Academic literature on the topic 'Exchange risks'

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Journal articles on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Pilling, Bruce K., and Li Zhang. "Cooperative Exchange: Rewards and Risks." International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management 28, no. 2 (1992): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493x.1992.tb00558.x.

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Li, Guangzhong, Jiaqing Zhu, and Jie Li. "Understanding bilateral exchange rate risks." Journal of International Money and Finance 68 (November 2016): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2016.07.008.

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Lee, Joseph. "Synergies, Risks and the Regulation of Stock Exchange Interconnection." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 11, no. 2 (2017): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2017-2-5.

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In this article, the author discusses the phenomenon of stock exchange interconnection and the synergies that it can bring. He investigates the methods and rationales behind various models currently employed such as the Euronext virtual model, the integration between the London Stock Exchange and the Milan Stock Exchange, and the ASEAN model in Asia. Despite the fact that there are many models of interconnection, none of them are truly interconnected in that they share a common trading platform, a single clearing house, and a single central securities depository. Divergence in national law rem
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Clare, Gregory, and Ira N. Gang. "Exchange Rate and Political Risks, Again." Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 46, no. 3 (2010): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ree1540-496x460303.

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Glaum, Martin. "Strategic management of exchange rate risks." Long Range Planning 23, no. 4 (1990): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(90)90153-u.

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Mathur, Ike. "Managing Foreign Exchange Risks: Organisational Aspects." Managerial Finance 11, no. 2 (1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013544.

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Mathur, Ike. "Managing Foreign Exchange Risks: Strategy Considerations." Managerial Finance 11, no. 2 (1985): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013545.

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YATSENKO, Valeria. "TOTAL EXPOSURES TO СURRENCY RISKS OF UKRAINIAN PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES". WORLD OF FINANCE, № 3(80) (2024): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.35774/sf2024.03.020.

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Introduction. The unpredictable volatility of foreign exchange rates is essential to economic agents' financial and economic performance, leading to currency risks. The most popular method of assessing currency risks is the application of asset pricing models, which define currency risk as the sensitivity (elasticity) of the market value of companies or their stock share returns to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. This is called the total exposure of currency risks and is reflected by the corresponding coefficient of single-factor regression. The purpose of the article is to investigate
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Бунич, Г. А., and Т. Г. Боввен. "Managing foreign exchange risks of multinational corporations." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 2(127) (April 11, 2021): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.127.2.199.

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В статье рассматриваются методы управления валютными рисками ТНК на основе хеджирования. Валютные риски в условиях валютных войн и нестабильности мирового финансового рынка становятся наиболее актуальными. Деятельность ТНК напрямую сопряжена с валютными рисками. Управление валютными рисками происходит с помощью: форвардов, фьючерсы, опционы и свопы. В настоящее время ТНК используют хеджирование покупкой или продажей производного финансового инструмента. ТНК используют различные стратегии хеджирования, применяя различные комбинации инструментов хеджирования. В статье проводится анализ эффективн
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Ree, Jack Joo K., Kyoungsoo Yoon, and Hail Park. "FX funding risks and exchange rate volatility." Emerging Markets Review 25 (December 2015): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2015.08.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Wanga, Godwill George. "Hedging Exchange Rate Risks." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3373.

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Risks associated with fluctuating exchange rates affect investment cost and investor profitability. Approximately 50% of firms in emerging markets have significant exposure to fluctuating exchange rates. Grounded in principal-agent theory (PAT), the purpose of this case study was to explore hedging strategies to mitigate risks of fluctuating exchange rates. The population comprised a census sampling of 12 bank hedgers (risk managers and controllers) in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, East Africa. Data collection involved semistructured interviews, casual observations of the work environment, and an
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Tang, Bo. "Exchange rate dynamics and risks in China : empirical evidence." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11591/.

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In spite of a voluminous literature on the Chinese economy and its currency policy, the dynamics and risks of the Renminbi (RMB) exchange rate remain unsatisfactorily answered. To address these issues, this thesis builds upon the existing literature to investigate exchange rate dynamics and exposure in China. Generally, the thesis consists of three separate yet related empirical chapters that aim to unlock the secret of China's growth and uncertainties in the Chinese financial market, which have received much attention from policy-makers, academics and investors. Empirical evidences from four
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Mahapa, Ramatlakana Realeboga. "Management of foreign exchange risks exposure by SMEs in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59862.

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This research report explores the strategies used by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in managing the risks associated with foreign-exchange exposure. The research also seeks to discover the reasons why SMEs use these strategies and whether or not they have been effective in managing the risk of foreign exchange exposure. The abandonment of the Bretton Woods system brought a new era of floating foreign exchange rates that led to volatility in the global currency market. Studies have found that SMEs are more vulnerable to fluctuations in the exchange rate than their larger counterparts, whic
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Mukoyi, Lenia Sithabiso. "Effects of investment style risks on expected returns on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange: A cross-sector analysis." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7424.

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Magister Commercii - MCom<br>Market Segmentation and style investing have become an essential part of security management over the past 40 years. There are many factors that separate the market, these include economy, investor behaviours, and specific anomalies. Apart, from the segmentation, investors lean towards a few tested investment styles and sectors, which hinder growth, while, dividing the market further. Thus, a major question arises on what really drives asset performance in the South African equity market. An evaluation of the relationship between sector performance and style anomal
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Zhang, Cui. "Exchange rate risks in trade and investment between South Africa and the developed countries / by Cui Zhang." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3111.

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The current international monetary system is very different from that of a few decades ago. Many of the old restrictions that had been placed on currency and capital movements between countries have fallen away in favour of a much more liberal international payment and investment system. The global financial arena is now characterized by greater currency instability, volatility and heightened financial risks. Exchange Rate risk is one of the complex topics in the economic world. Since there are so many factors in the financial market that influence a country's currency value, it becomes very r
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Bozovic, Milos. "Risks in Commodity and Currency Markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7388.

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This thesis analyzes market risk factors in commodity and currency markets. It focuses on the impact of extreme events on the prices of financial products traded in these markets, and on the overall market risk faced by the investors. The first chapter develops a simple two-factor jump-diffusion model for valuation of contingent claims on commodities in order to investigate the pricing implications of shocks that are exogenous to this market. The second chapter analyzes the nature and pricing implications of the abrupt changes in exchange rates, as well as the ability of these changes to expla
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Zlámalíková, Lucie. "Zhodnocení finanční situace mezinárodně působícího podniku a návrhy na její zlepšení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443144.

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The diploma thesis focuses on the evaluation of the financial situation of a selected internationally operating company. The work consists of a total of three parts, while the theoretical part mentions concepts related to the assessment of financial health. The analytical part includes an analysis of the current state of the company and the market. And in the last part, a proposal to improve the financial situation of the selected company is addressed.
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Haiyan, Wang. "Home-country determinants of outward FDI: Evidence from BRICS economies and five developed countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316709.

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This paper studies the home-country determinants of outward FDI with a focus on nine empirically recognized host-country determinants of inward FDI, namely market size, labor cost, exchange rate, inflation, interest rate, political risks, corruption, openness, and technology. Based on a panel with 183 observations from BRICS and five developed countries (Australia, Germany, Japan, UK, US), evidence is found that market size, inflation, interest rate, political risks, and openness have significant influence on FDI outflows. Moreover, the results of this study show that there are striking differ
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Haponets, A. D. "Currency component of the competitiveness of exported products." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81317.

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У роботі досліджувався аналіз впливу валюти та курсу валюти на конкурентоспроможність експортної продукції українських виробників, закріплення теоретичних основ впровадження іноземних валют в експортну діяльність підприємства з метою підвищення конкурентоспроможності експортованої продукції<br>The analysis of the influence of currency and exchange rate on the competitiveness of export products of Ukrainian producers, consolidation of the theoretical foundations of the introduction of foreign currencies in the export activities of the enterprise in order to increase the competitiveness of expor
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Ozgen, Tolga. "Market efficiency and hedging foreign exchange risk : evidence from Turkey." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210802.

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Books on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Ike, Mathur, ed. Managing foreign exchange risks. Barmarick Pubns., 1985.

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M, Rybczynski T., and International Chamber of Commerce. Working Party on Exchange Rate Instability., eds. Managing exchange rate risks. ICC, 1985.

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Jackie, Whitley, ed. Foreign exchange: Functions, limits, and risks. Stockton Press, 1992.

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Rooney, Stephen. Currency risks in international equity portfolios. University College Dublin, 1993.

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J, Mathieson Donald, ed. Managing financial risks in indebted developing countries. International Monetary Fund, 1989.

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R, Bailie Jon, and Association for Investment Management and Research., eds. Managing currency risk: Proceedings of the AIMR seminar Managing Currency Risks for Investment Portfolios and European Monetary Union: Changes and Opportunities : April 8-9, 1997, Zurich, Switzerland. Association for Investment Management and Research, 1997.

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Butler, Kirt Charles. Multinational finance: Evaluating opportunities, costs, and risks of operations. 5th ed. Wiley, 2012.

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Caballero, Ricardo J. International liquidity illusion: On the risks of sterilization. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Roth, Paul. Mastering foreign exchange and money markets: A step-by-step guide to the products, applications and risks. FT Pitman, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Stock markets: Information vendors need SEC oversight to control automation risks : report to the Chairman, Securities and Exhange Commission. The Office, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Lee, Eun Sup. "Foreign Exchange Risks." In Management of International Trade. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30403-3_8.

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Lee, Eun Sup. "Foreign Exchange Risks." In Management for Professionals. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39977-0_8.

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Ding, Shuai, Desheng Wu, Luyue Zhao, and Xueyan Li. "Information Exchange and Fusion in Smart Healthcare." In AI for Risks. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2560-3_4.

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Jacque, Laurent L. "Exchange Risks in International Trade." In Management and Control of Foreign Exchange Risk. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1806-1_8.

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Riboud, Jacques. "Exchange Risks and Real Interest Rates." In A Stable External Currency for Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11821-2_10.

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Chohan, Usman W. "Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs): Risks, Regulation, and Accountability." In Cryptofinance and Mechanisms of Exchange. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30738-7_10.

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Raczkowski, Konrad, Marian Noga, and Jarosław Klepacki. "Strategic Risks of Investing in Stock Exchange." In Risk Management in the Polish Financial System. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137549020_5.

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Szafarczyk, Ewa. "Foreign Exchange Reserves – Protection Connected with Financial Risks." In Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43457-1_21.

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Aliano, Mauro, Massimiliano Ferrara, and Stefania Ragni. "The Dynamics of Crypto Markets and the Fear of Risk Contagion." In New Economic Windows. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64916-5_17.

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AbstractDecentralized finance has gained significance in recent years, as have concerns about the financial system’s stability. Exchange mechanisms, such as those utilized on cryptocurrency platforms, enhance volatility, and transmit risk contagion to other financial actors globally, which may increase financial calamity. We propose a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model with a time delay to examine the mechanism of risk contagion in the cryptocurrency markets during the last decade. The governance token prices of the main cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as their spillover effects,
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Buszko, Michał. "Profits and Risks of Foreign Exchange Mortgage Loans: Case of Poland." In Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape - Vol. 1. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22596-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Ahmad, Vasim, Anu Sayal, Amar Johri, Mohammad Wasiq, Ashfaque Ahmed, and Farman Ali. "AI in Managing Foreign Exchange Risks in Cash Management." In 2024 5th IEEE Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/gcat62922.2024.10924010.

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Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari, Moyad Shahwan, et al. "Exploring the Value and Risks of Artificial Intelligence ChatGPT in Infectious Disease Management and Public Health: Regulatory Perspectives and Qualitative Insights." In 2024 Global Digital Health Knowledge Exchange & Empowerment Conference (gDigiHealth.KEE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gdigihealth.kee62309.2024.10761912.

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El-Dahiyat, Faris, Ghaleb A. ElRefae, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, et al. "Exploring the Value and Regulatory Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence ChatGPT in Pharmacoeconomic: A Qualitative Study on Benefits, Risks, and Stakeholder Beliefs." In 2024 Global Digital Health Knowledge Exchange & Empowerment Conference (gDigiHealth.KEE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gdigihealth.kee62309.2024.10761615.

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Emanuela, Ambrozie Roxana, Gavrilă Mihaela, and Tâmiceriu Daniela. "Enhancing Security in Data Exchange: Mitigating Risks Solutions in Base64 Encoding and JSON Web Tokens." In 2024 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isetc63109.2024.10797302.

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Dantas, Beatriz, Sahithi S. Akundi, Yuanxing Liu, Austin Braniff, and Shayan S. Niknezhad. "Model-based Operability and Safety Optimization for PEM Water Electrolysis." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.132227.

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In this paper, we present a systematic approach to quantify the safe operating window of a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) system considering energy intermittency and varying hydrogen demand. The PEMWE model has been developed based on first principles, with the polarization curve validated against a lab-scale experimental setup. The impact of key operational variables is investigated which include voltage, inlet temperature, and water flowrate (utilized for both feed and system cooling). Emphasis is given on operating temperature, a safety-critical variable, as its elevati
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Clemons, E. K., and L. M. Hitt. "Poaching and the misappropriation of information: transaction risks of information exchange." In 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2004.1265504.

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Biffl, Stefan, Arndt Luder, F. Rinker, L. Waltersdorfer, and D. Winkler. "Quality Risks in the Data Exchange Process for Collaborative CPPS Engineering." In 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972322.

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Peng, Hui, and Linyu Niu. "Two-Way Exchange of Virtual Currency: Future Tendency and Inherent Risks." In 2009 International Conference on Future Networks, ICFN. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfn.2009.20.

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Alqaisi, Fouzan. "The Effect of the Interest Rate Risk on the Lending of the Jordanian Commercial Banks." In The 5th International Scientific Conference on Administrative and Financial Sciences (CIC-ISCAFS'2025). Cihan University-Erbil, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24086/icafs2025/paper.1779.

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Abstract—The current study has been intended to evaluate the impact of interest rate risks on the financial performance and the bank lending of commercial banks of Jordan that are registered on the Amman Stock Exchange. In this study, the researchers relied on the analytical regression statistical method to indicate financial risks on the financial performance and lending of the Jordanian commercial banks listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. The statistical analysis is done with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and excel sheets, which help to analyse the results. T
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Абдурахманов, Артем Сергеевич, and Елена Валерьевна Жегалова. "FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK OF A COMMERCIAL BANK AND METHODS OF ITS MANAGEMENT." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ «Нацразвитие» (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may316.2021.12.71.001.

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В статье рассмотрены виды валютного риска, представлены разнообразные стратегии по его регулированию. Приведена последовательность этапов управления и даны характеристики технических и административных методов минимизации валютных рисков. The article analyzes the types of currency risk, presents a variety of strategies for its regulation. The sequence of management stages is given and the characteristics of technical and administrative methods for minimizing the manifestations of currency risks are given.
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Reports on the topic "Exchange risks"

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Wright, Allan, Francisco A. Ramirez, and Rumile Arana. Credit Risks and Monetary Policy within Caribbean Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011798.

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Our paper addresses the issue on the interaction between monetary and macroprudential policies in small open economies for different exchange rate regimes. The need for macroprudential policy arises from exacerbated macroeconomic fluctuations due to frictions in the financial system as in Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (1999). Understanding these dynamics in developing nations has been even more important after the most recent events of the Great Recession. Policy makers within the scrutinized economies will see the exact magnitude of shocks caused by changes in financial frictions, monetary
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Chernov, Mikhail, Drew Creal, and Peter Hördahl. Sovereign Credit and Exchange Rate Risks: Evidence from Asia-Pacific Local Currency Bonds. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27500.

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Hansen, Erwin, Luis Oscar Herrera, and Kevin Cowan. Currency Mismatches, Balance-Sheet Effects and Hedging in Chilean Non-Financial Corporations. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010955.

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Using a new database on the currency composition of assets and liabilities, this paper explores the determinants and consequences of currency mismatches in Chilean non-financial firms. As in previous firm level studies for Chile, we find that in periods following a depreciation firms with higher dollar debt do not underperform their peso counterparts. However, once we adequately control for differences in the currency composition of assets, income and net derivative positions, we do find a significant balance sheet effect. In addition, we find that derivatives play a role in insulating firm le
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Hegazi, Farah, and Katongo Seyuba. The Social Side of Climate Change Adaptation: Reducing Conflict Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/seyz9437.

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In developing countries, the effects of climate change interact with factors such as underdevelopment, high dependence on natural resource-based livelihoods, inequality, weak state institutions and marginalization to increase the risk of insecurity and violent conflict. Along with sustainable development and climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation is another key entry point for addressing climate-related security risks. However, key social factors that could positively influence adaptation outcomes and ultimately mitigate climate-related security risks are often overlooked. This S
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Cárdenas, Víctor, Anne G. Murphy, Jerry R. Skees, and Jason Hartell. Risk Management Instruments for Food Price Volatility and Weather Risk in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Use of Risk Management Instruments. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006936.

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This report examines some of the implications of price risk and volatility, and weather risks in the LAC region that are important threats to already vulnerable populations. It considers the advantages and limitations of a set of financial instruments for managing these risks; and identifies potential mechanisms for addressing concerns about the socioeconomic consequences of price and weather volatility. In reviewing the innovations that are being tested in the LAC region and around the world, what is striking is that they appear to be disparate and largely piecemeal solutions to the problems
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Wanka, Anna, Tabea Freutel-Funke, Sabine Andresen, and Frank Oswald, eds. Feeling lonely : A Linking Ages perspective on the risks for loneliness in early and later life during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and Germany. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.73894.

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An interdisciplinary group of researchers from both Israel and Germany came together in December 2021 to exchange and discuss findings on the effects of the COVID-pandemic on children and older adults in Israel and Germany.This white paper provides a selection of empirical research findings, policy recommenda-tions and identified blind spots for future research with respect to a “linking ages” perspec-tive. The authors emphasize on loneliness in early and late life from a specific social science perspective and based on a selected set of definitions.
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Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, Lucía Arango-Lozano, Geraldine Castelblanco, Nicolás Fajardo-Baquero, and Maria A. Ruiz-Sanchez. The effects of Monetary Policy on Capital Flows: A Meta-Analysis. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1204.

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We investigate whether central banks are able to attract or redirect capital flows, by bringing together the entire empirical literature into the first quantitative meta-analysis on the subject. We dissect policy effects by the type of flow and by the origin of the monetary shock. Further, we assess whether policy effects depend on factors that drive investors to either search for yields or fly to safety. Our findings indicate a mean effect size of inflows in the amount of 0.09% of quarterly GDP in response to either a 100 basis point (bp) increase in the domestic policy rate or a 100bp reduct
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Polyakova, Tatiyana An, Ignat S. Boychenko, and Nataliya An Troyan. Information and legal support of information security in the transport sector in the context of digital development. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2021-0339-1001-46156.

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The current paper deals with the information and legal support of information security in the transport sector in the context of digital development. Thus, the development of information and telecommunication technologies and the digitalization of public relations have also affected the field of transport and transport services. There have appeared not only new Транспортное право и безопасность. 2021. № 3(39) 148 transportation means, such as unmanned aircraft, but there are also being introduced information systems related to the identification of passengers in transport. The development of e
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.

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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate
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Moreno Gutiérrez, José Fernando, Carlos León, and Kimmo Soramäki. Molecular Settlement: Making Atomic Settlement Work in a Positive Interest Rate Environment. FNA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.69701/gjbj662.

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Under the concept of atomic settlement, the time between the trade and the settlement of transactions is reduced to a very small fraction of time (e.g., seconds or less), making them instantaneous. A second feature is the exchange of all the assets in the transaction in a single event, making them simultaneous — no delivery or payment occurs if the others do not occur too, commonly known as delivery versus payment (DvP) or payment versus payment (PvP). Making the settlement of the transaction instantaneous and simultaneous may have several benefits. It could effectively mitigate risks to all p
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