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Journal articles on the topic 'Examples of discrimination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Russell, Brian H., Ken Hedlin, Fred J. Hilterman, and Lawrence R. Lines. "Fluid‐property discrimination with AVO: A Biot‐Gassmann perspective." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 1 (2003): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1543192.

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This analysis draws together basic rock physics, amplitude variations with offset (AVO), and seismic amplitude inversion to discuss how fluid‐factor discrimination can be performed using prestack seismic data. From both Biot and Gassmann theories for porous, fluid‐saturated rocks, a general formula is first derived for fluid‐factor discrimination given that both the P and S impedances are available. In essence, the two impedances are transformed so that they better differentiate between the fluid and rock matrix of the porous medium. This formula provides a more sensitive discriminator of the

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2

Sims, Wendy L. "Children's Ability to Demonstrate Music Concept Discriminations in Listening and Singing." Journal of Research in Music Education 43, no. 3 (1995): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345636.

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This study examined the relationship of grade level to children s ability to make musical discriminations when elements are presented simultaneously. Children enrolled in first through fifth grade were subjects for this study (N = 669). A listening test designed to assess the subjects' ability to discriminate and label contrasting musical characteristics related to tempo and articulation within single- and double-discrimination contexts was administered following a brief instructional period. A smaller sample of children (n = 60) then completed a singing task in which they were required to per

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Goga, Maria. "Inclusion of Roma Students in Romanian Schools - Examples of Good Practice." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 11, no. 1 (2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/98.

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In this paper we aim to identify ways to prevent and manage the inequality in education of Roma students. The research was based on the application of a questionnaire and an interview to teachers teaching Roma students in schools. The results of the survey and interview highlights important issues related to the discrimination of Roma students from both students and teachers. In addition, the responding teachers offer timely attempts to prevent and manage different types of discrimination against Roma students. The main ways of manifesting inequalities in Roma students, as teachers perceive, a

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Lewis, Matthew W., and John R. Anderson. "Discrimination of operator schemata in problem solving: Learning from examples." Cognitive Psychology 17, no. 1 (1985): 26–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(85)90003-9.

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5

Torrengo, Giuliano. "The Ontology of Discrimination." Grazer Philosophische Studien 98, no. 2 (2021): 268–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-00000134.

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Abstract Discrimination is a social phenomenon which seems to be widespread across different societies and cultures. Examples of discrimination concerning race, class, gender, and sexual orientation are not difficult to find in contemporary western societies. In this article, the author focus on the ontological ground of this phenomenon, with particular attention to its diffuse and institutionalised forms. The author defends a broadly speaking reductionist approach, according to which the various manifestations of discrimination are grounded on the existence of the effects of “discriminatory s

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O'Neill, June Ellenoff. "Discrimination and Income Inequality." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001308.

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Discrimination against particular groups has existed throughout history and in all types of societies. Few would challenge the idea that inequality of income based on discrimination is unjust. The more problematic issues are the extent to which discrimination is in fact a significant source of inequality and whether such discrimination-based inequality is inherent in a capitalist system.There is little doubt that discrimination can affect a group's income. But the link is by no means automatic or certain. Thus, the incomes of blacks, particularly in past decades, seem surely to have been lower

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Deffuant, Guillaume, Thierry Fuhs, Etienne Monneret, Paul Bourgine, and Francisco Varela. "Semi-Algebraic Networks: An Attempt to Design Geometric Autopoietic Models." Artificial Life 2, no. 2 (1995): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.2.157.

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This article focuses on an artificial life approach to some important problems in machine learning such as statistical discrimination, curve approximation, and pattern recognition. We describe a family of models, collectively referred to as semi-algebraic networks (SAN). These models are strongly inspired by two complementary lines of thought: the biological concept of autopoiesis and morphodynamical notions in mathematics. Mathematically defined as semi-algebraic sets, SANs involve geometric components that are submitted to two coupled processes: (a) the adjustment of the components (under th

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Woo, Su Myun. "A Study on Examples of Discrimination in the Social Worker Qualification System and Improvement Methods -Focusing on Educational Discrimination & Discrimination for Mentally Disabled." Academy of Social Welfare and Law 11, no. 1 (2020): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35589/swlj.2020.11.1.205.

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Abrams, Alicia B., James M. Hillis, and David H. Brainard. "The Relation Between Color Discrimination and Color Constancy: When Is Optimal Adaptation Task Dependent?" Neural Computation 19, no. 10 (2007): 2610–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2007.19.10.2610.

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Color vision supports two distinct visual functions: discrimination and constancy. Discrimination requires that the visual response to distinct objects within a scene be different. Constancy requires that the visual response to any object be the same across scenes. Across changes in scene, adaptation can improve discrimination by optimizing the use of the available response range. Similarly, adaptation can improve constancy by stabilizing the visual response to any fixed object across changes in illumination. Can common mechanisms of adaptation achieve these two goals simultaneously? We develo

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SEGALL, SHLOMI. "What's so Bad about Discrimination?" Utilitas 24, no. 1 (2012): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820811000379.

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The article argues that discrimination is bad as such when and because it undermines equality of opportunity. It shows, first, that other accounts, such as those concerning intent, efficiency, false representation, prejudice, respect and desert cannot account for the badness of discrimination as such. The inequality of opportunity account, in contrast, captures everything that is bad about discrimination. The article then addresses some counter-examples of practices that are discriminatory without arguably entailing inequality of opportunity, where the notable case is that of segregation. It i

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Guenther, Frank H., Alfonso Nieto-Castanon, Satrajit S. Ghosh, and Jason A. Tourville. "Representation of Sound Categories in Auditory Cortical Maps." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 1 (2004): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/005).

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the representation of sound categories in human auditory cortex. Experiment 1 investigated the representation of prototypical (good) and nonprototypical (bad) examples of a vowel sound. Listening to prototypical examples of a vowel resulted in less auditory cortical activation than did listening to nonprototypical examples. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effects of categorization training and discrimination training with novel nonspeech sounds on auditory cortical representations. The 2 training tasks were shown to have

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Blackham, Alysia. "Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340006.

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Abstract In Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law, part of the series Comparative Discrimination Law, Alysia Blackham offers a succinct comparative survey of empirical research that is occurring in workplace discrimination law, across jurisdictions such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Drawing on case studies of existing scholarship, Blackham offers both a rationale for conducting empirical research in this area, and methodological options for researchers considering empirical work. Using examples from case law and public pol

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Foran, Michael P. "Discrimination as an Individual Wrong." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 39, no. 4 (2019): 901–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqz026.

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Abstract This article argues that anti-discrimination rights are individual rights to be free from wrongful treatment and do not directly advance group-based interests or prohibit group-based harm. In light of this, a number of recurring accounts of the wrong of discrimination, particularly the wrong of indirect discrimination, are unsustainable. Claims that indirect discrimination is concerned with harm that is done to social groups or that laws prohibiting indirect discrimination seek to reduce or eliminate advantage gaps between social groups must be rejected as inaccurate. While principles

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Yazejian, Amanda A., Valerie J. Morganson, and Andrea M. Cornelius. "Subtle Discrimination in the Service Sector." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 1 (2017): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.109.

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A hotel concierge notices that her White female coworker earns higher tips from guests and wonders whether this disparity is attributable to race. A financial service specialist working at a bank considers whether his age is the reason why customers in need of consultation approach his younger coworkers more often. As these examples indicate, Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey's (2017) multidimensional framework extends to customer service contexts. In the sections that follow, we contextualize and extend many of Jones et al.’s arguments to the customer service industry, providing im

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Dobrosavljevic-Grujic, Ljiljana. "Discrimination of women on work place - relation to maternity, disability and women’s health." Temida 9, no. 4 (2006): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0604027d.

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A special kind of discrimination of women on work place is that related to their psychophysical condition. Whereas the health condition is often a pretext for discrimination of pregnant women, young mothers, sick and disabled women workers, the mobbing at work is discrimination that may have psychical troubles as a consequence. We present a brief analysis of relevant international and domestic regulations, demonstrating explicitly their breaking on the examples from the work of SOS Hotline for women victims of discrimination at work. The conclusion is that for struggle against the discriminati

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Alhabeeb, M. J. "Price Discrimination as a Marketing Strategy." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 4 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n4p1.

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Many empirical studies have confirmed the validity and utility of price discrimination as a tool to attract more customers, increase sales, and boost revenues and profits. Several of these studies found strong market evidence of both second and third-degree price discrimination. This study confirms that price discrimination would not only work for monopolistic firms, as we have learned in the classic economic analysis, but also works effectively as essential element in a marketing strategy, especially for companies which adhere to the marketing principles on consumer satisfaction. This study a

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Pezelj, Andrej. "Hysteria and hypochondria: Sexual discrimination through the lens of sickness." Maska 35, no. 200 (2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska_00030_1.

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The article deals with certain aspects of discriminating women through the relation between hypochondria and hysteria. It focuses mostly on the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. The objective of the article is not to give an exhaustive analysis of these pathologies, but rather to give examples of how the changes in medicine influence the perception of women. The examples of these two pathologies show how medicine was dominated by the idea of an order of nature where woman could not be considered as an individual. Instead of healing, the function of medicine was of

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Forster, Christine, and Vedna Jivan. "Sex as a Protected Ground in International and Domestic Law." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 4, no. 3-4 (2021): 1–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340010.

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Abstract This volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law addresses sex as a protected ground in international and domestic law. It compares sex discrimination protection through three thematic lenses. Firstly, it charts and compares the evolution and development of sex discrimination protection in international human rights law in three treaty-bodies – the CEDAW Committee, the HRC and the CESCR. Secondly, it then takes up the evolution and development of sex discrimination protection in three domestic law frameworks – the United States, Australia and India. Fin

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Krois, Daniel, and Harald Lehner. "Induced circular dichroism and chiral discrimination of racemates revisited: bilirubins as illustrative examples." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 3 (1995): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29950000489.

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段, 彩玉. "Synonym Discrimination Based on COCA Corpus—Taking Vague, Obscure, and Ambiguous as Examples." Modern Linguistics 08, no. 06 (2020): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2020.86111.

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Zeng, Shouzhen, Shahzaib Asharf, Muhammad Arif, and Saleem Abdullah. "Application of Exponential Jensen Picture Fuzzy Divergence Measure in Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making." Mathematics 7, no. 2 (2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7020191.

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A divergence measure plays a crucial part in discriminating two probability distributions and drawing inferences constructed on such discrimination. The intention of this study is to propose such a divergence measure based on Jensen inequality and exponential entropy in the settings of probability theory. Further, the idea has been generalized to fuzzy sets to familiarize a novel picture fuzzy divergence measure. Besides proposing the validity, some of its key properties are also deliberated. Finally, two illustrative examples are solved based on the proposed picture fuzzy divergence measure w

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Button, Patrick, Theodore Figinski, Joanne Song McLaughlin, and Ian Burn. "Why Retirement and Age Discrimination Policies Need to Consider the Intersectional Experiences of Older Women." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2939.

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Abstract We summarize how older women face intersectional experiences that affect their retirement security. These include differential trends in aging, life expectancy, labor supply, work history, retirement savings, and poverty at old age. We also highlight research showing that older women experience significantly more age discrimination than older men. affecting the ability for older women to improve their retirement security by working longer. We demonstrate through examples that these differential trends and intersectional experiences of older women have important policy implications. We

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MABBETT, DEBORAH. "Some are More Equal Than Others: Definitions of Disability in Social Policy and Discrimination Law in Europe." Journal of Social Policy 34, no. 2 (2005): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404008554.

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This article explores the relationship between anti-discrimination policy and existing social policies directed towards disabled people. It proposes a conception of ‘spheres’ of social policy, in which different spheres advance different dimensions of equality. Within each sphere, definitions of disability are based on relevant comparisons which determine who should be recognised as disabled for the purposes of the policy. Examples of definitions are given using material from a cross-national European project. Examples are also given where social policies provide for disabled people without de

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Eckes, Suzanne. "Sex Discrimination in Schools: The Law and Its Impact on School Policies." Laws 10, no. 2 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020034.

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The law has the potential to influence school policy in the United States. Specifically, statutes, constitutional provisions, and the outcomes of court cases can impact the civil rights of students, which, in turn, can presumably lead to policies that prohibit discriminatory practices. For example, Congress has enacted federal laws (statutes) that prohibit discrimination based on race, sex, and disability; these laws arguably impact school practice. After setting the legal context, through an analysis of statutes, constitutional provisions and case law, this article examines how law has the po

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Küey, L. "Room for hope: How to deal with growing racism and discrimination?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.897.

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Discrimination could be defined as the attitudes and behavior based on the group differences. Any group acknowledged and proclaimed as ‘the other’ by prevailing zeitgeist and dominant social powers, and further dehumanized may become the subject of discrimination. Moreover, internalized discrimination perpetuates this process. In a spectrum from dislike and micro-aggression to overt violence towards ‘the other’, it exists almost in all societies in varying degrees and forms; all forms involving some practices of exclusion and rejection. Hence, almost all the same human physical and psychosocia

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Atrey, Shreya. "Comparison in intersectional discrimination." Legal Studies 38, no. 3 (2018): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.17.

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AbstractThis article considers the use of comparison in establishing multi-ground claims of intersectional discrimination. Leading examples of test cases from the US and the UK exemplify the challenges in using comparison to establish discrimination against Black women, based on the grounds of both race and sex. These challenges include: the insistence on using a single mirror comparator (viz white men) or the difficulties in choosing multiple comparators from a range of options (viz white women, Asian women, Black men, white men etc); the missing rationale for the selection; and the unwieldin

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Loocke, Philip Van. "Fields as Limit Functions of Stochastic Discrimination and Their Adaptability." Neural Computation 14, no. 5 (2002): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602753633385.

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For a particular type of elementary function, stochastic discrimination is shown to have an analytic limit function. Classifications can be performed directly by this limit function instead of by a sampling procedure. The limit function has an interpretation in terms of fields that originate from the training examples of a classification problem. Fields depend on the global configuration of the training points. The classification of a point in input space is known when the contributions of all fields are summed. Two modifications of the limit function are proposed. First, for nonlinear problem

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Li, Jialiang, Qunqiang Feng, Jason P. Fine, Michael J. Pencina, and Ben Van Calster. "Nonparametric estimation and inference for polytomous discrimination index." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27, no. 10 (2017): 3092–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280217692830.

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Polytomous discrimination index is a novel and important diagnostic accuracy measure for multi-category classification. After reconstructing its probabilistic definition, we propose a nonparametric approach to the estimation of polytomous discrimination index based on an empirical sample of biomarker values. In this paper, we provide the finite-sample and asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators and such analytic results may facilitate the statistical inference. Simulation studies are performed to examine the performance of the nonparametric estimators. Two real data examples are analy

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Ovalle, Brynne D., and Rahul Chakraborty. "Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda." Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 3, no. 1 (2013): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics3.1.22.

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This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broade

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Sebryuk, A. N. "Linguistic Discrimination and Linguistic Appropriation as the Examples of Double Consciousness in the U.S." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 1 (2019): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-1-134-148.

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Reddy, K. "Discrimination against customers by retail chain stores and the impact of the law." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 2 (2014): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i2.1223.

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Profit and other related objectives of business emphasise the need to distinguish between different customers or groups of customers. The South African Constitution, on the other hand, specifically prohibits unfair discrimination. This paper examines the legal principle of non-discrimination, as set out in the Constitution and the Equality Act, as well as the impact that these provisions have on discrimination against customers. The literature study shows that there is a legal obligation on business to ensure the provision of equitable customer service. An exploratory study was conducted among

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Rout, Madhusmita. "DEBATING DISCRIMINATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISCRIMINATION IN USA, INDIAN AND PAKISTAN AND ITS REMEDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (2020): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12046.

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The practice of discrimination, inspite of being one of the major curses of human history not only exists in society but also show its brutal face time to time. The off late killings of two members of American black community are the most recent examples of this nauseating practice. Though, it is the fact that this practice of marginalization and discrimination is not only limited to a particular society but transcends beyond boundaries of nation states and societies and has taken its grip all the place where human life exist, except very few, in the one form or the others. In this context, th

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Tong, Xin, and Liying Yu. "A Novel MADM Approach Based on Fuzzy Cross Entropy with Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/965040.

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The paper presents a novel multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) approach for the problem with completely unknown attribute weights in the framework of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFS). First, the fuzzy cross entropy and discrimination degree of IVIFS are defied. Subsequently, based on the discrimination degree of IVIFS, a nonlinear programming model to minimize the total deviation of discrimination degrees between alternatives and the positive ideal solution PIS as well as the negative ideal solution (NIS) is constructed to obtain the attribute weights and, then, the weig

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Pepin, Dawn, and Samantha Bent Weber. "Civil Rights Law and the Determinants of Health: How Some States Have Utilized Civil Rights Laws to Increase Protections Against Discrimination." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, S2 (2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519857323.

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One fundamental barrier to eliminating health disparities, particularly with regard to the determinants of health, is the persistence of discrimination. Civil rights law is the primary legal mechanism used to address discrimination. Federal civil rights laws have been the subject of wider analyses as a determinant of health as well as a tool to address health disparities. The research on state civil rights laws, while more limited, is growing. This article will highlight a few examples of how some states are using civil rights laws to combat discrimination, particularly in more expansive ways

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Cradden, Terry. "Trade Unionism, Social Justice, and Religious Discrimination in Northern Ireland." ILR Review 46, no. 3 (1993): 480–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600303.

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This article examines the actions of trade union leaders in response to religious discrimination in employment in Northern Ireland, and their influence on British Government policy-making on this question. The main finding is that despite the risk of alienating many members, the trade union movement persisted in seeking radical remedies for discrimination during the 1980s, and was influential in the shaping of anti-discrimination legislation enacted in 1989. The author finds points of similarity between this history and the AFL-CIO leadership's civil rights stand in the 1960s, and sees these e

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Čaušević, Mirza. "Uloga institucije ombudsmena i sudova u sudskim postupcima povodom slučajeva diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 56, no. 3 (2019): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2019.56.133.667.

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When reading the article’s title, it is important to emphasize the role and importance of the Institution of the Ombudsman for Human Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the most important national institution for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Consequently, according to the logic of thinking, it can be clearly concluded that the most important segment of action, above mentioned national institution, is to prevent or eliminate all forms of indirect and direct discrimination. Accordingly, the author decided, in addition to introductory and concluding considerations, to di

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Stout, Vanessa, Eric Earnhart, and Mariam Nagi. "Teaching Race and Ethnicity in the Age of Trump: Using Popular Culture in a Polarized Classroom." Teaching Sociology 48, no. 3 (2020): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x20928469.

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Teaching race and ethnicity in various sociology courses, we found students in our classes can be very reluctant to approach the subject of race, discrimination, and racism. Moreover, during class discussion, they often have a hard time defining and analyzing these concepts. In this study, we examine how popular culture can be a useful tool to teach difficult subjects, such as race and ethnicity. Instead of a traditional lecture, we had students watch the popular Cartoon Network series Teen Titans. Using the characters’ interactions from this series as examples, students constructed definition

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Vorobyev, Misha, and Robert Brandt. "HOW DO INSECT POLLINATORS DISCRIMINATE COLORS?" Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (1997): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676677.

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Basic concepts of color vision in animals and, in particular in the honeybee, are reviewed. Four models of color discrimination in honeybees are presented. Because visual systems in Hymenoptera are similar to that of the honeybee, such models can also be used to describe color discrimination in many hymenopteran pollinators. We compare predictive capacities of the models and give practical recommendations for their usage. Although models have different mathematical formulations, in most cases they give similar predictions. Examples where predictions of different models deviate are discussed.

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Kelly, Thomas F. "Kinetic-Energy Discrimination for Atom Probe Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 1 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610094468.

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AbstractThe benefits of using kinetic-energy information to aid ion discrimination in atom probe tomography (APT) are explored. Ion peak interferences in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra are categorized by difficulty of discrimination using TOF and kinetic-energy information. Several of these categories, which are intractable interferences when only TOF information is available, may be discriminated when kinetic-energy information also is available. Furthermore, many opportunities for removing noise from composition determinations and three-dimensional images are enabled. Modest kinetic-energ

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Dutta, Sanghamitra, Praveen Venkatesh, Piotr Mardziel, Anupam Datta, and Pulkit Grover. "An Information-Theoretic Quantification of Discrimination with Exempt Features." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (2020): 3825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5794.

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The needs of a business (e.g., hiring) may require the use of certain features that are critical in a way that any discrimination arising due to them should be exempted. In this work, we propose a novel information-theoretic decomposition of the total discrimination (in a counterfactual sense) into a non-exempt component, which quantifies the part of the discrimination that cannot be accounted for by the critical features, and an exempt component, which quantifies the remaining discrimination. Our decomposition enables selective removal of the non-exempt component if desired. We arrive at this

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Nigrin, Tomáš. "Open Competition or Discrimination on Tracks? Examples of Anti-Competitive Behaviour of The Deutsche Bahn." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (2014): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2014-0002.

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Abstract The article provides an analysis of a competitive situation in railway transport in Germany and defines areas where the Deutsche Bahn holding, which integrates both infrastructure operators and carriers, may behave in an anti-competitive way. First of all, conditions of liberalisation in German railways and position of competition in partial sections of transport are introduced. Subsequently, areas which are - from the economic point of view - necessary for operation of competition in the railway sector are identified: it is the height of fees charged for utilisation of transport rout

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Zhang, Guo Zheng, and Jiang Han. "Research and Development on Simulation System of Virtual Resolvers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.868.

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To change the phenomenon of "Being an armchair strategist" in current research for resolver, a simulation system of virtual resolvers is researched adopting virtualization. The fundamental principle of resolver and the developing strategy of simulation software are expatiated. Some common problems in the system developed are solved, including the way of real-time updating image, the rotor-rotating method, and the approach of adjusting parameters. In addition, examples of phase discrimination resolvers and amplitude discrimination resolvers are provided separately. This paper provides a worthy

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Buono, Francesco, and Maria Longobardi. "A Dual Measure of Uncertainty: The Deng Extropy." Entropy 22, no. 5 (2020): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050582.

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The extropy has recently been introduced as the dual concept of entropy. Moreover, in the context of the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, Deng studied a new measure of discrimination, named the Deng entropy. In this paper, we define the Deng extropy and study its relation with Deng entropy, and examples are proposed in order to compare them. The behaviour of Deng extropy is studied under changes of focal elements. A characterization result is given for the maximum Deng extropy and, finally, a numerical example in pattern recognition is discussed in order to highlight the relevance of the new m

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Zhou, J., and S. Bennett. "A Supervised Learning Network Based on Adaptive Resonance Theory." International Journal of Neural Systems 08, no. 02 (1997): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065797000240.

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A neural network architecture, fuzzy ART with logistic discrimination (ART-LD), is introduced as a method of realising the pattern recognition task in a supervised learning manner. The system is formed by the hierarchical organisation of two network modules: a fuzzy ART and a logistic discrimination. The learning consists of two separate stages. Firstly, the fuzzy ART and a logistic discrimination. The learning consists of two separate stages. Firstly, the fuzzy ART module self-organises the input patterns into category clusters, whose operations are governed by fuzzy set theory and "competiti

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Nygård, Mikael, and Fredrik Snellman. "The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 9/10 (2014): 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2013-0066.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it a

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Weeks, Elizabeth. "Healthism in Tort Law." Journal of Tort Law 12, no. 1 (2019): 81–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2019-0004.

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Abstract This article considers ways that torts decisions and doctrine may operate discriminatorily against the unhealthy. The discussion draws from one chapter of my recently published book, Healthism: Health Status Discrimination and the Law, specifically, the chapter on “Healthism in Private Law.” Healthism examines, across contexts, instances of discrimination based on health status, suggesting that in at least some circumstances, treating people differently because of their health status or health habits is normatively wrong and, thus, “healthist.” We discuss many examples in the book, bu

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Diebold, Nicolas F. "STANDARDS OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2011): 831–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000418.

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AbstractThe principle of non-discrimination constitutes a corner-stone in different fields of international economic law, notably international trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property and investment protection. While its basic rationale appears to be straightforward, the application of the different legal elements which constitute a non-discrimination obligation has proven to be most challenging. Adjudicating bodies have been applying different interpretations and standards with regard to the legal elements of ‘less favourable treatment’, ‘likeness’ and ‘regulatory purpose

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Working, Amanda, Mohammed Alqawba, and Norou Diawara. "Dynamic Attribute-Level Best Worst Discrete Choice Experiments." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n2p1.

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Dynamic modelling of decision maker choice behavior of best and worst in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) has numerous applications. Such models are proposed under utility function of decision maker and are used in many areas including social sciences, health economics, transportation research, and health systems research. After reviewing references on the study of such experiments, we present example in DCE with emphasis on time dependent best-worst choice and discrimination between choice attributes. Numerical examples of the dynamic DCEs are simulated, and the associated expected utilitie

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Corrigan, Patrick, Georg Schomerus, and David Smelson. "Are some of the stigmas of addictions culturally sanctioned?" British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 3 (2017): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.185421.

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SummaryWe provide three examples of how addiction stigma is sanctioned: (a) discrimination against people with addictions is often legal; (b) public health communications frequently use stigma to promote prevention; (c) some programmes, such as ‘12 steps’ promote self-stigma. The implications of sanctioned stigma for stigma-change programmes are then discussed.

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Sturdivant, Manasia, Semret Yibass, Elsheba Abraham, and Neil M. A. Hauenstein. "Using Situational Judgment Tests To Study Subtle Discrimination." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 1 (2017): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.107.

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Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey (2017) present an expansive overview of microaggressive behaviors, with specific emphasis on the work place. Their overview includes the dimensionality of microaggressions (subtlety, formality, and intentionality), the dynamic and cyclical nature of a microaggressive culture, and the multitude of perspectives from which to view microaggressions (target, perpetrator, bystander, and ally). For any empirical study, researchers are faced with the challenge that microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination often motivated by unconscious biases. As

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