Johnson, F.M. Carlson, T.F. Turner, et al. 1.PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A PROCESS USING PLASMA REACTIONS TO DESULFURIZE HEAVY OILS; 2.PROCESS SUPPORT AND DEVELOPMENT FOR COMPCOAL; 3.MISCIBLE/IMMISCIBLE GAS INJECTION PROCESSES; 4.COMPCOAL: A PROFITABLE PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF A STABLE HIGH-BTU FUEL FROM POWDER RIVER BASIN COAL; 5.EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE FREE RADICAL INITIATORS FOR HEAVY OIL/PLASTICS CO-PROCESSING; 6.DEVELOPMENT OF AN ON-LINE ALKALI MONITORING PROBE; 7.DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM; 8.BENCH-SCALE TESTING AND VERIFICATION OF PYROLYSIS CONCEPT FOR REMEDIATION OF TANK BOTTOMS; 9.HAZ-FLOTE: EX-SITU DECONTAMINATION OF MATERIALS; 10.IN-SITU AMELIORATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS; 11.THE SYNAG PROCESS: COAL COMBUSTION ASH MANAGEMENT OPTION; 12.CONDITIONING AND HYDRATION REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY ASH DISPOSAL/HYDRATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/767235.

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