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1
Fulford, Michael, Amanda Clarke, Hella Eckardt, and Ruth Shaffrey. "Victorian Excavation Methodology: The Society of Antiquaries at Silchester in 1893." Antiquaries Journal 82 (September 2002): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500073819.
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The excavations of the Roman town of Silchester, Hampshire, undertaken under the auspices of the Society of Antiquaries between 1890 and 1909, are reconsidered in the light of renewed excavation on the site of insula IX, first explored in 1893. The excavation methodology of trial-trenching followed by area excavation of masonry buildings thus located is reviewed alongside the evidence of policy for the recovery and retention of finds. It is estimated that about 95 per cent of the archaeological resource survives for future research.
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Knell, S. J. "Palaeontological excavation: historical perspectives." Geological Curator 6, no. 2 (1994): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc487.
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Palaeontological excavation is common in a limited number of contexts. The techniques used in the excavation of caves were established in the nineteenth century by Buckland, Pengelly and Dawkins and others. Whilst this approaches modem method it was operated within the confines of inductive science prevalent at the time. Open-site excavations of Pleistocene remains began in spectacular fashion with the investigations in American of Peale. The philosophical societies of Yorkshire also pursued their own local research projects which resulted in the early excavation of a marl pit at Bielbecks. Modem methodology is epitomized in the excavations at Rancho La Brea. The excavation of the exceptional fauna of Messel, and of dinosaur sites worldwide, shows the development of techniques chosen to meet local needs. Excavation of the Frodingham Ironstone exploited a unique resource of invertebrate fossils and demonstrates the merit of the technique in exposing rare elements in the fauna and the potential of professional collectors in building public collections using these methods.
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Ying, Hong-Wei, Kang Cheng, Li-Sha Zhang, Chang-Yu Ou, and Yong-Wen Yang. "Evaluation of excavation-induced movements through case histories in Hangzhou." Engineering Computations 37, no. 6 (2020): 1993–2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-06-2019-0256.
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Purpose Deep excavation in soft clay often causes additional deformations to surroundings. Then, if deformations cannot be predicted reasonably, the adjacent buildings may be threatened by the deep excavation. Based on the good field observations from ten deep excavations in Hangzhou, this paper aims to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of wall deflections and ground settlements induced by deep excavations. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of good field observation of ten deep excavations, the performances of excavations, supported by contiguous pile in Hangzhou, were studied, and also compared with other case histories. Findings The maximum wall deflections (dhm) rang mostly from 0.7 to 1.2 per cent He, where He is the final excavation depth, larger than those in Taipei and Shanghai. The observed maximum ground settlement in the Hangzhou cases generally ranges from 0.2 to 0.8 per cent He. Then, the settlement influence zone extends to a distance of 2.0-4.0 He from the excavation. The relatively large movements and influence zones in Hangzhou may be attributed to low stability numbers, large excavation widths and the creep effect. The excavation width is justified to have a significant influence on the wall deflection. Therefore, to establish a semi-empirical formula for predicting the maximum wall deflection, it is necessary to include the factor of excavation width. Originality/value The relevant literature concentrated on the characteristics of deep excavations supported by the contiguous pile wall in Hangzhou soft clay can rarely be found. Based on the ten deep excavations with good field observation in Hangzhou, the characteristics of wall deflection and ground settlements were comprehensively studied for the first time, which can provide some theoretical support for similar projects.
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Lukashuk, Olga A., and Konstantin Iu Letnev. "Determining operation parameters of the leverage mechanism in a mining excavator." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (March 30, 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-2-94-102.
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Introduction. The paper analyzes the process of rock excavation using a front-shovel operational equipment of an open-pit excavator in the context of determining rational modes of operation for its main mechanisms (lifting and thrusting mechanisms) during the excavation. The main purpose of the study is to establish the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the excavation process by identifying patterns of changes in the operating parameters of the main mechanisms. Research methodology includes mathematical modelling and computational experiment with the use of machines and mechanisms theory methods. Results. Dependencies were obtained to determine rational values of lifting and thrusting velocities which ensure that the bucket (top of its cutting edge) moves along a specified trajectory while excavating. A simulation model was built for the process of rock excavation carried out by front-shovel excavators, which represents a set of calculated values for the operational parameters of the main mechanisms to realize the bucket movement along a specified path and provide specified energy-force parameters on the bucket. An optimizing algorithm was developed to control the working process of an open-pit excavator and achieve required values of the operation parameters to get the bucket moving at a specified excavating velocity within the work area of the excavator. It is shown that their joint action forms a kinematic chain which connects the main mechanisms and the bucket and includes driven links of those mechanisms and elements of the operational equipment. Operation parameters of the main mechanisms were found to be formed in accordance with kinematic properties of the transmission mechanism (with the kinematic chain as its part). Scope of results. The results of the research could be used to develop a control system for the drives of the main mechanisms.
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Tootell, Klare, Geoff Bailey, and Michael Fulford. "Postscript to ‘Victorian Excavation Methodology’: The Revd J G Joyce and Winter Excavation at Silchester in the 1860s." Antiquaries Journal 85 (September 2005): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500074461.
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This short paper is offered as a postscript to ‘Victorian excavation methodology: the Society of Antiquaries at Silchester in 1893’ which reported on the discovery of material discarded by the excavators in 1893. During 2004 further material was found in the form of the remains of a stove, possibly dating from the winter excavations of the mid-1860s.
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Vagenas, Nick, Vassilios Kazakidis, Malcolm Scoble, and Samantha Espley. "Applying a Maintenance Methodology for Excavation Reliability." International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment 17, no. 1 (2003): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/ijsm.17.1.4.8626.
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Liang, Yao-Ying, Nian-Wu Liu, Feng Yu, Xiao-Nan Gong, and Yi-Tian Chen. "Prediction of Response of Existing Building Piles to Adjacent Deep Excavation in Soft Clay." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (December 5, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8914708.
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This study investigates building settlements near excavations in soft clay. A simplified theoretical method is proposed to predict the additional settlements and axial forces of excavation-adjacent existing building floating piles in soft clay. The soil displacement is simplified as a line or broken line along the depth direction, depending on the distance from the excavation. A hyperbolic model is applied to calculate the skin friction and tip resistance induced by the vertical soil displacement. The parameters of the hyperbolic model are corrected to fit data from in-service piles. Based on the load-transfer curve method, the additional settlements and axial forces are determined. The measured data of 17 floating piles from two excavation cases in Hangzhou, China, show good agreement with the calculated values. The results show that the position of the neutral point of the loaded pile varies with the soil settlement. Because of the upper structure, the theoretical settlements for piles near the excavation are larger than those obtained from the measured values; for distant piles, this relationship is reversed. The proposed prediction methodology is expected to guide the design of practical excavations.
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Hernandez, David Ray. "Wet-Site Excavation and Field Methodology at Butrint, Albania: The Roman Forum Excavations Project." Journal of Field Archaeology 42, no. 4 (2017): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2017.1338511.
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Montuori, Riccardo, Laura Gilabert-Sansalvador, Ana Laura Rosado-Torres, and Gaspar Muñoz Cosme. "Digitizing an Excavation: A Laser Scanning Database of Maya Architectural Remains." Studies in Digital Heritage 6, no. 2 (2022): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v6i2.35236.
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Excavating an ancient Maya city requires a long-term archaeological project that entails adequate documentation procedures for the unearthed remains, frequently of monumental scale and with difficult preservation conditions. A digital laser scanner survey methodology was designed and implemented to document the exposed architecture and to follow-up the archaeological excavation of the Maya site of La Blanca (Peten, Guatemala). All scans collected during the different field seasons were stored and aligned in a common reference system. Thus, an accurate digital three-dimensional database was obtained, including all the architectural remains found, some of which had to be reburied to ensure their preservation. The resulting database is a helpful repository that facilitates to extract all the graphic outputs required for: planning the next excavation campaigns, monitoring the preservation of the buildings, studying the architecture and construction technology in detail, and disseminating the excavation results. This paper describes the methodology and procedures used to build-up this database.
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Yuasa, Takamichi, Masato Ishikawa, and Satoshi Ogawa. "An Optimal Design Methodology for the Trajectory of Hydraulic Excavators Based on Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 6 (2021): 1248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p1248.
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Hydraulic excavators are one type of construction equipment used in various construction sites worldwide, and their usage and scale are diverse. Generally, the work efficiency of a hydraulic excavator largely depends on human operation skills. If we can comprehend the experienced operation skills and utilize them for manual control assist, semi-automatic or automatic remote control, it would improve its work efficiency and suppress personnel costs, reduce the operator’s workload, and improve his/her safety. In this study, we propose a methodology to design efficient machine trajectories based on mathematical models and numerical optimization, focusing on ground-level excavation as a dominant task. First, we express its excavation trajectory using four parameters and assume the models for the amount of excavated soil and the reaction force based on our previous experiments. Next, we combine these models with a geometrical model for the hydraulic excavating machine. We then assign the amount of soil to a performance index preferably to be maximized and the amount of work to a cost index preferably to be minimized, both in the form of functions of the trajectory parameters, resulting in an optimization problem that trades them off. In particular, we formulate (1) a multi-objective optimization problem maximizing a weighted linear combination of the amount of soil and the amount of work as an objective function, and (2) a single-objective optimization problem maximizing the amount of soil under a given upper bound on the amount of work, so that we can solve these optimization problems using the genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, we conclude this paper by suggesting our notice on design methodology and discussing how we should provide the optimization method as mentioned above to the users who operate hydraulic excavators.
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Leighton, Mary. "Excavation methodologies and labour as epistemic concerns in the practice of archaeology. Comparing examples from British and Andean archaeology." Archaeological Dialogues 22, no. 1 (2015): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203815000100.
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AbstractArchaeologists’ excavation practices vary significantly from country to country and site to site. But variation in the most fundamental, ‘common-sense’ excavation practices is ‘black-boxed’ - it is not discussed outside casual, informal contexts, and is treated as having no effect on higher-level interpretation. These practices can, however, be a source of conflict when archaeologists from different communities of practice work together. In this paper, I explore what variation in excavation methodology reveals about the nature of archaeological knowledge itself. By comparing methodologies and the organization of labour on British and Andean excavations, I argue that archaeologists in different communities of practice have divergent understandings of what the object of archaeological investigation is, and of how it can be known, and by whom. This results in contrasting understandings of the nature of material/archaeological objects, as well as contrasting conceptualizations of excavation as an ‘expert’ practice – one requiring skills, knowledge and bodily practices that are specific to trained archaeologists. Situating these concerns in historical and ethnographic context, this paper suggests that archaeological excavation is, in fact, a far more complex, nuanced and variable practice than the lack of attention paid to it implies.
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Majcherczyk, Tadeusz, Zbigniew Niedbalski, and Łukasz Bednarek. "Stability Assessment of Mining Excavations: the Impact of Large Depths." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 40, no. 3 (2018): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0021.
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AbstractBack in the early 1980s, coal deposits occurring at depths of ~700 m below surface were already regarded as large-depth deposits. Meanwhile, today the borderline depth of large-depth mining has extended to >1,000 m. Design, excavation and maintenance of mining roadways at the depth of >1,000 m have, therefore, become crucial issues in a practical perspective in recent years. Hence, it is now extremely important to intensify research studies on the influence of large depths on the behaviour of rock mass and deformation of support in underground excavations. The paper presents the results of the study carried out in five mining excavations at depths ranging from 950 to 1,290 m, where monitoring stations with measurement equipment were built. The analysis of data from laboratory and coal mine tests, as well as in situ monitoring, helped to formulate a set of criteria for stability assessment of underground excavations situated at large depths. The proposed methodology of load and deformation prediction in support systems of the excavations unaffected by exploitation is based on the criteria referring to the depth of excavation and the quality of rock mass. The depth parameter is determined by checking whether the analysed excavation lies below the critical depth, whereas the rock mass quality is determined on the basis of the roof lithology index (WL) and the crack intensity factor (n)
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Mijalkovski, Stojanče, Zoran Despodov, Dejan Mirakovski, Vančo Adjiski, and Nikolinka Doneva. "Application of UBC methodology for underground mining method selection." Podzemni radovi, no. 40 (2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/podrad2240015m.
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The total operating costs of each mine largely depend on the method of mining. Therefore, the appropriate choice of the method of mining excavation is very important and great attention is paid to this issue. There are several procedures for the selection of the mining method, among which the most important and most commonly used numerical method is the UBC methodology for the selection of the mining method. According to this methodology, the choice of the method of mining excavation is based on the mining-geological parameters of the ore and adjacent rocks. In this paper, the UBC methodology for the selection of the mining excavation method for a specific case will be applied. According to this methodology, it was obtained that Cut and Fill method is best ranked for specific conditions and the most appropriate way of mining.
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박광열 and 손호성. "The Study and Excavation Methodology of Hemp Kilns." Journal of Korean Field Archaeology ll, no. 4 (2008): 45–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35347/jkfa.2008..4.45.
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Frolov, Aleksandr, and Mykyta Beltek. "INFLUENCE OF THE HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR LOCATION WITH A BACKHOE IN THE FACE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ROCK MASS EXCAVATION." Transactions of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, no. 3(128) (June 11, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/1995-0519.2021.3.70-75.
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Purpose. The well-known technological schemes for the development of overburden and production benches in open pit mines for the extraction of soft rocks are analyzed. It is noted that each scheme is characterized by certain parameters of mining operations, which are set taking into account specific mining and geological conditions, the requirements for optimality of mining and transport equipment, and safety. Methodology. To solve the problem, a comprehensive research method was used, which consists in the analysis of previous work on the research of the influence of the location of excavation and loading equipment in the face on the efficiency of its operation and analytical substantiation of the influence of the spatial arrangement of the excavator on its performance. Results. It is recommended to use hydraulic excavators of the «backhoe» type for open pit mining of soft rock deposits according to one of the three existing technological schemes, depending on the mining and geological conditions of mining. The influence of the excavation and loading equipment location relative to the face on its productivity and the completeness of the rock mass is shown. Originality. The interrelation of technological parameters of hydraulic excavators of the «backhoe» type with the prism of a shortage of minerals, which remains in the bottom of the ledge excavation, has been established. The graphical dependence of the technical performance of the excavator on the angle of its rotation for unloading is obtained. Practical value. It was found that with an increase in the angle of rotation of a hydraulic excavator with a backhoe for unloading from 30 о to 180 о , its productivity decreases by 2.0 times regardless of the dump truck location – below the standing level or at the standing level. In general, the productivity of the excavating and loading equipment when unloading it into a dump truck, which is located below the level of the excavator, is 9.7 % more than when the dump truck is located at the level of the excavator. References 12, tables 1, figures 3.
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Cheng, Kang, Xu Riqing, Hong-wei Ying, Lin Cungang, and Xiaolu Gan. "Simplified method for calculating ground lateral displacement induced by foundation pit excavation." Engineering Computations 37, no. 7 (2020): 2501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2019-0350.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a simplified analytical method to estimate ground lateral displacement due to excavation. Excavations of foundation pit will inevitably lead to soil movements that may adversely impact surrounding facilities or structures. Thus, estimation of the ground displacement induced by excavation is essential in engineering practice. Design/methodology/approach Based on a theory of elastic mechanics, a simplified analytical method for predicting the ground lateral displacement resulting from foundation pit excavation is proposed. Findings As the distance from the soil to the supporting structure increases, the maximum ground lateral displacement decreases nonlinearly but at a reduced rate. Poisson’s ratio of soil has a mild influence on the ground lateral displacement, whereas the influence of the supporting structure’s deflection modes is significant. Originality/value The advantage of the proposed simplified analytical method lies in that it considers the supporting structure’s arbitrary deflections, giving it wider practical applicability than previous methods.
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Hassan, Fekri A. "Beyond the surface: comments on Hodder's ‘reflexive excavation methodology’." Antiquity 71, no. 274 (1997): 1020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085938.
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Blessing, Eze Chinonso, Eze Margret Nneka, and Okwara Blasius Okechukwu. "Natural Gas Deposits in Enugu; Case Series of Patients Who Sustained Flame Burns Following Mechanical Excavation of Underground Water Well in Enugu, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation XII (2025): 1188–91. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12040097.
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Burn is a leading cause of major trauma world wide. Its severity is determined by the extent of the burns, its contact time and the presence of associated injuries. Occurrence of fire explosion during drilling of coalmines have been reported, however the occurrence of explosion associated with flame burns during mechanical excavation of underground well water is unique. Methodology This is a case series of patients who sustained flame burns from explosion during underground water well excavation in Enugu, Nigeria. Implications to theory, practice and policy This report of flame burning during water well drilling in Enugu emphasis the probable presence of coalbed methane(natural gas) in Enugu. This heightens the need for preventive measures during underground excavations in Enugu, Nigeria.
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Feng, Xia-Ting, Cheng-Xiang Yang, Rui Kong, et al. "Excavation-induced deep hard rock fracturing: Methodology and applications." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 14, no. 1 (2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.12.003.
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Napoli, Maria Lia, Monica Barbero, and Roberto Fontana. "A Statistically Based Methodology to Estimate the Probability of Encountering Rock Blocks When Tunneling in Heterogeneous Ground." Mining 1, no. 3 (2021): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining1030016.
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Strong rock blocks embedded in a weaker soil matrix are found in many geological units. When tunneling in ground containing cobbles and boulders, extremely challenging conditions can be encountered. Such inconveniences may be avoided by means of appropriate tunneling methods and cutterhead designs, which require the content, frequency, and size of rock blocks to be predicted as accurately as possible. Several approaches have been developed to estimate the block fraction of heterogeneous geomaterials for excavation. However, the estimation of cobble–boulder quantities both all along the tunnel and only partially embedded within the tunnel face remains a critical issue. This study develops a methodology for the estimation of the probability of encountering blocks partially or totally contained within the tunnel excavation area, wherein the area of intersection with the tunnel face is greater than the given critical values. For this purpose, a statistical approach has been implemented in a Matlab routine. The potential of this code is that it provides extremely useful and statistically based information that can be used for making a more rational choice regarding tunneling technique and in terms of designing a suitable cutterhead in order to avoid technical problems during tunnel excavations in heterogeneous ground. The executable code is provided.
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Traill, David A. "Schliemann's Mendacity: a Question of Methodology." Anatolian Studies 36 (December 1986): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642828.
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In two recent articles Donald Easton has responded to my arguments that fraud is involved in Schliemann's published reports of the discovery of what he called “Priam's Treasure”. The reader of our articles might easily form the opinion that we hold widely different views regarding Schliemann's credibility. In fact, we are in substantial agreement. Our differences are partly a matter of degree and partly methodological. Before discussing them in detail, however, it might be useful to outline the common ground that appears to have been established. After carefully examining Easton's articles I think it fair to say that we are agreed on the following points.1. Schliemann's excavation notebooks are, for the most part, truthful and accurate records of the finds he made and where and when he made them. This is apparent to anyone who has examined these notebooks closely. Not only are Schliemann's reports archaeologically plausible, but, as Easton points out, “most of the detail is far too mundane to be worth falsifying.” Only a very small percentage of material in the excavation notebooks can seriously be thought to come under suspicion.
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Oktaliyani, Tiara, Ria Asih Aryani Soemitro, and Trihanyndio Rendy Satrya. "Analisis Pengaruh Infiltrasi Hujan Terhadap Stabilitas Lereng STA 62+450 S/D 62+825 Jalan Tol Seksi Sp. Indralaya – Prabumulih Dengan Software Geo Studio." Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil 7, no. 2 (2025): 129–44. https://doi.org/10.30737/jurmateks.v7i2.6330.
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The construction of the Indralaya-Muara Enim Interchange Toll Road, especially the Indralaya-Prabumulih Interchange Section, was hampered by landslides after excavation was carried out between STA 62+450 to 62+825. The combination of steep slopes and rain infiltration weakened the soil structure, increasing the risk of landslidesThis research aims to analyze the effect of rainwater infiltration on slope stability on the Sp Section Toll Road Project. Indralaya–Prabumulih. The research methodology used was to analyze landslide slope areas using the Slope/W and Seep/W programs from Geo Studio. This study evaluated different excavation heights and an initial excavation slope of 1:3. The focus is on calculating the safety factor (SF) at varying rain durations (1 hour, 3 hours, and 5 hours), with SF values below 1.5 indicating instability. The Safety Factor (SF) value of the existing soil before excavation was 1.58, but after 1 hour of rain, the SF decreased to 1.33 (15.66% decrease). After 3 hours, SF dropped to 1.13 (28.34% decrease), and reached 1.10 (30.24% decrease) after 5 hours. Strengthening slopes using the Hydroseeding method increases SF to 1.83, while the use of Retaining Wall increases SF more significantly to 2.54. This research reveals the impact of rain infiltration on soil stability and proves the effectiveness of slope strengthening methods. These results are an important basis for planning effective landslide mitigation on toll road excavations.
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Malinverni, E. S., C. Conati Barbaro, R. Pierdicca, C. A. Bozzi, and A. N. Tassetti. "UAV SURVEYING FOR A COMPLETE MAPPING AND DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS. THE EARLY NEOLITHIC SITE OF PORTONOVO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-1149-2016.
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The huge potential of 3D digital acquisition techniques for the documentation of archaeological sites, as well as the related findings, is almost well established. In spite of the variety of available techniques, a sole documentation pipeline cannot be defined a priori because of the diversity of archaeological settings. Stratigraphic archaeological excavations, for example, require a systematic, quick and low cost 3D single-surface documentation because the nature of stratigraphic archaeology compels providing documentary evidence of any excavation phase. Only within a destructive process each single excavation cannot be identified, documented and interpreted and this implies the necessity of a re- examination of the work on field. In this context, this paper describes the methodology, carried out during the last years, to 3D document the Early Neolithic site of Portonovo (Ancona, Italy) and, in particular, its latest step consisting in a photogrammetric aerial survey by means of UAV platform. It completes the previous research delivered in the same site by means of terrestrial laser scanning and close range techniques and sets out different options for further reflection in terms of site coverage, resolution and campaign cost. With the support of a topographic network and a unique reference system, the full documentation of the site is managed in order to detail each excavation phase; besides, the final output proves how the 3D digital methodology can be completely integrated with reasonable costs during the excavation and used to interpret the archaeological context. Further contribution of this work is the comparison between several acquisition techniques (i.e. terrestrial and aerial), which could be useful as decision support system for different archaeological scenarios. The main objectives of the comparison are: i) the evaluation of 3D mapping accuracy from different data sources, ii) the definition of a standard pipeline for different archaeological needs and iii) the provision of different level of detail according to the user needs.
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Malinverni, E. S., C. Conati Barbaro, R. Pierdicca, C. A. Bozzi, and A. N. Tassetti. "UAV SURVEYING FOR A COMPLETE MAPPING AND DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS. THE EARLY NEOLITHIC SITE OF PORTONOVO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-1149-2016.
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The huge potential of 3D digital acquisition techniques for the documentation of archaeological sites, as well as the related findings, is almost well established. In spite of the variety of available techniques, a sole documentation pipeline cannot be defined a priori because of the diversity of archaeological settings. Stratigraphic archaeological excavations, for example, require a systematic, quick and low cost 3D single-surface documentation because the nature of stratigraphic archaeology compels providing documentary evidence of any excavation phase. Only within a destructive process each single excavation cannot be identified, documented and interpreted and this implies the necessity of a re- examination of the work on field. In this context, this paper describes the methodology, carried out during the last years, to 3D document the Early Neolithic site of Portonovo (Ancona, Italy) and, in particular, its latest step consisting in a photogrammetric aerial survey by means of UAV platform. It completes the previous research delivered in the same site by means of terrestrial laser scanning and close range techniques and sets out different options for further reflection in terms of site coverage, resolution and campaign cost. With the support of a topographic network and a unique reference system, the full documentation of the site is managed in order to detail each excavation phase; besides, the final output proves how the 3D digital methodology can be completely integrated with reasonable costs during the excavation and used to interpret the archaeological context. Further contribution of this work is the comparison between several acquisition techniques (i.e. terrestrial and aerial), which could be useful as decision support system for different archaeological scenarios. The main objectives of the comparison are: i) the evaluation of 3D mapping accuracy from different data sources, ii) the definition of a standard pipeline for different archaeological needs and iii) the provision of different level of detail according to the user needs.
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Hodder, Ian. "‘Always momentary, fluid and flexible’: towards a reflexive excavation methodology." Antiquity 71, no. 273 (1997): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085410.
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Çatalhöyük, on the Konya Plain in south central Anatolia, in the 1960s became the most celebrated Neolithic site of western Asia: huge (21 hectares), with early dates, tightpacked rooms with roof access, exuberant mural paintings, cattle heads fixed to walls, dead buried beneath floors in collective graves.This site, as difficult to excavcate as it is strange, is the object of a pioneering application of the ‘post-processual’ approach, hitherto largely a matter of re-working and criticism outside the trench. The Çatalhöyük project director explains his approach, in which the conclusions as well as the work in early progress will be ‘always momentary, fluid and flexible’.
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Tuller, Hugh, and Marija Đurić’. "Keeping the pieces together: Comparison of mass grave excavation methodology." Forensic Science International 156, no. 2-3 (2006): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.033.
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Bruins, Hendrik J., Johannes van der Plicht, and Mordechai Haiman. "Desert Habitation History by 14C Dating of Soil Layers in Rural Building Structures (Negev, Israel): Preliminary Results from Horvat Haluqim." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047160.
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Traditional archaeological approaches in the central Negev Desert used to employ excavation techniques in post-prehistoric periods in which stratigraphy is based on architecture, while material culture forms the basis for dating assessment and chronology. Such an approach was understandable, as it focused on the most visible remains of past human habitation. However, the detailed habitation record is in the soil rather than in the walls. Moreover, ceramics and stone tools in desert cultures often have limited time resolution in terms of absolute chronology. The rural desert site of Horvat Haluqim in the central Negev yielded 2 habitation periods with the traditional methodology: (1) Roman period, 2nd–3rd centuries CE; (2) Iron Age IIA, 10th century BCE. We have conducted at Horvat Haluqim initial excavations in small building remains that were never excavated before. Our excavation methodology focuses on detailed examination of the archaeological soil in building structures, coupled with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating for chronology, and micromorphology of undisturbed soil samples to study stratigraphy and soil contents at the microscopic scale. Here, we report preliminary results, concentrating on the 14C dates. These suggest a much longer habitation history at the site during the Iron Age. The 14C dates obtained so far from these building remains cover Iron Age I, II, III, and the Persian period. The oldest calibrated date (charred C4 plants) in a rectangular building structure (L100) is 1129–971 BCE (60.5%, highest relative probability). The youngest calibrated date in a round building structure (L700) is 540–411 BCE (57.9%, highest relative probability). This excavation methodology provides additional “eyes” to look at past human habitation in the Negev Desert, seeing more periods and more detail than was possible with traditional schemes and ceramic dating.
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Makhmudov, Sh. "METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE PERFORMANCE AND FUNCTIONALITY OF QUARRY EXCAVATORS." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 6, no. 1 (2023): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2023-1-3.
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Conducted review of methods of calculation of productivity of open-pit excavators and results of verification calculations shows that, there is no uniform method that counts constantly changing physical and mechanical properties of developed rocks, technological parameters of a face, design and force parameters of an excavator, probability of its no-failure operation, casual character of transport delivery, qualification of the excavator operator, climatic conditions. Calculation of productivity of open pit excavators under specific mining and geological conditions is made for planning and rationing of excavation and loading machines, the choice and provision of transport, and establishment of a rational mode of their operation. In the given conditions of open-cut mining, an excavator’s productivity depends on many natural, mining-technological, and organizational factors, which are difficult to take into account and largely interact with the design parameters of open-pit excavators. In fact, most of the factors are probabilistic in nature. As a consequence, it is advisable to define values of productivity for each individual case based on the cumulative account of changes in multifactorial conditions of operation and technical condition of technologically connected equipment. In this regard, it is of interest to determine the value of productivity of quarry excavators with the account of the stated factors.
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Maslikhova, Larisa Ivanovna Khakhulina Nadezhda Borisovna. "MATERIALS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE LAND PLOT AT ADDRESS: CITY OF VORONEZH, PROSPECT REVOLUTION, 24." Agrarian History 12, 2022 (December 7, 2022): 47–60. https://doi.org/10.52270/27132447_2022_12_47.
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The article summarizes the results of the archaeological work on the land plot at the address: the city of Voronezh, Revolution Avenue 24. The description of the methodology used in the study is disclosed, as well as the results of the study of the monument and the interpretation of the data obtained, which are based on the process of archaeological excavations on the territory of the identified cultural object (archaeological) monument, where the following work was carried out: visual survey of the territory within the boundaries of the object of archaeological heritage, determination of its current state, marking and laying the excavation on the territory of the monument that falls into the zone of construction work, archaeological excavations of the monument, cameral processing of materials.
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Musiiko, Vladimir, Andrii Koval, and Oleksandrа Olieinikova. "Defining the rational installation position for the discharging unit of the bucketless rotary imple-ment in the trenching excavator." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 95 (December 16, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.95.0.118.
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The increasing volumes of the earthworks performed by trenching excavators during the creation of the lengthy excavations in the soil for the pipelines of different sizes and other purposes create the need to improve the excavators, to create new highly productive machines of the fundamentally new construction. The goal of this work is to increase the performance of trenching excavators equipped with the bucketless rotary implement by improving the process of the soil discharging from the implement. To achieve this goal it is required to reveal the physical essence of the soil excavation by the bucketless rotary implement and based on the performed study to determine the rational installation position for the discharging unit of the bucketless rotor. Methodology. The scientific hypothesis is that discharging of the inner circular cavities of the bucketless rotor during the trench digging and the movement of the excavated soil to the side from the trench is possible by means of rational use of the flow header pressure of the soil that is being transported in the rotor from the excavation. The study is performed with analytical methods using basic principles of the theoretical mechanics, flowing medium statics, force analysis. Results. The study confirms the scientific hypothesis of the possibility to discharge the bucketless rotary implements of the trenching excavators by using the flow header pressure of the excavated soil that is transported by the rotor from the excavation, rational installation position of the discharging unit of the implement is defined. Originality. The scientific novelty of the study lays in the rationale and confirmation of the possi-bility to excavate and transport the soil from the excavation with the implements of the rotary trenching excavators with continuous flow and not with the separate portions. Practical value. Practical value lays in ensuring the 2-5 times performance increase of the excavation using the bucketless rotary implements.
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Gotman, N. Z., and Trung Hieu Le. "Influence of excavation depth on the interaction between barrette and subgrade soil (Moscow)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 25, no. 5 (2023): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2023-25-5-144-155.
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Barrette is a type of piles used in the construction of high-rise buildings on soft soils, as an additional option of bored piles. It is shown that the use of barrettes activates the search for new ways to improve the design quality of foundations, in particular the development of new calculation methods. The paper analyses the computational results of the interaction between long length barrette and subgrade soil at different excavation depths. Methodology: The numerical analysis combined with analogy; numerical simulation based on PLAXIS 3D geotechnical software for the elastic-plastic model of hard and soft soils. Comparison and analysis of numerical simulation data on the barrette interaction and bearing capacity. Findings: Data obtained for excavations of different depths are compared and analyzed. It is evident that piles with greater excavation depth in the considered soil conditions, always have greater bearing capacity and less settlement. The soil bearing capacity can be defined as the barrette load at 40 mm settlement by analogy with in-situ barrette tests. Based on the calculation results, load-settlement plots are given for loading at different excavation depth. It is shown that zones of plastic deformation appear on the lateral surface of the barrette, which is the reason for the settlement growth. Conclusion: The proposed computational model confirms the research results based on the state standard 22.13330.2016 " Building Foundations". The excavation depth affects both bearing capacity and vertical settlement of the barrette. Further research based on numerical calculations and experimental and theoretical data will allow to develop new calculation methods and increase the efficiency of design solutions.
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Erdem, Bülent, İhsan Özkan, and Zekeriya Duran. "Synchronizing a Triple Dragline Stripping System in Thick Overburden." GeoScience Engineering 63, no. 2 (2017): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2017-0009.
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AbstractThis study addresses the use of combined stripping systems to investigate the technical feasibility of extracting thick coal seams underlying deep overburden strata. The possibility of using multiple draglines in tandem with bucket wheel excavator systems is explored. Pit geometry design alternatives incorporating a triple dragline excavation fleet with bucket wheel excavator-cross pit spreader subsystems (BWE+XPS) are examined. A production simulation algorithm, which emphasizes synchronizing excavator units in the triple dragline system, is developed. The combined methodology is evaluated in Sector-D of the Afşin-Elbistan lignite basin, one of the most important resources for electricity production in Turkey. The results reveal that a combined stripping fleet may successfully perform overburden stripping at the predetermined rate and uncover coal seams.
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Liu, C. Y., Y. Wang, X. M. Hu, Y. L. Han, X. P. Zhang, and L. Z. Du. "Application of GA-BP Neural Network Optimized by Grey Verhulst Model around Settlement Prediction of Foundation Pit." Geofluids 2021 (March 3, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5595277.
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Due to the limitation in the prediction of the foundation pit settlement, this paper proposed a new methodology which takes advantage of the grey Verhulst model and a genetic algorithm. In the previous study, excavation times are often the only factor to predict the settlement, which is mainly because the correspondence between real-time excavation depth and the excavation time is hard to determine. To solve this issue, the supporting times are precisely recorded and the excavation depth rate can be obtained through the excavation time length and excavation depth between two adjacent supports. After the correspondence between real-time excavation depth and the excavation time is obtained, the internal friction angle, cohesion, bulk density, Poisson’s ratio, void ratio, water level changes, permeability coefficient, number of supports, and excavation depth, which can influence the settlement, are taken to be considered in this study. For the application of the methodology, the settlement monitoring point of D4, which is near the bridge pier of the highway, is studied in this paper. The predicted values of the BP neural network, GA-BP neural network, BP neural network optimized by the grey Verhulst model, and GA-BP neural network optimized by the grey Verhulst model are detailed compared with the measured values. And the evaluation indexes of RMSE, MAE, MSE, MAPE, and R 2 are calculated for these models. The results show that the grey Verhulst model can greatly improve the consistency between predicted values and measured values, while the accuracy and resolution is still low. The genetic algorithm (GA) can greatly improve the accuracy of the predicted values, while the GA-BP neural network shows low reflection to the fluctuation of measured values. The GA-BP neural network optimized by the grey Verhulst model, which has taken the advantages of GA and the grey Verhulst model, has extremely high accuracy and well consistency with the measured values.
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Zafirovski, Zlatko, and Nikolay Vatin. "Stress-Deformation State in the Rock Massif (Illustrated with the Example of Macedonia)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.214.
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Main goal of this article is to introduce an used methodology of analyses for excavation of surge tank enlargement of HEC MATKA1. The way of combining of the methods for analyses of discontinual and continual media are explained. The main information’s about existing geological and geotechnical properties are also given, as a basis for analytical and numerical analyses. Some of the results from the stability analyses of structural controlled instabilities during excavation of water tank are presented. The newly secondary stress – deformation state as a result from enlargement (excavation) is analysed with program Z-SOIL.
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Esquivel Guerrero, José Antonio. "La Necrópolis Visigoda de Cubillejo de la Sierra (Guadalajara, España) y su Contexto Histórico." Arqueología y Territorio Medieval 31 (June 28, 2024): e8931. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/aytm.v31.8961.
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In this review, the excavation work carried out in the Visigothic necropolis of Cubillejo de la Sierra (Guadalajara) during two intensive excavation campaigns (2006-2007 and 2017) within the framework of the oppidum of Los Rodiles is presented. The authors have employed a field methodology with a very exhaustive empirical basis, focused both on the archaeology of death and the archaeology of the landscape and physical anthropology. This methodology is based on the principles and methods of these disciplines both in their approaches and in the extraction of materials, focusing on stratigraphic units. The analyses carried out have been very thorough, providing a complete vision of the necropolis and its surroundings, based on excellent methodology.
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Kocabaş, Ufuk, and Işıl Özsait-Kocabaş. "Comparative Analysis of Lifting from On-Site and Conservation of the Yenikapı Shipwrecks." Heritage 6, no. 2 (2023): 1871–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020100.
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The important commercial center of Constantinople’s Theodosian Harbor was brought to light during the Yenikapı excavations carried out by the Istanbul Archaeological Museums for nine years, starting in 2004. Hundreds of thousands of archaeological finds and the remains of thirty-seven ships sunk in different centuries were discovered at the harbor site. Upon the invitation of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Istanbul University undertook the removal, documentation, and construction technology studies of twenty-seven shipwrecks and the conservation work of 31 shipwrecks. Shipwrecks were documented in situ and removed from the site using various methods appropriate to their preserved conditions. Post-excavation documentation, technology research, and conservation procedures of the Yenikapı shipwrecks continue today. This article aims to present a collective evaluation of the lifting and conservation methodology of shipwrecks carried out by the Division of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects of Istanbul University. In this context, the relationship between removing ship remains from the excavation site and conservation practices has been analyzed comparatively by referring to display styles.
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Chebanov, M. O., H. D. Pcholkin, A. A. Makurin, and O. V. Lozhnikov. "Substantiation of the technological parameters of bucket-wheel excavator forward trench when mining titanium deposits." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 6 (December 23, 2023): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-6/005.
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Purpose. To justify the parameters of the technological scheme of working out an advanced overburden bench by a bucket-wheel excavator, to reduce the cost of overburden work at Pit 7 of Vilnohirsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant. Methodology. Setting the parameters of the technological scheme of the bucket-wheel excavator was performed by the graphic-analytical method, which involves taking into account the technical characteristics of the mining machine, the physical and mechanical properties of the mining rocks and the stable slope angle of the advanced overburden bench. The substantiation of the effectiveness of application of the technological scheme with a forward trench was made by the technical and economic calculation of the specific costs on overburden works. Findings. The possibility of increasing the height of the overburden bench when using a technological scheme with a forward trench was evaluated. Reasonable parameters of the forward trench, in which the bucket-wheel excavator can develop a forward pit bench with a capacity of 40 m with a stable slope angle of 30°. This allows reducing the amount of mining haulage equipment and reducing overburden costs by up to 50 %. Originality. The minimum slope angle of the overburden slope at the maximum digging height of the ERShR-1600-40/7 excavator, which is equal to 40° at a slope height of 40 m, was established. The dependence of the resulting slope angle of on the re-excavation coefficient of the mining rock mass was established. This makes it possible to assert that when this angle is increased the re-excavation rate will decrease. It was established that at the applying technological scheme with a forward trench in the conditions of Vilnohirsk MMP, the coefficient of overburden re-excavation will be k = 0.09. Practical value. A technological scheme for the development of an advanced overburden bench by the bucket-wheel excavator with a forward trench allows increasing its developed bench height. This makes it possible to reduce the operational cost for overburden works by refuse from haulage mining system with dump trucks.
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Yang, Haitao, Zongwu Xie, Cao Li, Xiaoyu Zhao, and Minghe Jin. "Path optimization of excavating manipulator in lunar soil sampling." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (2016): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-06-2015-0119.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the path optimization method of the manipulator in the lunar soil excavation and sampling process. The current research is a practical need for the excavation and sampling of the lunar soil in the lunar exploration project. Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes the objective function and constraints for path optimization during the excavation process of the lunar soil, regarding excavation time and energy consumption as the two key fitness indexes by analyzing the whole excavation process of the lunar soil. Specifically, the optimization is divided into two consecutive phases, one for the excavation path and the other one for joint motions. In the first phase, the Bézier polynomial is adopted to get the optimal excavation angle and reduce energy consumption. In the second phase, a method based on convex optimization, variable conversion and dynamic process discretization, is used to reduce excavation time and energy consumption. Findings – Controlled experiments on the fine sand and the simulant lunar soil were conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the two phases of the optimization method, respectively. Originality/value – The optimization method of the excavation tasks in this paper is of great value in theoretical and practical engineering, and it can be applied in other robotic operational tasks as well.
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Pustokhina, Irina V., and Denis A. Pustokhin. "A Sustainable Approach for Assessing Safety Management in Subterranean Infrastructure excavation Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making." American Journal of Business and Operations Research, no. 1 (2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ajbor.000104.
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Subterranean infrastructure excavation necessitates stringent safety assessment methodologies due to its complex nature. This study addresses this imperative by presenting an integrated framework based on the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. This methodology amalgamates multi-source information fusion and DEMATEL-driven multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The approach evaluates safety parameters within subterranean infrastructure excavation by synthesizing expert insights, on-site measured data, and predefined criteria. Through a systematic construction of judgment matrices, our approach offers a standardized means to assess observed values against established safety benchmarks. The collaborative synthesis of expert assessments and empirical data not only informs the comprehensive relation matrix, highlighting intricate interdependencies among key factors but also fosters a structured pathway for evaluating safety. This integrated methodology, adaptable across diverse excavation scenarios, equips stakeholders with a holistic understanding of safety factors within subterranean construction. Facilitating informed decision-making, enables the optimization of safety protocols and interventions, thereby enhancing overall safety standards within such critical infrastructure projects.
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Park, Byungkwan, Soon-Wook Choi, Chulho Lee, et al. "A Geometric Model for a Shield TBM Steering Simulator." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (2023): 10087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810087.
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This study aimed to simulate curved excavation using a tunnel boring machine (TBM) steering system based on the proposed mathematical methodology applied in a TBM simulator. We introduce the concept and mechanism of the TBM steering system and describe the mathematical formulae used for simulating curved excavation. Curved excavation in the top- right direction was simulated using a Python program to verify the mathematical formulae. In addition, Python simulations were undertaken to determine the effects of horizontal and vertical articulation angles on pitching and yawing angles. Finally, the proposed mathematical formulae were applied in the TBM operation simulator, and tested based on the mechanism of the TBM steering system.
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Gharehdaghi, Mahnoush, Hesam S. Tehrani, and Ali Fakher. "Risk-Based Decision Making Method for Selecting Slope Stabilization System in an Abandoned Open-Pit Mine." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802014010198.
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Background: The construction and stabilization of deep excavations are associated with several uncertainties due to heterogeneous geological conditions. Therefore, the conventional methods of slope stability analysis do not provide reasonable results. Aim: Hence, it is logical to perform reliability analysis and also risk assessment to make a wiser decision under uncertainty for choosing the proper stabilization method of slopes. Methods: In this regard, a real case study, a 50-meter-deep abandoned open-pit mine, is considered. In the past, the studied deep excavation was located in a rural area, away from the important structures. However, due to the development of the city, the open-pit mine is now located in the city. Furthermore, the Kan River is located on the eastern side of the excavation. Deterministic analysis showed that that Factor of Safety is not sufficient for permanent condition; thus, the deep excavation may have destructive impacts on the adjacent structures and infrastructures by putting them in danger in the case of failure. Results: These circumstances resulted in using reliability analysis and risk assessment using non-deterministic approach. Random Set Finite Element Method (RS-FEM), a non-probabilistic method, is used in determining how much the slope is reliable. The upper and lower bounds of probability of excessive displacement and probability of failure are obtained using RS-FEM by Plaxis2D software. Afterward, HAZUS is successfully used to quantify the economic risk of different stabilization alternatives by defining various scenarios in order to consider the consequences of excavation failure on adjacent utilities and infrastructures. Conclusion: The best alternative is defined as the stabilization method with the lowest economic risk. As a result, it is noticeable that this paper provides a comprehensive methodology for decision making, based on reliability analysis and risk assessment, in stabilizing slopes.
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Kuvshinkin, S. Y., and P. V. Ivanova. "Developing a methodology for estimation of excavation techniques for given operating conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 378 (November 13, 2019): 012121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/378/1/012121.
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Su, Kai, Yan-Jun Zhang, Jin-Peng Cui, and Cong-An Li. "Installation Time of Ground Support during Tunnel Excavation: A Novel Graph Methodology." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 12 (2020): 3866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1079-x.
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Milolidakis, Giannis, Demosthenes Akoumianakis, and Chris Kimble. "Digital traces for business intelligence." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 27, no. 1 (2014): 66–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-09-2012-0061.
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Purpose – Data from social media (SM) has grown exponentially and created new opportunities for businesses to supplement their business intelligence (BI). However, there are many different platforms all of which are in a constant state of evolution. The purpose of this paper is to describe a generic methodology for the gathering of data from SM and transforming it into valuable BI. Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken is termed virtual excavation and builds on the similarities between the manipulation of technological artefacts virtual communities using various forms of SM and the excavation and analysis of physical artefacts found in archaeological settlements. Findings – The paper reports on a case study using this technique that looks at the Facebook fan pages of three mobile telecommunications service providers in Greece. The paper identifies many of the standard BI indicators as well as demonstrating that additional information relating to cross-page use can be collected by looking at how users manipulate artefact such as the “like” button in Facebook. Research limitations/implications – Although the methodology is widely applicable, the paper only reports on the analysis of one platform, Facebook, and is heavily reliant on visualization tools. Future work will examine different platforms and different tools for analysis. Practical implications – The paper discusses some of the ways in which this approach could be used and suggests some areas in which it might be applied. Originality/value – The approach of using virtual excavations to extract BI from virtual communities in online SM offers a systematic approach for dealing with a variety of information from a variety of different media that is not found in techniques based on information systems or management science.
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Cao, Chengyong, Chenghua Shi, and Mingfeng Lei. "A Simplified Approach to Design Jet-Grouted Bottom Sealing Barriers for Deep Excavations in Deep Aquifers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112307.
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This paper presents a simplified methodology for the design of jet-grouted bottom sealing barriers (temporary water-tightness structures) for deep excavations that was undertaken in deep aquifers. The bottom sealing barriers are usually required to prevent uplift failure against the water head below. Additionally, jet-grouted bottom sealing barriers are never perfect due to the uncertainties of jet grouting columns at the site, so the design must carefully consider the analysis of seepage. For these reasons, the proposed calculation procedure focuses on two different failure mechanisms (i.e., “instability failure” and “seepage failure”) of massive bottom sealing barriers. Subsequently, the design parameters of the jet-grouted bottom sealing barriers (e.g., depth and thickness) for an excavation case were determined while using the proposed design procedure. The field pumping test results show that the water-tightness performance of bottom-sealing barriers performed at site is good, which ensures that the water level inside the excavation can reach the desired level and the groundwater drawdown outside can be minimized. The leakage flow rate of bottom-sealing barriers is lower than the designed maximum allowable seepage when the water level inside stabilizes at the final period of the pumping test.
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Michałowska, Krystyna, Tomasz Pirowski, Ewa Głowienka, Bartłomiej Szypuła, and Eva Savina Malinverni. "Sustainable Monitoring of Mining Activities: Decision-Making Model Using Spectral Indexes." Remote Sensing 16, no. 2 (2024): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16020388.
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In response to the escalating demand for mineral resources and the imperative for sustainable management of natural assets, the development of effective methods for monitoring mining excavations is essential. This study presents an innovative decision-making model that employs a suite of spectral indices for the sustainable monitoring of mining activities. The integration of the Combinational Build-up Index (CBI) with additional spectral indices such as BRBA and BAEI, alongside multitemporal analysis, enhances the detection and differentiation of mining areas, ensuring greater stability and reliability of results, particularly when applied to single datasets from the Sentinel-2 satellite. The research indicates that the average accuracy of excavation detection (overall accuracy, OA) for all test fields and data is approximately 72–74%, varying with the method employed. Utilizing a single CBI index often results in a significant overestimation of producer’s accuracy (PA) over user’s accuracy (UA), by about 10–14%. Conversely, the introduction of a set of three complementary indices achieves a balance between PA and UA, with discrepancies of approximately 1–3%, and narrows the range of result variations across different datasets. Furthermore, the study underscores the limitations of employing average threshold values for excavation monitoring and suggests the adoption of dedicated monthly thresholds to diminish accuracy variability. These findings could have considerable implications for the advancement of autonomous and largely automated systems for the surveillance of illegal mining excavations, providing a predictable and reliable methodology for remote sensing applications in environmental monitoring.
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Rahman, Hend Mohamed Abdel. "EGYPTIAN REACTIONS TO THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF TUTANKHAMUN’S TOMB, 1922-1930." Socialis Series in Social Science 4 (January 24, 2023): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/socv4.7595.
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The discovery and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in 1922-1930 sparked Egyptian interest in Egyptology and archaeology learning, as well as effective participation in excavation missions in Egypt. Egyptians have worked hard to expand their role in Egyptology education and to increase their participation in excavation missions. This article focuses on how Egyptians reacted to the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb between 1922 and 1930. It traces the impact of such discoveries on Egyptian officials and intellectuals, who worked tirelessly to raise public awareness of archaeological discoveries and encourage Egyptology education for Egyptian students both at home and abroad. A descriptive analytical methodology will be used in this paper. However, there was hardly an Egyptian Contribution to Clearing and conserving the Tutankhamun Collection whose discovery was as a chock motivated the Egyptians to improve their position in the world of Archaeology.
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Picchio, Francesca, Francesca Galasso, and Giulia Porcheddu. "Sistemi di documentazione per scavi archeologici preventivi: piattaforme GIS per la gestione dello scavo del Santa Margherita a Pavia." Mimesis.jasd 2, no. 1 (2022): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56205/mim.2-1.4.
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This paper discusses methodological aspects by illustrating the fi rst products of a researchproject developed as part of a collaboration agreement between the DICAr - Departmentof Civil Engineering and Architecture of the University of Pavia and the enterprise GEAs.r.l. Archaeology, for the documentation of the archaeological excavations in the former SantaMargherita Institute in Pavia (Italy). The activities, carried out by the experimental laboratoriesDAda-LAB and PLAY, regarded the documentation of the archaeological evidences, datingback to the 4th century AD, brought to light by the interventions of conversion and remodellingof the historical and architectural complex. The need to produce documentation apparatus tosupport the excavation activities is boosted by the fragility of the archaeological site, apparentlymeant to disappear to allow space for the construction of an underground car park.The research aims to develop a methodology for the organisation of the data acquired in themultiple excavation campaigns, the production of databases useful to archaeologists for thechronological interpretation of the excavation, the detection of archaeological emergencies andthe development of an information system that combines models and databases. Since March2022, data acquisition campaigns have been undertaken to progressively survey the phases ofexcavations. Data sheets were then developed for stratigraphic units and deposit units, andan effective GIS system was developed to represent the complex nature of the site by makingclear the relationships between the stratigraphic units. The fi rst results of the research outline amethodological process that leads to the development of a digital ‘container’ in which it becomespossible to include the data collected during the campaign by reducing the time gap betweenacquisition, recording, processing and synthesis of information.
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Bousbia, Nawel. "Effects of different processes of tunneling on displacements soil using 3D Finite Element Method." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (2021): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2021-0027.
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Abstract The excavation process of tunnels induces stresses and deformation in the surrounding soil. The method of excavation is one of the major problems related to the safety of the operators and the ground stability during the construction of underground works. So, it is necessary to choose an ideal method to minimize the displacements and stresses induced by tunneling. The main aim of this study is to simulate numerically the effect of different processes of tunneling on ground displacements, the settlements at surface soil and the internal efforts induced in the lining tunnel; in order to select the best process of excavation, which gives us a less effects on displacements generated by tunneling, thus, ensuring the stability and the solidity of the underground constructions. In addition, this study allows us to control and to predict the diverse movements generated by tunneling (displacements, settlements, efforts internes) exclusively for the shallow tunnel nearby to the underground constructions in the urban site. This modeling will be done by employing five different processes for tunnel excavation using the NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) method. The first process, the modeling of the excavation tunnel, is done almost in the same way as in reality; the partial face excavation, with seven slices, made by the excavation. The second process, by partial face excavation, is divided into eleven slices, next, we used the partial face excavation by nine slices, and then in thirteen slices. Finally, the dig is made by full-face excavation. The paper contributes to the prediction of the response of the soil environment to tunnel excavation using the NATM method and to minimize the diverse movements generated by tunneling. The appropriately chosen methodology confirms that displacements and subsidence are strongly influenced by the tunneling method. The three-dimensional Finite Elements Method using Plaxis3D program has been applied in the numerical simulation. The study resulted in the recommendation of a process that minimizes the effect of excavation on subsidence and ground displacement for a particular Setiha tunnel.
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Toledo, Mauricio J., and Valeria Isamitt. "A Proposal for Controlling Work Progress on Excavation Projects Using Digital Photographs." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.397.
Full textAbstract:
Current practice in excavation projects is characterized by a deficient control of work progress that includes estimates of daily work progress by indirect means such as manual records of truck movements, estimates of soil swelling and occasional topographic measurements (usually at start and end of projects). In this article we propose a procedure to calculate earth work volume and progress by using geotagged digital photographs taken at the construction site. This methodology helps construction managers to improve excavation progress control and it systematizes excavation records. The procedure is grounded on literature review, the experience gained from controlled experiments and its application on a case study. With a relatively low effort (approx. 3 hrs.) the proposal enabled us to measure excavation work progress from around 50 geotagged digital photos with a precision of about 8-10% as compared to the traditional excavation volume estimate obtained from truck movement records. Best results were realized for large earth movements recorded on a weekly basis. Precision decreased for small earth movements (e.g., daily work progress control). The proposal includes recommendations for capturing the digital photos; formation of a point cloud model using photogrammetric software; formation of a mesh model and calculation of the excavation volume. Considerations for obstructing construction equipment and complex geometries are included.