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Journal articles on the topic 'Exciton diffusion length'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 November 2024

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1

Lincoln, Craig N., Matthias Block, Bastian Baudisch, Pavel Malevich, Hans von Berlepsch, Eberhard Riedle, and Jürgen Hauer. "Exciton-Exciton Annihilation as a Mechanism for Uphill Transfer in a Molecular Excitonic System." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920506017.

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Exciton dynamics in a HJ-aggregate of cyanine dye TTBC are investigated by transient absorption with a time resolution of <60 fs and power-dependent emission spectroscopies. Both measurements are consistent with an exciton delocalization length of ~28 monomers. A model assuming diffusive exciton motion reveals that the exciton mobility is at least bimodal and restricted to one spatial dimension. J-band diffusion rates of 2.69 and 2.79e-3 cm2s-1 are found, leading to maximal diffusion lengths of 449 and 14.5 nm. The findings indicate that exciton-exciton annihilation is the origin of effective uphill transfer. This mechanism, if present under solar radiation, maybe useful for organic photovoltaic systems.

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2

Sotome, Hikaru. "(Invited) Comprehensive Analysis of Exciton Diffusion with Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Anisotropy and Imaging." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 13 (August 9, 2024): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01131065mtgabs.

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Excitons produced in materials play a crucial role in photo-energy conversion such as photovoltaics and electroluminescence devices. The temporal and spatial diffusion of excitons is a key factor for dominating the fundamental performance of optoelectronic materials. In this context, analysis of the exciton diffusion dynamics is an important issue for obtaining the rational design of the materials. Excitons diffusing in materials can be characterized by several parameters such as the energy level, orientation of the transition dipole moment and spatial distribution, and the detection of these properties is required for the comprehensive analysis. In the present study, we show time-resolved fluorescence methods for detecting the above relevant properties of excitons. First, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is a basic technique for analyzing the exciton diffusion dynamics. Fluorescence intensity is detected as functions of observation wavelength and time, and the spectral intensity and shift of fluorescence bands provide information on the population of excitons and their energy level. For example, dynamic Stokes shift indicates downhill energy migration and excitons are trapped by the defective site in molecular aggregates. Second, fluorescence anisotropy can be a good indicator for tracking the exciton diffusion in amorphous materials. Fluorescence anisotropy is sensitive to orientation change in transition dipole moments (TDMs) between absorption and fluorescence. In systems where the relative orientation of adjacent molecules is different from each other, such as amorphous solids, the exciton diffusion is accompanied with the change in TDM. Thus, appropriate modeling of molecular alignment enables quantitative estimation of the exciton diffusion coefficient and diffusion length from the anisotropy signal. Finally, time-resolved imaging is a combination of time-resolved spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy, and an emergent technique for visualizing real-space propagation of excitons in materials. The diffraction-limited excitation beam produces excitons in several hundreds of nanometers and the subsequent exciton diffusion is evaluated by the spatial width of the fluorescence spot. The temporal broadening of the fluorescence spot directly reflects the exciton distribution and we can intuitively obtain the diffusion coefficient and length. Unlike the conventional methods for bulk materials, the advantage of the time-resolved imaging is the applicability to materials with nano- and meso-scale heterogeneous structure and it enables site-selective evaluation of the exciton transport capability. In the conference site, we will also show the application of the above methods to supramolecular polymers and thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials. Figure 1

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3

Shibu, Abhishek, Camilla Middleton, Carly O. Kwiatkowski, Meesha Kaushal, Jonathan H. Gillen, and Michael G. Walter. "Self-Assembly-Directed Exciton Diffusion in Solution-Processable Metalloporphyrin Thin Films." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010035.

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The study of excited-state energy diffusion has had an important impact in the development and optimization of organic electronics. For instance, optimizing excited-state energy migration in the photoactive layer in an organic solar cell device has been shown to yield efficient solar energy conversion. Despite the crucial role that energy migration plays in molecular electronic device physics, there is still a great deal to be explored to establish how molecular orientation impacts energy diffusion mechanisms. In this work, we have synthesized a new library of solution-processable, Zn (alkoxycarbonyl)phenylporphyrins containing butyl (ZnTCB4PP), hexyl (ZnTCH4PP), 2-ethylhexyl (ZnTCEH4PP), and octyl (ZnTCO4PP) alkoxycarbonyl groups. We establish that, by varying the length of the peripheral alkyl chains on the metalloporphyrin macrocycle, preferential orientation and molecular self-assembly is observed in solution-processed thin films. The resultant arrangement of molecules consequently affects the electronic and photophysical characteristics of the metalloporphyrin thin films. The various molecular arrangements in the porphyrin thin films and their resultant impact were determined using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission lifetimes, and X-ray diffraction in thin films. The films were doped with C60 quencher molecules and the change in fluorescence was measured to derive a relative quenching efficiency. Using emission decay, relative quenching efficiency, and dopant volume fraction as input, insights on exciton diffusion coefficient and exciton diffusion lengths were obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation. The octyl derivative (ZnTCO4PP) showed the strongest relative fluorescence quenching and, therefore, the highest exciton diffusion coefficient (5.29 × 10−3 cm2 s−1) and longest exciton diffusion length (~81 nm). The octyl derivative also showed the strongest out-of-plane stacking among the metalloporphyrins studied. This work demonstrates how molecular self-assembly can be used to modulate and direct exciton diffusion in solution-processable metalloporphyrin thin films engineered for optoelectronic and photonic applications.

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4

Luppi, Bruno T., Darren Majak, Manisha Gupta, Eric Rivard, and Karthik Shankar. "Triplet excitons: improving exciton diffusion length for enhanced organic photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 6 (2019): 2445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10037c.

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Organic materials containing heavy atoms have been used in photovoltaics to overcome a fundamental limitation: short exciton diffusion length (L_D). We highlight studies showing increased L_D in solar cells using triplet-generating materials and tackle challenges that the field faces with possible avenues for future research.

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5

Abasto, D. F., M. Mohseni, S. Lloyd, and P. Zanardi. "Exciton diffusion length in complex quantum systems: the effects of disorder and environmental fluctuations on symmetry-enhanced supertransfer." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1972 (August 13, 2012): 3750–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0213.

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Symmetric couplings among aggregates of n chromophores increase the transfer rate of excitons by a factor n 2 , a quantum-mechanical phenomenon called ‘supertransfer’. In this work, we demonstrate how supertransfer effects induced by geometrical symmetries can enhance the exciton diffusion length by a factor n along cylindrically symmetric structures, consisting of arrays of rings of chromophores, and along spiral arrays. We analyse both closed-system dynamics and open quantum dynamics, modelled by combining a random bosonic bath with static disorder. In the closed-system case, we use the symmetries of the system within a short-time approximation to obtain a closed analytical expression for the diffusion length that explicitly reveals the supertransfer contribution. When subject to disorder, we show that supertransfer can enhance excitonic diffusion lengths for small disorders and characterize the crossover from coherent to incoherent motion. Owing to the quasi-one-dimensional nature of the model, disorder ultimately localizes the excitons, diminishing but not destroying the effects of supertransfer. When dephasing effects are included, we study the scaling of diffusion with both time and number of chromophores and observe that the transition from a coherent, ballistic regime to an incoherent, random-walk regime occurs at the same point as the change from supertransfer to classical scaling.

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6

Guan, Xi, Shiyu Wang, Wenxing Liu, Dashan Qin, and Dayan Ban. "Determining the exciton diffusion length of copper phthalocyanine in operating planar-heterojunction organic solar cells." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 89, no. 3 (March 2020): 30201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190322.

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Organic solar cells based on planar copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/C60 heterojunction have been characterized, in which a 2 nm-thick layer of bathocuproine (BCP) is inserted into the CuPc layer. The thin layer of BCP allows hole current to tunnel it through but blocks the exciton diffusion, thereby altering the steady-state exciton profile in the CuPc zone (zone 1) sandwiched between BCP and C60. The short-circuit current density (JSC) of device is limited by the hole-exciton scattering effect at the BCP/CuPc (zone 1) interface. Based on the variation of JSC with the width of zone 1, the exciton diffusion length of CuPc is deduced to be 12.5–15 nm. The current research provides an easy and helpful method to determine the exciton diffusion lengths of organic electron donors.

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7

Nasr, Chouhaid, Toufik Taleb, Roger M. Leblanc, and Surat Hotchandani. "Exciton diffusion length in microcrystalline chlorophyll a." Applied Physics Letters 69, no. 13 (September 23, 1996): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117445.

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8

Mikhnenko, Oleksandr V., Hamed Azimi, Markus Scharber, Mauro Morana, Paul W. M. Blom, and Maria Antonietta Loi. "Exciton diffusion length in narrow bandgap polymers." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 5 (2012): 6960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee03466b.

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9

Ortiz, Angy L., Graham S. Collier, Dawn M. Marin, Jennifer A. Kassel, Reynolds J. Ivins, Nicholas G. Grubich, and Michael G. Walter. "The effects of heavy atoms on the exciton diffusion properties in photoactive thin films of tetrakis(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrins." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 6 (2015): 1243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02232g.

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The exciton diffusion coefficient (D) and exciton diffusion length (L_D) for three tetrakis(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrins were obtained by fitting the quenching efficiency and PL lifetime to a 3D exciton Monte Carlo ediffusion model.

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10

Gommans, H., S. Schols, A. Kadashchuk, P. Heremans, and S. C. J. Meskers. "Exciton Diffusion Length and Lifetime in Subphthalocyanine Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 7 (January 26, 2009): 2974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp809802q.

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11

Kurrle, D., and J. Pflaum. "Exciton diffusion length in the organic semiconductor diindenoperylene." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 13 (March 31, 2008): 133306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896654.

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12

de Sousa, Leonardo Evaristo, Fernando Teixeira Bueno, Geraldo Magela e Silva, Demétrio Antônio da Silva Filho, and Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Neto. "Fast predictions of exciton diffusion length in organic materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 14 (2019): 4066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00153k.

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13

Lin, Jason D. A., Oleksandr V. Mikhnenko, Jingrun Chen, Zarifi Masri, Arvydas Ruseckas, Alexander Mikhailovsky, Reilly P. Raab, et al. "Systematic study of exciton diffusion length in organic semiconductors by six experimental methods." Mater. Horiz. 1, no. 2 (2014): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3mh00089c.

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14

Dutta, Arin, Md Abu Zaman, and Fathema Farjana. "Simulation of the Electrical Characteristics and Photon Absorption Profile of P3HT/PCBM Planar Hetero-junction Photovoltaic Cell." Journal of Energy Technology Research 1, no. 2 (May 18, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22496/jetr.v1i2.103.

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In this research work, the performance parameters , such as fill factor (FF), external offquantum efficiency (EQE) , maximum power density and photon absorption profile of a planar hetero-junction poly 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT) / phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic cell has been simulated for different values of exciton diffusion length and thickness of donor layer where the simulation has been performed under the consideration of incident solar radiation of 1 kW/m2 irradiance , Air mass of 1.5, ambient temperature of 300K and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and Aluminium (Al) has been considered as the anode and cathode of the P3HT/PCBM solar cell respectively. The performance parameters and photon absorption profile of the P3HT/PCBM organic solar cell has been simulated for donor and acceptor layer thickness of 50, 60 and 70 nm and exciton diffusion length of 10, 15 and 20 nm . Finally, highest External Quantum Efficiency of 2.41% and Maximum Power Density of 24.10 W/m2 has been obtained for exciton diffusion length of 20 nm and donor thickness of 50 nm .

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15

Rai, Deepesh, and Russell J. Holmes. "Measurement of the triplet exciton diffusion length in organic semiconductors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 19 (2019): 5695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00686a.

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We develop a methodology to measure the diffusion of dark triplet excitons in organic semiconductor thin films using a phosphorescent sensitizer-based approach that explicitly quantifies quenching efficiency by varying sensitizer concentration.

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16

Xu, Guangwei, Nianduan Lu, Wei Wang, Nan Gao, Zhuoyu Ji, Ling Li, and Ming Liu. "Universal description of exciton diffusion length in organic photovoltaic cell." Organic Electronics 23 (August 2015): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.04.006.

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17

Sajjad, Muhammad T., Arvydas Ruseckas, and Ifor D. W. Samuel. "Enhancing Exciton Diffusion Length Provides New Opportunities for Organic Photovoltaics." Matter 3, no. 2 (August 2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.06.028.

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18

Gülen, Demet. "Determination of the exciton diffusion length by surface quenching experiments." Journal of Luminescence 42, no. 4 (October 1988): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(88)90038-5.

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19

Mullenbach, Tyler K., Kathryn A. McGarry, Wade A. Luhman, Christopher J. Douglas, and Russell J. Holmes. "Connecting Molecular Structure and Exciton Diffusion Length in Rubrene Derivatives." Advanced Materials 25, no. 27 (June 10, 2013): 3689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300641.

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20

Cao, Luye, Xiaoyang Du, Hui Lin, Caijun Zheng, Zhenhua Chen, and Silu Tao. "Delayed fluorescence material-assisted high performance ternary organic solar cells realized by prolonged exciton lifetime and diffusion length." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 48 (2020): 17429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc04233a.

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21

de Sousa, Leonardo Evaristo, Laura Simonassi Raso de Paiva, Demétrio Antônio da Silva Filho, Gjergji Sini, and Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Neto. "Assessing the effects of increasing conjugation length on exciton diffusion: from small molecules to the polymeric limit." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 29 (2021): 15635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01263k.

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22

Sajjad, Muhammad T., Arvydas Ruseckas, Lethy Krishnan Jagadamma, Yiwei Zhang, and Ifor D. W. Samuel. "Long-range exciton diffusion in non-fullerene acceptors and coarse bulk heterojunctions enable highly efficient organic photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 31 (2020): 15687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta06017h.

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23

Sajjad, Muhammad T., Oskar Blaszczyk, Lethy Krishnan Jagadamma, Thomas J. Roland, Mithun Chowdhury, Arvydas Ruseckas, and Ifor D. W. Samuel. "Engineered exciton diffusion length enhances device efficiency in small molecule photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 20 (2018): 9445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01226a.

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A post processing method of solvent vapor annealing (SVA) enhances the diffusion length (L_D) and domain size in small molecule organic semiconductors which leads to an enhancement in device performance in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics.

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24

Sim, Myungsun, Jisoo Shin, Chiyeoung Shim, Min Kim, Sae Byeok Jo, Joo-Hyun Kim, and Kilwon Cho. "Dependence of Exciton Diffusion Length on Crystalline Order in Conjugated Polymers." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp409776s.

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25

Londi, Giacomo, Rishat Dilmurat, Gabriele D’Avino, Vincent Lemaur, Yoann Olivier, and David Beljonne. "Comprehensive modelling study of singlet exciton diffusion in donor–acceptor dyads: when small changes in chemical structure matter." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 45 (2019): 25023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05201a.

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We compare two small π-conjugated donor–bridge–acceptor organic molecules with the aim of rationalizing the origin for the enhancement in singlet exciton diffusion coefficient and length in 1 with respect to 2.

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26

Matthew Menke, S., and Russell J. Holmes. "Evaluating the role of energetic disorder and thermal activation in exciton transport." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 16 (2016): 3437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00525j.

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Temperature dependent measurements of the exciton diffusion length (L_D) are performed for three archetypical small-molecule, organic semiconductors: aluminum tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq₃), dicyanovinyl-terthiophene (DCV3T), and boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc).

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27

Chambon, Sylvain, Christophe Schatz, Vivien Sébire, Bertrand Pavageau, Guillaume Wantz, and Lionel Hirsch. "Organic semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles designed through successive solvent displacements." Mater. Horiz. 1, no. 4 (2014): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4mh00021h.

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The concept of sequential nanoprecipitation is developed to generate organic semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles with P3HT core and PCBM shell. Steady-state photoluminescence experiments on such nanoparticles enable the estimation of the exciton diffusion length at ∼14 nm.

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28

Kozub, Derek R., Kiarash Vakhshouri, Sameer Vajjala Kesava, Cheng Wang, Alexander Hexemer, and Enrique D. Gomez. "Direct measurements of exciton diffusion length limitations on organic solar cell performance." Chemical Communications 48, no. 47 (2012): 5859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc31925j.

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29

Kozlov, Oleg V., Yuriy N. Luponosov, Alexander N. Solodukhin, Bruno Flament, Olivier Douhéret, Pascal Viville, David Beljonne, et al. "Simple donor-acceptor molecule with long exciton diffusion length for organic photovoltaics." Organic Electronics 53 (February 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.11.037.

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30

Toušek, J., J. Toušková, Z. Remeš, J. Kousal, S. A. Gevorgyan, and F. C. Krebs. "Exciton diffusion length in some thermocleavable polythiophenes by the surface photovoltage method." Synthetic Metals 161, no. 23-24 (January 2012): 2727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.10.008.

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31

Curtin, Ian J., D. Wayne Blaylock, and Russell J. Holmes. "Role of impurities in determining the exciton diffusion length in organic semiconductors." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 16 (April 18, 2016): 163301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4945688.

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32

Morimoto, Hikaru, Yuji Hazama, Koichiro Tanaka, and Nobuko Naka. "Exciton lifetime and diffusion length in high-purity chemical-vapor-deposition diamond." Diamond and Related Materials 63 (March 2016): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2015.11.010.

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33

Lunt, Richard R., Jay B. Benziger, and Stephen R. Forrest. "Relationship between Crystalline Order and Exciton Diffusion Length in Molecular Organic Semiconductors." Advanced Materials 22, no. 11 (March 19, 2010): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902827.

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34

Siegmund, Bernhard, Muhammad T. Sajjad, Johannes Widmer, Debdutta Ray, Christian Koerner, Moritz Riede, Karl Leo, Ifor D. W. Samuel, and Koen Vandewal. "Exciton Diffusion Length and Charge Extraction Yield in Organic Bilayer Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 29, no. 12 (February 1, 2017): 1604424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604424.

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35

Navozenko, O. M., V. M. Yashchuk, Yu P. Piryatinski, D. Gudeiko, A. P. Naumenko, and Yu L. Slominskii. "The Peculiarities of Singlet Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer Processes in Alq3 Films." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.3.196.

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The absorption and luminescence of new boron-containing dyes in two-component films of Alq3 (matrix)-dye(impurity) (obtained by the method of thermal vacuum deposition) are studied. The comparison of the spectra of absorption, fluorescence, and fluorescence excitation of a dyes in one-component solutions and double-component films shows the existence of the effective electronic excitation energy transfer (EEET) from the matrix to dye molecules. Time-resolved spectra of two-component films also manifest strong EEET in these systems. For the estimation of the average exciton spreading length in Alq3 films, the diffusion model of the motion of singlet excitons is used. The diffusion coefficient is evaluated using time-resolved spectroscopy. The optimum concentrations of dyes in a light-emitting layer of OLED are evaluated based on experimental data and the used model of EEET.

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36

Ščajev, Patrik. "Excitation and temperature dependent exciton-carrier transport in CVD diamond: Diffusion coefficient, recombination lifetime and diffusion length." Physica B: Condensed Matter 510 (April 2017): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.01.021.

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37

Yeboah, Douglas, and Jai Singh. "Dependence of Exciton Diffusion Length and Diffusion Coefficient on Photophysical Parameters in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Electronic Materials 46, no. 11 (July 19, 2017): 6451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5679-2.

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38

Fravventura, Maria C., Jaehyung Hwang, John W. A. Suijkerbuijk, Peter Erk, Laurens D. A. Siebbeles, and Tom J. Savenije. "Determination of Singlet Exciton Diffusion Length in Thin Evaporated C60 Films for Photovoltaics." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 3, no. 17 (August 14, 2012): 2367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz300820n.

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39

Rim, Seung-Bum, Reinhold F. Fink, Jan C. Schöneboom, Peter Erk, and Peter Peumans. "Effect of molecular packing on the exciton diffusion length in organic solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 17 (October 22, 2007): 173504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783202.

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40

Rim, Seung-Bum, and Peter Peumans. "The effects of optical interference on exciton diffusion length measurements using photocurrent spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 12 (June 15, 2008): 124515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2939071.

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41

de Sousa, Leonardo Evaristo, Fernando Teixeira Bueno, Luciano Ribeiro, Luiz Antônio Ribeiro Junior, Demétrio Antônio da Silva Filho, and Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Neto. "Role of Exciton Density in Organic Materials: Diffusion Length, Lifetime, and Quantum Efficiency." Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 17 (July 8, 2019): 6818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01281.

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42

Sousa, Leonardo Evaristo de, Ingrid Gomes Ribeiro, Fernando Marques Carvalho, and Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Neto. "Choice of Solubilizing Group Is Determinant for Exciton Diffusion Length in Organic Crystals." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 10 (February 21, 2020): 5522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b10831.

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43

Qin, Dashan, Peng Gu, Rudra Sankar Dhar, Seyed Ghasem Razavipour, and Dayan Ban. "Measuring the exciton diffusion length of C60 in organic planar heterojunction solar cells." physica status solidi (a) 208, no. 8 (March 29, 2011): 1967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201026724.

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44

Nogues, Gilles, Thomas Auzelle, Martien Den Hertog, Bruno Gayral, and Bruno Daudin. "Cathodoluminescence of stacking fault bound excitons for local probing of the exciton diffusion length in single GaN nanowires." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 10 (March 10, 2014): 102102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4868131.

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45

Luo, Yuqing, Shu Zhou, Zhiya Dang, and Pingqi Gao. "Probing the Exciton Diffusion Length of Short-Ligands Passivated Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 50 (December 14, 2021): 27638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07830.

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46

Zhang, Yiwei, Muhammad T. Sajjad, Oskar Blaszczyk, Andrew J. Parnell, Arvydas Ruseckas, Luis A. Serrano, Graeme Cooke, and Ifor D. W. Samuel. "Large Crystalline Domains and an Enhanced Exciton Diffusion Length Enable Efficient Organic Solar Cells." Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 17 (April 2019): 6548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b05293.

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47

Yang, Li-Gong, Hong-Zheng Chen, and Mang Wang. "Optimal film thickness for exciton diffusion length measurement by photocurrent response in organic heterostructures." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 21 (September 2008): 7701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.03.027.

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Toušek, Jiří, Jana Toušková, Ivo Křivka, Petra Pavlačková, Drahomír Výprachtický, and Věra Cimrová. "Surface photovoltage method for evaluation of exciton diffusion length in fluorene–thiophene based copolymers." Organic Electronics 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2009.09.025.

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Zhao, Juan, Junsheng Yu, Zhu Ma, Lu Li, and Yadong Jiang. "Optimization of yellow phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices based on triplet exciton diffusion length." Synthetic Metals 161, no. 21-22 (November 2011): 2417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.09.018.

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Banerjee, Suman, Anukul Prasad Parhi, S. Sundar Kumar Iyer, and Satyendra Kumar. "Method of determining the exciton diffusion length using optical interference effect in Schottky diode." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 22 (June 2009): 223303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3142869.

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