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Russell, Brian H., Ken Hedlin, Fred J. Hilterman, and Lawrence R. Lines. "Fluid‐property discrimination with AVO: A Biot‐Gassmann perspective." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 1 (2003): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1543192.
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This analysis draws together basic rock physics, amplitude variations with offset (AVO), and seismic amplitude inversion to discuss how fluid‐factor discrimination can be performed using prestack seismic data. From both Biot and Gassmann theories for porous, fluid‐saturated rocks, a general formula is first derived for fluid‐factor discrimination given that both the P and S impedances are available. In essence, the two impedances are transformed so that they better differentiate between the fluid and rock matrix of the porous medium. This formula provides a more sensitive discriminator of the pore‐fluid saturant than the acoustic impedance and is especially applicable in hard‐rock environments. The formulation can be expressed with either the Lamé constants and density, or the bulk and shear moduli and density. Numerical and well‐log examples illustrate the applicability of this approach. AVO inversion results are then incorporated to show how this method can be implemented using prestack seismic data. Finally, a shallow gas‐sand example from Alberta and a well‐log example from eastern Canada are shown to illustrate the technique.
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Sims, Wendy L. "Children's Ability to Demonstrate Music Concept Discriminations in Listening and Singing." Journal of Research in Music Education 43, no. 3 (1995): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345636.
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This study examined the relationship of grade level to children s ability to make musical discriminations when elements are presented simultaneously. Children enrolled in first through fifth grade were subjects for this study (N = 669). A listening test designed to assess the subjects' ability to discriminate and label contrasting musical characteristics related to tempo and articulation within single- and double-discrimination contexts was administered following a brief instructional period. A smaller sample of children (n = 60) then completed a singing task in which they were required to perform a familiar song to demonstrate varied combinations of the two musical elements. Results of the listening test indicated significant main effects for grade, characteristic, and type of discrimination, with significant interactions. Subjects were significantly more successful with single discriminations than double discriminations, and mean scores for tempo were significantly higher than for articulation, particularly under the double discrimination condition. When singing subjects demonstrated contrasting tempi and smooth articulation but had difficulty with choppy articulation, both in single-element as well as combined-element examples.
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Goga, Maria. "Inclusion of Roma Students in Romanian Schools - Examples of Good Practice." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 11, no. 1 (2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/98.
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In this paper we aim to identify ways to prevent and manage the inequality in education of Roma students. The research was based on the application of a questionnaire and an interview to teachers teaching Roma students in schools. The results of the survey and interview highlights important issues related to the discrimination of Roma students from both students and teachers. In addition, the responding teachers offer timely attempts to prevent and manage different types of discrimination against Roma students. The main ways of manifesting inequalities in Roma students, as teachers perceive, are the prejudices related to the social status of the Roma, the financial situation, as well as their isolation in communities far from the Romanian pupils. The article presents examples of good practices on preventing and managing discrimination situations for Roma students at school level.
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Lewis, Matthew W., and John R. Anderson. "Discrimination of operator schemata in problem solving: Learning from examples." Cognitive Psychology 17, no. 1 (1985): 26–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(85)90003-9.
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Torrengo, Giuliano. "The Ontology of Discrimination." Grazer Philosophische Studien 98, no. 2 (2021): 268–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-00000134.
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Abstract Discrimination is a social phenomenon which seems to be widespread across different societies and cultures. Examples of discrimination concerning race, class, gender, and sexual orientation are not difficult to find in contemporary western societies. In this article, the author focus on the ontological ground of this phenomenon, with particular attention to its diffuse and institutionalised forms. The author defends a broadly speaking reductionist approach, according to which the various manifestations of discrimination are grounded on the existence of the effects of “discriminatory stances” in social contexts. Discrimination may become part of the institutional sphere, either by way of bottom-up “crystallisation” of discriminatory practices, or by top-down “dilution” of institutional defaults into ordinary interactions.
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O'Neill, June Ellenoff. "Discrimination and Income Inequality." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001308.
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Discrimination against particular groups has existed throughout history and in all types of societies. Few would challenge the idea that inequality of income based on discrimination is unjust. The more problematic issues are the extent to which discrimination is in fact a significant source of inequality and whether such discrimination-based inequality is inherent in a capitalist system.There is little doubt that discrimination can affect a group's income. But the link is by no means automatic or certain. Thus, the incomes of blacks, particularly in past decades, seem surely to have been lowered by discrimination. Yet other examples are less clear. Jewish and Japanese Americans, for instance, have had incomes substantially above those of white non-Jewish groups, despite evidence of discrimination against them.
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Deffuant, Guillaume, Thierry Fuhs, Etienne Monneret, Paul Bourgine, and Francisco Varela. "Semi-Algebraic Networks: An Attempt to Design Geometric Autopoietic Models." Artificial Life 2, no. 2 (1995): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.2.157.
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This article focuses on an artificial life approach to some important problems in machine learning such as statistical discrimination, curve approximation, and pattern recognition. We describe a family of models, collectively referred to as semi-algebraic networks (SAN). These models are strongly inspired by two complementary lines of thought: the biological concept of autopoiesis and morphodynamical notions in mathematics. Mathematically defined as semi-algebraic sets, SANs involve geometric components that are submitted to two coupled processes: (a) the adjustment of the components (under the action of the learning examples), and (b) the regeneration of new components. Several examples of SANs are described, using different types of components. The geometric nature of SANs gives new possibilities for solving the bias/variance dilemma in discrimination or curve approximation problems. The question of building multilevel semi-algebraic networks is also addressed, as they are related to cognitive problems such as memory and morphological categorization. We describe an example of such multilevel models.
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Woo, Su Myun. "A Study on Examples of Discrimination in the Social Worker Qualification System and Improvement Methods -Focusing on Educational Discrimination & Discrimination for Mentally Disabled." Academy of Social Welfare and Law 11, no. 1 (2020): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35589/swlj.2020.11.1.205.
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Abrams, Alicia B., James M. Hillis, and David H. Brainard. "The Relation Between Color Discrimination and Color Constancy: When Is Optimal Adaptation Task Dependent?" Neural Computation 19, no. 10 (2007): 2610–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2007.19.10.2610.
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Color vision supports two distinct visual functions: discrimination and constancy. Discrimination requires that the visual response to distinct objects within a scene be different. Constancy requires that the visual response to any object be the same across scenes. Across changes in scene, adaptation can improve discrimination by optimizing the use of the available response range. Similarly, adaptation can improve constancy by stabilizing the visual response to any fixed object across changes in illumination. Can common mechanisms of adaptation achieve these two goals simultaneously? We develop a theoretical framework for answering this question and present several example calculations. In the examples studied, the answer is largely yes when the change of scene consists of a change in illumination and considerably less so when the change of scene consists of a change in the statistical ensemble of surface reflectances in the environment.
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SEGALL, SHLOMI. "What's so Bad about Discrimination?" Utilitas 24, no. 1 (2012): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820811000379.
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The article argues that discrimination is bad as such when and because it undermines equality of opportunity. It shows, first, that other accounts, such as those concerning intent, efficiency, false representation, prejudice, respect and desert cannot account for the badness of discrimination as such. The inequality of opportunity account, in contrast, captures everything that is bad about discrimination. The article then addresses some counter-examples of practices that are discriminatory without arguably entailing inequality of opportunity, where the notable case is that of segregation. It is further demonstrated that the ‘equality of opportunity’ account successfully handles some of the tricky aspects associated with discrimination, such as those concerning the confinement of discrimination to salient groups, ‘buying off’ discriminatees by means of financial compensation, ‘discrimination’ in the selection of life partners, and the duties of employers.
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Guenther, Frank H., Alfonso Nieto-Castanon, Satrajit S. Ghosh, and Jason A. Tourville. "Representation of Sound Categories in Auditory Cortical Maps." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 1 (2004): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/005).
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the representation of sound categories in human auditory cortex. Experiment 1 investigated the representation of prototypical (good) and nonprototypical (bad) examples of a vowel sound. Listening to prototypical examples of a vowel resulted in less auditory cortical activation than did listening to nonprototypical examples. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effects of categorization training and discrimination training with novel nonspeech sounds on auditory cortical representations. The 2 training tasks were shown to have opposite effects on the auditory cortical representation of sounds experienced during training: Discrimination training led to an increase in the amount of activation caused by the training stimuli, whereas categorization training led to decreased activation. These results indicate that the brain efficiently shifts neural resources away from regions of acoustic space where discrimination between sounds is not behaviorally important (e.g., near the center of a sound category) and toward regions where accurate discrimination is needed. The results also provide a straightforward neural account of learned aspects of perceptual distortion near sound categories: Sounds from the center of a category are more difficult to discriminate from each other than sounds near category boundaries because they are represented by fewer cells in the auditory cortical areas.
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Blackham, Alysia. "Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340006.
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Abstract In Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law, part of the series Comparative Discrimination Law, Alysia Blackham offers a succinct comparative survey of empirical research that is occurring in workplace discrimination law, across jurisdictions such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Drawing on case studies of existing scholarship, Blackham offers both a rationale for conducting empirical research in this area, and methodological options for researchers considering empirical work. Using examples from case law and public policy, the author considers the impact that empirical research is having on discrimination law and policy, and highlights fundamental gaps in existing empirical scholarship.
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Foran, Michael P. "Discrimination as an Individual Wrong." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 39, no. 4 (2019): 901–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqz026.
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Abstract This article argues that anti-discrimination rights are individual rights to be free from wrongful treatment and do not directly advance group-based interests or prohibit group-based harm. In light of this, a number of recurring accounts of the wrong of discrimination, particularly the wrong of indirect discrimination, are unsustainable. Claims that indirect discrimination is concerned with harm that is done to social groups or that laws prohibiting indirect discrimination seek to reduce or eliminate advantage gaps between social groups must be rejected as inaccurate. While principles of non-discrimination and principles of affirmative action often operate harmoniously to foster respect for the moral equality of persons, they each have a general affinity with distinct ethical traditions: deontology and teleology respectively. As such, we should conclude that indirect discrimination provisions are examples of formal and not substantive equality. Where rights to non-discrimination conflict with telic equality goals, UK law protects the rights of the individual.
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Yazejian, Amanda A., Valerie J. Morganson, and Andrea M. Cornelius. "Subtle Discrimination in the Service Sector." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 1 (2017): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.109.
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A hotel concierge notices that her White female coworker earns higher tips from guests and wonders whether this disparity is attributable to race. A financial service specialist working at a bank considers whether his age is the reason why customers in need of consultation approach his younger coworkers more often. As these examples indicate, Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey's (2017) multidimensional framework extends to customer service contexts. In the sections that follow, we contextualize and extend many of Jones et al.’s arguments to the customer service industry, providing implications for both research and practice.
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Dobrosavljevic-Grujic, Ljiljana. "Discrimination of women on work place - relation to maternity, disability and women’s health." Temida 9, no. 4 (2006): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0604027d.
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A special kind of discrimination of women on work place is that related to their psychophysical condition. Whereas the health condition is often a pretext for discrimination of pregnant women, young mothers, sick and disabled women workers, the mobbing at work is discrimination that may have psychical troubles as a consequence. We present a brief analysis of relevant international and domestic regulations, demonstrating explicitly their breaking on the examples from the work of SOS Hotline for women victims of discrimination at work. The conclusion is that for struggle against the discrimination related to psychophysical condition of workingwomen it is important to fight against breaking the positive legal regulations, as well as working on their improvement. .
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Alhabeeb, M. J. "Price Discrimination as a Marketing Strategy." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 4 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n4p1.
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Many empirical studies have confirmed the validity and utility of price discrimination as a tool to attract more customers, increase sales, and boost revenues and profits. Several of these studies found strong market evidence of both second and third-degree price discrimination. This study confirms that price discrimination would not only work for monopolistic firms, as we have learned in the classic economic analysis, but also works effectively as essential element in a marketing strategy, especially for companies which adhere to the marketing principles on consumer satisfaction. This study also examines the utilization of price discrimination as a marketing tool by presenting the underlying theory and offering illustrative numerical examples. It further shows the different forms in which price discrimination comes in, the appropriate products eligible for price discrimination, the fields where such a strategy is applied, and the empirical studies involved.
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Pezelj, Andrej. "Hysteria and hypochondria: Sexual discrimination through the lens of sickness." Maska 35, no. 200 (2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska_00030_1.
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The article deals with certain aspects of discriminating women through the relation between hypochondria and hysteria. It focuses mostly on the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. The objective of the article is not to give an exhaustive analysis of these pathologies, but rather to give examples of how the changes in medicine influence the perception of women. The examples of these two pathologies show how medicine was dominated by the idea of an order of nature where woman could not be considered as an individual. Instead of healing, the function of medicine was often to use new knowledge to explain and approve a pre-existing order of nature.
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Forster, Christine, and Vedna Jivan. "Sex as a Protected Ground in International and Domestic Law." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 4, no. 3-4 (2021): 1–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340010.
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Abstract This volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law addresses sex as a protected ground in international and domestic law. It compares sex discrimination protection through three thematic lenses. Firstly, it charts and compares the evolution and development of sex discrimination protection in international human rights law in three treaty-bodies – the CEDAW Committee, the HRC and the CESCR. Secondly, it then takes up the evolution and development of sex discrimination protection in three domestic law frameworks – the United States, Australia and India. Finally, the development of sex discrimination protection in international law is compared with the development of sex discrimination protection in the domestic legal contexts of the three country examples, with the implications of that comparison analysed. This volume seeks to show that despite differences in the way that international approaches to sex discrimination are translated into domestic law and differences in social, political and cultural contexts women face similar limitations in accessing justice through sex discrimination frameworks.
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Krois, Daniel, and Harald Lehner. "Induced circular dichroism and chiral discrimination of racemates revisited: bilirubins as illustrative examples." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 3 (1995): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29950000489.
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段, 彩玉. "Synonym Discrimination Based on COCA Corpus—Taking Vague, Obscure, and Ambiguous as Examples." Modern Linguistics 08, no. 06 (2020): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2020.86111.
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Zeng, Shouzhen, Shahzaib Asharf, Muhammad Arif, and Saleem Abdullah. "Application of Exponential Jensen Picture Fuzzy Divergence Measure in Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making." Mathematics 7, no. 2 (2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7020191.
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A divergence measure plays a crucial part in discriminating two probability distributions and drawing inferences constructed on such discrimination. The intention of this study is to propose such a divergence measure based on Jensen inequality and exponential entropy in the settings of probability theory. Further, the idea has been generalized to fuzzy sets to familiarize a novel picture fuzzy divergence measure. Besides proposing the validity, some of its key properties are also deliberated. Finally, two illustrative examples are solved based on the proposed picture fuzzy divergence measure which shows the expediency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Button, Patrick, Theodore Figinski, Joanne Song McLaughlin, and Ian Burn. "Why Retirement and Age Discrimination Policies Need to Consider the Intersectional Experiences of Older Women." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2939.
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Abstract We summarize how older women face intersectional experiences that affect their retirement security. These include differential trends in aging, life expectancy, labor supply, work history, retirement savings, and poverty at old age. We also highlight research showing that older women experience significantly more age discrimination than older men. affecting the ability for older women to improve their retirement security by working longer. We demonstrate through examples that these differential trends and intersectional experiences of older women have important policy implications. We provide examples of how Social Security policies, such as increases in the full benefit retirement age and changes to the retirement earnings test, have differential effects on older women. We also discuss how age and gender employment discrimination law fails to protect older women from intersectional sex-plus-age discrimination. We conclude by urging policymakers to consider how older women experience different challenges and how policy should consider their unique experiences.
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MABBETT, DEBORAH. "Some are More Equal Than Others: Definitions of Disability in Social Policy and Discrimination Law in Europe." Journal of Social Policy 34, no. 2 (2005): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404008554.
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This article explores the relationship between anti-discrimination policy and existing social policies directed towards disabled people. It proposes a conception of ‘spheres’ of social policy, in which different spheres advance different dimensions of equality. Within each sphere, definitions of disability are based on relevant comparisons which determine who should be recognised as disabled for the purposes of the policy. Examples of definitions are given using material from a cross-national European project. Examples are also given where social policies provide for disabled people without defining a disability category. The implications of these findings for anti-discrimination policy are drawn out, and problems in defining disability for the purposes of ‘fourth generation’ equality rights are identified. It is suggested that there are limitations to the extent that equality policy can be founded on non-discrimination principles, and that a more substantive equality policy for disabled people needs to learn from debates and experiences within social policy.
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Eckes, Suzanne. "Sex Discrimination in Schools: The Law and Its Impact on School Policies." Laws 10, no. 2 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020034.
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The law has the potential to influence school policy in the United States. Specifically, statutes, constitutional provisions, and the outcomes of court cases can impact the civil rights of students, which, in turn, can presumably lead to policies that prohibit discriminatory practices. For example, Congress has enacted federal laws (statutes) that prohibit discrimination based on race, sex, and disability; these laws arguably impact school practice. After setting the legal context, through an analysis of statutes, constitutional provisions and case law, this article examines how law has the potential to influence education policy related to sex discrimination. In doing so, a few illustrative cases related to sexual harassment, single-sex programs, pregnant and parenting teens, dress codes, transgender student rights, and athletics are discussed to provide examples about how case outcomes may help create more equitable school environments.
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Küey, L. "Room for hope: How to deal with growing racism and discrimination?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.897.
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Discrimination could be defined as the attitudes and behavior based on the group differences. Any group acknowledged and proclaimed as ‘the other’ by prevailing zeitgeist and dominant social powers, and further dehumanized may become the subject of discrimination. Moreover, internalized discrimination perpetuates this process. In a spectrum from dislike and micro-aggression to overt violence towards ‘the other’, it exists almost in all societies in varying degrees and forms; all forms involving some practices of exclusion and rejection. Hence, almost all the same human physical and psychosocial characteristics that constitute the bases for in-group identities and reference systems could also become the foundations of discrimination towards the humans identified as out-groups. Added to this, othering, arising from imagined and generalized differences and used to distinguish groups of people as separate from the norm reinforces and maintains discrimination.Accordingly, discrimination built on race, color, sex, gender, gender identity, nationality and ethnicity, religious beliefs, age, physical and mental disabilities, employment, caste and language have been the focus of a vast variety of anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. National acts and international legislative measures and conventions, political and public movements and campaigns, human rights movements, education programs, NGO activities are some examples of such anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. All these efforts have significant economic, political and psychosocial components.Albeit the widespread exercise of discrimination, peoples of the world also have a long history of searching, aiming and practicing more inclusive ways of solving conflicts of interests between in-groups and out-groups. This presentation will mainly focus on the psychosocial aspects of the anti-discriminative efforts and search a room for hope and its realistic bases for a more non-violent, egalitarian and peaceful human existence.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Atrey, Shreya. "Comparison in intersectional discrimination." Legal Studies 38, no. 3 (2018): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.17.
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AbstractThis article considers the use of comparison in establishing multi-ground claims of intersectional discrimination. Leading examples of test cases from the US and the UK exemplify the challenges in using comparison to establish discrimination against Black women, based on the grounds of both race and sex. These challenges include: the insistence on using a single mirror comparator (viz white men) or the difficulties in choosing multiple comparators from a range of options (viz white women, Asian women, Black men, white men etc); the missing rationale for the selection; and the unwieldiness in actually appreciating the nature of intersectional discrimination based on this exercise. To overcome these, Canadian courts have relaxed the strict requirement of necessarily resorting to comparison for proving discrimination and switched to the flexible approach. However, in practice, flexible approach appears as fastidious as strict comparison in its selection and use of comparators. Thus, neither of the two approaches has been too helpful in supporting intersectional claims. The article argues that instead, a useful way of proving intersectional discrimination is to follow the South African approach of making comparisons contextually: (i) between all relevant comparators, identified in reference to one, some, and all of the grounds or personal characteristics; and (ii) sifting through comparative evidence with the purpose of establishing similar and different patterns of group disadvantage which characterise the nature of intersectional discrimination. This approach brings both principle and purpose to employing comparison and can be especially useful in appreciating intersectional discrimination as based on multiple grounds.
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Loocke, Philip Van. "Fields as Limit Functions of Stochastic Discrimination and Their Adaptability." Neural Computation 14, no. 5 (2002): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602753633385.
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For a particular type of elementary function, stochastic discrimination is shown to have an analytic limit function. Classifications can be performed directly by this limit function instead of by a sampling procedure. The limit function has an interpretation in terms of fields that originate from the training examples of a classification problem. Fields depend on the global configuration of the training points. The classification of a point in input space is known when the contributions of all fields are summed. Two modifications of the limit function are proposed. First, for nonlinear problems like high-dimensional parity problems, fields can be quantized. This leads to classification functions with perfect generalization for high-dimensional parity problems. Second, fields can be provided with adaptable amplitudes. The classification corresponding to a limit function is taken as an initialization; subsequently, amplitudes are adapted until an error function for the test set reaches minimal value. It is illustrated that this increases the performance of stochastic discrimination. Due to the nature of the fields, generalization improves even if the amplitude of every training example is adaptable.
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Li, Jialiang, Qunqiang Feng, Jason P. Fine, Michael J. Pencina, and Ben Van Calster. "Nonparametric estimation and inference for polytomous discrimination index." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27, no. 10 (2017): 3092–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280217692830.
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Polytomous discrimination index is a novel and important diagnostic accuracy measure for multi-category classification. After reconstructing its probabilistic definition, we propose a nonparametric approach to the estimation of polytomous discrimination index based on an empirical sample of biomarker values. In this paper, we provide the finite-sample and asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators and such analytic results may facilitate the statistical inference. Simulation studies are performed to examine the performance of the nonparametric estimators. Two real data examples are analysed to illustrate our methodology.
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Ovalle, Brynne D., and Rahul Chakraborty. "Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda." Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 3, no. 1 (2013): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics3.1.22.
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This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.
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Sebryuk, A. N. "Linguistic Discrimination and Linguistic Appropriation as the Examples of Double Consciousness in the U.S." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 1 (2019): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-1-134-148.
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Reddy, K. "Discrimination against customers by retail chain stores and the impact of the law." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 2 (2014): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i2.1223.
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Profit and other related objectives of business emphasise the need to distinguish between different customers or groups of customers. The South African Constitution, on the other hand, specifically prohibits unfair discrimination. This paper examines the legal principle of non-discrimination, as set out in the Constitution and the Equality Act, as well as the impact that these provisions have on discrimination against customers. The literature study shows that there is a legal obligation on business to ensure the provision of equitable customer service. An exploratory study was conducted among the customers of retail chain store outlets in Clermont, a historically disadvantaged area, to identify examples of differentiated treatment of customers by retail chain stores. Customer perceptions have in fact shown areas of differentiation which could be viewed as unfair discrimination unless justified
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Rout, Madhusmita. "DEBATING DISCRIMINATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISCRIMINATION IN USA, INDIAN AND PAKISTAN AND ITS REMEDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (2020): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12046.
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The practice of discrimination, inspite of being one of the major curses of human history not only exists in society but also show its brutal face time to time. The off late killings of two members of American black community are the most recent examples of this nauseating practice. Though, it is the fact that this practice of marginalization and discrimination is not only limited to a particular society but transcends beyond boundaries of nation states and societies and has taken its grip all the place where human life exist, except very few, in the one form or the others. In this context, this study look at discriminatory practices toward Black Community, Lower cast community mainly Dalits and Mujahirs through comparative practice in subsequently American, Indian and Pakistani societies. Though, inspite of historical, sociological as well as cultural differences in all these three communities who are being decimated upon as well as geo-political difference of these places, practice of discrimination is the common phenomena in all these three societies. Therefore, due to this community it becomes extremely relevant to study all these three societies and their discriminated communities together. At last to tackle this menace a multi prong policy or strategy has been suggested.
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Tong, Xin, and Liying Yu. "A Novel MADM Approach Based on Fuzzy Cross Entropy with Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/965040.
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The paper presents a novel multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) approach for the problem with completely unknown attribute weights in the framework of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFS). First, the fuzzy cross entropy and discrimination degree of IVIFS are defied. Subsequently, based on the discrimination degree of IVIFS, a nonlinear programming model to minimize the total deviation of discrimination degrees between alternatives and the positive ideal solution PIS as well as the negative ideal solution (NIS) is constructed to obtain the attribute weights and, then, the weighted discrimination degree. Finally, all the alternatives are ranked according to the relative closeness coefficients using the extended TOPSIS method, and the most desirable alternative is chosen. The proposed approach extends the research method of MADM based on the IVIF cross entropy. Finally, we illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method by two examples.
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Pepin, Dawn, and Samantha Bent Weber. "Civil Rights Law and the Determinants of Health: How Some States Have Utilized Civil Rights Laws to Increase Protections Against Discrimination." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, S2 (2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519857323.
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One fundamental barrier to eliminating health disparities, particularly with regard to the determinants of health, is the persistence of discrimination. Civil rights law is the primary legal mechanism used to address discrimination. Federal civil rights laws have been the subject of wider analyses as a determinant of health as well as a tool to address health disparities. The research on state civil rights laws, while more limited, is growing. This article will highlight a few examples of how some states are using civil rights laws to combat discrimination, particularly in more expansive ways and in the interest of new populations, presenting tools that can target determinants and address the goal of reducing health disparities.
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Cradden, Terry. "Trade Unionism, Social Justice, and Religious Discrimination in Northern Ireland." ILR Review 46, no. 3 (1993): 480–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600303.
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This article examines the actions of trade union leaders in response to religious discrimination in employment in Northern Ireland, and their influence on British Government policy-making on this question. The main finding is that despite the risk of alienating many members, the trade union movement persisted in seeking radical remedies for discrimination during the 1980s, and was influential in the shaping of anti-discrimination legislation enacted in 1989. The author finds points of similarity between this history and the AFL-CIO leadership's civil rights stand in the 1960s, and sees these examples as evidence that egalitarian values have played, and continue to play, an important role in shaping union purpose and action.
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Čaušević, Mirza. "Uloga institucije ombudsmena i sudova u sudskim postupcima povodom slučajeva diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 56, no. 3 (2019): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2019.56.133.667.
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When reading the article’s title, it is important to emphasize the role and importance of the Institution of the Ombudsman for Human Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the most important national institution for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Consequently, according to the logic of thinking, it can be clearly concluded that the most important segment of action, above mentioned national institution, is to prevent or eliminate all forms of indirect and direct discrimination. Accordingly, the author decided, in addition to introductory and concluding considerations, to divide the article into four (4) parts. The first part of the article entitled “Theoretical Determination of Discrimination” provides general information on the concept, different forms and types of discrimination in accordance with the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unlike the first, in the second part of the article “The Role of the Ombudsman in the Probation of Discrimination Proceedings”, the Ombudsman aims to present the legal position of the ombudsman in court proceedings, with the mandatory indication of the conditions for initiating the proceedings on his own behalf, representing the individual and intervening in the ongoing proceedings. Through practical examples, the author seeks to emphasize the importance, role and importance of the ombudsman in court proceedings. Subsequently, in the third part of the “Role of Courts in the Probation of Discrimination Proceedings”, the author concentrates that, by using the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination, he presents court judgments that discriminate the education system of the Central Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton (non) discriminatory on the basis of the existing segregation in so called. “Two schools under one roof”. Thus, this section primarily analyzes the rejection of the aforementioned claims. Finally, in the fourth (working) section entitled “The Probation of Discrimination Proceeding before the Supreme Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, the author presents positive and negative examples in the work of the Supreme Court of FBiH, and above all clarifies the process of proving discrimination before this court instance. The aim of this paper is to investigate the legal background of the Institution of the Ombudsman for Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as judicial instances from the aspect of domestic (national) law, while, on the other hand, special attention is devoted to the actions of the FBiH Supreme Court in cases of discrimination.
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Stout, Vanessa, Eric Earnhart, and Mariam Nagi. "Teaching Race and Ethnicity in the Age of Trump: Using Popular Culture in a Polarized Classroom." Teaching Sociology 48, no. 3 (2020): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x20928469.
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Teaching race and ethnicity in various sociology courses, we found students in our classes can be very reluctant to approach the subject of race, discrimination, and racism. Moreover, during class discussion, they often have a hard time defining and analyzing these concepts. In this study, we examine how popular culture can be a useful tool to teach difficult subjects, such as race and ethnicity. Instead of a traditional lecture, we had students watch the popular Cartoon Network series Teen Titans. Using the characters’ interactions from this series as examples, students constructed definitions of racism and discrimination. The result of this study demonstrates that students may be more comfortable recognizing and discussing fictional characters’ racist or discriminatory behavior as a way of entering the conversation. After discussing fictional examples, students effectively link events from the cartoon to the subsequent lecture about race and racism.
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Vorobyev, Misha, and Robert Brandt. "HOW DO INSECT POLLINATORS DISCRIMINATE COLORS?" Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (1997): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676677.
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Basic concepts of color vision in animals and, in particular in the honeybee, are reviewed. Four models of color discrimination in honeybees are presented. Because visual systems in Hymenoptera are similar to that of the honeybee, such models can also be used to describe color discrimination in many hymenopteran pollinators. We compare predictive capacities of the models and give practical recommendations for their usage. Although models have different mathematical formulations, in most cases they give similar predictions. Examples where predictions of different models deviate are discussed.
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Kelly, Thomas F. "Kinetic-Energy Discrimination for Atom Probe Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 1 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610094468.
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AbstractThe benefits of using kinetic-energy information to aid ion discrimination in atom probe tomography (APT) are explored. Ion peak interferences in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra are categorized by difficulty of discrimination using TOF and kinetic-energy information. Several of these categories, which are intractable interferences when only TOF information is available, may be discriminated when kinetic-energy information also is available. Furthermore, many opportunities for removing noise from composition determinations and three-dimensional images are enabled. Modest kinetic-energy resolving powers (KRPs) of 10 or so should be sufficient to have a major impact on APT. With KRP of about 100, the energy deficits in voltage pulsing may be resolved to enable peak discrimination in straight-flight-path instruments. Real examples and simulated mass spectra are used to illustrate the benefits of kinetic-energy discrimination. Many of the conclusions are applicable generally in TOF spectroscopy. Current detectors do not provide the kinetic energy of incoming ions, but there are realistic prospects for building such detectors and these are discussed. A program to develop these detectors should be pursued.
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Dutta, Sanghamitra, Praveen Venkatesh, Piotr Mardziel, Anupam Datta, and Pulkit Grover. "An Information-Theoretic Quantification of Discrimination with Exempt Features." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (2020): 3825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5794.
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The needs of a business (e.g., hiring) may require the use of certain features that are critical in a way that any discrimination arising due to them should be exempted. In this work, we propose a novel information-theoretic decomposition of the total discrimination (in a counterfactual sense) into a non-exempt component, which quantifies the part of the discrimination that cannot be accounted for by the critical features, and an exempt component, which quantifies the remaining discrimination. Our decomposition enables selective removal of the non-exempt component if desired. We arrive at this decomposition through examples and counterexamples that enable us to first obtain a set of desirable properties that any measure of non-exempt discrimination should satisfy. We then demonstrate that our proposed quantification of non-exempt discrimination satisfies all of them. This decomposition leverages a body of work from information theory called Partial Information Decomposition (PID). We also obtain an impossibility result showing that no observational measure of non-exempt discrimination can satisfy all of the desired properties, which leads us to relax our goals and examine alternative observational measures that satisfy only some of these properties. We then perform a case study using one observational measure to show how one might train a model allowing for exemption of discrimination due to critical features.
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Nigrin, Tomáš. "Open Competition or Discrimination on Tracks? Examples of Anti-Competitive Behaviour of The Deutsche Bahn." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (2014): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2014-0002.
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Abstract The article provides an analysis of a competitive situation in railway transport in Germany and defines areas where the Deutsche Bahn holding, which integrates both infrastructure operators and carriers, may behave in an anti-competitive way. First of all, conditions of liberalisation in German railways and position of competition in partial sections of transport are introduced. Subsequently, areas which are - from the economic point of view - necessary for operation of competition in the railway sector are identified: it is the height of fees charged for utilisation of transport routes, fees for the use of railway stations, and finally, traction energy fees, too. On the basis of research into development in the last two decades, steps which are possible to consider to be (minimally) concealed anti-competitive behaviour of the Deutsche Bahn, was were revealed in all areas. This is substantiated by decisions of several decisive regulatory authorities, most predominantly of Bundesnetzagentur and courts, which have repeatedly ordered Deutsche Bahn to revise price lists and other terms. In consequence, the example of Deutsche Bahn demonstrated a great disadvantage of an integrated company including infrastructure administrator and carrier, as it is offered a great space for influencing competitive environment. In the German example, this often comprised in raising competitor´s costs which, however, do not manifest themselves in economic results of the holding company. Should transport policies of the state decide to separate the infrastructure administrator and the carrier, a great deal of hard-to-reveal and thus punishable “complications” preventing establishment of conditions of free competition on the railway market shall cease to exist.
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Zhang, Guo Zheng, and Jiang Han. "Research and Development on Simulation System of Virtual Resolvers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.868.
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To change the phenomenon of "Being an armchair strategist" in current research for resolver, a simulation system of virtual resolvers is researched adopting virtualization. The fundamental principle of resolver and the developing strategy of simulation software are expatiated. Some common problems in the system developed are solved, including the way of real-time updating image, the rotor-rotating method, and the approach of adjusting parameters. In addition, examples of phase discrimination resolvers and amplitude discrimination resolvers are provided separately. This paper provides a worthy auxiliary instrument for resolvers to be researched.
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Buono, Francesco, and Maria Longobardi. "A Dual Measure of Uncertainty: The Deng Extropy." Entropy 22, no. 5 (2020): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050582.
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The extropy has recently been introduced as the dual concept of entropy. Moreover, in the context of the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, Deng studied a new measure of discrimination, named the Deng entropy. In this paper, we define the Deng extropy and study its relation with Deng entropy, and examples are proposed in order to compare them. The behaviour of Deng extropy is studied under changes of focal elements. A characterization result is given for the maximum Deng extropy and, finally, a numerical example in pattern recognition is discussed in order to highlight the relevance of the new measure.
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Zhou, J., and S. Bennett. "A Supervised Learning Network Based on Adaptive Resonance Theory." International Journal of Neural Systems 08, no. 02 (1997): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065797000240.
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A neural network architecture, fuzzy ART with logistic discrimination (ART-LD), is introduced as a method of realising the pattern recognition task in a supervised learning manner. The system is formed by the hierarchical organisation of two network modules: a fuzzy ART and a logistic discrimination. The learning consists of two separate stages. Firstly, the fuzzy ART and a logistic discrimination. The learning consists of two separate stages. Firstly, the fuzzy ART module self-organises the input patterns into category clusters, whose operations are governed by fuzzy set theory and "competitive learning" dynamics that ensure fast and stable learning. Then the outputs, which can be interpreted as fuzzy memberships of an input pattern to the encoded categories, provide the spatial distance informtion that is generalised by the subsequent logistic discrimination to give the final prediction. Examples are presented, and the generalisation capabilities of ART-LD are demonstrated through two simulated and one real classification problem.
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Nygård, Mikael, and Fredrik Snellman. "The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 9/10 (2014): 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2013-0066.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it also builds on previous research/theories on age discrimination. Findings – The findings show that although age was seen as a ground for discrimination in both countries, there was surprisingly little debate about discrimination as societal problem. There was however considerable differences between the countries suggesting that age discrimination was a much more heated subject in Sweden. Research limitations/implications – Although the analysis focuses on a small part of the policy-making process it highlights drivers (such as political culture) that may cause variation in the ways age discrimination is politicised, even within similar welfare state regimes. It also suggests that more research is needed to fully understand such drivers. Social implications – The paper presents examples that can help analysts and the public to deconstruct institutionalised practices of age discrimination and thereby to understand how age discrimination practices may prevail in society. Originality/value – By analysing the ways in which age discrimination was constructed as a problem within national policy-making frameworks, the paper presents valuable insights as to the sources of country variation in relation to the implementation of EU directives.
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Weeks, Elizabeth. "Healthism in Tort Law." Journal of Tort Law 12, no. 1 (2019): 81–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2019-0004.
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Abstract This article considers ways that torts decisions and doctrine may operate discriminatorily against the unhealthy. The discussion draws from one chapter of my recently published book, Healthism: Health Status Discrimination and the Law, specifically, the chapter on “Healthism in Private Law.” Healthism examines, across contexts, instances of discrimination based on health status, suggesting that in at least some circumstances, treating people differently because of their health status or health habits is normatively wrong and, thus, “healthist.” We discuss many examples in the book, but our ultimate goal is to introduce the term into the public lexicon and attune readers to additional examples, which, we maintain, abound: Consider non-smoking policies in public housing; airlines or movie theaters charging obese passengers for two seats; employers refusing to hire based on out-of-work health habits and conditions, including tobacco use and obesity; or a physician refusing to treat a patient with multiple conditions and a history of noncompliance. Each of these scenarios carries a potential for healthism.
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Diebold, Nicolas F. "STANDARDS OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2011): 831–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000418.
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AbstractThe principle of non-discrimination constitutes a corner-stone in different fields of international economic law, notably international trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property and investment protection. While its basic rationale appears to be straightforward, the application of the different legal elements which constitute a non-discrimination obligation has proven to be most challenging. Adjudicating bodies have been applying different interpretations and standards with regard to the legal elements of ‘less favourable treatment’, ‘likeness’ and ‘regulatory purpose’, which leads to a high fragmentation of the non-discrimination principle in international economic law. This article maps out the different theories for each of these elements on the examples of WTO law, NAFTA, bilateral investment treaties (BIT) and EU law and analyses how these theories affect the scope and liberalizing effect of the non-discrimination obligation. The article then attempts to develop a coherent factor-based application of non-discrimination rules suitable for all fields of international economic law. The article submits the theory that the elements of non-discrimination should not be applied as strict legal conditions which must be proven by a complainant, but as a range of factors which are weighed and balanced by the adjudicating bodies.
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Working, Amanda, Mohammed Alqawba, and Norou Diawara. "Dynamic Attribute-Level Best Worst Discrete Choice Experiments." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n2p1.
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Dynamic modelling of decision maker choice behavior of best and worst in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) has numerous applications. Such models are proposed under utility function of decision maker and are used in many areas including social sciences, health economics, transportation research, and health systems research. After reviewing references on the study of such experiments, we present example in DCE with emphasis on time dependent best-worst choice and discrimination between choice attributes. Numerical examples of the dynamic DCEs are simulated, and the associated expected utilities over time of the choice models are derived using Markov decision processes. The estimates are computationally consistent with decision choices over time.
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Corrigan, Patrick, Georg Schomerus, and David Smelson. "Are some of the stigmas of addictions culturally sanctioned?" British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 3 (2017): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.185421.
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SummaryWe provide three examples of how addiction stigma is sanctioned: (a) discrimination against people with addictions is often legal; (b) public health communications frequently use stigma to promote prevention; (c) some programmes, such as ‘12 steps’ promote self-stigma. The implications of sanctioned stigma for stigma-change programmes are then discussed.
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Sturdivant, Manasia, Semret Yibass, Elsheba Abraham, and Neil M. A. Hauenstein. "Using Situational Judgment Tests To Study Subtle Discrimination." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 1 (2017): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.107.
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Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey (2017) present an expansive overview of microaggressive behaviors, with specific emphasis on the work place. Their overview includes the dimensionality of microaggressions (subtlety, formality, and intentionality), the dynamic and cyclical nature of a microaggressive culture, and the multitude of perspectives from which to view microaggressions (target, perpetrator, bystander, and ally). For any empirical study, researchers are faced with the challenge that microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination often motivated by unconscious biases. As a result of this lack of personal insight, perpetrators and bystanders are likely to attribute microaggressive behaviors to nondiscriminatory reasons (i.e., defensive rationalizations). Furthermore, even if perpetrators and bystanders have insights into their bigotry, they are most likely socially astute enough to deny their bigotry through defensive rationalizations. Jones et al. (2017) provided many examples of microaggression research but did not directly address the methodological challenges. The purpose of the current commentary is to argue that situational judgment tests (SJTs) have great potential for the study of microaggressions within the Jones et al. (2017) framework.