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Journal articles on the topic 'Exchangeable sodium'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Ferriss, J. B., and J. A. O'Hare. "Exchangeable Sodium in Diabetes." Diabetic Medicine 5, no. 6 (September 1988): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01062.x.

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2

SMITH, T., and C. J. EDMONDS. "Measurement of exchangeable sodium." Nuclear Medicine Communications 8, no. 8 (August 1987): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-198708000-00007.

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3

BENNETT, D. R. "SOIL CHEMICAL CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATION SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWN SOLONETZIC SOILS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-068.

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A good statistical relationship was obtained between the exchangeable-sodium ratio and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in Brown Solonetzic and associated soils in southern Alberta. Reliable estimates of the exchangeable-sodium status of these sulfate-rich soils may be anticipated when SAR values are less than 20. Prediction of the exchangeable-sodium status of soils on the basis of SAR values is preferable for both Solonetzic soil and irrigation suitability classification. A saturation extract SAR value of five in the B horizon generally corresponds to an exchangeable calcium to sodium ratio of 10. Saturation extract SAR values of five and 12 are recommended as revised soil chemical criteria for Brown Solonetzic soil and irrigation suitability classification, respectively. Key words: Solonetzic soils, exchangeable cations, sodium adsorption ratio, selectivity coefficient, irrigation suitability
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4

Manhem, P. J. O., S. A. Clark, W. B. Brown, G. D. Murray, and J. I. S. Robertson. "Effect of chlorothiazide on serial measurements of exchangeable sodium and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats." Clinical Science 69, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0690511.

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1. Chlorothiazide (100 mg/kg body weight) was given by gavage daily to spontaneously hypertensive rats for 4 weeks. Another group of spontaneously hypertensive rats was given only tap water and served as control. 2. Measurements of total exchangeable sodium, blood pressure and weight were performed for 2 weeks before and for 4 weeks during treatment. 3. Before treatment, exchangeable sodium, blood pressure and weight were similar in the two groups of rats. 4. Chlorothiazide significantly attenuated the blood pressure increase in spontaneously hypertensive rats, the effect being most marked during the first 2 1/2 weeks of treatment and less thereafter. 5. Rats in the chlorothiazide-treated group gained weight more slowly than did those of the control group. 6. Exchangeable sodium, expressed as mmol/kg body weight, did not differ significantly between the two groups at any stage. 7. When exchangeable sodium was expressed as mmol/rat, there was a more gradual rise in the chlorothiazide-treated animals, in accordance with their slower gain in weight. 8. There was no temporal association between the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide and changes in exchangeable sodium. 9. Thus whereas chlorothiazide treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats slows the increase of both weight and exchangeable sodium, other mechanisms are apparently responsible for the antihypertensive action of the drug.
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5

Hulugalle, N. R., and L. A. Finlay. "EC1:5/exchangeable Na, a sodicity index for cotton farming systems in irrigated and rainfed Vertosols." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02058.

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Sodic soils are characterised by their poor structural stability. This is thought to be caused mainly by high levels of exchangeable sodium and low electrolyte concentrations. Historically, soil sodicity has been reported as the exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP [(exchangeable Na/∑ exchangeable cations)�×�100]. However, some authors believe that exchangeable sodium content alone is a better indicator of sodicity, whereas others suggest that an effective sodicity index is one which includes both the exchangeable sodium levels and electrolyte concentration (EC1:5). Some examples are the electrochemical stability index (EC 1:5/ESP) and EC1:5/exchangeable Na. The objective of this study was to evaluate which of 3 empirical sodicity indices (ESP, EC1:5/ESP, EC1:5/exchangeable Na) was best related to soil dispersion in Vertosols sown to cotton farming systems.Soil was sampled between 1995 and 2001 from 4 irrigated and dryland sites in New South Wales and Queensland, where the cropping systems included continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cotton–rotation crop sequences, and 2- and 1-m beds. Tillage systems ranged from zero to minimum tillage. Soils from all sites were analysed for EC1:5, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na, and dispersion index, and ESP, EC1:5/ESP and EC1:5/exchangeable Na derived. Long-term dispersion was best predicted by EC1:5/exchangeable Na, except where zero tillage was practised when none of the sodicity indices were related to dispersion. Aggregate stabilisation under zero tillage was speculated to be determined largely by labile soil organic matter and microbial activity rather than sodicity.
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6

Cook, Garry D., and Warren J. Muller. "IS EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM CONTENT A BETTER INDEX OF SOIL SODICITY THAN EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM PERCENTAGE?: A REASSESSMENT OF PUBLISHED DATA." Soil Science 162, no. 5 (May 1997): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199705000-00004.

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7

Irvine, S. A., and D. J. Reid. "Field prediction of sodicity in dryland agriculture in Central Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00075.

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Field classification of Vertosols and Sodosols in Australia involves the calculation of an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the subsoil to estimate sodicity. ESP has historically been determined by laboratory measurement of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium. This often leads to a delay in field classification and mapping and missed extension opportunities with landholders. Recently, ion-specific electrode field meters have been developed that allow the determination of the sodium ion concentration within a soil solution. If field tests and/or calculation can estimate clay percentage and sodium concentration, there is potential for rapid field assessment of ESP. The field meter accurately predicted exchangeable sodium (R2 = 0.83). In addition CEC was related to clay percentage (R2 = 0.79). The estimated ESP calculated by the field tests compared favourably with the actual ESP measurement (R2 = 0.85).
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8

H. Ali, Alaa, and Mohammed M. Yassen. "Relationship Between Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/bagrs.2016.116190.

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9

S. W. Schaefer, J. H. Bischoff, D. P. Froehlich, and D. W. DeBoer. "Effects of Exchangeable Soil Sodium on Implement Draft." Transactions of the ASAE 32, no. 3 (1989): 0812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.31074.

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10

O'Hare, J. P., and R. J. M. Corrall. "De Natrio Diabeticorum Increased Exchangeable Sodium in Diabetes." Diabetic Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 1988): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb00935.x.

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11

Rakovic, M., and N. Pilecka. "Two compartments of slowly exchangeable sodium in bone." Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/37/6/016.

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12

Hansen, Jacob. "BLOOD VOLUME AND EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION." Acta Medica Scandinavica 184, no. 1-6 (April 24, 2009): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb02493.x.

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13

Painuli, D. K., and I. P. Abrol. "Effect of exchangeable sodium percent on surface sealing." Agricultural Water Management 11, no. 3-4 (September 1986): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(86)90042-9.

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14

Bennett, John McL, Alla Marchuk, and Serhiy Marchuk. "An alternative index to the exchangeable sodium percentage for an explanation of dispersion occurring in soils." Soil Research 54, no. 8 (2016): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15281.

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With the introduction of the cation ratio of soil stability (CROSS) to replace the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the basis of differential effects of K and Mg to Na and Ca, respectively, there is a requirement for a similar index involving these cations to replace the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The exchangeable dispersive percentage (EDP) is derived and proposed to replace ESP. This paper uses two datasets, one where exchangeable K concentration is relatively high and exchangeable Na low, and a further dataset where Mg dominates the cation exchange capacity. EDP is validated against these datasets and further mathematical investigation of the contribution of Mg to dispersion is undertaken. Mineralogy appears to affect turbidity results at a given dispersive index, and an improved criterion for assessment of Mg effect on dispersivity is presented.
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15

Singh, P. K., S. Kishore, J. Prakash, S. K. Singh, and M. Shukla. "Cyanophycean Algae Inhabiting Sodic Soil Exhibit Diverse Morphology: An Adaptation to High Exchangeable Sodium." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 15 (June 3, 2009): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v15i0.1937.

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A soil pot experiment was conducted in soils containing two exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels i.e. normal (4.37) and high (54.5) ESP levels. The soils used in experiment were collected from different natural conditions to asses the algal biodiversity and changes in morphology of algae. The genera reported at high ESP were Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and colony of Anabaena while in normal soil these were absent. The heterocyst chain was also observed in soil of high ESP while in normal soil it was not reported. The width of heterocyst was much different than those reported. The chemical properties of soil e.g. pH, exchangeable sodium and ESP were decreased while organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were increased after one year algal growth. Key words: Cyanophycean algae, heterocyst, sodic soil, exchangeable sodium percentage. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1937 ECOPRINT 15: 15-21, 2008
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16

Nguyen, M. K., and I. Kurtz. "Are the total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium and total body water the only determinants of the plasma water sodium concentration?" Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfg112.

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17

Kilinç, Mahmut, Hamdi Kutbay, Erkan Yalçin, Ali Bilgin, Kenan Avci, and Solmaz Topaloglu. "Effects of selected groundwater chemical traits on a salt marsh community." Acta Botanica Croatica 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-010-0004-7.

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Effects of selected groundwater chemical traits on a salt marsh communityElectrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium ratio and water depth have negative impacts, whereas soil organic matter concentration has a positive impact on Black Sea salt marsh vegetation. The most saline soils were characterized bySalicornia prostratavegetation and associated with exchangeable sodium ratio.Alhagi pseudalhagiandTamarix smrynensispopulations were associated with water depth, whileJuncus littoralis, Ammophila arenariaandE. paraliaswere associated with soil organic matter.Euphorbia paralias, Ammophila arenariaandIris orientaliswere associated with acidity.
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18

Silveira, Karien Rodrigues da, Mateus Rosas Ribeiro, Luiz Bezerra de Oliveira, Richard John Heck, and Rachel Rodrigues da Silveira. "Gypsum-saturated water to reclaim alluvial saline sodic and sodic soils." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 1 (February 2008): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000100010.

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Inadequate management of soil and irrigation water contribute to soil degradation, particularly in the alluvial areas of Northeast Brazil, where salinity and sodicity are already common features. This study evaluates the effects of the addition of gypsum in the irrigation water on physical and chemical properties of soils with different levels of salinity and sodicity. Samples were collected at the Custódia irrigation area of Brazil, predominantly covered by alluvial soils. Leaching tests using simulated irrigation water classified as C3S1, and gypsum-saturated irrigation water were carried out in soil columns of 20 and 50 cm depth. Soil leaching with gypsum saturated water (T2) resulted in an increase in the amounts of exchangeable calcium and potassium, and in a decrease of soil pH, in relation to the original soil (T0), with significant statistical differences to the treatment using only water (T1). There was a reduction in the electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage in both treatments (T1 and T2), with treatment T2 being more effective in the leaching of soil sodium. No changes of electrical conductivity, calcium and pH in depth were observed, but the 20 - 50 cm layer presented higher amounts of magnesium, sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage. Gypsum saturated water improved the hydraulic conductivity in both layers. The use of gypsum in the irrigation water improved soil physical and chemical properties and should be considered as an alternative in the process of reclamation of saline-sodic and sodic soils in Northeast Brazil.
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19

Abas, N., and J. A. Johnson. "Total Exchangeable Sodium in Rats with Mestranol-Induced Hypertension." Experimental Biology and Medicine 191, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-191-42887.

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20

Shirmohamm, Zahra, and Somayeh Heydari. "Modeling of Exchangeable Sodium Ratio on the Saline Soil." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2020.159.165.

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21

Aydemir, S., N. F. Najjar, and C. T. Hallmark. "Exchangeable Sodium Accumulation with Irrigation in Soils under Turfgrass." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, no. 11-12 (June 2005): 1611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-200059097.

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22

Dahiya, I. S., K. S. Grewal, and D. J. Dahiya. "Desodification of a salt-affected soil in plots of various sizes under two modes of water application." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079491.

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SummaryDesodification of a highly saline-sodic, permeable, sandy loam soil was accomplished in 2 × 2 m (S1), 4 × 4 m (S2) and 6 × 6 m (S3) plots under continuous and intermittent ponding. The soil contained large amounts of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium throughout the profile to the water table. The chief salts were chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. The leaching curves with respect to desodification did not differ significantly between the S1, S2 and S3 plots under continuous ponding but did under intermittent ponding. With intermittent ponding, the efficiency of leaching exchangeable sodium in the S1 plots was very significantly higher than that in the S2 and S3 plots, i.e. the leaching efficiency decreased sharply with increased plot size. The leaching efficiency in the S1 plots was significantly greater with intermittent than with continuous ponding, but the reverse was true in the S2 and S3 plots. The results further indicated that there is no need to apply an amendment such as gypsum, mainly because calcium and magnesium present in such soils are adequate to replace the initially high exchangeable sodium during leaching. The displacement of exchangeable sodium in the S1 plots under intermittent ponding was nearly piston-like. With increased plot size, it tended to deviate from this behaviour. It is concluded that under practical situations in which reclamation is accomplished in large plots, the practice of leaching the saline constituents with intermittent ponding would be less effective. Thus, leaching of salts down into the soil with a single heavy irrigation would be more desirable.
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23

Reid, Amanda F., John P. Coghlan, John G. McDougall, Judith A. Whitworth, and Bruce A. Scoggins. "EFFECT OF POTASSIUM LOADING ON BONE SODIUM AND TOTAL EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM IN SHEEP." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 15, no. 10 (October 1988): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1988.tb01018.x.

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24

Pinheiro, Daniel Teixeira, Fabio Delazari, Carlos Nick, Edson Marcio Mattiello, and Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias. "Emergence and vegetative development of melon in function of the soil salinity." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (March 20, 2019): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p1551.

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Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting the development and global agricultural productivity. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is mainly produced in arid and semi-arid regions around the world, favoring the accumulation of soluble salts in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence and vegetative development of melon genotype under different levels of soil salinity. The assessments were performed based on the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) at 0, 20, 25, 30 and 35%. The emergence was affected around 30 percentage points, by comparing the control and the highest dose (35%). The emergence speed and the emergence speed index parameters were also affected in a similar way, as well as the length and dry matter of the shoot. The growth of the plants was also affected by the saline stress, being superior in the control (0%) in relation to the treatments with NaCl. The leaf area increased between weeks 4 and 7 after the planting and was slightly superior in the control in relation to the plants submitted to saline stress (20, 25, 30 and 35% of exchangeable sodium). The melon is more sensible to the saline stress in the seedling emergence than in the vegetative development over time. The development of melon seedlings is mainly affected in exchangeable sodium values superior to 20%. The analyzed hybrid is sensible to the saline stress even in 20% of exchangeable sodium.
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25

Gutiérrez Boem, F. H., and R. S. Lavado. "The effects of soil sodicity on emergence, growth, development and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 2 (March 1996): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007310x.

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SUMMARYThe effects of exchangeable sodium on emergence, growth, development and yield composition of oilseed rape were investigated at Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1992. A pot experiment was performed using five exchangeable sodium levels, expressed as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR: 12, 20, 27, 34 and 44). Soil with nine different exchangeable sodium contents (SAR from 0·5 to 50) and seven different particle size distributions (from sandy loam to clay) were used in a parallel trial to study the effect of soil crusting on oilseed rape emergence. Soil crusts were made using a rainfall simulator after seeds were sown. Both experiments showed that the direct effect of sodium on emergence occurred with SAR values higher than those which caused clay dispersion (SAR > 20). Oilseed rape seedlings could penetrate crusts having a resistance of < 230 kPa. At SAR values > 20, main stem growth and yield decreased significantly (P < 0·05). These reductions were counterbalanced by an increase in the number of secondary stems. At SAR levels > 34, stem number, grain number per pod on the main stem, as well as pod number on both main stem and secondary stems, were reduced, leading to a marked reduction in total yield. The most important agronomic effect of soil sodium on oilseed rape would be at emergence stage, due to soil crusting.
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26

Barzegar, AR, RS Murray, GJ Churchman, and P. Rengasamy. "The strength of remolded soils as affected by exchangeable cations and dispersible clay." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940185.

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The tensile strengths of remoulded samples of five Australian soils with differing clay type, texture and shrink-swell potential were measured as a function of exchangeable cations (Na, Ca and Mg) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clays were also determined as a function of ESP. The tensile strength changed with the nature of the exchangeable cation, clay content and amounts of spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clay. In Ca-soils, the tensile strength was highly correlated with clay content and CEC. Regression analyses of data for soils containing various amounts of exchangeable sodium showed that mechanically and spontaneously dispersible clay were individually correlated with the tensile strength of remoulded soils. However, multiple regression analyses of these data indicated that spontaneously dispersible clay alone was a major predictor of the tensile strength of remoulded sodic soils. This suggests that measurement of spontaneously dispersible clay adequately accounts for the differences in tensile strengths of dry remoulded soils as influenced by ESP values. Analysis of variance of data for all the soils with varying ESP values showed that spontaneously dispersible clay was strongly correlated with clay content. Analyses of data for individual soil type showed that spontaneously dispersible clay was highly correlated with ESP. For each soil studied, increase in ESP resulted in increase of dispersible clay and hence in tensile strength. Although tensile strength increased with ESP, the rate of change of strength with ESP was different for each soil. Soil with the highest clay content gave rise to the greatest rate of change. The effect of exchangeable magnesium on tensile strength was similar to calcium. However, in two of the soils, exchangeable magnesium, in the presence of sodium, increased the strength slightly more than calcium, confirming the ionic radius effect of these elements.
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27

Kohzuki, Masahiro, Masayuki Kanazawa, Kazunori Yoshida, Eikatsu Tsutsumi, Minoru Yasujima, Keishi Abe, Colin I. Johnston, and Tokutaro Sato. "Cardiomegaly and Vasoactive Hormones in Rats with Chronic Myocardial Infarction: Long-Term Effects of Chlorothiazide." Clinical Science 90, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0900031.

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1. The effects of prolonged chlorothiazide treatment of left ventricular failure on cardiac hypertrophy, circulating vasoactive hormones and exchangeable body sodium were examined in rats with chronic myocardial infarction induced by left coronary artery ligation. Chlorothiazide therapy commenced either immediately or 2 weeks after infarction. For 4 weeks, the rats were given either chlorothiazide (50 mg day−1 kg−1) in their drinking water or drinking water alone. 2. Cardiac weight increased in untreated rats with infarction in comparison with sham-operated controls, indicating the presence of chronic left ventricular dysfunction, although exchangeable body sodium, plasma renin activity, plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality remained unchanged. 3. Chlorothiazide raised haematocrit and plasma renin activity equally in rats with and without infarction, although exchangeable body sodium, plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality were not changed by the treatment. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide was 2-fold higher in rats with infarction and this response was not affected by chlorothiazide treatment. Chlorothiazide therapy did not prevent or reverse cardiac hypertrophy. 4. Chronic diuretic therapy in this experimental model of heart failure did not reduce extracellular sodium, plasma vasopressin or the extent of ventricular hypertrophy, possibly because the condition was associated with activation of the renin—angiotensin system.
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28

Bottraud, Jean-Christophe, and J. D. Rhoades. "Effect of Exchangeable Sodium on Soil Electrical Conductivity-Salinity Calibrations." Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, no. 5 (September 1985): 1110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900050007x.

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29

GUPTA, R. K., C. P. SINGH, and I. P. ABROL. "DETERMINING CATION EXCHANGE CAPAClTY AND EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM IN ALKALI SOILS." Soil Science 139, no. 4 (April 1985): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198504000-00006.

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30

Friis, Th, Bent Nielsen, and John Willumsen. "TOTAL EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM IN CHRONIC NEPHROPATHY WITH AND WITHOUT HYPERTENSION." Acta Medica Scandinavica 188, no. 1-6 (April 24, 2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb08006.x.

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31

Grandjean, Jean, and Pierre Laszlo. "Microdynamics of exchangeable lithium and sodium ions in laponite gels." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 92, no. 2 (April 1991): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(91)90280-7.

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32

Somer, Filip De, Wim Ceelen, Joris Delanghe, Dirk De Smet, Martin Vanackere, Piet Pattyn, and Eric Mortier. "Severe Hyponatremia, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlactatemia Are Associated with Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemoperfusion with Oxaliplatin." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 28, no. 1 (January 2008): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080802800111.

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Background Since the introduction of surgical debulking in combination with intraoperative hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) with oxaliplatin in our institution, severe hyponatremia (sodium: 126.5 ± 3.8 mmol/L), hyperglycemia (glucose: 22.37 ± 4.89 mmol/L), and hyperlactatemia (lactate: 3.17 ± 1.8 mmol/L) have been observed post HIPEC. This metabolic disorder was not observed in patients in whom cisplatin or mitomycin C was used as a chemotherapeutic drug. Methods In order to understand the pathophysiology of this finding, an analysis of our data was made. In a first analysis, plasma sodium was corrected for hyperglycemia based on the formula of Hillier. In a second analysis, the influence of total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium, and total body water on plasma sodium concentration was modeled. Results Analysis of our data revealed a double mechanism for the observed metabolic disorder: hyperglycemia caused by dextrose 5%, which is used as a carrier for the oxaliplatin, and major loss of sodium into the dialysate (256.7 ± 68.7 mmol). Conclusion Better control of hyperglycemia and intravenous compensation of sodium loss into the dialysate can attenuate the reported biochemical disturbance.
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33

Tucker, BM. "The partitioning of exchangeable magnesium, calcium and sodium in relation to their effects on the dispersion of Australian clay subsoils." Soil Research 23, no. 3 (1985): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850405.

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Clay subsoils were analysed by a procedure that uses a choline chloride reagent to distinguish double-layer exchangeable cations from other more strongly adsorbed forms extractable by an ammonium sulfate reagent. In those clay subsoils that contained little organic matter, the exchangeable cations made up nearly all of the cations that reacted with salt solutions. This means that it makes no practical difference to values of Ca/Mg ratios, or of ESP, whether the analytical methods discriminate between those exchangeable cations and other adsorbed cations, or do not, provided the soil samples contain little organic matter. The adoption of the new choline chloride method will not make necessary any revision of the criteria already in use in Australia for sodium- or magnesium-affected subsoils. Some possible mechanisms for the deleterious effect that large amounts of exchangeable magnesium have on the properties of subsoil clays containing illite are discussed. It is shown that the single-charged cations MgCl+ or MgOH+ are not involved. The clays hold exchangeable magnesium slightly less strongly than they hold calcium, and this weaker binding remains the best explanation for the magnesium effect.
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34

Loveland, P. J., J. Hazelden, and R. G. Sturdy. "Chemical properties of salt-affected soils in north Kent and their relationship to soil instability." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080904.

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SummarySoil instability, as measured by the dispersion ratios of the reclaimed salt-marsh soils of ca. 70 km2 of north Kent, was assessed on samples taken from 0–15, 35–50 and 70–85 cm depths from sites at the intersects of a 250 m square grid or along transects. The dispersion ratios were related to other soil properties including exchangeable sodium, potassium and magnesium percentages, organic carbon content, calcium carbonate content and electrical conductivity. The dispersion ratio correlates most closely with exchangeable sodium percentage and organic carbon content; weaker correlations exist with exchangeable potassium and calcium carbonate contents. Dispersion ratios rise sharply, i.e. reflect a marked increase in soil instability, when organic carbon content is less than 2·5% and calcium carbonate content is less than 2%. Magnesium has little effect on the dispersion ratio. The soil solution salt concentration (as expressed by electrical conductivity) is too low over much of the area to promote flocculation, and hence stability, of the soil clays.
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35

Lebel, M., I. Kingma, J. H. Grose, and S. Langlois. "Hemodynamic and hormonal changes during erythropoietin therapy in hemodialysis patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 9, no. 1 (January 1998): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v9197.

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To better understand the mechanism of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-induced increase in BP, hemodynamic parameters, body fluid volumes, and the hormones implicated in BP regulation were studied in 32 anemic hemodialysis patients before and after 3 to 4 mo of rhEPO therapy. Hemoglobin levels increased from 83 +/- 1.5 to 119 +/- 2.3 g/L (P < 0.01) after rhEPO therapy (25 to 43 U/kg) administered subcutaneously three times weekly. Mean 24-h systolic and diastolic ambulatory BP were significantly increased by 14 +/- 3 and 10 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01 for both groups). Systemic vascular resistance consistently increased by 28 +/- 5% (P < 0.01), whereas cardiac output was decreased by 6 +/- 3% (P < 0.05). Red blood cell mass increased by 510 +/- 35 ml (P < 0.01), whereas plasma volume decreased by 420 +/- 66 ml (P < 0.01), which resulted in a nonsignificant increase in total blood volume. Extracellular fluid volume and exchangeable sodium were decreased by 873 +/- 255 ml (P < 0.01) and 125 mmol (P < 0.01), respectively. There was a positive correlation between the changes in exchangeable sodium and in systolic BP (r = 0.41, P < 0.05). Furthermore, a greater increase in 24-h systolic BP was observed in patients in whom exchangeable sodium increased or remained unchanged (n = 10) compared with patients (n = 22) with decreased exchangeable sodium (20 +/- 4 mmHg versus 8 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively, P < 0.01). Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin concentration, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, and plasma endothelin-1 did not significantly change with rhEPO treatment, whereas plasma aldosterone increased significantly (P < 0.01). Although volume-independent mechanisms may contribute to rhEPO-induced BP increase, the results presented here suggest the importance of optimally reducing extracellular fluid volume to prevent, at least in part, the development of hypertension often observed with improved uremic anemia in these patients.
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36

Tucker, BM. "Active and exchangeable cations in soils." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850195.

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The amounts of cations, Ca, Mg, K and Na, that could be extracted from soils by salt solutions varied with the cations, anions, acidity or alkalinity, and solvent of the extracting reagent. The variations were largest for soils that contained organic matter as the main source of those cations, and smallest in clay soils with little organic content. Calcium was the cation most affected and sodium the least affected. It appeared that the extractants removed all diffuse double-layer exchangeable cations, and variable portions of the other active cations including inner-sphere cations, specifically adsorbed cations, and those chelated by organic materials. A moderate, non-specific extractant containing a quaternary ammonium salt, choline chloride, is recommended for the displacement of exchangeable cations with a minimum contribution from other active cations. For an estimate of all forms of active cations, e.g. for soil nutrient assessment, a solution of ammonium sulfate is suggested.
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37

Mohamed, D. M., S. I. Ibrahim, and E. A. Elamin. "Variability and Correlation between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage and Sodium Adsorption Ratio in Vertisols of Sudan." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 19-20 (November 2008): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802432758.

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38

Olchawa, Andrzej, and Aleksandra Gorączko. "The relationship between the liquid limit of clayey soils, external specific surface area and the composition of exchangeable cations / Zależność granicy płynności od zewnętrznej powierzchni właściwej i składu kationów w naturalnym kompleksie wymiennym." Journal of Water and Land Development 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-012-0037-5.

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Abstract The liquid limit - wL, the external surface area - Se, the concentration of exchangeable cations - Zi and the cation exchange capacity - CEC of seventeen clayey soils were determined. Finding the correlation between the liquid limit, external specific surface area and exchangeable cation concentration was the aim of this study. Experimental study performed using soils of the external surface area within the range of 4.1 to 118.5 m2·g-1. The relative content of sodium cation (i.e. Na+/CEC) varying between 0.03 and 1.0. Obtained results point to statistically significant relationship between these three properties. The greatest predictive power of linear regression was found for soils of external specific surface area larger than 60 m2·g-1. For the soils of comparable external surface area, the liquid limit increase with increasing the ratio of the content of sodium cation to the cation exchange capacity - Na+/CEC. For the soils of comparable composition of exchangeable cations the liquid limit increase with increasing the external surface area. These relationships indicates that interparticle forces have a prominent role in determining liquid limit of clayey soils.
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39

GUPTA, R. K., D. K. BHUMBLA, and I. P. ABROL. "RELEASE OF EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM FROM AN ALKALI SOIL UPON AMENDMENT APPLICATION—ROLE OF VARIABLE CHARGE AND EXCHANGEABLE CATION HYDROLYSIS." Soil Science 139, no. 4 (April 1985): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198504000-00004.

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40

Smiles, D. E. "Sodium and potassium in soils of the Murray - Darling Basin: a note." Soil Research 44, no. 7 (2006): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06057.

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There is, on average, more water-soluble and exchangeable potassium than sodium across a range of soils in the Murray–Darling Basin. Because water-soluble sodium and potassium are roughly equivalent in terms of their effects on soil structural stability, this implies that, for these soils, potassium is probably as important as is sodium. Neglect of potassium and simple appeal to the sodium adsorption ratio and solution concentration to infer structural stability will thus be misleading.
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41

Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.

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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.
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42

Lee, Heehyeon, Kyungeun Lee, Sang Ouk Kim, Jae-Seung Lee, and Youngtak Oh. "Correction: Effective and sustainable Cs+ remediation via exchangeable sodium-ion sites in graphene oxide fibers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 44 (2019): 25672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta90257k.

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43

Shainberg, I., and M. J. Singer. "Drop Impact Energy-Soil Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Interactions in Seal Formation." Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, no. 5 (September 1988): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200050046x.

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44

Edmonds, C. J., T. Smith, R. D. Griffiths, J. Mackenzie, and R. H. T. Edwards. "Total body potassium and water, and exchangeable sodium, in muscular dystrophy." Clinical Science 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0680379.

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1. Total body potassium (40K method) and total body water and exchangeable sodium (both by isotope dilution) were determined in 26 boys, aged 5-17 years, with muscular dystrophy. Total body potassium values were compared with measurements in a large series of normal boys on the basis of height. 2. Total body potassium was reduced even in the youngest patients and was only slightly higher in the older boys, despite their considerably greater height. Exchangeable sodium increased with increasing height in a way similar to that of normal boys. Total body water was also reduced but increased with growth, although to a lesser extent than expected for normal boys. The total body water measurements indicated that many of the affected boys were very obese, despite an apparently normal body weight. 3. An intravenous bolus of 22Na distributed at a similar rate in boys with muscular dystrophy to that in normal males. 4. In relation to the predicted values, total body potassium and 24 h urinary creatinine excretion of the affected boys both declined at a rate of 4% per year.
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45

Ng, Leong L., David Simmons, Michael Harker, and Chris Dudley. "Leukocyte isotopically exchangeable intracellular sodium fractions in lean and overweight hypertensives." Metabolism 39, no. 2 (February 1990): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(90)90063-i.

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46

DA SILVA, EVANDRO MANOEL, REGINALDO GOMES NOBRE, Joicy Lima Barbosa, HANS RAJ GHEYI, FRANCISCO ALVES DA SILVA, and BENEDITO FERREIRA BONIFÁCIO. "Growth and flowering of colored cotton cultivated in soils of distincts ESP and sheep manure." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2624.

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The inadequate management of irrigation has promoted the increase in the area of degraded soils through salinization and/or sodification, especially in irrigated perimeters of the northeastern semiarid, promoting environmental impacts and decrease in crop yield. In this manner, studies that aim to evaluate the tolerance of crops to salts, and/or techniques that minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress are highly viable. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sheep manure doses over growth and flowering of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio, cultivated in soils with different exchangeable sodium percentages. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to the treatments of five exchangeable sodium percentages – ESP: 8.84, 12.55, 18.80, 28.80 and 38.80% and four sheep manure doses: 0, 5, 10 and 15% based on the volume of the soil, with 3 replications. At 90 days after sowing, it could be verified that the increment in the sheep manure doses added to the soil mitigated the negative effect of the ESP over the production of flower buds, beside stimulating plant growth, flower production and reducing the rate of flower abortion, independently of the ESP. The cotton cv. BRS Topázio is tolerant to soil ESP up to 38.8%, and anthesis is anticipated by the increase in exchangeable sodium.
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47

Hodsman, G. P., R. W. Harrison, E. Sumithran, and C. I. Johnston. "Atrial natriuretic peptide and total exchangeable body sodium: Relationships in rats with chronic myocardial infarction." Clinical Science 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0740659.

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1. The relationship between plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and body sodium was determined in rats 1 month after myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation. After operation rats received a normal or a low salt diet, and total exchangeable body sodium was measured sequentially. 2. Rats with infarction receiving a normal salt intake did not retain sodium when compared with sham-operated controls. Rats receiving a low salt diet had a 10% decrease in body sodium (P < 0.01). The decrease was the same in rats with infarction as in controls. 3. Plasma ANP was similar in control rats irrespective of salt status. Plasma ANP levels were markedly elevated in rats with infarction irrespective of salt status (P < 0.01). 4. The rise in plasma ANP was correlated with cardiac hypertrophy and infarct size in animals fed both normal and low salt diets. However, there was no relationship between plasma ANP and exchangeable body sodium. 5. These results suggest that in this model of heart failure plasma ANP is raised by increased left atrial stretch in proportion to the severity of left ventricular dysfunction. In contrast, plasma ANP concentrations do not appear to be elevated as a consequence of increased right atrial pressure caused by sodium retention and expanded extracellular volume.
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48

Cook, R. J. "A comparison of methods for the extraction of smectites from calcareous rocks by acid dissolution techniques." Clay Minerals 27, no. 1 (March 1992): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1992.027.1.07.

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AbstractFour methods of extracting clays from calcite-rich samples were compared: (i) sodium acetate buffer solution; (ii) lithium acetate buffer solution; (iii) hydrochloric acid; (iv) liquid cation-exchange acid. The methods were tested on mixtures consisting of 80% calcite, 10% quartz and 10% hectorite. Potassium had previously been exchanged on to the interlayer sites of the clay. XRD traces of the extracted clays appeared identical with those of the original clays except for a sharpening of the 001 reflection. The bulk chemistry of the clay was unchanged except by the HCl extraction, which appeared to cause a stripping of the octahedral cations. With all of the methods the exchangeable cation content was altered; the sodium acetate method, for example, retained only 17% of the original exchangeable K+, the other methods all retaining <10%.
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49

Painuli, DK, and IP Abrol. "Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil." Soil Research 24, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860367.

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Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increased with ESP, amount of water applied, and temperature, but decreased with increasing evaporation demand. This change in crust strength was steep above ESP 30. Although drying of the crust increased its strength, beyond a certain degree of dryness the disappearance of water films surrounding the soil particles reduced strength for low ESP soils.
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50

Dubey, S. K., and R. C. Mondal. "Effect of amendments and saline irrigation water on soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in a highly sodic soil." Journal of Agricultural Science 122, no. 3 (June 1994): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067277.

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SUMMARYA field experiment at Gudha Experimental Farm, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, in 1983/84 evaluated the effect of gypsum (12·5 t/ha, 50% of gypsum requirement of soil), pyrite (10·2 t/ha, equivalent to gypsum on a sulphur basis), farmyard manure (FYM) (30 t/ha), gypsum + FYM, pyrite + FYM and a control, with saline (ECiW 4·0 dS/m) and non-saline (0·4 dS/m) irrigation water on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a highly sodic soil (pH 10·5, 96% exchangeable sodium). Application of these amendments enhanced the yield of both crops significantly, irrespective of the quality of the irrigation water used. Soil properties and crop yields were improved in the following order: control < FYM < pyrite < gypsum < pyrite + FYM < gypsum + FYM. Irrigation with saline water resulted in significantly higher yields of both crops than irrigation with non-saline water. Decreases in soil pH and exchangeable sodium and increases in exchangeable Ca + Mg and infiltration rate were greater after rice than wheat in the rotation, particularly when non-saline water was used.
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