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1
PETROVA, Elitsa. "A brief overview of the types of ETFs." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1534.
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Exchange-traded fund is a type of exchange-traded product. ETF is a fund that is traded as a typical financial asset. Just like an index fund, ETF represents a basket of assets that reflect popular stock index. ETF traded just like any other company on the stock exchange. By owning ETF investor receives two important advantages – the diversification of index fund plus the flexibility of trading financial assets. There are different types of ETFs. Mainly divided into index, commodity, bond, currency, exchange-traded trusts and leveraged exchange-traded funds. The article discusses the basics of exchange-traded fund, does a brief history review on the emergence of exchange-traded funds, and provides information on the basic and specific types of exchange-traded funds.The used scientific tools include:study of scientific literature;study the performance of different markets which operate with exchange-traded funds;meaningful analysis and summary of theoretical and practical applied information.
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E, Geetha, Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar, Vidya Bai G, Suhan Mendon, and Rajesha Thekkekutt Mathukutti. "Are global Exchange Traded Fund pretentious on exchange rate fluctuation? A study using GARCH model." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.30.
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Investors invest in a foreign market to reap the benefits of currency differences. The change in the value of underlying assets affects these hedged funds and, at the same time, restricts investors from higher return possible in unhedged funds. This study aims to examine the performance of most actively traded shares in Exchange Traded Fund and any influence, along with tracking the information from the index. This study also analyzes the currency fluctuation and its impact on returns and volatility of ETF and index. The equity ETF, which tracks NASDAQ (NDX 100), is chosen for the study, and the data analysis is carried out using statistical methods such as correlation, regression, and GARCH model. The study utilizes the currency rate data from 2013 to 2018 of USD, GBP, and INR and examines its effect on the NDX (NASDAQ). The study emphasizes whether the ETF as a basket of securities is insensitive to currency rate fluctuations. It is found that the response of ETF to the currency movements is likely due to its underlying index. The study concludes that Motilal Oswal shares in NASDAQ 100 ETF are highly sensitive to the NDX 100 movements; thus, there is no direct impact between ETF and index performance through exchange rate fluctuation.
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Tarassov, Evgeni. "Exchange Traded Funds (ETF): history, mechanism, academic literature review and research perspectives." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.10.2.2016.89-108.
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Evgeny Borisovich Tarasov - National Research University "Higher School of Economics".
E-mail: etarasov@hse.ru
Prior to March of 2016, when the first exchange traded fund (ETF) on RTS was introduced, Russian investors’ only option for investing in the domestic index was through a mutual fund. By contrast, the majority world stock exchanges have been giving their clients the option to invest in their leading domestic indexes not only via index mutual funds but also via exchange traded funds (ETF) since decades. Their absence and therefore the lake of familiarity with these funds might be one of the several reasons Russian investors have been willing to pay a premium for ETF investments through intermediaries relative to what they would pay investing directly. Large number of investors buy western ETF via mutual funds. The premiums Russian mutual funds charge for investing in ETFs translate on up to a 36% premium over a 10-year horizon, compared to buying the same ETF directly. This paper introduces to a broader Russian speaking community ETFs, one of the most important financial innovations of the last 20 years, and provides a survey of the research done in this field. This paper reviews the literature on ETFs and provides a brief history of ETFs and these funds’ investment mechanism. In conclusion, some ideas for further research are suggested.The existing paper are divvied in three groups that unite six topics:The first group of literature is devoted to traditional ETF. There are two topics:1. Is the ETF substitute for index mutual funds? If yes, to which level? If it is substitute, why it did not still the index funds?2. Which influence has the introduction of an ETF on the active that it tracks. This topic covers also liquidity, hedge and arbitrage. Second group of papers emerging recently unites the following topics:3. How effective are the ETF tracking the foreign indexes?4. ETF development besides USA. 5. ETF that track not the share indexes. New generation ETF: synthetic, leveraged, actively managed and smart-beta.Third group of papers devoted to the following topic:6. ETF use for optimal portfolio construction.
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Lettau, Martin, and Ananth Madhavan. "Exchange-Traded Funds 101 for Economists." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.1.135.
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Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) represent one of the most important financial innovations in decades. An ETF is an investment vehicle, with a specific architecture that typically seeks to track the performance of a specific index. The first US-listed ETF, the SPDR, was launched by State Street in January 1993 and seeks to track the S&P 500 index. It is still today the largest ETF by far, with assets of $178 billion. Following the introduction of the SPDR, new ETFs were launched tracking broad domestic and international indices, and more specialized sector, region, or country indexes. In recent years, ETFs have grown substantially in assets, diversity, and market significance, including substantial increases in assets in bond ETFs and so-called “smart beta” funds that track certain investment strategies often used by actively traded mutual funds and hedge funds. In this paper, we begin by describing the structure and organization of exchange-traded funds, contrasting them with mutual funds, which are close relatives of exchange-traded funds, describing the differences in how ETFs operate and their potential advantages in terms of liquidity, lower expenses, tax efficiency, and transparency. We then turn to concerns over whether the rise in ETFs may raise unexpected risks for investors or greater instability in financial markets. While concerns over financial fragility are worth serious consideration, some of the common concerns are overstated, and for others, a number of rules and practices are already in place that offer a substantial margin of safety.
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Ivanov, Stoyu I. "Intraday analysis of currency ETFs." International Journal of Managerial Finance 11, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-10-2014-0161.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find if erosion of value exists in grantor trust structured exchange traded funds. The author examines the performance of six currency exchange traded funds’ tracking errors and pricing deviations on intradaily-one-minute interval basis. All of these exchange traded funds are grantor trusts. The author also studies which metric is of more importance to investors in these exchange traded funds by examining how these performance metrics are related to the exchange traded funds’ arbitrage mechanism. Design/methodology/approach – The Australian Dollar ETF (FXA) is designed to be 100 times the US Dollar (USD) value of the Australian Dollar, the British Pound ETF (FXB) is designed to be 100 times the USD value of the British Pound, the Canadian Dollar ETF (FXC) is designed to be 100 times the USD value of the Canadian Dollar, the Euro ETF (FXE) is designed to be 100 times the USD value of the Euro, the Swiss Franc ETF (FXF) is designed to be 100 times the USD value of the Swiss Franc and the Japanese Yen ETF (FXY) is designed to be 10,000 times the USD value of the Japanese Yen. The author uses these proportions to estimate pricing deviations. The author uses a moving average model based on an Elton et al. (2002) to estimate if tracking error or pricing deviation are more relevant in ETF arbitrage and thus to investors. Findings – The author documents that the average intradaily tracking errors for the six currency ETFs are relatively small and stable. The tracking errors are highest for the FXF, 0.000311 percent and smallest for FXB, −0.000014 percent. FXB is the only ETF with a negative tracking error. All six ETFs average intradaily pricing deviations are negative with the exception of the FXA pricing deviation which is a positive $0.17; the rest of the ETFs pricing deviations are −0.3778 for FXB, −0.3231 for FXC, −0.2697 for FXC, −0.2697 for FXE, −0.6484 for FXF and −0.9273 for FXY. All exhibit skewness, kurtosis, very high levels of positive autocorrelation and negative trends, which suggests erosion of value. The author also found that these exchange traded funds’ arbitrage mechanism is more closely related to the exchange traded funds’ pricing deviation than tracking error. Research limitations/implications – The paper uses high-frequency one-minute interval data in the analysis of pricing deviation which might be artificially deflating standard errors and thus inflating the t-test significance values. Originality/value – The paper is relevant to ETF investors and contributes to the continuing search in the finance literature of better ETF performance metric.
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Afonso, António, and Pedro Cardoso. "Exchange-traded funds as an alternative investment option." Notas Económicas, no. 48 (June 14, 2019): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_48_1.
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We conduct an analysis of Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs), Index and Equity mutual funds and their respective benchmark during the 2010-2015 period for the Portuguese fund industry. For the period 2010-2017, we test ETFs for price inefficiency (existence of deviations between prices and the Net Asset Value) and persistence. We find that the studied ETF does not always outperform index funds in replicating the variations of the PSI 20 index, despite exhibiting better tracking ability when facing downside deviations of the benchmark and a better capacity of smoothing tracking deviations. Regarding ETFs price efficiency and its persistence, the study reveals that the examined ETF is priced at a low average discount with evidence of deviations persistence of at least two days. The investment schemes with the highest ability to track the PSI 20 Index were PSI20 (ETF), BBVA PPA Índice PSI20, and the equity mutual fund BPI Portugal.
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Reddy, Y. V., and Pinkesh Dhabolkar. "Pricing Efficiency of Exchange Traded Funds in India." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 11, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 244–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.33.
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Exchange traded funds (ETFs) have two prices, the market price and the net asset value (NAV) price. ETFs NAV price gets determined by the net value of the constituent assets, whereas the market price of ETFs depends upon the number of units bought or sold on the stock exchange during trading hours. As per the law of one price, the NAV and market price of the ETF should be the same. However, due to demand and supply forces, the market price may divert from its NAV. This price difference may have significant repercussions to investors, as it represents a cost if they buy overvalued ETF shares or sell undervalued ETF shares. Pricing efficiency is the speed at which the market makers correct the deviations between ETFs NAV and market price. The present study attempts to investigate the pricing efficiency of Indian equity ETFs employing an autoregression model over its price deviation, and also attempts to understand the lead-lag relationship between the price and NAV using the vector error correction model (VECM).
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Matarutse, Justice. "Volatility characteristics of stocks underlying Exchange Traded Funds in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 10 (October 30, 2014): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i10.542.
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Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), since their inception, are now taking a foothold in emerging markets. The study measures price volatility in ETFs and their underlying stocks before and after ETF inception so as to provide new evidence of the volatility implications of ETFs for financial markets. The analysis focuses on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) SatrixTop40 ETF and its components using an EGARCH (1, 1) model. The analysis focuses on leverage effects, absolute size of volatility innovations and volatility persistence, and concludes that these volatility characteristics have changed and/or increased after the Satrix Top40 ETF introduction on the JSE.
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Akhigbe, Aigbe, Bhanu Balasubramnian, and Melinda Newman. "Exchange Traded Funds and the likelihood of closure." American Journal of Business 35, no. 3/4 (June 23, 2020): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-07-2019-0054.
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PurposeThough exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are similar to mutual funds, we identify several reasons how they are different based on their structure and trading characteristics. Therefore, we argue that the determinants of fund closure decisions for ETFs will not be the same as the mutual funds. We systematically explore those factors.Design/methodology/approachWe use Cox Proportional Hazard model, which is considered a superior method, over the logistic regression models. All previous studies are based on logistic regressions.FindingsWe investigate the closure rate of ETFs over the 1995–2018 sample period. We find that the first three years are the most critical period for the survival of ETFs. Our full sample results show that early fund performance, the investment style of the fund, the expense ratio and fund family size are the most relevant factors influencing the likelihood of closure. When we consider equity-only funds, we find that key factors that influence fund closure are early fund performance, the expense ratio, failure to grow the fund's assets relatively quickly and the equity investment category of the fund.Research limitations/implicationsTracking error could be a significant factor. However, we have several missing values in the data. Therefore, we are forced to drop that variable. However, we use the SD of daily returns in lieu of that. Similarly, we were constrained by the availability of data for the equity style box scores.Practical implicationsOur study suggests that individual investors will be better off by investing in ETFs that are at least three-year to four-year old. If individuals want to invest in ETFs from the date of inception, the probability of survival is higher for an ETF within a larger fund family.Social implicationsHopefully, our research will attract the attention of CFPB and provide a warning to individual investors when they choose to invest in ETFs. More and more ETFs are getting included in retirement savings. So, abrupt ETF closures are likely to have large social implications for the future.Originality/valueWe are the first to use Cox Proportional Hazard model. We base our arguments from latest research on ETFs that the one earlier paper on ETF closure has missed. So, we examine the issue in a more systematic way.
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CHANG, CHIA-LIN, and YU-PEI KE. "TESTING PRICE PRESSURE, INFORMATION, FEEDBACK TRADING, AND SMOOTHING EFFECTS FOR ENERGY EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS." Annals of Financial Economics 09, no. 02 (September 2014): 1440006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495214400065.
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This paper examines the relationships between flows and returns for five exchange traded funds (ETF) in the U.S. energy sector. Four alternative hypotheses are tested, including the price pressure hypothesis, information (or price release) hypothesis, feedback trading hypothesis, and smoothing hypothesis. The five ETF are the Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLE), iShares U.S. Energy ETF (IYE), iShares Global Energy ETF (IXC), Vanguard Energy ETF (VDE), and PowerShares Dynamic Energy Exploration & Production Portfolio (PXE). A vector autoregressive (VAR) model is used to analyze the relationships between energy flows and returns. The empirical results show that energy ETF flows and subsequent returns have a negative relationship, thereby supporting the smoothing hypothesis. Moreover, the smoothing effect exists for XLE and IYE during the global financial crisis. Regardless of whether the whole sample period or the sub-samples before, during and after the global financial crisis are used, no evidence is found in support of the price pressure hypothesis, information hypothesis, or feedback trading hypothesis.
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Lin, Jung-Chu. "Does Pricing Deviation of Exchange-Traded Funds Predict ETF Returns?" Asian Economic and Financial Review 7, no. 8 (2017): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.78.748.759.
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Bahadar, Stephen, Christopher Gan, and Cuong Nguyen. "Performance Dynamics of International Exchange-Traded Funds." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13080169.
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Asynchronous trading hours between the markets of Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and their benchmarks not only make it difficult to apply a full replication strategy but also make the creation/redemption process ineffective and consequently distress the performance of international ETFs. Despite the exponential growth of the ETF industry in general and international ETFs in particular, the performance of international ETFs is under-researched. Therefore, this study evaluates the performance of US-listed international ETFs by analyzing the returns, volatilities, tracking ability and pricing efficiency. The study findings are useful for investors interested in understanding the performance dynamics of international ETFs.
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Kambeu, Edson. "The role of Exchange Traded Funds in the price discovery process of stocks listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 6, no. 1 (July 21, 2019): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.662.
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In this paper we analyse the role of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) in the price discovery process of stocks listed at the Botswana Stock Exchange.Using daily returns data covering the period 3 January 2013 to 31 December 2015 for Beta Betta ETF and Domestic Company Indices, we utilize a VECM model to find out whether the Betta Beta ETF is playing a significant role in the price discovery process of stocks listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange. We found the error correction term to be statistically significant thereby confirming that the Beta Betta ETF is playing a significant role in the price discovery of stocks listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange.
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Gamble, James. "Can Expense Ratios Signal Performance? An Analysis of Equity ETFs & Mutual Funds." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 16, no. 4 (March 15, 2020): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2020.004.
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This study examines the impact of the emergence of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as an alternative investment vehicle to mutual funds. As the number of ETFs continues to rise, we investigate potential risks and disadvantages posed by ETFs in comparison to traditional mutual funds. We compare the returns, performance, and expense ratios of ETFs to those of mutual funds. We find that expense ratios are positively correlated with actively managed mutual fund returns and that passive funds have outperformed active funds since their inception. There is downward pressure on mutual fund fees over time, suggesting increased competition between mutual funds and ETFs. We also find, up to a certain threshold, actively managed funds are worth their costs. KEYWORDS: Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF); Mutual Fund; Investing; Fee Structure; Expense Ratio; Passive (Active) Investing; Portfolio Management; Indexing
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Kim, Dowan. "Institutional Constraints on the Rate of Derivatives in Leveraged Exchange-Traded Fund." Korean Journal of Financial Studies 49, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2020.04.49.2.217.
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This study confirmed whether the rate of derivatives in leveraged exchange-traded funds (ETF) calculated by derivatives and net asset value (NAV) affect their tracking errors. This research established three findings. First, when the rate of derivatives was limited at 100%, the tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index was affected by the rate of derivatives. Second, when the rate of derivatives was eased to 200%, the same-day tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index that launched after the constraints was affected by the rate of derivatives. Third, this study analyzed the constraints of the rate of derivatives after determining whether the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index indicates whether the rate of derivatives is close to 200%. As a result, even when the rate of derivatives is slightly over the 200% limit, the tracking error was lower. Even when the constraints were slightly over the limit, the tracking error was shown to be significantly lower than the other data set. This result implies that when there is an institutional constraint on the rate of derivatives, there can be limitations to fund management of leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index.
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Vilkancienė, Izabelė, and Rima Tamošiūnienė. "AKTYVIAI IR PASYVIAI VALDOMŲ BIRŽOJE PREKIAUJAMŲ AKCIJŲ FONDŲ PALYGINIMAS / A COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVELY AND PASSIVELY MANAGED EQUITY EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 10 (July 5, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2018.1321.
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ETF are an important innovation in financial markets, enabling to effectively invest in a broadly diversified portfolio of securities. Passively managed ETFs, offer average market returns, actively managed ETFs aiming for higher than average returns. Many studies show that actively managed funds are rarely able to exceed the average annual return of a given index over a period of more than one year, market inefficiencies allows to get a higher than average market returns. The major theoretical and practical problem is whether active funds can systematically exploit market inefficiencies. Santrauka Biržoje prekiaujami fondai (ETF) – svarbi finansų rinkų inovacija, suteikianti galimybę investuoti į plačiai diversifikuotą vertybinių popierių portfelį. Pasyviai valdomi ETF siūlo vidutinę rinkos grąžą, aktyviai valdomi ETF siūlo didesnę nei vidutinę rinkos grąžą. Nors daugelis tyrimų rodo, kad aktyviai valdomi fondai retai sugeba viršyti vidutinę metinę atitinkamo indekso grąžą per ilgesnį nei vienerių metų laikotarpį, neefektyvios rinkos leidžia gauti didesnę nei vidutinę rinkos grąžą. Pagrindinė teorinė ir praktinė problema – ar aktyvūs fondai gali sistemingai išnaudoti neefektyvias rinkas.
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Williams, Owen. "Foreign currency exposure within country exchange traded funds." Studies in Economics and Finance 33, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2014-0196.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the implicit effect of the underlying foreign currency exposure on the performance characteristics of country exchange traded funds. Design/methodology/approach To arrive at an overall estimation of the exchange-traded fund (ETF)’s tracking error, the mean of the three measures of tracking error was calculated for both the hedged (r_LC) and unhedged (r_NAV) return series. Since tracking error does not capture all the risk inherent in a country index fund, the study extends the analysis using the Sortino and Modified Sharpe ratios. Findings The decision to hedge currency risk should not be taken on the sole basis of historical volatilities. The investor must also factor in transactions costs, the possible roll of futures contracts and prevailing interest rate differentials. If the rate on the foreign currency is greater than the dollar (euro) rate, the investor will pay for the hedge. If the rate on the foreign currency is less than the dollar (euro) rate, the investor will gain on the trade. Given that hedging entails additional costs, in cases where the neutralization of currency volatility only reduces risk modestly, it would be advisable to leave the exchange rate risk unhedged. We propose two metrics for ETF investors deciding whether to hedge a country ETF’s underlying currency risk. Originality/value The results highlight a key finding: while the majority of country funds accurately track the performance of the underlying foreign index when measured in the local currency, returns in the fund currency can be much more volatile. In breaking down the sources of country fund volatility, the paper demonstrates the impact of the underlying currency movements on overall fund risk. In cases where the currency impact has a significant impact on fund tracking errors, an index-oriented investor benefits from neutralizing the exchange rate effect. Additionally, as the Sortino and Modified Sharpe measures suggest that the underlying currency exposure offers in most cases a better risk-adjusted return for country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the listing currency, we also calculate the risk minimizing foreign currency exposure for each fund and propose a decision rule based on the net currency variance to decide whether to hedge the ETF’s currency risk. The optimal hedge ratio indicates that US-based investors should only partially hedge the underlying currency risk while European-based investors are better off fully hedging currency risk.
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Almudhaf, Fahad, and Bader Alhashel. "Pricing efficiency of Saudi exchange traded funds (ETFs)." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-06-2017-0082.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the pricing efficiency of Saudi Sharia-compliant (i.e. Islamic) exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Design/methodology/approach The paper adheres to a positivist research philosophy with a deductive research approach where data is collected, analyzed and interpreted to examine a hypothesis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions are applied to investigate pricing efficiency and persistence. Findings The results show that Saudi ETFs do not currently offer proper diversification for investors, possibly due to their low trading volumes and the delays of market prices in reflecting net asset value (NAV). On average, ETFs trade at a premium to their NAVs. Moreover, the authors find that the deviations of ETF prices from their NAVs (i.e. premiums or discounts) do not disappear in one day. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between the trading volume of Saudi ETFs and volatility, a significant positive correlation between ETF returns and contemporaneous deviations and a significant negative relationship between returns and lagged deviations. These findings can be interpreted as evidence against the market efficiency of Saudi ETFs. Practical implications Individual and institutional investors can use Saudi ETFs, especially as their efficiency improves with increased trading volume (liquidity). Saudi regulators must increase their efforts to educate market participants and expand the availability of information to enhance transparency and awareness of the benefits of investing in ETFs, which will positively affect liquidity and pricing efficiency in the future. Originality/value This paper is the first to perform empirical tests on Saudi ETFs. Saudi Arabia deserves further attention because it is the most significant stock market in the Gulf Cooperation Council and only recently allowed foreigners to participate.
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Sherrill, D. Eli, Sara E. Shirley, and Jeffrey R. Stark. "The Use of ETFs in Internationally-Focused Mutual Fund Portfolios." Quarterly Journal of Finance 11, no. 03 (March 22, 2021): 2150012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139221500129.
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We explore the implications of US-based, internationally-focused equity mutual funds holding exchange traded funds (ETFs). We observe significant differences in how ETFs are used by international mutual funds compared to their domestic equity counterparts. Internationally-focused mutual funds use ETFs to alter the return-based and country risk exposures of the mutual fund. In addition to altering the risk of the fund, we find increases in ETF-use coincide with a change in performance, an investment in a greater number of countries, and a reduction the number of direct equity holdings.
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Ku, Alfred Ing-Soon, Venus Khim-Sen Liew, and Chin-Hong Puah. "Tracking Errors of Exchange Traded Funds in Bursa Malaysia." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 11, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v11i2.15235.
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This study measures the tracking errors of exchange traded funds (ETFs) listed in Bursa Malaysia. Five measures of tracking errors are estimated in this study for the seven ETFs involved. Overall, the best ETF is METFAPA with the least tracking error. The ranking of the remainder ETFs, in the ascending order of tracking error is MYETFID, METFSID, MYETFDJ, CIMC50, FBMKLCI-EA and CIMBA40 (highest tracking error). The findings in this study is expected to provide clue for passive institutional and retail investors on their selection of ETFs to mimic the portfolio of the desired underlying assets. Moreover, it is anticipated that these findings will motivate the improvement in the tracking ability of the existing ETFs, solicit more follow up studies to encourage the development of new ETFs and increase the participation of investors.
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Kaur, Prabhdeep, and Jaspal Singh. "Impact of ETF Listing on the Returns Generated by Underlying Stocks: Indian Evidence." Management and Labour Studies 46, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x21991015.
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The advent of exchange traded funds (ETFs) has rendered index trading much affordable compared to their futures counterparts. The present study attempts to examine the impact of ETF listing on the price of the constituent securities of the index that it aims to track. The sample comprises of all the equity ETFs listed in India from 1 January 2002 to 31 March 2019. Event study analysis has been used to examine whether listing of ETFs bore any price impact on the constituent stocks of ETFs. To account for robustness, both parametric and non-parametric tests have been employed. The estimates obtained from event study analysis revealed that the constituent stocks generated insignificant returns for the period extending from January 2002 to March 2009 and April 2009 to March 2013 but positive and significant cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) post ETF listing for the period ranging from April 2013 to March 2019, thus providing evidence in support of positive price impact. The permission granted to pension funds, insurers and Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) to invest their funds in ETFs as well as reduction in Securities Transaction Tax (STT) account for the observed price differential. An analysis of the factors accounting for the variation in valuation effects ascertained that the stocks that were traded thinly prior to ETF listing and those forming part of ETFs with larger asset base experienced positive price impact following ETF listing. JEL Codes: G11, G14
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Chandrasekaran, Buvanesh, and Rajesh H. Acharya. "A study on volatility and return spillover of exchange-traded funds and their benchmark indices in India." Managerial Finance 46, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the volatility and return spillover between exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and their respective benchmark indices in India. The paper uses time series data which consist of equity ETF and respective index returns. Design/methodology/approach The study uses autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity and autoregressive moving average–exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models. The study uses data from the inception date of each ETF to December 2016. Findings The findings of the paper confirm that there is unidirectional return spillover from the benchmark index to ETF returns in most of the ETFs. Furthermore, ETF and benchmark index return have volatility persistence and show the presence of asymmetric volatility wherein a negative news has more influence on volatility compared to a positive news. Finally, unlike unidirectional return spillover, there is a bidirectional volatility spillover between ETF and benchmark index return. Practical implications The study has several practical implications for investors and regulators. A positive daily mean return over a fairly long period of time indicates that the passive equity ETFs can be a viable long-term investment option for ordinary investors. A bidirectional volatility spillover between the ETFs and benchmark index returns calls for the attention of the market regulators to examine the reasons for the same. Originality/value ETFs have seen fast growth in the Indian market in recent years. The present study considers the longest period data possible.
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Širůček, Martin, Václav Ruml, and Petr Strejček. "Measuring the Performance of Leveraged and Non‑Leveraged ETF’s." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 5 (2018): 1357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866051357.
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This paper deals with exchange traded funds (ETFs) and valuation it’s performance according to selected indicators. For empirical analysis 10 leveraged and non‑leveraged ETFs listed on US market is chosen according to selected criterias (adequate history at least 7 years, daily presented NAV, accessibility for retail investor). Observed time period was 2010–2015 and selected investment horizon is 1, 3 and 6 years. Funds are analyzed on the basis of NAV in the terms of return and risk represented by selected indicators (like Sharpe ratio, Traynor ratio, Information ratio, Apparaisal ratio and indicators like alfa (Jensen Alfa) and beta. Results are commented in a broader context in summary and discussion chapter as well as recommendations. Measured by classical Sharpe ratio, both groups bring to investor pretty same results, but e.q. by Information ratio by non‑leveraged ETF shows very clearly the importance of work by ETF portfolio manager. Only a few leveraged ETF bring to the investor adequate ratio between profit and level of risk.
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Jadevicius, Arvydas. "Exchange-traded fund investing as European open-end diversified core equity real-estate funds' cash substitute." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-12-2019-0147.
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PurposeThe study is set to explore a viability for substituting part of cash holdings within European open-end diversified core equity (ODCE) real-estate funds with listed real-estate exchange-traded fund (ETF) alternative. Academically, this research bridges a knowledge gap within private real-estate market research.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the study investigates the correlation between ODCE and ETFs to assess series interdependence. Next, the study generates a blended ODCE and ETF portfolio and examines its performance by quantifying a) the contribution to returns and b) the diversification benefits.FindingsThe findings suggest that a 1 percent spare cash allocation to an ETF increases ODCE fund returns by few bps although the diversification benefits are more nuanced.Practical implicationsReal estate and other investment vehicles are encouraged to review their cash-holding strategies. Real estate, infrastructure or private equity vehicles could designate a small proportion of available cash to asset class-specific ETFs. These cash substitutes are likely to increase returns and could strengthen diversification, although there are some caveats. For ESG-conscious investors, sustainable ETFs and associated passive conduits with strong responsible investment characteristics could provide cash replacement alternatives at the margin.Originality/valueThe study adds additional evidence on the contested issue of blending private and public real estate.
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Macijauskas, Lukas. "TOTAL EXPENSE RATIO ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS / BIRŽOJE PREKIAUJAMŲ FONDŲ (ETF) BENDROJO IŠLAIDŲ RODIKLIO TYRIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 4 (July 19, 2011): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.066.
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As virtual discussion about passive versus active investment heats up, ETF instruments being second biggest investment vehicle (after mutual funds) in United States receive more and more attention. In this paper we perform a cross section, type and style analysis of total expense ratios (TER) of exchange traded funds. Using Database of 1020 ETFs, we find capitalization weighted average for total expense ratios of simple (non-inverse and not leveraged) ETFs are equal to 0.32 proc. Analysis shows that inverse and leveraged ETFs on average are about 3 times more expensive than simple ETFs. These numbers of total expense ratios of simple ETFs are significantly lower than in average mutual funds. This leads us to the conclusion that especially for passive investment management where cost effectiveness is critically important, ETFs are much more attractive than regular mutual funds.
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А.В., Череп, and Каткова Н.В. "ХЕДЖУВАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ РИЗИКІВ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ: МІЖНАРОДНА ПРАКТИКА." Economics and Management, no. 86(2) (May 22, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.2.2020.30.
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The article discusses hedging tools and insurance of environmental risks used in international practice. It was noted that so-called environmental derivatives are used as financial instruments for hedging environmental risks. Environmental derivatives are financial instruments that can be used by organizations or individuals to reduce the risk of adverse and unforeseen weather conditions or environmental catastrophes (in particular, weather derivatives, carbon credits and greenhouse gases emissions quotas, as well as futures and options for them, exchange trade funds based on ESG indicators, including environmental, social and management strategies). The main types of weather and carbon derivatives, as well as ways to trade them are considered. Thus, weather derivatives are usually based on an index that measures a certain weather aspect: cooling degree days, heating degree days, snowfall, snow depth, wind speed or chill level. Weather options and futures for trading (call) and put (put) are traded on exchanges, and on the over-thecounter markets (OTC) weather derivatives take various forms - from swaps to forward contracts. Carbon financial instruments include such as tradable pollution permits and credits, green trade, carbon derivatives, natural securities, carbon investment funds. The following carbon assets are traded on the EU spot carbon market: EU quotas, EU aviation quotas, certified emission reductionunits, emission reduction units. There are primary and secondary markets for carbon assets, as well as a market for derivatives — futures and options for quotas. Index exchange traded funds (ETFs), which are formed on the basis of ESG indicators (environmental, social and management strategies), are also considered as a tool for hedging environmental risks. Environmental, social and management strategies are increasingly popular in the indexing and ETF industries as investors seek to apply social values to investment portfolios.
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邝, 潇珂. "The Research on Performance Measurement of Exchange Traded Funds—Taking Hushen300 ETF as an Example." Management Science and Engineering 07, no. 02 (2018): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mse.2018.72016.
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Alexander, Gordon J., and Mark A. Peterson. "The Pricing of Exchange Traded Funds and the Roles of Primary and Secondary Market Participants." Quarterly Journal of Finance 10, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139220500135.
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We study the pricing of exchange traded funds (ETFs) and the associated arbitrage trading of them in the primary and secondary markets. We find a direct relation between primary and secondary market trading that is consistent with market-makers using the primary market to hedge their inventory risk in the secondary market, as well as to facilitate arbitrage. Such trading in both markets keeps ETF prices in line with their net asset value. We conclude that the existence of the primary market enhances secondary market efficiency.
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Glambosky, Mina, Kimberly Gleason, Chun Lee, and Maryna Murdock. "The low fee entry strategy and first mover advantage in the ETF market." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.24.
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Academic literature struggles to explain investors’ attitude towards fees and expenses charged by mutual funds. In general, investors have been found to exhibit a puzzling lack of interest in this non-trivial component of their total return, raising questions of rationality of real-world investor behavior. An emergence of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), their rapid proliferation in the past decades and distinct features, such as more simple expense structure, present a valuable opportunity to contribute to the debate surrounding the pricing of funds. To better understand the expense policy/fund flows dynamics, the authors first test a conjecture that later entrants in the ETF markets face a disadvantage in competition for fund flows. Then, they test whether competitive pressure can be successfully overcome by lowering expenses charged to ETF investors. The results suggest that, though it is not necessary to be a first entrant in a fund category to enjoy competitive advantage, an earlier market entry is beneficial for attracting fund flows. It is also found that later entrants’ to the ETF market successfully use the strategy of reducing their expense ratios. Firms with lower net expense ratios obtain greater investment, as evidenced by greater capitalization and market share, supporting our intuition that investors may acknowledge the merits of low-cost ETFs.
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Marszk, Adam, Ewa Lechman, and Harleen Kaur. "Financial markets diffusion patterns. The case of Mexican investment funds." Equilibrium 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i1.5.
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Research background: Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are one of the most influential financial innovations, reshaping the investment funds market in many countries, including Mexico. Due to their similar investment objectives, ETFs are considered substitutes for mutual funds.
Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to provide an indepth insight into the issues associated with the development of financial markets in Mexico over the period 2002-2012, putting special emphasis on the development patterns of ETFs.
Methods: First we use descriptive statistics to unveil basic changes and trends in the Mexican investment funds (ETFs and mutual funds). Then we use a category of the innovation diffusion models, i.e. logistic growth models, in order to explore the key development patterns. Data sources and methodological framework are presented in the second section of the article, with a detailed description of the innovation diffusion models applied in the research (based on 3-parametric logistic curve). The sum of assets under management of ETFs and mutual funds is considered as the size of the total investment funds market.
Findings and Value added: Empirical findings indicate a significant development of the ETF market, both in terms of assets under management and market share. According to the presented estimations, Mexican ETF market development can be described with the logistic growth models, and three characteristic phases of the logistic curve were clearly observable. The predicted ETF market development patterns point towards a further increase of the market share of ETFs over the next 3-5 years, yet the probability of exceeding the level of ca. 20-30% seems low.
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Marszk, Adam, and Ewa Lechman. "Application of Diffusion Models in the Analysis of Financial Markets: Evidence on Exchange Traded Funds in Europe." Risks 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8010018.
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Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are financial innovations that may be considered as a part of the index financial instruments category, together with stock index derivatives. The aim of this paper is to explore the trajectories and formulates predictions regarding the spread of ETFs on the financial markets in six European countries. It demonstrates ETFs’ development trajectories with regard to stock index futures and options that may be considered as their substitutes, e.g., in risk management. In this paper, we use mathematical models of the diffusion of innovation that allow unveiling the evolutionary patterns of turnover of ETFs; the time span of the analysis is 2004–2015, i.e., the period of dynamic changes on the European ETF markets. Such an approach has so far rarely been applied in this field of research. Our findings indicate that the development of ETF markets has been strongest in Italy and France and weaker in the other countries, especially Poland and Hungary. The results highlight significant differences among European countries and prove that diffusion has not taken place in all the cases; there are also considerable differences in the predicted development paths.
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Deville, Laurent, and Fabrice Riva. "Innovation financière et recherche en finance." Revue Française de Gestion 45, no. 285 (November 2019): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rfg.2019.00398.
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Innovation majeure des trente dernières années, les ETF (Exchange-Traded Funds) ont mis du temps avant de devenir un sujet d’intérêt pour la recherche en finance. Cet article s’interroge sur les raisons du décalage existant entre le lancement du produit et la production scientifique sur le sujet. L’analyse montre que le développement de la recherche et l’évolution des thèmes qu’elle a successivement abordés sont indissociables de la croissance du nombre d’ETF, du montant de leurs encours sous gestion, et de l’apparition des premiers épisodes mettant en doute leur fonctionnement initialement présenté et perçu comme simple.
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Teufel, Adam, and Christopher J. Geissler. "SEC approves new continued listing standards for ETFs." Journal of Investment Compliance 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-06-2017-0037.
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Purpose To introduce and analyze recent amendments to the rules of three US securities exchanges to add specific continued listing standards applicable to exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Design/methodology/approach Provides an introduction and summary overview of the topic, summarizes the scope of the rule changes, discusses the industry reaction to the proposed rule changes and the regulator’s response, notes the applicability of the rule changes to ETFs relying on their own fund-specific regulatory relief, and identifies compliance dates. Findings Each of three US securities exchanges filed separate proposals to amend their listing standards to add specific continued listing standards for ETFs. Notwithstanding various concerns expressed in comment letters from key industry participants, by March 2017 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved all three proposals in substantially the form proposed. Practical implications ETF sponsors should note that significant compliance enhancements may be required to ensure proper and continuous testing of securities in an ETF’s underlying index and/or portfolio in lieu of testing for compliance solely at the time of initial listing or at the time of an investment decision. The rule changes are scheduled to take effect by October 1, 2017. Originality/value Practical analysis from a premier financial services law firm on the issues presented by the ETF rule changes.
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Lobato, Manuel, Javier Rodríguez, and Herminio Romero. "A volatility-match approach to measure performance: the case of socially responsible exchange traded funds (ETFs)." Journal of Risk Finance 22, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-04-2020-0066.
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PurposeThis study examines the risk-adjusted performance of socially responsible exchange traded funds (SR ETFs) in comparison to conventional ETFs.Design/methodology/approachThe main empirical result is based on a risk-adjusted performance metric that does not rely on a linear framework. It measures the difference between the returns of an ETF and the returns of a volatility-match and efficient portfolio. In addition, performance is measured using alpha based on single and multifactor formulations.FindingsResults show that the performance of SRI ETFs is not different from the performance of conventional ETFs.Originality/valueGiven the results of the study, socially aware investors can choose to invest in SRI ETFs without sacrificing performance.
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Marszk, Adam, and Ewa Lechman. "Exchange-Traded Funds on European Markets: Has Critical Mass been Reached? Implications for Financial Systems." Entropy 22, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22060686.
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Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are one of the most rapidly expanding categories of financial products in Europe. One of the key yet still unanswered questions is whether European ETF markets have reached the size at which they could affect the financial systems. In our study, we examine 13 European countries during the period 2004–2017 in order to trace whether the share of ETFs in the total assets of investment funds has reached the ‘critical’ level that makes possible their further growth and can be associated with an influence on the financial system. We use a novel methodological approach that identifies the ‘critical mass’ along diffusion trajectories. Our results show that, in 10 countries, the share of ETFs in assets of investment funds increased. Still, in most countries, the share of ETFs did not exceed 1%. Estimates of the diffusion models indicate that the process of growing shares of ETFs was most dynamic and relatively most stable in Switzerland and United Kingdom. Results of the critical mass analysis imply that its achievement may be forecasted exclusively in these two cases. However, even in such cases there is no substantial evidence for a possible significant influence of ETFs on the local financial systems.
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Chu, Patrick Kuok-Kun. "Analysis and Forecast of Tracking Performance of Hong Kong Exchange-Traded Funds: Evidence from Tracker Fund and X iShares A50." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 19, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091516500223.
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This study examines the tracking performance of two Hong Kong exchange-traded funds (ETFs): Tracker Fund and X iShares A50. The turnover of these two ETFs was more than half the total turnover of the 141 ETFs in the Hong Kong market during 2005–2013. Tracking performance is assessed using pricing deviation, which is found to be nonzero and predictable. This indicates that the premium paid by investors is of considerable economic interest. The significant differences in the tracking performance of physical ETFs and synthetic ETFs highlight the relative inability of synthetic ETF to track the market. Additionally, we document the existence of co-integration between the ETF prices and stock market prices. An econometric model is estimated to forecast the pricing deviation, which shows different price dynamics between the two ETFs, but an absence of arbitrage opportunities. The time series regression model of pricing deviation is significantly influenced by market value, dividend yield, trading volume, bid-ask spread, and market risk. The size of the regression coefficients indicates that synthetic ETFs have relatively poor ability to track the market during market fluctuations.
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Arantes, Pedro Paulo Melo, Guilherme Santos Souza, Antonio Sergio Torres Penedo, and Vinícius Silva Pereira. "COMPARAÇÃO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE RISCO ENTRE ETFS E SEUS ÍNDICES DE REFERÊNCIA." Revista Mosaico 9, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21727/rm.v9i1.1219.
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Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) são fundos negociados em bolsa de valores que foram a poucos anos incorporados no mercado de capitais brasileiro, fato ocorrido apenas em 2004. Dessa forma há poucos estudos sobre ETF, o que possibilita várias abordagens sobre sua temática e comparabilidade entre ETF, fundos e índices. Dessa forma este trabalho buscou comparar e classificar o risco das ETFs utilizando a medida de desvio-padrão e Índice Sharpe. Para isso utilizou-se de uma amostra intraday para as ETFs brasileiras no mês de outubro, avaliando numa perspectiva de curso prazo a variabilidade das ETFs. Os resultados indicam que há maior variabilidade do valor das ETFs se comparados com seus índices de referência, ainda o valor do Índice Sharpe apresenta valor negativo para a maior parte das ETFs estudadas, indicando uma valorização abaixo do índice de referência quanto ao prêmio pelo risco das ETFs.
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Chovancová, Božena, Michaela Dorocáková, and Dagmar Linnertová. "Two Investment Options for Bearish ETF Investors: Inverse ETF and Shorting ETF." International Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7020031.
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A high liquidity, low expense ratio and the possibility to conduct arbitrage allow exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to be used for short sales. Bearish investors can also buy inverse ETFs. This paper aims to outline two investment approaches for bearish ETF investors and the differences between these two approaches; it also aims to examine the relationship between price and an indicator of volume and evaluate the final positions in selected ETFs in selected periods. Short ETFs dominate in simplicity, flexibility, paying out dividends and especially in the limited size of the loss. On the other hand, their structure, which demands daily rebalancing, causes substantial deviation from the benchmark in the long-term and leads to a higher expense ratio, and lower liquidity increases bid-ask spreads. Negative aspects of ETF short selling lie in unlimited loss, high borrowing costs, the need for margin accounts, variability of loan fees and the possibility of a transaction recall by the lender. On the contrary, margin operations enable potentially higher appreciation of capital by generating rebate rates. Our results show that with the decrease in value of the most used ETFs, short interest is growing for those funds where there is a very strong negative correlation implying hedging tendencies. Short selling proved to be a more advantageous strategy in the observed period of market downturn, as well as in 2011–2017, due to negative returns, however, by applying margin trading inverse ETFs turned out to make less losses. Sector-oriented inverse ETFs are the exception, where the largest differences between these two strategies are recorded. However, the final conclusion of the suitability of one of the analyzed strategies depends on the market volatility and the direction of the market itself.
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GAZEL, Sümeyra. "THE WEAK FORM MARKET EFFICIENCY IN THE MSCI ETF INDICES: CONVENTIONAL AND THE FOURIER UNIT ROOT TEST ON THE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i4.1722.
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In this study, weak form efficiency of the Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) in the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Index of developed and developing countries is tested. The Fourier Unit Root test, which does not lose its predictive power in terms of structural break date, number and form, is used on daily data. Also, conventional unit root tests are used for comparison between two different tests. Analysis results indicate common findings in some countries for both unit root testing. However, the Fourier unit root test results relatively more support the assumption of efficient market hypothesis that developed countries may be more efficient than developing countries.
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Trainor, William, and Richard Gregory. "Leveraged ETF option strategies." Managerial Finance 42, no. 5 (May 9, 2016): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2014-0305.
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Purpose – Leveraged exchange traded funds (ETFs) have become increasingly popular since their introduction in 2006. In recent years, options on leveraged ETFs have been promoted as a means of enhancing returns and reducing risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interchangeability of S & P 500 ETF options with leveraged S & P 500 ETF options and to what extent these options allow investors to manage their risk exposure. Design/methodology/approach – With increasing liquidity for these fund’s options, simple option strategies such as covered calls and protective puts can be implemented. This study derives call-call and put-put parity between options on the underlying index and the associated leveraged ETFs. The paper examines comparative measures of return and risk on the underlying indices, along with covered call and protective put positions. Findings – Using the formulations derived, this study shows options on non-leveraged ETFs or on the underlying index can be substituted for leveraged ETF options. Empirical results suggest substituting options on leveraged ETFs with options on the underlying index or index ETF give comparable results, but can differ as the realized leverage ratio over time differs from projected values. Originality/value – This study is the first to the authors’ knowledge that investigates option strategies on leveraged and inverse ETFs of equity indices. It is also the first to derive call-call and put-put parity relations between options on ETFs and related leveraged and inverse ETFs. The results contribute to securities issuance, investment strategies, and option parity relations.
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Chang, Chia-Lin, Tai-Lin Hsieh, and Michael McAleer. "Connecting VIX and Stock Index ETF with VAR and Diagonal BEKK." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 4 (September 29, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040058.
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As stock market indexes are not tradeable, the importance and trading volume of Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) cannot be understated. ETFs track and attempt to replicate the performance of a specific index. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between the S&P500 Composite Index and the Volatility Index (VIX), but few empirical studies have focused on the relationship between VIX and ETF returns. The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether VIX returns affect ETF returns by using vector autoregressive (VAR) models to determine whether daily VIX returns with different moving average processes affect ETF returns. The ARCH-LM test shows conditional heteroskedasticity in the estimation of ETF returns, so that the Diagonal BEKK (named after Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner) model is used to accommodate multivariate conditional heteroskedasticity in the VAR estimates of ETF returns. Daily data on ETF returns that follow different stock indexes in the USA and Europe are used in the empirical analysis, which is presented for the full data set, as well as for the three sub-periods Before, During, and After the Global Financial Crisis. The estimates show that daily VIX returns have: (1) significant negative effects on European ETF returns in the short run; (2) stronger significant effects on single-market ETF returns than on European ETF returns; and (3) lower impacts on the European ETF returns than on S&P500 returns. For the European markets, the estimates of the mean equations tend to differ between the whole sample period and the sub-periods, but the estimates of the matrices A and B in the Diagonal BEKK model are quite similar for the whole sample period and at least two of the three sub-periods. For the US Markets, the estimates of the mean equations also tend to differ between the whole sample period and the sub-periods, but the estimates of the matrices A and B in the Diagonal BEKK model are very similar for the whole sample period and the three sub-periods.
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Arenas, Laura, and Ana Maria Gil-Lafuente. "Regime Switching in High-Tech ETFs: Idiosyncratic Volatility and Return." Mathematics 9, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9070742.
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The volatility of asset returns can be classified into market and firm-specific volatility, otherwise known as idiosyncratic volatility. Idiosyncratic volatility is increasing over time with some literature attributing this to the IT revolution. An understanding of the relationship between idiosyncratic risk and return is indeed relevant for idiosyncratic risk pricing and asset allocation, in a context of emerging technologies. The case of high-tech exchange traded funds (ETFs) is especially interesting, since ETFs introduce new noise to the market due to arbitrage activities and high frequency trading. This article examines the relevance of idiosyncratic risk in explaining the return of nine high-tech ETFs. The Markov regime-switching (MRS) methodology for heteroscedastic regimes has been applied. We found that high-tech ETF returns are negatively related to idiosyncratic risk during the high volatility regime and positively related to idiosyncratic risk during the low volatility regime. These results suggest that idiosyncratic volatility matters in high-tech ETF pricing, and that the effects are driven by volatility regimes, leading to changes across them.
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Lobão, Júlio, and Ana Isabel Costa. "Short-term overreaction in equity ETFs following extreme one-day returns." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 30, no. 81 (December 2019): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201807630.
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Abstract This paper investigates the short-term price predictability of US equity Exchange Trade Funds (ETFs) in reaction to one-day extreme returns. We also assess the cross-section features associated to price overreaction following extreme price movements. The literature on the short-term overreaction of ETFs is rather scarce. Furthermore, existing studies tend to focus on delimited historical periods, which makes their results difficult to generalize. Our paper fills this gap by considering a comprehensive sample of ETFs over an extended period of time. In addition, we are the first to study the effect of the prevailing market trend and of liquidity on the patterns of overreaction and subsequent price reversal of ETFs. Being the major ETFs the most actively traded equity securities on the US stock exchanges, their performance and characteristics are of interest by themselves. Our findings suggest that market regulators should concentrate their resources on overseeing the ETF pricing that occurs after-hours. For market practitioners, our results indicate the existence of profitable market opportunities after large price movements. In the present study, we tested the significance of the mean returns for the period immediately after extreme returns. We also conducted a multivariate analysis where the price reversal was regressed against the cross section features of the ETFs under study. We contribute to the literature on ETF price formation as we document, for the first time, the existence of a stark contrast in the reaction to extreme price movements in these assets during normal hours and after-hours periods. On average, the extreme returns that occur in the after-hours period represent an overreaction, leading to a price reversal in the following period. In addition, we show that both tax-motivated trading and noise trading play a role in the pattern of ETF overreaction and reversal.
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Padungsaksawasdi, Chaiyuth, and Ali Parhizgari. "Major Currency ETFs and Their Associated Spot and Futures Rates." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 20, no. 04 (November 2, 2017): 1750026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091517500266.
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To find a substitute vehicle for a direct investment in currencies, we study the behaviors of six major currency exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and their respective spot and futures markets prior to and during the financial crisis of 2008. Our findings indicate that currency ETFs are near-perfect substitutes for a direct investment in currencies. We observe statistically significant differences in market behavior from the non-crisis subperiod to the crisis subperiod. Notwithstanding these differences, the price discovery of both the spot and the futures currency markets relative to their associated ETFs is overwhelming, consistent, and, to a large extent, similar. Under more stable conditions, the spot and the futures currency markets possess more dominant informational positions relative to their corresponding ETF markets.
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Maluf, Yuri Sampaio, and Pedro Henrique Melo Albuquerque. "Evidências empíricas: arbitragem no mercado brasileiro com fundos ETFs." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 24, no. 61 (April 2013): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-70772013000100007.
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De acordo com a literatura de gestão de risco, a diversificação contribui para a mitigação do risco. Neste sentido, os fundos de índice Exchange Traded Funds (ETF), recém-introduzidos no mercado brasileiro, permitem sua fácil execução. Dentro deste contexto, o presente artigo investiga a eficiência do processo de valuation das cotas do fundo iShare Ibovespa com relação ao seu valor justo. Para isto, primeiramente é empregada uma análise das séries temporais de alta frequência do ETF e Ibovespa, seguido de simulações de estratégias que contemplem ágios/deságios entre as séries dos ativos, sem e com custos de transação. A fim de evitar efeitos de Data-Snooping nos resultados das operações, foi aplicado um Bootstrap para séries temporais. No primeiro momento os resultados apontam para uma ineficiência do apreçamento das cotas, visto que a incorporação de ágios/deságios na estratégia produziu retornos de 172,5% acima de seu índice. No segundo, verifica-se que mesmo com a introdução dos custos operacionais, os ganhos ainda assim apresentam ineficiência. Entretanto, a partir da técnica de Bootstrap, os resultados não apontaram para retornos excedentes, o que pode ser atribuído meramente ao fenômeno de Data-Snooping. Os resultados evidenciam, portanto, a inviabilidade dos agentes em auferir rendimentos anormais a partir de divergências entre os valores da cota do ETF e seu respectivo índice, o que indica uma eficiência nas precificações das cotas do fundo iShare Ibovespa.
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Rompotis, Gerasimos. "Large-cap vs small-cap portfolio performance: new empirical evidence from ETFs." Review of Accounting and Finance 18, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-03-2017-0056.
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PurposeA well-documented pattern in the literature concerns the outperformance of small-cap stocks relative to their larger-cap counterparts. This paper aims to address the “small-cap versus large-cap” issue using for the first time data from the exchange traded funds (ETFs) industry.Design/methodology/approachSeveral raw return and risk-adjusted return metrics are estimated over the period 2012-2016.FindingsResults are partially supportive of the “size effect”. In particular, small-cap ETFs outperform large-cap ETFs in overall raw return terms even though they fail the risk test. However, outperformance is not consistent on an annual basis. When risk-adjusted returns are taken into consideration, small-cap ETFs are inferior to their large-cap counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThis research only covers the ETF market in the USA. However, given the tremendous growth of ETF markets worldwide, a similar examination of the “small vs large capitalization” issue could be conducted with data from other developed ETF markets in Europe and Asia. In such a case, useful comparisons could be made, so that we could conclude whether the findings of the current study are unique and US-specific or whether they could be generalized across the several international ETF markets.Practical implicationsA possible generalization of the findings would entail that profitable investment strategies could be based on the different performance and risk characteristics of small- and large-cap ETFs.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the performance of ETFs investing in large-cap stock indicesvis-à-visthe performance of ETFs tracking indices comprised of small-cap stocks.
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Hsieh, Heng-Hsing, Kathleen Hodnett, and Paul Van Rensburg. "Do Managers Of Global Equity Funds Outperform Their Respective Style Benchmarks? Evidence From South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 3 (July 17, 2012): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i3.7157.
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The results of our prior research on internationally-domiciled global equity funds suggest that active managers do not provide economic benefits, in addition to their underlying investment style benchmarks. This finding implies that the performances of global equity funds are derived mainly from the broad investment styles followed by the active managers rather than the stock-picking activities of the managers. We replicate our earlier research to investigate the performances of the six well-established global equity funds in the South African unit trust industry. Our results indicate that four out of the six South African fund managers under examination substantially underperform their passively-replicated style benchmarks. Our prior study results indicate that there is no significant difference between the performances of the internationally-domiciled global equity funds and their respective style benchmarks. By contrast, the stock-picking decisions of the South African fund managers are found to destroy value created by their respective style benchmarks in this study. Our findings suggest that investors who wish to follow particular investment styles would be better off by investing in exchange traded funds (ETF) that passively track the performances of their mandated investment styles in the global equity market with minimal costs.
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Gozbasi, Onur, and Ekrem Erdem. "Are exchange-traded funds effective instruments to invest in Islamic markets? Early evidence from Dow Jones DJIM Turkey ETF." American J. of Finance and Accounting 2, no. 2 (2010): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ajfa.2010.037059.
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Pan, Wei-Fong, and Ting Li. "The measurement of tracking errors of commodity ETFs in China." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2-1).2016.06.
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This paper presents the first study on the measurement and determinants of tracking errors using the daily figures for gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in China. This study employs three methods to measure tracking errors – one that involves calculating the absolute error measure, one that involves calculating the differences between the standard deviation of the benchmark index and that of the ETF, and a regression analysis of empirical returns. In general, the results suggest that the tracking errors of these ETFs in China are lower than those of equity-based ETFs in Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia. We also observe that distinct ETFs have different determinants. Our results provide valuable insight for both institutional and retail investors, as well as opportunities for them to be exposed to a wide range of commodity ETFs in China
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Madhavan, Vinodh. "Investigating the nature of nonlinearity in Indian Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)." Managerial Finance 40, no. 4 (March 4, 2014): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2013-0170.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to first, test for nonlinearity in Local Indian Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) listed at NSE, India – NIFTYBEES, JUNIORBEES, BANKBEES, PSUBANKBEES, and INFRABEES – using a battery of nonlinearity tests; second, to ascertain, using both metric and topological approaches, the adequacy of appropriate AR-GARCH models when it comes to capturing all of the nonlinearity in Indian ETFs; and third, to test for chaos in Indian ETFs. Design/methodology/approach – To start with, a battery of tests such as and limited to McLeod Li test, Engle's LM test, Tsay F-test, Hinich Bispectrum Test and Hinich Bicorrelation test were employed to test for nonlinearity in Indian ETFs. Subsequently, the nature of nonlinearity in all the ETFs was systematically investigated by subjecting the ETF data sets to a metric (BDS test) and a topological test (close returns tests) at different stages of the model-building process. Finally, Lyapunov Exponent test was employed to test for chaos in Indian ETFs. Findings – Test outcomes pertaining to a battery of nonlinearity tests indicate prevalence of nonlinearity amidst all ETFs except for INFRABEES. BDS test outcomes at the different stages of the model-building process indicated high sensitivity of the test outcomes to choice of embedding dimension, threshold value and residual transformations. Close returns test outcomes indicated that, but for BANKBEES, all of the nonlinearity in Indian ETFs could be captured by appropriate GARCH models. Finally, chaos was found to be absent in any of the ETFs considered for this study. Practical implications – The collective take-way from this study is threefold in nature. First, in light of the many limitations of the BDS test, topological approaches such as close-returns test offer a better avenue to test for adequacy of AR-GARCH models in explaining the nature of nonlinearity in asset price movements. Second, adequacy of AR-GARCH models in capturing all of the nonlinearity in NIFTYBEES, JUNIORBEES, PSUBANKBEES, and INFRABEES, as indicated by close-returns test findings, is a reflection of multiplicative nature of nonlinearity in these five ETFs. Third, persistence of nonlinearity in AR-GARCH filtered standardized residuals of BANKBEES, coupled with the absence of chaos in any of the ETFs considered for this study, brings to light the possibility of existence of additive nonlinearity in conjunction with multiplicative nonlinearity. Originality/value – This is possibly the first study that systematically investigates the nature of nonlinearity in Indian ETFs and ascertains the adequacy of AR-GARCH models when it comes to capturing all of the nonlinearity in Indian ETFs using a topological approach.