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Journal articles on the topic 'Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Bennett, John McL, Alla Marchuk, and Serhiy Marchuk. "An alternative index to the exchangeable sodium percentage for an explanation of dispersion occurring in soils." Soil Research 54, no. 8 (2016): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15281.

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With the introduction of the cation ratio of soil stability (CROSS) to replace the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the basis of differential effects of K and Mg to Na and Ca, respectively, there is a requirement for a similar index involving these cations to replace the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The exchangeable dispersive percentage (EDP) is derived and proposed to replace ESP. This paper uses two datasets, one where exchangeable K concentration is relatively high and exchangeable Na low, and a further dataset where Mg dominates the cation exchange capacity. EDP is validated agai

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2

Irvine, S. A., and D. J. Reid. "Field prediction of sodicity in dryland agriculture in Central Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00075.

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Field classification of Vertosols and Sodosols in Australia involves the calculation of an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the subsoil to estimate sodicity. ESP has historically been determined by laboratory measurement of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium. This often leads to a delay in field classification and mapping and missed extension opportunities with landholders. Recently, ion-specific electrode field meters have been developed that allow the determination of the sodium ion concentration within a soil solution. If field tests and/or calculation can est

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3

Singh, P. K., S. Kishore, J. Prakash, S. K. Singh, and M. Shukla. "Cyanophycean Algae Inhabiting Sodic Soil Exhibit Diverse Morphology: An Adaptation to High Exchangeable Sodium." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 15 (June 3, 2009): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v15i0.1937.

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A soil pot experiment was conducted in soils containing two exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels i.e. normal (4.37) and high (54.5) ESP levels. The soils used in experiment were collected from different natural conditions to asses the algal biodiversity and changes in morphology of algae. The genera reported at high ESP were Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and colony of Anabaena while in normal soil these were absent. The heterocyst chain was also observed in soil of high ESP while in normal soil it was not reported. The width of heterocyst was much different than those reported. The chemical pro

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4

H. Ali, Alaa, and Mohammed M. Yassen. "Relationship Between Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29, no. 1 (2016): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/bagrs.2016.116190.

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5

Hulugalle, N. R., and L. A. Finlay. "EC1:5/exchangeable Na, a sodicity index for cotton farming systems in irrigated and rainfed Vertosols." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02058.

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Sodic soils are characterised by their poor structural stability. This is thought to be caused mainly by high levels of exchangeable sodium and low electrolyte concentrations. Historically, soil sodicity has been reported as the exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP [(exchangeable Na/∑ exchangeable cations)�×�100]. However, some authors believe that exchangeable sodium content alone is a better indicator of sodicity, whereas others suggest that an effective sodicity index is one which includes both the exchangeable sodium levels and electrolyte concentration (EC1:5). Some examples are the electr

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6

Li, Nan, Ehsan Zare, Muddassar Muzzamal, Michael Sefton, and John Triantafilis. "Improved prediction of soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) using wavelet." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 209 (June 2023): 107810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107810.

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7

Barnwal, Manoj, S. K. Sharma, Mohammad Bhat, and Sonia Rani. "Influence of Incubation Periods on Extractable Fluoride and Phosphorous at Different Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Levels." Current World Environment 12, no. 3 (2017): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.3.23.

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The laboratory incubation experiment was accomplished to study the effect of incubation periods on the extractable Fluoride (F) and Phosphorous (P) in soil at different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels. The soils of different ESP levels (30, 45 and 60) were prepared by applying different amount of sodium bicarbonate dissolved in distilled water to the calculated volume of saturation percentage of the soil. The observed ESP of the prepared soil was 27.1, 43.7 and 54.9. Incubation studies were conducted with fluoride levels ranging from 40 to 160 mg/kg and phosphorus levels from 12.5

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8

Nayanarangani, M. D. P., R. A. A. S. Rathnayaka, and M. G. T. S. Amarasekara. "Short-Scale Soil Spatial Variability of a Salt-Affected Land Allotment in <em>Maha-Illuppallama</em>, Sri Lanka." Sri Lankan Journal of Agriculture and Ecosystems 5, no. 1 (2023): 21–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljae.v5i1.114.

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The development of salt-affected soils is a serious limitation for sustainable agricultural crop production in Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to explore the short-scale spatial variability of a salt-affected land allotment at Maha-Illupallama in dry zone, Sri Lanka. Seventy soil samples from a depth of 0 - 30 cm were randomly collected within the study site. Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Exchangeable (Ex.) cations; Ex.K, Ex.Na, Ex.Mg and Ex.Ca were measured using established techniques. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Exchangeable Na percentage (ESP

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9

Barzegar, AR, RS Murray, GJ Churchman, and P. Rengasamy. "The strength of remolded soils as affected by exchangeable cations and dispersible clay." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940185.

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The tensile strengths of remoulded samples of five Australian soils with differing clay type, texture and shrink-swell potential were measured as a function of exchangeable cations (Na, Ca and Mg) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clays were also determined as a function of ESP. The tensile strength changed with the nature of the exchangeable cation, clay content and amounts of spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clay. In Ca-soils, the tensile strength was highly correlated with clay content and CEC. Regression analyses of data for soil

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10

Kapoor, A., R. Pal, and SR Poonia. "Prediction of exchangeable sodium percentage in soils by mechanistic and layer models." Soil Research 27, no. 2 (1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890325.

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An experiment was conducted in Plexiglass columns ( i d . 5.6 cm) to study depth distribution of adsorbed Na+ in Ca-saturated loamy sand, sandy loam and clay loam soils on percolating different volumes of 0.1M NaCl solution. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased gradually with depth and increased with increase in volume of solution percolated. The depth development of ESP of the soils was computed by using a numerical solution of a one-dimensional convective-dispersive partial differential equation (model I) and a conceptual layer model (model II). To account for the effect of ads

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11

Abdul Kadium, Safa Mahdi. "The Effect of Thermodynemic Parameter son the Rlationship Between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage and Sodium Adsorption Ratioin Saline Soilof Iraq Central." Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 8, no. 2 (2018): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol8.iss2.55.

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The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the exchangeable sodium percentage ESP and sodium adsorption ratio SAR in the soil solution. Some saline affected soils were selected at the locations Yosifya, Muwayliha, Imam, Eychreesh, Mahaweel, Ejbalah, Abe-Ghragg, Kifil, Elseneya and Eldagharaah. Using thermodynamic criteria to recalculate throught description quantitative concepts rather than analytical.The results indicate that the values of SAR range from 0.96 - 26.80 (cmol Kg-¹)º·5 of the studied sites and this ratio increased when taking into account free ions 3.52 - 32.

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12

Painuli, DK, and IP Abrol. "Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil." Soil Research 24, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860367.

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Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increa

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13

Painuli, DK, and IP Abrol. "Corrigenda - Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil." Soil Research 24, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860367c.

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Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increa

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14

Laurenson, S., E. Smith, N. S. Bolan, and M. McCarthy. "Effect of K+ on Na - Ca exchange and the SAR-ESP relationship." Soil Research 49, no. 6 (2011): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11192.

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In Australia, application of winery wastewater to land is increasingly being viewed as the most environmentally sound and cost-effective means of disposal. This wastewater contains high concentrations of both sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), which have the potential to accumulate in the profile of irrigated soils and adversely alter physical properties such as aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. Cation exchange equilibria in soil of mixed illite and kaolinite mineralogy have been investigated in binary Ca–Na and Ca–K systems and in a ternary Ca–Na–K system. In the respective binary

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15

Liefering, RE, and CDA Mclay. "Effects of high pH solutions with large monovalent cation concentrations on cation exchange properties." Soil Research 34, no. 2 (1996): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960229.

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Disposal of strongly alkaline industrial liquid wastes, which contain large monovalent cation concentrations, by means of land treatment systems is becoming increasingly common. This study investigated the effects of solutions with large monovalent cation concentrations and high pH on cation exchange properties in four New Zealand soils with different clay mineralogies. The soils were shaken with a range of concentrations (0–0.3 M) of NaOH, KOH, NaCl, and KCl. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) were measured following shaking and washing procedure

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16

Robbins, CW, and WS Meyer. "Calculating pH from EC and SAR values in salinity models and SAR from soil and bore water pH and EC data." Soil Research 28, no. 6 (1990): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9901001.

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Currently used soil salinity models do not contain a mechanism for including exchangeable sodium effects on soil pH. A method is needed that allows pH calculation from the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) or exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and electrical conductivity (EC) data. This study developed a simple method for calculating saturated soil paste and aqueous solution pH from SAR (or ESP) and EC data and compared the results with measured values from a number of soils and subsurface waters. The equation pH =A+{B*(SAR)1/2/(1+C*EC)} estimated soil pH from EC and SAR or ESP values. When rewr

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17

DA SILVA, EVANDRO MANOEL, REGINALDO GOMES NOBRE, Joicy Lima Barbosa, HANS RAJ GHEYI, FRANCISCO ALVES DA SILVA, and BENEDITO FERREIRA BONIFÁCIO. "Growth and flowering of colored cotton cultivated in soils of distincts ESP and sheep manure." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2624.

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The inadequate management of irrigation has promoted the increase in the area of degraded soils through salinization and/or sodification, especially in irrigated perimeters of the northeastern semiarid, promoting environmental impacts and decrease in crop yield. In this manner, studies that aim to evaluate the tolerance of crops to salts, and/or techniques that minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress are highly viable. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sheep manure doses over growth and flowering of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio, cultivated in soi

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18

Kariminejad, Narges, Vahid Shafaie, and Majid Movahedi Rad. "Assessment of soil erosion through spatial analyzing of soil properties using statistical-based functions." BIO Web of Conferences 125 (2024): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412501008.

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The significant geomorphological hazard of collapsed cavities (CC) causes notable environmental transformations. To address this issue, the pipe collapse pattern was examined using two statistical methods, the Density Correlation Function (DCF) and the Mark Coloration Function (MCF). Key predictor variables like organic carbon (OC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were utilized to comprehend their impact on spatial distribution over time. The study was found that lower OC levels increase susceptibility to CC, while higher SAR and ESP amounts enhance the

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19

Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.

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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote

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20

Astaraei, AR, and RPS Chauhan. "Effect of Ca:Mg ratio on soil sodicity at different levels of sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentration." Soil Research 30, no. 5 (1992): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920751.

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A laboratory study on loamy soil (19.6% clay) with different quality waters varying in Ca : Mg ratio (1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 4, 1 : 6, 1 : 8) at two levels each of salinity (6 and 12 dSm-1) and SAR (10 and 50) was carried out. Exchangeable sodium (ES), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), Na: (Ca+Mg) ratio and degree of dispersed clay in soil increased with increasing Mg concentration at both the levels of EC(iw) and SAR(iw). The percentage of dispersed clay was more with increasing Mg concentration at higher SAR(iw) with a lower level of EC(iw), while the reverse trend was observed with hydraulic

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21

Phuong, Nguyen Thi Kim, Chau Minh Khoi, Karl Ritz, et al. "Influence of Rice Husk Biochar and Compost Amendments on Salt Contents and Hydraulic Properties of Soil and Rice Yield in Salt-Affected Fields." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (2020): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081101.

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Soil salinity may damage crop production. Besides proper management of irrigation water, salinity reduction can be achieved through soil amendment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of rice husk biochar and compost amendments on alleviation of salinity and rice growth. Field experiments were conducted at two salt-affected paddy rice fields located in distinct sites for five continuous crops. Treatments, with four replicates, consisted of continuous three rice crops per year (RRR), two rice crops rotated with fallow in spring–summer crop (FRR), FRR plus compost at 3 Mg h

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22

Costa, Magaly Morgana Lopes da, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, Geovani Soares de Lima, et al. "Saline-sodic soil and organic matter addition in the cultivation of the colored cotton ‘BRS Topázio’." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 2 (2016): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p701.

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he prevailing climate of the semiarid region in the northeastern region of Brazil along with inadequate irrigation management, have caused the formation of halomorphic soils, which have hampered agricultural production and environmental sustainability of this region. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence and initial growth of the cotton cultivar ‘BRS Topázio’ cultivated in soil with different levels of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and concentrations of organic matter (OM) in a greenhouse from April to June 2014. The experiment was set in a randomized block design in a 5

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23

S, RAJASEKAR NAIDU, and CHANDRASEKARAN S. "STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE WATERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF PYRITE APPLICATION." Madras Agricultural Journal 78, March Augest (1991): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01852.

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Pot experiment conducted to find out the changes in soil properties due to the use of bicarbonate waters for rice in the presence and absence of pyrite application revealed that increase in the RSC of water, increased Soil pH, EC., CO, HCO3, Na, exchangeable Na*, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) and CaCO3. Decrease in SO4, Ca, Ex.Ca2, Ex.Mg2 and Ex.K* was observed with the increase in levels of RSC of the water used. Pyrite application altered all the above said soil properties to an appreciable magnitude, commensurate with the quantity. However, the trend was exactly in contrast with the

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24

Pal, R., A. K. Kapoor, S. R. Poonia, and M. Raj. "Simple water-balance models for simulating moisture, salinity and sodicity profiles in soils under wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (1990): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075092.

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SUMMARYExperiments were conducted in wheat planted in microplots at Hisar and Sirsa in Haryana state, India, to observe and simulate the depth distribution of moisture content, electrical conductivity in 1:2 soil-water extract (EC 1:2), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils after irrigation with water of high electrical conductivity (12–19 dS/m) and sodium adsorption ratio (20–80 (mmol/1)0·5). The three simulation models used differed in the procedure of estimation of evapotranspiration (models I and II, Reddy 1983; model III, Arora et al. 1987). In general, the means of the experi

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25

Kumar, Ashok. "Long-term Forage Yields of Five Tropical Grasses on an Extremely Sodic Soil and the Resultant Soil Amelioration." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 1 (1988): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015726.

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SUMMARYA long-term field study was conducted from 1979 to 1985 in the Karnal district of Haryana, India to evaluate the effect of three rates of gypsum (0, 5.2 and 10.4 kg ha−1) on the performance of five grasses (Diplachne fusca, Panicum laevifolium, P. antidotale, Chloris gayana and Cynodon maritimus) on an extremely sodic soil with an initial pH of 10.6 and an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 94. Diplachne, Chloris and Cynodon usually gave their maximum yield in the second year of planting, P. antidotale in the third year and P. laevifolium in the fourth year. The results showed that

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26

Pinheiro, Daniel Teixeira, Fabio Delazari, Carlos Nick, Edson Marcio Mattiello, and Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias. "Emergence and vegetative development of melon in function of the soil salinity." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (2019): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p1551.

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Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting the development and global agricultural productivity. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is mainly produced in arid and semi-arid regions around the world, favoring the accumulation of soluble salts in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence and vegetative development of melon genotype under different levels of soil salinity. The assessments were performed based on the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) at 0, 20, 25, 30 and 35%. The emergence was affected around 30 percentage points, by comparing the control and the highest dose

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27

Singh, K. N., D. K. Sharma, and R. K. Chillar. "Growth, yield and chemical composition of different oilseed crops as influenced by sodicity." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 3 (1988): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083635.

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SummaryAn experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 1980–1 and 1981–2 to study the effect of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 87, 62, 44, 34 and 27 on growth, yield and chemical composition of toria (Brassica campestris var. Toria), raya (Brassica juncea L.) rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Brown Sarson) and taramira (Eruca saliva). Number of branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant and seed yield of these crops were highest at 27 ESP. Increasing ESP decreased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations and decreased that of Na in seed and stover. These crops c

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28

S K, Dubey, Singh Y P, Sharma V K, and Anand Swarup. "Influence of Amendments and Flooding with Saline and Non-Saline Water on Changes in Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Sodic Soil." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, JUNE (2012): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100066.

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Laboratory experiments were conducted with a highly sodic soil (pH, 10.6, exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP) 96) to evaluate the effect of amendments viz. gypsum @ 50% gypsum requirements (GR), gypsum @ 100% GR, pyrite equivalent to 50% of GR on sulphur (S) basis, pyrite equivalent to 100% of GR on S basis, farm yard manure (FYM) @ 1%, gypsum @ 50% of GR + FYM @ 1%, gypsum @ 100% of GR + FYM @ 1%, pyrite @ 50% of GR on S basis + FYM @ 1%, Pyrite @ 100% of GR on S basis + FYM @ 1% and a control (no amendment) with saline (EC iw 4 dSm 1 ) and non saline (EC 0.4 dSm 1 ) irrigation water on the t

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29

Islam, Md Rezwanul, Qingyue Wang, Sumaya Sharmin, Weiqian Wang, and Christian Ebere Enyoh. "Mathematical modeling of cations from non-edible food waste for the reclamation of sodic and saline soils." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 14, no. 1 (2024): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1565860.

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Nutritional disparity is a crucial impediment to agricultural productivity that interferes with soil structural stability and plant growth since more than one-fourth of the total land area is affected, especially by sodicity globally. This study assesses the mathematical models of non-edible food waste, including brinjal waste, potato peel, banana peel, orange peel, eggshell, cow bone, chicken bone, and fish bone. After consumption of the food, the resulting non-edible food waste was cleaned, dried, crushed, and stored separately in aluminum zipper bags. Cation concentrations of the considered

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Siyag, R. S., M. S. Lamba, Raj Pal, and S. R. Poonia. "Predicting sodification of calcium-saturated soil columns on leaching with sodic waters." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 1 (1988): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082964.

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SummaryDepth accumulation of exchangeable Na+ was measured in Ca-saturated sandy loam soil columns (length 50 cm; diameter 5 cm) after percolating 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ml of 013 M Na+, as NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 solutions. The values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increased gradually with the increase in the volumes of the solution percolated. Two conceptual layer models, based on whether solutions were added to the topmost soil layer in one lot (M-I) or in splits equal to the saturation deficit (M-II), were used to predict the depth distribution of ESP of soil. The chemic

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Shah, A. S. N., M. A. Zali, N. S. M. Nazer, A. Hashim, A. Rusdi, and A. H. Ismail. "The potential of NAA and ICP-MS for determining soil dispersibility in relation to landslide incidents." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1308, no. 1 (2024): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1308/1/012018.

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Abstract Dispersive soils pose significant challenges due to their inherent tendency to rapidly respond to the presence of water, resulting in erosion and heightened susceptibility to landslides. The inclusion of sodium (Na) onto the surface of soil clay particles results in the attenuation of the electrochemical interactions between the dispersed soil, leading to the repulsion and subsequent migration of the clay particles away from one another. This study employed Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess the Sodium Adsorption Ratio

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Gardner, W. K. "Changes in soils irrigated with saline groundwater containing excess bicarbonate." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03099.

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Changes in soil properties caused by irrigation with saline groundwater (approx. 2 dS/m) containing excess bicarbonate were measured on Vertosols and Sodosols in the West Wimmera, Victoria, Australia. Irrigation caused soil pH to increase, and where this had risen sufficiently (approx. 8.0), the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of 1 : 5 soil extracts also increased, presumably due to precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Salt only accumulated when the SAR of 1 : 5 soil extracts was high. In contrast to previous studies, SAR of the soil extracts was not correlated with exchangeable so

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33

Singh, K. N., D. K. Sharma, and R. K. Chillar. "Forage yield and chemical composition of pearl-millet (Pennisetum typhoides) as influenced by exchangeable sodium." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 3 (1988): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083647.

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SummaryThe effect of exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP) of 86, 61, 43, 33 and 28 on forage yield and chemical composition of four cultivars of pearl-millet (LC-2, LC-5, LC-6 and LC-7) was studied under field conditions during 1981 and 1982. Dry and green forage yields were significantly higher at 28 ESP over other ESP values. Increasing ESP decreased the yield and concentration of Ca, K and P but increased that of Na in the plants. Cultivar LC-5 was found to give the best performance under sodic soil followed by LC-7, LC-6 and LC-2. At an early stage of crop growth (45 days), cv. LC-2 had s

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34

Guerrero-Alves, José, Ildefonso Pla-Sentís, and Rafael Camacho. "A model to explain high values of pH in an alkali sodic soil." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 4 (2002): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000400021.

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For alkali sodic soils (pH>8.5), the "hydrolysis of exchangeable sodium" has been used as a possible explanation for the alkalinity production and rise in pH of these soils. As an alternative to this hypothesis, a model was developed to simulate and to explain that the alkalinity production and rise in pH is possible in a soil that accumulates alkaline sodium salts and CaCO3. Several simulations were performed by using different combinations of CO2 partial pressures (P), presence or absence of MgCO3, along with experimental values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and ion concentratio

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Novák, Tibor. "Afforestation affects vertical distribution of basic soil characteristics and taxonomic status of sodic soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 5 (2022): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2022-pse.

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Afforestation, settled before 60–90 years and adjacent solonetzic grasslands, representing the natural vegetation cover were compared in this study based on their basic soil characteristics (pH, CaCO3 content, soil organic carbon (SOC), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)) up to 2 m depth. The assumption was that the plantings of arbour vegetation can change soil characteristics of sodic soils not only in superficial layers but even in larger depths. Grasslands and forest soils were compared by standardised depths. Afforested soils showed lower pH in the depth at 0–100 cm, and slightly hi

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Dodd, K., C. N. Guppy, P. V. Lockwood, and I. J. Rochester. "The effect of sodicity on cotton: Does soil chemistry or soil physical condition have the greater role?" Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 8 (2013): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13078.

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Soil sodicity is widespread in the cracking clays used for irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in Australia and worldwide and sometimes produces nutrient imbalances and poor plant growth. It is not known whether these problems are due primarily to soil physical or to soil chemical constraints. We investigated this question by growing cotton to maturity in a glasshouse in large samples of a Grey Vertosol in which the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was adjusted to 2, 13, 19, or 24. A soil-stabilising agent, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), was added to half the pots and stabil

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Tola, Fenan, Isihak Lolo, and Feyissa Gurmu. "Characterization, Classification and Mapping of Soil Salinity Status at Small Scale Irrigation Farm of Kedale, Yabello District, Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management 10, no. 2 (2025): 68–79. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20251002.12.

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Soil salinity is a significant challenge to crop productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Effective mitigation requires a thorough understanding of soil chemical composition and water quality before implementing sustainable irrigation projects. This study aimed to characterize, classify, and map soil salinity and sodicity in the small-scale Kedale irrigation area of Yabello district. A total of 42 composite soil samples were collected from irrigated farm plots at four depths (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm, and 90-120 cm) and analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity

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Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, D. J. Connor, and V. J. Matassa. "Interrelationships between edaphic factors potentially limiting cereal growth on alkaline soils in north-western Victoria." Soil Research 41, no. 2 (2003): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02022.

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Calcarosols of the Victorian southern Mallee comprise subsoils that are typically saline, sodic, and have high concentrations of soluble boron (B), which have the potential to restrict growth of rain-fed grain crops. This paper reports relationships between various soil factors, from 150 soil profiles over a survey area of 3600 km2, to determine if field texture, pH1:5, electrical conductivity (ECe), and Na+ could be used to estimate exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and B. Assessment of soil profiles across 5 layers to 1 m (n = 750) showed that exchangeable Na+ correlated well with both ES

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I. J., SAM,, Edet, I. G., ESSIEN, O. A, and Thomas, U. F. "Effect of Agriculture Land Use Practices on Selected Soil Properties and Macro-Aggregate Stability: A Case Study of Coastal Plain Sand, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 11, no. 1 (2025): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2025/v11i1458.

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The study was carried out in Coastal plain Sands. Southeastern Nigeria to evaluate Macro-aggregate stability under three land-use types; Rubber Plantation (RP). Oil Palm Plantation (OPP, and Forest plot (FP). Random soil and core samples were collected in five Points in each of the three land-use types, given a total of 15 samples, bulked for physical and chemical analyses. Aggregate Separation was done using a nest of four sieve sizes. Macro-aggregate stability indices means weight diameter of dry and wet (MWDd and MWDw), water stability aggregate (WSA), aggregate Clay (AC), exchangeable sodi

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Vance, W. H., B. M. McKenzie, and J. M. Tisdall. "The stability of soils used for cropping in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales." Soil Research 40, no. 4 (2002): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00088.

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Three hundred and six soil samples were classified for sodicity on the basis of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and for spontaneous or mechanical dispersion on the basis of a dispersion test (Emerson 1991). Each sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of exchangeable and soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and concentration of organic carbon (OC). These variables were used to explain the sodicity and dispersive classifications of the 306 samples. Concentrations of exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ along with EC and total cation concentration

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Begum, S., N. Naher, M. F. Hossain, K. U. Ahamed, and A. K. M. M. Alam. "Effects of salinity on soil properties of coastal areas of Bagerhat and Pirojpur districts." Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2023): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v47i2.63323.

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A study was conducted to observe the soil properties under naturally occurring saline soil conditions in Bagerhat and Pirojpur. Soil samples at 0-20 cm depth were collected from Bagerhat sadar and Khachua upazila under Bagerhat district and Projpur sadar and Nazirpur upazila under Projpur district. Observations were made on soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), total N, available P, S and exchangeable K, Ca, Na and Mg contents. Result indicates that pH value ranged from 6.70 to 7.40 and 6.60 to 7.79, organic

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Burrow, D. P., A. Surapaneni, M. E. Rogers, and K. A. Olsson. "Groundwater use in forage production: the effect of salinesodic irrigation and subsequent leaching on soil sodicity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00157.

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Lucerne plots were irrigated with waters of electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.1, 0.8, 2.5, 4.5 and 7.5 dS/m for the summers of 1991–92 to 1994–95. Within those 4 years, soils were sodified at irrigation treatment salinities greater than 0.8 dS/m. Subsequent leaching of salts with channel water (EC = 0.1 dS/m) and rain water (1995–97) reduced surface soil sodicity but not subsoil sodicity. This resulted in increased dispersed clay in the subsoil. Clay dispersion was best explained by exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and Mg in topsoils, and by ESP and salinity (TCC or Cl) in subsoils. Ponding

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Halliwell, David J., Kirsten M. Barlow, and David M. Nash. "A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00047.

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This paper reviews the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties, particularly with respect to irrigation systems. Fundamental sodicity concepts are examined including (i) sodicity definitions, (ii) the effects of sodium on soil properties, (iii) a discussion of factors that impede the infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity, (iv) the changes that occur in ionic strength of percolating water in soil, and (v) consideration of the wastewater and soil constituents that modify the effective sodium adsorption ratio. Importantly, the ability for soils to assimilate wastewater ove

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Niknamian, Sorush. "Application of Modern Methods: Modeling of Sedimentary Soil ESP Content." Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v1i1.22.

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Knowing the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) variations and its values in sodic or saline-sodic soils is essential in order to estimate the amount of soil amendments and better land management. ESP calculated from cation exchange capacity (CEC), and since CEC measurement is difficult and time-consuming, ESP computation is costly and subject to error. Thus, presenting a method to estimate ESP indirectly, by an easily available index is much more efficient and economical. In this study, 296 soil samples collected and analyzed from Sistan plain, southeastern Iran. Soil ESP were predicted by u

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Hamdan, Ahmed Naseh Ahmed. "The Assessment of the Quality of Water Treatment Plants Effluent of Basrah City for Irrigation." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 2 (2016): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol4.iss2.47.

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The study included the assessment of the quality of the effluent of water treatment plants for irrigation uses. Eleven water treatment plants were selected in Basrah city center and surrounding areas which are Al-bradaiah1, Al-bradaiah2, Al-Ribat, R-Zero, Garmma1, Garmma2, Al Maqil, Al Jubila, Shatt Al_Arab, Al Hartha, and Al Basrah unified. One sample monthly were taken from these stations' effluent during January to December 2013, and the water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4), total disso

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Balks, M. R., W. J. Bond, and C. J. Smith. "Effects of sodium accumulation on soil physical properties under an effluent-irrigated plantation." Soil Research 36, no. 5 (1998): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97064.

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Effluent irrigation commonly results in increased soil sodicity, because of the medium-to-high salinity and high sodium concentrations of many effluents. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils at the Wagga Wagga Effluent Plantation Project increased from <2% to >25% at some depths within the surface 0·6 m of soil, after 5 seasons of irrigation with either (i) treated sewage effluent or (ii) bore water with similar salinity and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A survey of dispersion index (DI) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was carried out to investigate the effects

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Turkoz, Murat, and Pinar Vural. "The effects of cement and natural zeolite additives on problematic clay soils." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20, no. 4 (2013): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0104.

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AbstractDispersive and expansive soils are considered problematic, and these soil properties cause serious problems for many engineering structures. For many years, comprehensive studies have been carried out with the aim of improving the swelling and dispersive qualities of soils by using additives. Each feature in the literature associated with the improvement of the dispersive and swell properties of clay soil with additives was separately evaluated. In this study, the effect of cement and natural zeolite additives on the characteristics of dispersibility and swelling potential of clay soil

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Gupta, S. K., and V. Kumar. "Critical Review of Irrigation Water Quality Parameters for Assessing Sodium and Bicarbonate Hazards and Gypsum Application for Quality Improvement." Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality 16, no. 2 (2024): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/jsswq.v16i2.158032.

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Traditional parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) for assessing water/soil quality have been critically reviewed. Limitations of these parameters especially related to neglect of potassium and the assumption that calcium and magnesium have similar effect on soil flocculation are highlighted. It emerged that the role of Mg in water is least understood rendering these parameters to underestimate the problems related to sodium and bicarbonate hazards. Latest research for devising new parameters to overcome the l

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Nelson, P. N., A. T. Lawer, and G. J. Ham. "Evaluation of methods for field diagnosis of sodicity in soiland irrigation water in the sugarcane growing districts of Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 40, no. 8 (2002): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02028.

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Sodicity and related properties of soils and irrigation water restrict sugarcane yields and cause environmental problems such as turbid runoff. The aim of this work was to assess the usefulness of several field diagnostic tests for soils and waters of the Australian sugar industry. Tests were evaluated using over 500 soil samples collected from 0–0.75 m depth from the 6 main sugarcane growing districts. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the topsoil (0–0.25 m) could be predicted by electromagnetic induction (Geonics EM38) in 2 districts (r2 = 0.64–0.82), and in the subsoil (0.25–0.5 m) in

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Solangi, Ghulam Shabir, Altaf Ali Siyal, Muhammad Munir Babar, and Pirah Siyal. "Spatial Analysis of Soil Salinity in the Indus River Delta, Pakistan." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 4271–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3249170.

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Soil salinization is one of the most damaging environmental problems in coastal areas, including Indus River Delta (IRD). Due to the reduction of flow in the Indus basin, saline water from the Arabian Sea is intruding into the IRD and has degraded the agricultural lands drastically. Focusing on the gravity of the problem, the present study was designed to explore the spatial distribution of soil salinity in the IRD. Physicochemical analysis of 375 soil samples randomly collected from 125 different locations within the study area was used. Analysis revealed that for the top 0-20cm of soil, abou

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