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Journal articles on the topic 'Examen des victimes'
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Rey, C., J. Salomon, J. Herzhaft-Bouccara, D. Bohu, and P. Messerschmitt. "Examen des victimes d'agression sexuelle de moins de cinq ans." Archives de Pédiatrie 12, no. 6 (June 2005): 664–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2005.04.053.
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Kolopp, M., E. Delbaere-Crespo, C. Lecossec, F. Guillet-May, H. Coudane, and L. Martrille. "Examen médicolégal des victimes d’agression sexuelle : caractéristiques et liens avec les suites judiciaires." Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie 45, no. 3 (March 2017): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gofs.2017.01.006.
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Chariot, Patrick, Fabrice Dedouit, Caroline Rey-Salmon, Nacer Bourokba, Clotilde Rougé-Maillart, and Gilles Tournel. "Examen médical des personnes victimes de violence : fréquence des facteurs aggravants au sens du Code pénal, hétérogénéité des pratiques." La Presse Médicale 41, no. 11 (November 2012): e553-e558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.045.
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Manirabona, Amissi Melchiade. "Vers la répression de la propagande haineuse basée sur le sexe ? Quelques arguments pour une redéfinition de la notion de « groupe identifiable » prévue dans le Code criminel." Les Cahiers de droit 52, no. 2 (November 21, 2011): 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006415ar.
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Les articles 318 et 319 du Code criminel sont destinés à protéger les groupes identifiables de personnes contre la propagande haineuse. Toutefois, l’article 318 (4) limite cette protection aux seuls groupes identifiables par la couleur, la race, la religion, l’origine ethnique et l’orientation sexuelle. Le sexe est exclu des motifs de différenciation énumérés dans ce paragraphe. Après un bref examen de l’historique législatif de ces dispositions, de même que de l’évolution récente du droit canadien et international, l’auteur note que l’exclusion du sexe comme motif de différenciation est pour le moment dépassée. Il en vient alors à la conclusion que l’article 318 (4) du Code criminel mériterait d’être extensivement reformulé en vue d’accorder une protection efficace aux victimes des discours haineux basés sur le sexe.
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Fajri, Agnes. "PENERAPAN ILMU KRIMINALISTIK PADA PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA CABUL DENGAN KORBAN TUNA WICARA." UNES Law Review 3, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v3i2.165.
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The application of criminalism in investigating obscene crimes against speech impaired victims by the PPA Unit of the Satreskrim Polres Agam is a science to help strategies in making light of cases. Criminal science is used to obtain information from victims as crown witnesses or victim witnesses, which is rather difficult to do. This is because the daily conditions of the victim cannot hear (deaf), do not speak (mute), so they cannot communicate properly like normal people, and never go to school. In this regard, investigators use criminalistic science with forensic psychology aids, forensic medicine aids and body language or sign science for the deaf. In forensic medicine, it is used by doing visum et repertum as evidence of violence against the reproductive organs. Forensic Psychology is used to examine the victim's psyche and his honesty about what he is going through. During the investigation into the investigation, the victim was also accompanied by a teacher from the Lubuk Basung Special Elementary School (SDLB). Victims are also examined using props or pictures to make it easier for victims to remember what happened to them, because the victim's memory as a person with a mute disability has limitations.
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Balemba, Samantha, and Eric Beauregard. "What leads victims to resist? Factors that influence victim resistance in sexual assaults." Journal of Criminal Psychology 9, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-05-2019-0014.
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PurposeVictim resistance has been shown to have an important impact on the outcome of sexual assaults. Thus, the factors that affect a victim’s likelihood of various levels of resistance are relevant to consider, given the possibly detrimental effect these actions can have on crime outcome. While not intended to blame the victim in any way, it is important to examine the role the victim plays within a sexually coercive interchange in order to completely understand the sex crime event and, thus, be able to inform potential victims as to the patterns that increase resistance and, potentially, overall violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachSequential logistic regression analyses were conducted on a sample of 613 sex offenses (incorporating both adult and child victims) to examine the individual and combined effects of offender lifestyle, disinhibitors, victim vulnerability, situational impediments and offender modus operandi on victim resistance levels.FindingsResults suggest that indicators of offender mindset are significant, particularly the use of pornography prior to the crime, and affect victim interpretation and response to the offender’s actions during the course of the assault. Other relevant factors include the victim’s age and the degree of violence present in the offender’s approach and subsequent offending strategies.Originality/valueThis information would be helpful to incorporate into victim education programs so that past and future potential victims can better understand the criminal event and the causes and effects of their own actions within that event.
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Frigon, Sylvie, and Louise Viau. "Les femmes condamnées pour homicide et l’ Examen de la légitime défense (Rapport Ratushny) : portée juridique et sociale." Criminologie 33, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004721ar.
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Résumé Dans cet article, les auteures font une analyse de l'Examen de la légitime défense (ELD) mené par la juge Ratushny relativement aux dossiers de femmes condamnées pour homicide tant avant qu'après Lavallée. Il sera découpé en deux parties. La première sera consacrée à faire un bilan de la situation de l'homicide conjugal et un portrait des femmes coupables d'homicide au Canada de même qu'à exposer brièvement la décision charnière en matière de légitime défense, l'arrêt Lavallée, sans lequel l'ELD n'aurait jamais eu lieu. Cette première partie sera suivie d'une analyse descriptive de l'ELD. Une attention particulière sera accordée aux résultats de l'examen effectué par la juge Ratushny dans une perspective socio-juridique. L'arrêt Lavallée a remis en question l'approche juridique en matière de légitime défense, approche qui dans le passé ne reconnaissait pas la réalité des femmes homicidaires, dont certaines avaient fait l'objet d'abus et de violence antérieures. Dans cet arrêt, la Cour reconnaît la pertinence d'une preuve d'expert sur le syndrome de la femme battue. C'est ce contexte juridique nouveau qui a amené la Société Elizabeth Fry à entreprendre des démarches auprès des autorités et à faire des pressions afin d'obtenir la révision des dossiers des femmes justiciables condamnées pour homicide et qui n'auraient pas bénéficié du contexte plus favorable découlant de l'arrêt Lavallée. Tel était le contexte à l'origine du mandat confié à la juge Ratushny. En octobre 1995, suite à la décision Lavallée (1990) et aux pressions exercées par la Société Elizabeth Fry du Canada afin que l'on réexamine les dossiers de femmes ayant commis un homicide, l'examen des cas des femmes condamnées au Canada pour homicide dans un contexte de violence (L'examen de la légitime défense, ELD) est enclenché. Dans le cadre de son mandat, la juge devait examiner les dispositions législatives concernant la légitime défense, faire des recommandations sur les possibilités de réforme et sur les recours possibles des requérantes. À partir d'une liste fournie par le Service correctionnel du Canada, deux cent trente-six (236) femmes ont été contactées et quatre-vingt-dix-huit (98) femmes ont fait une demande de révision. L'analyse des cas s'est d'abord faite à partir des dossiers des tribunaux et des services correctionnels (transcriptions de procès, histoire sociale de la femme, renseignements sur son passé de victimisation dans certains cas). Des entrevues ont aussi eu lieu avec les femmes rencontrant les critères de révision tels qu'élaborés par la juge Ratushny, avec les avocats de la défense et les procureurs de la couronne. Des archives d'institutions ont aussi été consultées et les personnes suggérées par les requérantes ont été contactées. Il se dégage de l'ELD deux types de recommandations, les premières susceptibles d'avoir un impact direct sur la situation des justiciables ayant soumis leur cas à la juge Ratushny, les secondes susceptibles de modifier à l'avenir la donne en matière de légitime défense si le gouvernement devait donner suite à ses propositions de réforme. L'examen de 98 dossiers n'a amené que sept recommandations. Un nombre aussi restreint de recommandations a-t-il de quoi surprendre? Il est manifeste que l'ELD a suscité des attentes démesurées. Devant un si maigre résultat, devrait-on conclure qu'il fut inutile? L'examen des propositions de réforme contenues dans l'ELD s'impose avant de tenter de répondre à cette question. La juge Ratushny a aussi fait porter ses commentaires et recommandations de réforme non seulement sur la définition de la légi- time défense mais aussi sur les règles de droit et les pratiques de poursuite en matière de meurtre. Malgré les limites de l'ELD et les critiques dont il peut faire l'objet, nous considérons que l'exercice n'aura pas été vain puisqu'il aura permis de corriger certaines injustices dont des femmes étaient victimes. Ce qui est plus troublant cependant, c'est de constater qu'en dépit des changements juridiques amorcés par l'arrêt Lavallée, l'ELD fait ressortir des problèmes systémiques qui persistent encore aujourd'hui. Ne serait-ce que pour avoir soulevé ce problème d'ordre systémique, l'ELD devrait retenir l'attention. La richesse des informations contenues dans les 98 dossiers examinés dans le cadre de l'ELD mériterait également que l'on s'y attarde dans une perspective de recherche universitaire socio-juridique plus large sur le maricide, en le comparant aux autres formes d'homicide commis par des femmes.
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Spencer, John R. "Improving the Position of the Victim in English Criminal Procedure." Israel Law Review 31, no. 1-3 (1997): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015314.
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In this paper I shall try to do two things: first, for those who do not have a detailed knowledge of criminal procedure in England, I shall give a bird's-eye view of what the victim's legal position is today. Secondly, I shall examine the difficulties, theoretical and practical, which make it hard to give the victim the deal which many of those who claim to speak for victims believe they ought to have.In the last twenty years the victim, for long the “forgotten man” in the criminal justice system, has been rediscovered. Politicians of all parties have learnt that victims, and those who identify with them, have votes, and therefore need to be placated. Up to now, however, this has mainly been done by words rather than deeds.An example is the document rather grandly entitled “The Victim's Charter”, which the Government issued in 1990 (with a revised version in 1996). Contrary to what the title “Charter” might lead one to suppose, this document confers no rights or privileges, but merely lists the ways in which the various parts of the machinery of criminal justice ‘ought’ to be sensitive to the position of the victim.
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Walklate, Sandra, JaneMaree Maher, Jude McCulloch, Kate Fitz-Gibbon, and Kara Beavis. "Victim stories and victim policy: Is there a case for a narrative victimology?" Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 15, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659018760105.
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Since the 1980s, victims’ voices have been increasingly heard and have been influential in policy debates. Since that time, the nature and presence of those voices has changed shape and form from the influence and presence of victim centred organizations to the rise of the high profile individual victim. The purpose of this article is to explore the presence of one victim’s story, Rosie Batty, and to examine her influence on the rise of the policy agenda on family violence in Australia. This article considers the ways in which this story gained traction and influenced the reform of family violence policy in Australia, and considers the extent to which an understanding of this process contributes to an (emergent) narrative victimology.
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Gogia, Kriti, Alyssa Elman, Sunday Clark, Page Ulrey, Marie-Therese Connolly, Elizabeth Bloemen, Billie Johnsson, and Tony Rosen. "Prosecution of Elder Neglect: A Close Examination of Cases From King County, Washington." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.067.
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Abstract Elder neglect is common and can have catastrophic consequences. Cases may benefit from integrated responses from multiple sectors. Little research exists describing prosecutorial involvement and its impact, but existing evidence suggests neglect is seldom criminally prosecuted. Our goal was to closely examine neglect prosecution in a jurisdiction that has been a leader in using prosecution to attempt to address it. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed legal case files of felony elder neglect prosecuted in King County, Washington from 2008-2011. 13 cases were prosecuted, with a total of 10 victims. 90% of victims were female, with a median age of 88. 90% were unable to ambulate, and 90% had dementia. Defendants were commonly the victim’s adult child (38%). 23% had previous criminal citations/convictions. 46% of cases occurred in an Adult Family Home. 15% of cases went to trial, and all trial cases ended in conviction of some charge. Themes identified included: (1) perpetrators were either professional caregivers receiving compensation or non-professional caregivers financially dependent on the victim, (2) victims were malnourished and severely injured at time of reporting, and (3) medical expert contribution is imperative given complexity of these cases. Victims were unable to participate in prosecution in any case. This research shows that these cases are seldom prosecuted, even in a jurisdiction focusing on this phenomenon, but highlights characteristics of cases and demonstrates they may be prosecuted without victim participation. Future research is needed to examine prosecution’s impact on elder neglect to better understand how it may be optimally used.
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D'Argent, Pierre. "Le droit de la responsabilité internationale complété ? Examen des Principes fondamentaux et directives concernant le droit à un recours et à réparation des victimes de violations flagrantes du droit international des droits de l'homme et de violations graves du droit international humanitaire." Annuaire français de droit international 51, no. 1 (2005): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/afdi.2005.3871.
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Reyns, Bradford W., and Ryan Randa. "Victim Reporting Behaviors Following Identity Theft Victimization: Results From the National Crime Victimization Survey." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 7 (December 18, 2015): 814–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715620428.
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The current study investigates the decision by victims to report the crime to the police following identity theft victimization. Potential influences on the reporting decision are framed around two criminal justice theories—focal concerns theory and Gottfredson and Gottfredson’s theory of criminal justice decision making. The data used to examine this decision were collected from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults as a supplement to the 2012 National Crime Victimization Survey. Results suggest that the decision to contact law enforcement is based on the seriousness of the offense, the victim’s knowledge of who committed the crime and how it was perpetrated, as well as practical considerations. These findings parallel other research into victim decision making generally, while also highlighting factors that may be unique to identity theft, notably the effects of income. The results also support the use of criminal justice theory to study and understand victim decision making.
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Fohring, Stephanie. "What’s in a word? Victims on ‘victim’." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758018755154.
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Identifying as a victim of crime is a complex process involving both social and personal motivations. This paper utilises data gathered from victims of crime to examine how their thoughts, feelings and reactions to the victim label are influenced by societal stigma, and how this influence is mediated by personal beliefs and cognitive processes. It does this firstly by examining participants’ thoughts and reactions to the word ‘victim’, where findings indicate a distinct disconnect between how an incident of crime is labelled and how a victim identifies themselves, suggesting an acknowledgement of the incident as wrong and illegal, but denial of victimhood. Secondly, key themes considered by participants to be characteristic of victimhood are identified. These include weakness as a core characteristic of victims, the fluidity of the state of victimhood and the importance of effective coping versus suffering.
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Corlis, McKenna, Amy Damashek, Kate Meister, Hilary Richardson, and Barbara Bonner. "Sibling Child Protective Services Involvement Following a Child Maltreatment Fatality." Child Maltreatment 25, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519856435.
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Each year in the United States, approximately 1,720 children die from a child maltreatment fatality (CMF). Although many of these children are survived by siblings, few studies have examined the child protective service (CPS) involvement of these siblings. Objective: This study examined CPS involvement of children surviving the CMF of a sibling as well as predictors of subsequent CPS reports. Method: Department of Human Services and Child Death Review Board data about children who died from a CMF during 1993–2003 ( n = 416) and their siblings in the state of Oklahoma were used to examine CPS involvement and predictors of subsequent CPS reports for surviving siblings. Results: Surviving siblings of a victim of a CMF experienced substantial CPS involvement; 81% of the original victims had siblings who were subsequently reported to CPS ( n = 1,840). Original victim and family characteristics that predicted a greater rate of siblings’ subsequent reports to CPS included younger original victim age, greater number of children in the original victim’s home, and more previous reports of the original victim to CPS. Discussion: A large portion of families with a CMF struggle to adequately care for their surviving children. Such families may need additional support after a CMF.
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Kirchengast, Tyrone, and Rabia Mzouji. "Les victimes comme parties prenantes d’un procès pénal de type accusatoire." Criminologie 44, no. 2 (September 12, 2011): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005793ar.
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Cet article examine les différentes manières par lesquelles les victimes de crimes ont pu être intégrées à une procédure accusatoire dans des ressorts de common law. Le dépôt d’une déclaration de victime a été la principale voie par laquelle les victimes se sont vu octroyer un certain statut dans les procédures judiciaires. Récemment, l’importance croissante des avocats des victimes dans divers ressorts de common law témoigne du souci accru de donner à celles-ci un vrai statut et des droits effectifs en termes de représentation juridique. Un avocat peut ainsi les accompagner tout au long de la procédure judiciaire, des audiences avant procès jusqu’à la détermination de la peine et aux procédures d’appel. L’expérience des tribunaux de droit civil pourrait aussi contribuer au succès de l’intégration des avocats des victimes dans des modèles accusatoires ; des avocats dont la notoriété grandissante traduit une avancée significative pour un droit pénal qui, en concevant les victimes comme parties prenantes des systèmes de justice de type accusatoire, attache de plus en plus d’importance à valoriser leur capacité d’action.
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Mahfud, Mahfud. "Crime Victims Protection in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Recent Victim Protection Acts." Kertha Patrika 42, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/kp.2020.v42.i02.p02.
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The Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985) ensures the protection of victims of crime. Basically, the implementation of this international declaration depends on the domestic law of each state. Indonesia has promulgated Act No. 13 of 2006 concerning Witness and Victim Protection (Witness and Victim Protection Act) and its Amendment (Act No. 31 of 2014) to give protection of the victim, although not fully adopted the principles contained in the declaration. This article aims to analyze the protection of the victims under the recent Indonesian victim protection Acts and to examine to what extent the Acts in line with the declaration. It is a normative legal research that collects sources from libraries, databases, and archives. This research suggested that Witness and Victim Protection Act has provided the protection to the victim that is limited to victims of a grave violation of human rights, terrorism, trafficking, torture, sexual crime, and serious assaults in the form of compensation (only for a grave violation of human rights and terrorism), restitution and certain assistances under the auspices of the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK). However, this Act is not yet fully in line with the Declaration, particularly with regard to the right of victims to be present in the criminal justice process to express their views when it comes to their personal interests.
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Morabito, Melissa Schaefer, April Pattavina, and Linda M. Williams. "It All Just Piles Up: Challenges to Victim Credibility Accumulate to Influence Sexual Assault Case Processing." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 15 (September 27, 2016): 3151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516669164.
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The underreporting of sexual assault is well known to researchers, practitioners, and victims. When victims do report, their complaints are unlikely to end in arrest or prosecution. Existing research on police discretion suggests that the police decision to arrest for sexual assault offenses can be influenced by a variety of legal and extra-legal factors particularly challenges to victim credibility. Although extant literature examines the effects of individual behaviors on police outcomes, less is known about how the accumulation of these behaviors, attributions, and characteristics affects police decision making. Using data collected from the Los Angeles Police Department and Sheriff’s Department, we examine one police decision point—the arrest to fill this gap in the literature. First, we examine the extent to which the effects of potential challenges to victim credibility, based on victim characteristics and behaviors, influence the arrest decision, and next, how these predictors vary across circumstances. Specifically, we examine how factors that challenge victim credibility affect the likelihood of arrest in sexual assault cases where the victim and offender are strangers, acquaintances, and intimate partners.
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Gales, Tammy. "The stance of stalking: a corpus-based analysis of grammatical markers of stance in threatening communications." Corpora 10, no. 2 (August 2015): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2015.0073.
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Threats made by stalkers have tremendous negative effects on the more than one million victims who receive them every year – from experiencing ‘psychological terrorism’ to undergoing physical harm ( Burgess and Marchetti, 2009 ). However, stalking, a criminal offence within the law, is ill-defined and difficult to prosecute, since the victim of stalking must demonstrate the stalker's intent to intimidate or cause ‘substantial emotional distress’ ( Black et al., 1990 : 717). Linguistically, such indicators of emotion and intent are manifested by markers of ‘stance’, a speaker/writer's culturally organised feelings, judgments or assessments about a recipient or proposition ( Biber et al., 1999 ). Through a corpus analysis of 397 authentic threats, I examine variation in the manifestation and function of overt grammatical markers of stance (adverbials, modals, and that- and to-complement clauses) between threats to stalk, harass and defame. Specifically, certainty verbs + that-complement clause constructions and prediction modals occurred at a significantly higher rate (p<0.001) in stalking threats – those in which the victims reported feeling intense fear or distress. In addition, strong co-occurrence patterns were found between these stance markers and pronouns. And, when using a qualitative social constructionist approach to examine distinctions in stance meaning and reveal underlying functional patterns, ( Precht, 2003 : 255), three distinctive functional patterns were revealed with the trigrams ‘I will be’, ‘I will have’ and ‘you know that’, wherein the stalking threatener is in complete volitional control of his or her own actions, demonstrates possession over the victim or an object related to the threat, and accuses the victim of a behaviour thought to be wrong, respectively. Therefore, while it has been demonstrated that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between linguistic markers and threateners' actions ( Gales, 2010 ; and Lord et al., 2008 ), through a closer examination of overt grammatical markers of stance – in combination with social psychology theories connecting speaker role, power and fear (e.g., Burgess and Marchetti, 2009 ) – linguists can help hone an understanding of stance in stalking threats and potentially contribute to the demonstration of a victim's claim of feeling fear.
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O’Neal, Eryn Nicole, and Brittany E. Hayes. "“A Rape Is a Rape, Regardless of What the Victim Was Doing at the Time”: Detective Views on How “Problematic” Victims Affect Sexual Assault Case Processing." Criminal Justice Review 45, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016819842639.
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Research finds that “problematic” victim behaviors—for example, alcohol consumption—influence sexual assault case outcomes. Questions remain, however, regarding officer perceptions of what constitutes a problematic victim and how these victims complicate case processing. Indeed, most case processing research has relied on quantitative methods and inquiry into officer attitudes has primarily relied on the use of vignettes. Using data from in-depth interviews with 52 Los Angeles Police Department sex crimes detectives, we examine attitudes toward problematic victims. Overall, we aim to determine whether rape culture beliefs and efforts to operate in a “downstream orientation” influence detective views regarding victims who have been deemed problematic.
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Balençon, M., and M. Roussey. "Examen et conduite à tenir chez un jeune enfant victime d'abus sexuels." Journal de Pédiatrie et de Puériculture 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0987-7983(00)80133-4.
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Patterson, Debra. "The Impact of Detectives’ Manner of Questioning on Rape Victims’ Disclosure." Violence Against Women 17, no. 11 (November 2011): 1349–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801211434725.
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Research has documented that few reported rapes are prosecuted by the legal system. The purpose of this study is to explain how the interactions between victims and detectives can strengthen or weaken the investigation itself. Twenty rape victims were interviewed to examine how law enforcement detectives’ manner of questioning affects rape victims’ level of disclosure. Using qualitative methodology, the results show that the detectives’ manner of questioning can play a role in victims’ disclosure. Detectives using a gentle manner of questioning with victims can help produce stronger victim statements and thus build stronger cases for prosecution.
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Burnes, David, Risa Breckman, Charles R. Henderson, Mark S. Lachs, and Karl Pillemer. "Utilization of Formal Support Services for Elder Abuse: Do Informal Supporters Make a Difference?" Gerontologist 59, no. 4 (June 21, 2018): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny074.
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Abstract Background and Objectives Few elder abuse (EA) victims ever seek or receive assistance from formal support services designed to mitigate risk and harm of revictimization. This study examined whether the presence of third-party “concerned persons” in victims’ personal social networks plays a role in enabling formal support service utilization. Research Design and Methods A representative population-based survey administered to adults (n = 800) in New York State identified 83 EA cases from the past year. Penalized likelihood logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between availability of a concerned person and victim formal support services usage. Results EA victims who had a concerned person in their personal life were significantly more likely to use formal EA support services than victims without a concerned person. EA victims who lived with their perpetrator were significantly less likely to use formal services. Discussion and Implications Third-party concerned persons represent a critical population to target in efforts designed to promote EA victim help-seeking.
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Perez-Leon-Acevedo, Juan-Pablo. "Why Retain Membership of the International Criminal Court?" International Organizations Law Review 15, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 364–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01502006.
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Among international criminal tribunals (‘icts’), the International Criminal Court (‘icc’) for the first time introduced victim participation and reparations for victims. Against potential African withdrawals from the icc Statute, this article seeks to demonstrate the need to retain membership of the icc under victim-oriented considerations. Despite its deficits and limitations, the icc is arguably an important judicial forum for victims of mass atrocities committed in Africa for three arguments. First, human rights are invoked as a standard to examine the legitimacy of the decisions of the icc, African Union (‘au’), and African states. Second, international and African regional human rights law on victim rights binds African states. Third, since au regional criminal justice initiatives present important deficits and limitations in terms of victim rights, they are unfit to replace the icc.
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Ayala, Erin E., Brandy Kotary, and Maria Hetz. "Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (August 11, 2015): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515599160.
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Although research has been conducted on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and other factors associated with attribution formation, researchers have not yet determined how the combination of such factors simultaneously affects levels of victim blame and perpetrator blame. The current investigation recruited 221 students from an all-women’s college to examine differences in blame attributions across RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender, and the relationship between the two parties (i.e., stranger vs. acquaintance). Results suggested that RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender account for a significant amount of variance in blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators. In sum, victim blame with female perpetrators was relatively consistent across levels of RMA, but increased substantially for male perpetrators as individuals endorsed higher levels of RMA. Perpetrator blame, however, was highest with male perpetrators when individuals endorsed low levels of RMA and lowest for male perpetrators when individuals endorsed relatively higher levels of RMA. Findings demonstrate the continued influence of RMA on blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators, and the stigma faced by male victims. More research is needed on the differing attributions of male and female victims and perpetrators, as well as differing attributions based on type of relationship. Such research will lead to a better and more thorough understanding of sexual assault and rape.
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Resick, Patricia A. "Psychological Effects of Victimization: Implications for the Criminal Justice System." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 4 (October 1987): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128787033004004.
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The purposes of this article are to review research on psychological reactions to criminal victimization, to consider how victims might be affected by participation in the criminal justice system, and to offer some recommendations for the treatment of victims and their families within the criminal justice system. Over the past ten years there have been a series of studies conducted to examine the long-term effects of rape victims. Recently a study was conducted to compare the reactions of robbery victims with rape victims and to compare female and male robbery victims. This article will review the findings from these longitudinal studies with particular attention to victim reactions that may affect or be affected by participation in criminal prosecution.
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Beichner, Dawn, and Cassia Spohn. "Modeling the Effects of Victim Behavior and Moral Character on Prosecutors’ Charging Decisions in Sexual Assault Cases." Violence and Victims 27, no. 1 (2012): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.1.3.
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Prior research, modeling the effects of the victim’s behavior and character on prosecutors’ charging decisions, has used either a dichotomous variable that reflects the presence of any risky behavior or moral character issues or an additive index that captures the number of related items in a case file. We suggest that these measures do not adequately identify the specific issues that prosecutors take into consideration when making charging decisions. Using data on 666 sexual assault cases that resulted in arrest in three urban jurisdictions and a multivariate modeling strategy, we examine specific risk-taking behaviors and issues related to the victim’s moral character in an effort to determine if certain behaviors and characteristics have a more substantial effect on charging decisions than others. We also examine the extent to which the effects of these blame and believability factors vary based on the nature of the cases. Our results reveal that although charging decisions in stranger cases are largely determined by legally relevant factors, these decisions in nonstranger cases are affected by several legally irrelevant victim characteristics: whether the victim had a prior criminal record, whether the victim had been drinking alcohol prior to the assault, and whether the victim invited the suspect to her residence. Further analysis, however, revealed that only the victim’s prior record had a differential effect on charging decisions in cases involving strangers and nonstrangers and in aggravated and simple rape cases. Our results suggest that the focal concerns that guide prosecutors’ charging decisions incorporate specific victim behaviors and background characteristics.
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Alderden, Megan, and LaDonna Long. "Sexual Assault Victim Participation in Police Investigations and Prosecution." Violence and Victims 31, no. 5 (2016): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00103.
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This research seeks to examine why victim participation rates in police investigations and prosecution decline following reporting of sexual assault to police. It was hypothesized that several factors would impact victim participation, including whether the incident reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios, if the victim used alcohol or illicit drugs prior to the incident, and if the hospital staff initially reported the incident. The study coded victim participation following initial police reporting from police case investigation narratives. Based on the 544 cases of sexual assault reported to a Midwestern police department, it was found that victims were indeed more likely to continue participating after initial reports to police if their assaults reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios. Future research should include discussions with victims about their participation in the criminal justice system following initial reporting to further clarify the findings noted here.
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Cerney, Mary S. "Healing the Past: An Incest Victim’s Journey Back to Health Guided by Psychological Testing in Her Treatment Process." Rorschachiana 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.20.1.112.
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Il est difficile de traiter les personnes qui ont été victimes d’un inceste, en partie à cause de leur culpabilité sous-jacente et réticence à partager la douleur et de la rage qu’elles ressentent envers celui qui a abusé d’elles, qui se trouve fréquemment être un membre de la famille qu’elles aiment. Cet article rend compte du déroulement du traitement d’une femme de 47 ans victime d’inceste qui a souffert de dépression et présenté des idées suicidaires pendant plus de 12 ans. Pendant cette période, elle a suivi divers traitements: psychothérapie, multiples médications, et sismothérapie. Malgré cinq hospitalisations et tous les traitements que nous avons mentionnés, son état ne faisait qu’empirer. Lorsqu’elle a été admise à l’Hôpital C. F. Menninger Memorial de Topeka, Kansas, Andrea présentait une symptomatologie multiple. Elle avait des troubles de la mémoire, était incapable de se concentrer, et ne s’intéressait à rien. Elle se sentait sans espoir et sans secours, et avait fait deux tentatives de suicide, l’une en 1971, l’autre en 1991. Elle disait ne plus se souvenir de portions entières de sa vie, et rapportait que sa dépression l’avait rendue incapable de faire face à la moindre situation de la vie quotidienne. C’est l’examen psychologique d’Andrea, pratiqué au début de sa prise en charge, qui nous a fourni le schéma de son traitement. On y voyait une Andrea qui, tout en apparaissant sans défense, abandonnée, passive et malheureuse, faisait des efforts considérables pour rester coupée d’elle-même et des autres. Elle craignait d’être submergée par de puissants affects et gardait ses distances; et pourtant, elle craignait la solitude. Cette lutte interne pour tenter de trouver un compromis entre ces deux extrêmes consommait une quantité considérable d’énergie et contribuait à son aspect sans vie et inefficace. Les résultats des tests indiquaient qu’il serait dangereux de prendre son apparence pour argent comptant, car il y avait beaucoup de choses sous la surface. Elle était terrifiée à l’idée d’explorer et négocier ses expériences intérieures, et se considérait comme faible et sans défense. Toutefois, les résultats des tests confirmaient aussi qu’elle avait plus de ressources disponibles qu’elle ne voulait reconnaître. Conscients des appels à la prudence indiqués par l’examen psychologique, le travail avec Andrea fut soigneusement dosé en fonction de sa capacité, et on la poussa doucement en avant chaque fois qu’elle hésitait à avancer. Après un peu plus de deux ans de thérapie, et lorsque le progrès était évident, Andrea exprima des inquiétudes, disant qu’elle faisait semblant, qu’elle n’avait fait aucun progrès, et qu’il suffirait qu’elle change d’environnement pour que ses anciens symptômes reviennent. On lui proposa alors un deuxième examen psychologique. Andrea aborda la session avec plaisir, mais aussi avec une certaine nervosité. Son Rorschach était maintenant très différent, avec beaucoup plus de réponses que la première fois. Ses percepts étaient élaborés et commentés. Un changement substantiel était évident. Le rendu de l’examen psychologique fut un épisode particulièrement riche. Il permit à Andrea de reconnaître combien elle avait effectivement changé pendant sa thérapie. Andréa s’est sentie disculpée de voir combien elle avait réellement été malade, qu’elle n’avait pas “fait semblant”, ni “tout inventé”. Cela n’avait pas été “seulement dans sa tête”. Plus tard, Andrea reconnut en riant que “ça l’était justement peut-être”. Le fait de prendre part à la discussion de ses résultats donna à Andrea une autre façon de se penser elle-même, et de penser son évolution, et le matériel devint une source d’encouragement et un étayage qui lui permit d’aborder son avenir avec plus de confiance.
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Irazola, Seri P., Erin J. Williamson, Emily Niedzwiecki, Sara Debus-Sherrill, and Jing Sun. "Keeping Victims Informed: Service Providers’ and Victims’ Experiences Using Automated Notification Systems." Violence and Victims 30, no. 3 (2015): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00011.
Full textAbstract:
Automated victim notification is often touted as an effective and efficient means for providing victims timely and accurate information of their offenders’ court events and status changes at reduced burden to the criminal justice system. Today, 47 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have some form of automated notification system. Researchers surveyed 1,246 service providers and 723 victims to examine their awareness and use of, satisfaction with, and experiences using automated notification systems. Findings indicate that service providers are aware of and use automated notification; however, less than one-quarter of victim respondents were registered for automated notification services. Service providers and victims who use automated notification services report high overall satisfaction; however, they also report challenges in using these systems. Service providers offer several recommendations for improving automated notification systems.
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Purcell, Rosemary, Bridget Moller, Teresa Flower, and Paul E. Mullen. "Stalking among juveniles." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 5 (May 2009): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054833.
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BackgroundThere is an almost total lack of empirical research on stalking among juveniles.AimsTo examine the characteristics, nature and impacts of stalking by juveniles.MethodAnalysis of consecutive court applications for a restraining order against a juvenile because of stalking behaviours.ResultsA total of 299 juvenile stalkers were identified. The majority were male (64%) and their victims predominantly female (69%). Most pursued a previously known victim (98%), favouring direct means of contact via unwanted approaches (76%) and telephone calls or text messaging (67%). Threats (75%) and physical and sexual assaults (54%) were common. The contexts for juvenile stalking involved an extension of bullying (28%), retaliation for a perceived harm (22%), a reaction to rejection (22%), sexual predation (5%) and infatuation (2%).ConclusionsJuvenile stalking is characterised by direct, intense, overtly threatening and all too often violent forms of pursuit. The seriousness that is afforded to adult forms of stalking should similarly apply to this behaviour among juveniles given the even greater rates of disruption to the victim's life and risks of being attacked.
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Weon, Hee-Wook, Youn-Eon Byun, and Hyun-Ja Lim. "Quantitative EEG (QEEG) Analysis of Emotional Interaction between Abusers and Victims in Intimate Partner Violence: A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050570.
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Background: The perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) and their victims have different emotional states. Abusers typically have problems associated with low self-esteem, low self-awareness, violence, anger, and communication, whereas victims experience mental distress and physical pain. The emotions surrounding IPV for both abuser and victim are key influences on their behavior and their relationship. Methods: The objective of this pilot study was to examine emotional and psychological interactions between IPV abusers and victims using quantified electroencephalogram (QEEG). Two abuser–victim case couples and one non-abusive control couple were recruited from the Mental Image Recovery Program for domestic violence victims in Seoul, South Korea, from 7–30 June 2017. Data collection and analysis were conducted using BrainMaster and NeuroGuide. The emotional pattern characteristics between abuser and victim were examined and compared to those of the non-abusive couple. Results: Emotional states and reaction patterns were different for the non-abusive and IPV couples. Strong delta, theta, and beta waves in the right frontal and left prefrontal lobes were observed in IPV case subjects. This indicated emotional conflict, anger, and a communication block or impaired communication between abuser and victim. Conclusions: Our study findings suggest brainwave control training via neurofeedback could be a possible therapy in managing emotional and communication problems related to IPV.
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Richards, Tara N., Lane Kirkland Gillespie, Katherine Kafonek, and Margaret Johnson. "An Examination of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP): Perspectives on Implementation, Help-Seeking, and Victim Empowerment." Violence Against Women 26, no. 12-13 (October 29, 2019): 1517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219880965.
Full textAbstract:
The Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) aims to empower law enforcement officers to screen victims of domestic violence for potential lethality and connect them to service providers. This research surveyed domestic violence victims seeking legal services ( n = 141) to assess whether LAP receipt is associated with greater rates of self-protective measures, service use, or empowerment, and to examine victims’ perspectives on the LAP process. Findings indicate no relationship between receipt of the LAP and use of self-protective measures or victim empowerment, mixed evidence between receipt of the LAP and service utilization, and room for improvement regarding how law enforcement officers explain the LAP to victims. Implications are discussed.
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Heiman, Tali, Dorit Olenik-Shemesh, and Gali Frank. "Patterns of Coping With Cyberbullying: Emotional, Behavioral, and Strategic Coping Reactions Among Middle School Students." Violence and Victims 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.34.1.28.
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The aim of the present study was to examine coping patterns among victims of cyberbullying in middle school. The study included 232 adolescents, of whom 20.7% reported having been the victim of cyberbullying. Findings show that the most common emotional reactions to cyberbullying among the cyber victims were anger, rage, and frustration. The most commonly found behavioral reactions to cyberbullying were informing a friend, counterattacking, and ignoring the cyber incident. Examining the types of coping strategies that were used, we found that the victims of cyberbullying reported a lower use of problem-focused coping strategies for stressful situations, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims; in addition, cyber victims also reported a much greater use of emotionally focused coping strategies and avoidance-focused strategies, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims.
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Heiman, Tali, Dorit Olenik-Shemesh, and Gali Frank. "Patterns of Coping With Cyberbullying: Emotional, Behavioral, and Strategic Coping Reactions Among Middle School Students." Violence and Victims 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00141.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the present study was to examine coping patterns among victims of cyberbullying in middle school. The study included 232 adolescents, of whom 20.7% reported having been the victim of cyberbullying. Findings show that the most common emotional reactions to cyberbullying among the cyber victims were anger, rage, and frustration. The most commonly found behavioral reactions to cyberbullying were informing a friend, counterattacking, and ignoring the cyber incident. Examining the types of coping strategies that were used, we found that the victims of cyberbullying reported a lower use of problem-focused coping strategies for stressful situations, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims; in addition, cyber victims also reported a much greater use of emotionally focused coping strategies and avoidance-focused strategies, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims.
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Phillips, Rachel, Marc Friberg, Mattias Lantz Cronqvist, Carl-Oscar Jonson, and Erik Prytz. "Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0242096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242096.
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A severe hemorrhage can result in death within minutes, before professional first responders have time to arrive. Thus, intervention by bystanders, who may lack medical training, may be necessary to save a victim’s life in situations with bleeding injuries. Proper intervention requires that bystanders accurately assess the severity of the injury and respond appropriately. As many bystanders lack tools and training, they are limited in terms of the information they can use in their evaluative process. In hemorrhage situations, visible blood loss may serve as a dominant cue to action. Therefore, understanding how medically untrained bystanders (i.e., laypeople) perceive hemorrhage is important. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of laypeople to visually assess blood loss and to examine factors that may impact accuracy and the classification of injury severity. A total of 125 laypeople watched 78 short videos each of individuals experiencing a hemorrhage. Victim gender, volume of blood lost, and camera perspective were systematically manipulated in the videos. The results revealed that laypeople overestimated small volumes of blood loss (from 50 to 200 ml), and underestimated larger volumes (from 400 to 1900 ml). Larger volumes of blood loss were associated with larger estimation errors. Further, blood loss was underestimated more for female victims than male victims and their hemorrhages were less likely to be classified as life-threatening. These results have implications for training and intervention design.
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Richards, Tara N., Marie Skubak Tillyer, and Emily M. Wright. "When Victims Refuse and Prosecutors Decline: Examining Exceptional Clearance in Sexual Assault Cases." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 474–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719828351.
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This study examines the predictors of sexual assault case clearance, with a focus on arrest and two types of exceptional clearance: victim refusal to cooperate and prosecutorial declination to prosecute. Using National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data on crime incidents that contain a sexual offense ( N = 21,977), we estimated a multinomial regression model to examine the predictors of different clearance types for cases of sexual assault. Results indicated that the likelihood of victim refusal decreases in cases perpetrated by strangers, involving victim injury, occurring in public, and involving multiple offenses. A similar pattern of findings was observed for the decision to decline to prosecute a case. In addition, prosecutors are more likely to decline to prosecute cases with male victims and older victims. We discuss the implications of our findings and directions for future research.
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Addington, Lynn A., and Janet L. Lauritsen. "Is the Trouble Still Going On? Exploring Victims’ Accounts of Why Repeat Violent and Property Victimization Ends." Violence and Victims 33, no. 6 (December 2018): 1193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1193.
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Programs designed to reduce repeat property victimization tend to be more successful than those aimed at repeat violence. To help understand this pattern, we examine narrative data about repeat victimization obtained from victims participating in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Victims report numerous reasons for the end of repeat property and violent incidents, though the modal response for both types of crime included victim-initiated actions taken to reduce contact with offenders. Victims of repeat violence also noted the importance of legal actions, especially for ending victimizations that involve intimate partners. We discuss how research that capitalizes on victims' perspectives can improve our understanding of how these incidents end and help inform programs seeking to reduce repeat victimization.
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Jaccoud, Mylène. "La portée réparatrice et réconciliatrice de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada." Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 46, no. 2-3 (July 3, 2017): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040443ar.
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Cet article examine les potentialités réparatrices et réconciliatrices de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation (CVR) qui a été mise en place au Canada de 2008 à 2015 en réponse aux traumatismes vécus par les autochtones dans les pensionnats. L’auteure conclut que ces potentialités sont relativement limitées. Les principales limites tiennent à l’absence d’un espace de dialogue entre les victimes et les responsables, à une centration sur les narratifs traumatiques des victimes mais aussi à une conception dépolitisée du principe de la réconciliation. La CVR du Canada n’a pas inscrit la décolonisation comme vecteur de réconciliation mais a préféré s’engager dans la voie d’une pacification des relations entre les peuples. Or, l’auteure soutient que la réconciliation entre les peuples autochtones et l’État nécessite de dépasser les gestes de guérison et de réparation matérielle ou symbolique. La décolonisation des institutions, la redistribution des territoires et une réforme constitutionnelle en profondeur restent les seules avenues possibles pour parvenir à réconcilier avec ses oppresseurs un peuple victime d’un génocide culturel.
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Yanes Pérez, Maritel, Luis Roberto Canto Valdés, and Dora Elia Ramos Muñoz. "Víctimas de homicidio en el sureste mexicano 2010–2017." Regions and Cohesion 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2020.100205.
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*Full article is in SpanishEnglish abstract: Homicide is a demographic, social, economic, legal, health problem that affects the quality of life of the population, erodes the economy and citizen security, causes fear and generates impunity. The main victims in Mexico are young people and this research focuses on the integrated southeast including five states: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán. This research addresses the phenomenon in question, the variations in 2010-2017 homicide rates and their relation to the gender of the victim, identifying different types and modalities of homicides. The authors highlight differences in gender conditions and victimization typologies, which can help to generate homicide prevention strategies in the Mexican southeast.Spanish abstract: El homicidio es un problema demográfico, social, económico, jurídico y de salud que afecta la calidad de vida de la población, erosiona la economía y la seguridad ciudadana, provoca temor y genera impunidad. Las principales víctimas en México son jóvenes. Esta investigación se centra en el sureste mexicano integrado por cinco entidades federativas: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Yucatán. La investigación verifica el fenómeno en cuestión, los cambios en las tasas de homicidios de 2010 al 2017 y la relación según el sexo de la víctima, identificando diferentes tipos y modalidades de homicidios. Los autores aportan la diferencia de condiciones de género y distintas modalidades de victimización, lo que puede contribuir a generar estrategias preventivas de los homicidios en el sureste mexicano.French abstract: Les homicides sont un problème démographique, social, économique, juridique et sanitaire qui affecte la qualité de vie de la population, a des impacts négatifs sur l’économie et la sécurité des citoyens, suscite la peur et un climat d’impunité. Au Mexique, les principales victimes en sont des jeunes. Cette recherche porte sur le sud-est mexicain composé par cinq états: le Campeche, le Chiapas, le Quintana Roo, le Tabasco et le Yucatán. Elle examine le phénomène en question, l’évolution du taux d’homicides entre 2010 et 2017 et sa relation avec le sexe de la victime, à partir de l’identification de différents types et modalités d’homicides. Les auteurs présentent les conditions de genre et les différentes formes de victimisation, ce qui peut contribuer à l’élaboration de stratégies de prévention des homicides dans le sud-est du Mexique.
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Saramago, Mariana A., Jorge Cardoso, and Isabel Leal. "Victim Crossover Index Offending Patterns and Predictors in a Portuguese Sample." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218800472.
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Sex offenders who cross over in victims’ age, gender and relationship usually have a greater number of victims, which is associated with sexual recidivism. This investigation aimed to examine the prevalence of crossover index offending in Portugal, and to explore the predictive ability of sociodemographic and criminological variables on this outcome. A retrospective sample of 247 male individuals incarcerated for sex offenses in a Portuguese prison was drawn from official records. From those offenders with multiple victims ( n = 94), 48% had victims of different age categories, 10% had both gendered victims, and 12% had intrafamilial and extrafamilial victims. Comparative statistics and logistic regressions were able to identify variables that distinguished noncrossover and crossover offenders and that predicted crossover, respectively. While likely underestimates of the prevalence of victim crossover, these findings are compared to previous international studies and provide a better understanding of the phenomenon.
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McGonigle Leyh, Brianne. "Victim-Oriented Measures at International Criminal Institutions: Participation and its Pitfalls." International Criminal Law Review 12, no. 3 (2012): 375–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181212x648851.
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International criminal courts were created to address issues of impunity for the gravest of crimes, and undoubtedly victims are meant to be the direct beneficiaries of the justice process. Traditionally, however, victims have not always featured prominently in international criminal trials. In response to this perceived oversight, victims have been provided broad rights at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). After addressing the theoretical underpinnings of criminal justice and the development of the procedural role of the victim in domestic criminal jurisdictions and international human rights discourse, this article will examine the rights of victims at the ECCC and ICC and explore what challenges arise when victims are afforded a greater role in the international criminal process. To structure the analysis, the framework will focus on two central concepts, namely the unique characteristics of international criminal proceedings and human rights standards.
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Akechi, Hironori, and Jari K. Hietanen. "Considering Victims' Minds in the Evaluation of Harmful Agents' Moral Standing." Social Cognition 39, no. 4 (August 2021): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.489.
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An agent's moral standing is considered as depending on the agent's mind and their harmfulness toward a victim, but a victim's mind and species may also matter. To examine whether a victim's species (i.e., human or another) and a victim's mind are considered in the judgment of a harmful agent's moral standing, the present study modulated the mental capacities of an imaginary species. Only humans' suffering was considered when the other species' mental capacities were presumed to be low (Study 1), but humans' and the other species' suffering were equally considered when the other species had mental capacities that were presumed to be equivalent to those of humans (Study 2). The results suggest that our judgments of the moral standing of an agent 1) depend not only on the agent's mind but also on the victim's mind and 2) are not human species-oriented but human mind-oriented.
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Drout, Cheryl E., and Samuel L. Gaertner. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REACTIONS TO FEMALE VICTIMS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.3.267.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of gender and level of belief in the just world to reactions to victims. Eighty-six female and sixty-five male college students were led to believe that their partner in a study of work groups was a victim of a sexual assault. A gender difference in the choice of specific justice-restoring strategies was observed. While high just-world males provided significantly more help to victims than controls and low just-world males did not differentiate, female subjects distanced themselves from victims by perceiving them to be less similar to themselves than controls. Findings are discussed in relation to evidence that attempts to restore justice may evoke a multitude of cognitive and behavioral responses.
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Stuart, Jaimee, and Paul E. Jose. "Is bullying bad for your health? The consequences of bullying perpetration and victimization in childhood on health behaviors in adulthood." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether young people who bully others in childhood (aged seven to 12 years old) go on to have worse health outcomes than non-bullies 39 years later. Furthermore, four categories of engagement in bullying behaviors (bully, victim, bully-victim, and not involved) were compared in order to assess differences in health and well-being in late adulthood. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 305 teacher-identified childhood bullies were selected from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort and matched with a sample of 305 non-bullies using propensity score matching methods. These groups were then tested for differences in six health outcomes (perceived support, depression, poor health, presence of a long-term illness, history of smoking, and frequent alcohol consumption) measured in late adulthood. Categories of bullying engagement (bully, victim, bully-victim, not involved) were also constructed using the matched groups and adult recollection of victimization, and differences between the four groups on health outcomes were tested. Findings – Bullies were found to be significantly more likely than non-bullies to have a history of smoking and currently have a long-term illness and victims reported significantly lower levels of perceived support and greater depression than non-victims. Furthermore, bully-victims reported experiencing significantly less support and more depression than bullies, and were significantly more likely to currently have a long-term illness than non-bullies. Originality/value – Results indicate that bullying in childhood is associated with negative health outcomes much later in life. Being both a perpetrator and victim of bullying was associated with worse health outcomes than either being a bully, victim, or not being involved. These results indicate that there are long-lasting implications for individuals involved in bullying almost four decades later in life.
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Clay-Warner, Jody, and Jennifer McMahon-Howard. "Rape Reporting: “Classic Rape” and the Behavior of Law." Violence and Victims 24, no. 6 (November 2009): 723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.723.
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Two theories of rape reporting, the Classic Rape perspective and Black’s Theory of the Behavior of Law, are tested in this article. We offer the first comprehensive multivariate test of Classic Rape predictions among a nationally representative sample of victims, as well as the first test of Black’s predictions for rape reporting. Through the construction of multinomial regression models, we are able to examine reporting patterns for both victims and third parties. Weapon use and physical injury consistently predicted reporting. The likelihood of victim reporting significantly increased when assaults occurred either in public or through a “home blitz,” whereas place of assault did not affect the likelihood of third-party reporting. On the other hand, victim–offender relationship significantly affected the likelihood of third-party reporting but was not significant in the victim-reporting models. There were mixed findings regarding Black’s stratification and morphology predictions, and we found no significant effects for culture, organization, or social control. Overall, these findings lend greater support to the Classic Rape perspective than to Black’s model.
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Rao, Jiaming, Haiqing Wang, Minhui Pang, Jianwei Yang, Jiayi Zhang, Yunfeng Ye, Xiongfei Chen, Shengyong Wang, and Xiaomei Dong. "Cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation among junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China." Injury Prevention 25, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042210.
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ObjectivesCyberbullying research in China is in early stage. This study describes the cyberbullying experiences of junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China, and to examine the risk factors associated with cyberbullying perpetrators, victims and perpetrator-victims among students. We also investigated the frequency of cyberbullying and coping strategies of student victims.MethodsParticipants were 2590 students in grades 7, 8, 9 and 10 from six junior and senior high schools in October 2015 in Guangzhou, in south China, who completed a questionnaire. Data on participants' experiences with cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation during the previous 6 months were collected. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with being perpetrators, victims and perpetrator-victims.ResultsIn this sample, 28.0% (725) of participants reported being a perpetrator and 44.5% (1150) reported being a victim in the previous 6 months. Specifically, 2.9% (74) reported being perpetrators only, 19.3% (499) reported being victims only and 25.2% (651) reported being perpetrator-victims (both perpetrator and victim). In addition, flaming was the most common form of cyberbullying in both perpetration and victimisation. Logistic regression analyses indicated that online game addiction in participants was associated with increased odds of being a perpetrator only; no democratic parenting style in the mother and physical discipline by parents were associated with increased odds of being a victim only; male students, students with low academic achievement, those spending over 2 hours a day online, experiencing physical discipline from parents and online game addiction were associated with increased odds of both perpetration and victimisation.ConclusionsCyberbullying is a common experience among Chinese junior and senior high school students. These findings add to the empirical data on cyberbullying and reinforce the urgent need for cyberbullying prevention in China. Furthermore, from the perspective of practice, it is important to raise our awareness of cyerbullying and reduce the risk factors.
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Camacho, Christina M., and Leanne Fiftal Alarid. "The Significance of the Victim Advocate for Domestic Violence Victims in Municipal Court." Violence and Victims 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.288.
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Previous research has examined factors that influence felony case prosecution in domestic violence cases, but few have analyzed how victim participation, or lack thereof, may affect the defendant’s case outcome in misdemeanors. This study used 384 municipal cases from a specialized domestic violence court to examine the role of the victim advocate and variables that had an impact on victim participation with prosecution and case disposition. To ensure that decisions in all cases were consistent, all decision makers in the sample involved the same group: the court advocate, prosecutor, and judge. The analysis found that victim cooperation after arrest coupled with services provided by shelter court advocates were a strong predictor of victim cooperation at disposition and case outcome.
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Haque, Syed Mohammad Tanjilul, Ahad Mahmud Khan, Abdul Barek, Md Habibuzzaman Chowdhury, Nashid Tabassum Khan, and Md Akhteruzzaman. "Two Cases of Alleged Gang Rape Examined at Forensic Medicine Department of Sher-e-Bangla Medical College (SBMC) Barisal with Opinions Not "Enough to Prove the Allegation"." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 8, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v8i2.33673.
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It is one of the most difficult tasks in forensic medicine is to examine alleged victims of sexual offence like rape that happened a few weeks back. There is a chance of miscarriage of justice. Two women were examined in the department of forensic medicine of SBMC. They gave the history of forceful sexual intercourse by several men at midnight while travelling in a bus. After their identification and obtaining informed written consent they were examined by 2 doctors, one is male and the other is female. With heavy responsibility on them the doctors had to proceed with the examination of the victims of alleged gang rape. Clinical examination, laboratory tests of collected specimens and X-ray examination were done. The opinions were that in case of the first victim, her age was around 18 years and in case of 2nd victim, her age was around 17 years and in both victims, no signs of forceful sexual intercourse were present but signs of past sexual intercourse were present. If a consistency between the history given by the victim and signs detected by the examining doctors is established by the investigating legal officer then a positive result is expected from the court of trial but very often this does not happen.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 8, No. 2: Jul 2017, P 148-152
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Graham, Laurie M., Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Catherine Zimmer, Rebecca J. Macy, Cynthia F. Rizo, Paul Lanier, and Sandra L. Martin. "Disparities in potential years of life lost due to intimate partner violence: Data from 16 states for 2006–2015." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e0246477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246477.
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Background Intimate partner violence can lead to deaths of one or both partners and others (i.e., corollary victims). Prior studies do not enumerate the societal cost of intimate partner violence-related fatalities, exclude corollary victims from most analyses, and do not describe groups who bear the highest societal costs from intimate partner violence. Objective We examine racial/ethnic and gender-based disparities in potential years of life lost (PYLL) among intimate partners and corollary victims of intimate partner violence-related mortality. Methods We used 16 US states’ 2006–2015 National Violent Death Reporting System data to estimate PYLL among intimate partners (n = 6,282) and corollary victims (n = 1,634) by victims’ race/ethnicity and sex. We describe fatalities by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and victim-suspect relationships and used hierarchical linear models to examine PYLL per death differences by victims’ sex and race/ethnicity. Results Nearly 290,000 years of potential life were lost by partner and corollary victims as a result of IPV in 16 states during the decade of study. Most partner victims were female (59%); most corollary victims were male (76%). Female intimate partners died 5.1 years earlier (95% CI: 4.4., 5.9) than males, and female corollary victims died 3.6 years (1.9, 5.5) earlier than males. Racial/ethnic minorities died nine or more years earlier than their White counterparts. White males had the lowest PYLL per death of all sex/race groups. Implications Intimate partner violence-related fatalities exact a high societal cost, and the burden of that cost is disproportionately high among racial/ethnic minorities. Future interventions targeting specific sex and race/ethnic groups might help reduce disparities in intimate partner violence burden.
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Ryoo, Ji Hoon, Cixin Wang, Susan M. Swearer, and Sunhee Park. "Investigation of Transitions in Bullying/Victimization Statuses of Gifted and General Education Students." Exceptional Children 83, no. 4 (July 2017): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014402917698500.
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To examine the experiences of victimization and bullying among gifted students and their general education peers, we applied a latent transition analysis with longitudinal data from 299 gifted and 689 general education students (fifth to ninth graders). We identified 4 latent statuses for victimization (4.8%–5.2%, frequent victims; 7.4%–12.2%, frequent relational victims; 28.7%–35.8%, occasional victims; 46.8%–59.2%, infrequent victims) and 3 latent statuses for perpetration (3.9%–5.6%, frequent perpetrators; 22.2%–29.7%, occasional relational perpetrators; 66.4%–72.2%, infrequent perpetrators). There was no difference in victimization experiences between the gifted and general education students, but there were group differences in the prevalence rates and their changes in transition patterns in perpetration. Further, the effect of grade level was found to affect the transition patterns of perpetration; for gifted students (not their general education peers), the probabilities of being a frequent victim correlated with the probabilities of being a frequent perpetrator later.