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Casey, B. J., Yolanda C. Vauss, Amy Chused, and Susan E. Swedo. "Cognitive functioning in sydenham's chorea: Part 2. executive functioning." Developmental Neuropsychology 10, no. 2 (January 1994): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565649409540570.
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Hobson, Peter, and Lesley Leeds. "Executive functioning in older people." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 11, no. 4 (November 2001): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259801011479.
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There are estimated to be more than 18 million people world-wide suffering from dementia and, on entering the twenty-first century, demographic projections suggest that there will be a significant growth in elderly populations due to decreasing infant mortality, improved public health and safety, medical advances, better education and housing and increased service provision. These population shifts will predictably lead to a greater demand on medical and welfare services.Despite the fact that a sizeable proportion of the elderly population will at some time develop cognitive problems, accurate diagnosis is difficult due to the multiple pathology involved in these impairments. With the introduction of pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairments, the emphasis on establishing if people are suffering from a dementing illness is crucial. Furthermore, patients who are categorized as ‘subclinical’ cases of cognitive impairment often have an underlying risk for further progression. Although all clinical definitions of dementia stress that there must be evidence of intellectual decline, the most common being memory failure, there is confusion surrounding the nature of cognitive deficits in the three most commonly applied criteria for dementia – The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes (NINDS), Association Internationale pour le Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (AIREN).
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Feller, Liviu, Gal Feller, Theona Ballyram, Rakesh Chandran, Johan Lemmer, and Razia Abdool Gafaar Khammissa. "Interrelations between pain, stress and executive functioning." British Journal of Pain 14, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463719889380.
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Aim: The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the interrelations between pain, stress and executive functions. Implications for practice: Self-regulation, through executive functioning, exerts control over cognition, emotion and behaviour. The reciprocal neural functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system allows for the integration of cognitive and emotional neural pathways and then for higher-order psychological processes (reasoning, judgement etc.) to generate goal-directed adaptive behaviours and to regulate responses to psychosocial stressors and pain signals. Impairment in cognitive executive functioning may result in poor regulation of stress-, pain- and emotion-related processing of information. Conversely, adverse emotion, pain and stress impair executive functioning. The characteristic of the feedback and feedforward neural connections (quantity and quality) between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system determine adaptive behaviour, stress response and pain experience.
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Fieldhouse, Jay L. P., Astrid S. Doorduijn, Francisca A. de Leeuw, Barbara J. H. Verhaar, Ted Koene, Linda M. P. Wesselman, Marian A. E. de van der Schueren, et al. "A Suboptimal Diet Is Associated with Poorer Cognition: The NUDAD Project." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030703.
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Nutrition is one of the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, and is therefore highly relevant in the context of prevention. However, knowledge of dietary quality in clinical populations on the spectrum of AD dementia is lacking, therefore we studied the association between dietary quality and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls. We included 357 participants from the NUDAD project (134 AD dementia, 90 MCI, 133 controls). We assessed adherence to dietary guidelines (components: vegetables, fruit, fibers, fish, saturated fat, trans-fat, salt, and alcohol), and cognitive performance (domains: memory, language, visuospatial functioning, attention, and executive functioning). In the total population, linear regression analyses showed a lower vegetable intake is associated with poorer global cognition, visuospatial functioning, attention and executive functioning. In AD dementia, lower total adherence to dietary guidelines and higher alcohol intake were associated with poorer memory, a lower vegetable intake with poorer global cognition and executive functioning, and a higher trans-fat intake with poorer executive functioning. In conclusion, a suboptimal diet is associated with more severely impaired cognition—this association is mostly attributable to a lower vegetable intake and is most pronounced in AD dementia.
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Rouse, Hillary, Brent Small, and John Schinka. "The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.947.
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Abstract Research on bilingualism has found inconsistent results regarding its potential benefit on the cognitive abilities of older adults. The goal of the current study was to evaluate differences in cognition on a wide array of neuropsychological assessments between monolingual and bilingual cognitively healthy older adults who specifically speak only English and/or Spanish. The sample included cognitively intact older adults who were either monolingual (n=247) English speakers or bilingual (n=42) in English and Spanish. Performance was compared between groups from a battery of neuropsychological assessments that measured executive function, attention, short-term memory, and episodic memory. Compared to English and Spanish bilinguals, monolingual English speakers performed significantly better on a variety of tasks within the domains of executive function, attention, and short-term memory. No significant differences were found in favor of the bilinguals on any domain of cognitive performance. In the present study, we failed to observe a significant advantage for English and Spanish bilingual speakers on the cognitive performance of older adults when compared to monolingual English speakers. This study suggests that the bilingual advantage may not be as robust as originally reported, and the effects of bilingualism on cognition could be significantly impacted by the languages included in the study.
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Smits, L. L., A. C. van Harten, Y. A. L. Pijnenburg, E. L. G. E. Koedam, F. H. Bouwman, N. Sistermans, I. E. W. Reuling, et al. "Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 5 (September 17, 2014): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002153.
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Background.To investigate trajectories of cognitive decline in patients with different types of dementia compared to controls in a longitudinal study.Method.In 199 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 10 with vascular dementia (VaD), 26 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 20 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 15 with language variant frontotemporal dementia (lvFTD) and 112 controls we assessed five cognitive domains: memory, language, attention, executive and visuospatial functioning, and global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE). All subjects had at least two neuropsychological assessments (median 2, range 2–7). Neuropsychological data were standardized into z scores using baseline performance of controls as reference. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to estimate baseline cognitive functioning and cognitive decline over time for each group, adjusted for age, gender and education.Results.At baseline, patients with dementia performed worse than controls in all cognitive domains (p < 0.05) except visuospatial functioning, which was only impaired in patients with AD and DLB (p < 0.001). During follow-up, patients with AD declined in all cognitive domains (p < 0.001). DLB showed decline in every cognitive domain except language and global cognition. bvFTD showed rapid decline in memory, language, attention and executive functioning (all p < 0.01) whereas visuospatial functioning remained fairly stable. lvFTD declined mostly in attention and executive functioning (p < 0.01). VaD showed decline in attention and executive functioning.Conclusions.We show cognitive trajectories of different types of dementia. These estimations of natural disease course have important value for the design of clinical trials as neuropsychological measures are increasingly being used as outcome measures.
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Scott, K. D., and A. A. Scott. "Adolescent inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning." Child: Care, Health and Development 40, no. 1 (April 3, 2013): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cch.12052.
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Stavitsky, Karina, Sandy Neargarder, Yelena Bogdanova, Patrick McNamara, and Alice Cronin-Golomb. "The Impact of Sleep Quality on Cognitive Functioning in Parkinson's Disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 1 (December 9, 2011): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001482.
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AbstractIn healthy individuals and those with insomnia, poor sleep quality is associated with decrements in performance on tests of cognition, especially executive function. Sleep disturbances and cognitive deficits are both prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep problems occur in over 75% of patients, with sleep fragmentation and decreased sleep efficiency being the most common sleep complaints, but their relation to cognition is unknown. We examined the association between sleep quality and cognition in PD. In 35 non-demented individuals with PD and 18 normal control adults (NC), sleep was measured using 24-hr wrist actigraphy over 7 days. Cognitive domains tested included attention and executive function, memory and psychomotor function. In both groups, poor sleep was associated with worse performance on tests of attention/executive function but not memory or psychomotor function. In the PD group, attention/executive function was predicted by sleep efficiency, whereas memory and psychomotor function were not predicted by sleep quality. Psychomotor and memory function were predicted by motor symptom severity. This study is the first to demonstrate that sleep quality in PD is significantly correlated with cognition and that it differentially impacts attention and executive function, thereby furthering our understanding of the link between sleep and cognition. (JINS, 2012, 18, 108–117)
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Stone, Brandon L., Madison Beneda-Bender, Duncan L. McCollum, Jongjoo Sun, Joseph H. Shelley, John D. Ashley, Eugenia Fuenzalida, and J. Mikhail Kellawan. "Understanding cognitive performance during exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps: establishing the executive function-exercise intensity relationship." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00483.2020.
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The executive functioning aspect of cognition was evaluated during graded exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps cadets. Executive function declined at exercise intensities of ≥80% of heart rate reserve. The decline in executive function was coupled with declines in the oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex, the brain region responsible for executive functioning. These data define the executive function-exercise intensity relationship and provide evidence supporting the reticular activation hypofrontality theory as a model of cognitive change.
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Sharifian, Neika, Neika Sharifian, Afsara B. Zaheed, Briana N. Spivey, and Laura B. Zahodne. "ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS MEDIATE THE LINK BETWEEN PERCEIVED NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND COGNITION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.248.
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Abstract Although prior research has linked perceived neighborhood characteristics to cognition, scant research has investigated underlying mechanisms regarding how neighborhood characteristics impact cognition. One pathway, in particular, may be through mental health outcomes. Poorer neighborhood characteristics have been independently linked to greater depressive and anxiety symptoms, which may, in turn, be risk factors for cognitive decline in later life. The current study examined direct and indirect effects of perceived neighborhood characteristics (social cohesion, physical disorder) on cognitive functioning (episodic memory, executive functioning) through anxiety and depressive symptoms using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2010–2014). Results revealed that higher social cohesion was associated with better memory and executive functioning through lower anxiety and depressive symptoms. Physical disorder was associated with worse episodic memory and executive functioning through greater anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of neighborhood context for promoting both mental and cognitive health outcomes in older adulthood.
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Urbańska-Grosz, Justyna, Seweryna Konieczna, Maciej Walkiewicz, and Emilia Sitek. "Executive dysfunction profile in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – systematic review." Aktualności Neurologiczne 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/an.2020.0019.
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The paper aims at reviewing data on the executive functioning in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in the context of Suchy’s model of executive functioning. Suchy hypothesized that individuals with FASD would present with features of dysexecutive, disinhibited, apathetic and inappropriate, but not disorganized, syndromes. Eight papers satisfied the inclusion criteria for the review. In most respects, the performance of children with FASD was found to be lower than in the control group. According to Suchy’s model of executive functioning, children with FASD demonstrate features of dysexecutive syndrome (with deficits of executive cognitive functions) and of apathetic (deficit in initiation and maintenance) and disinhibited syndromes (deficit in response selection) as well as impaired social cognition that could correspond to socially inappropriate syndromes. None of the reviewed studies included measures of multi-tasking that would address features of disorganized syndrome. The results suggest a mixed pattern of executive deficits in FASD. Difficulties in delineating the executive functioning profile in children and adolescents with FASD may be related to heterogeneous patient populations (different clinical criteria, variable overall intellectual functioning and different living conditions) and also the complex nature of most of the executive measures that rarely tap one aspect of the executive functioning and typically engage a variety of cognitive processes.
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Andrew James, Ian, F. Katharina Reichelt, Petra Carlsonn, and Andrea McAnaney. "Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Executive Functioning in Depression." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22, no. 3 (August 2008): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.22.3.210.
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When considering psychological treatments for depression, a therapist needs to be aware of some of the wider cognitive and neuropsychological difficulties experienced by his or her patient in order to tailor therapy appropriately. The depressed person may display rigid and concrete thinking, attentional problems, a tendency to bias information negatively, and experience memory difficulties. In cognitive psychology or neuropsychological terms, many of the outlined difficulties are linked to deficits in executive functioning. Executive abilities are associated with frontal lobe processes and are concerned with problem-solving, motivational, self-regulatory abilities, and interpersonal skills. This article examines the role of executive deficits in depression and suggests ways in which therapy may be adapted to accommodate for these problems.
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West, Rebecca K., Laura A. Rabin, Jeremy M. Silverman, Erin Moshier, Mary Sano, and Michal Schnaider Beeri. "Short-term computerized cognitive training does not improve cognition compared to an active control in non-demented adults aged 80 years and above." International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219000267.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Older adults, especially those above age 80, are the fastest growing segment of the population in the United States and at risk for age-related cognitive decline and dementia. There is growing evidence that cognitive activity and training may allow adults to maintain or improve cognitive functioning, but little is known about the potential benefit in the oldest old. In this randomized trial, the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive training program (CCT program) was compared to an active control games program to improve cognition in cognitively normal individuals aged 80 and older.Methods:Sixty-nine older adults were randomized to a 24-session CCT program (n= 39) or an active control program (n= 30). Participants completed a pre- and post- training neuropsychological assessment. The primary outcome measure was a global cognitive composite, and the secondary outcomes were the scores on specific cognitive domains (of memory, executive function/attention, and language).Results:Using linear mixed models, there were no significant differences between the CCT and the active control program on the primary (p= 0.662) or any of the secondary outcomes (language functioning,p= .628; attention/executive functioning,p= .428; memory,p= .749).Conclusion:This study suggests that short-term CCT had no specific benefit for cognitive functioning in non-demented individuals aged 80 and older.
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Matthews, B., R. F. Zec, R. J. Elble, and S. J. Markwell. "Global executive functioning is commensurate with global cognitive functioning in PD." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 14, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.8.634a.
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Rouse, Hillary J., Brent J. Small, and John Schinka. "MILD BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1739.
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Abstract Background: Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) is considered to be a late life transitional state between normal aging and dementia that describes individuals who have persistent behavioral changes and/or psychiatric symptoms. Individuals with MBI are found to be at greater risk of dementia compared to those without these symptoms. Identifying how MBI might relate to different domains of cognition is of key importance, as it could be an early indicator of a future dementia diagnoses. Method: Secondary data analysis of a sample (n=512) of older adults from the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center who were either cognitively healthy or presenting with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Some individuals presented with MBI, as defined by decreased motivation, affective dysregulation, impulse dyscontrol, social inappropriateness, or abnormal perception/thought content. Executive function, attention, short-term memory, and episodic memory, were compared using a battery of neuropsychological assessments. Results: Individuals with MCI performed worse on all tasks across all cognitive domains, where individuals with MBI performed worse on several tasks associated with executive function, attention, and episodic memory. Compared to individuals with only MCI, individuals with MCI and MBI performed significantly worse on tasks associated with executive function and episodic memory. Conclusion: The present study found evidence that individuals with MBI will perform worse on tasks of executive function, attention, and episodic memory. Further, those with MCI and MBI will perform significantly worse on executive function and episodic memory tasks. Future research should explore if these findings can help to predict specific dementia diagnoses.
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Nakhla, M., J. Filoteo, C. Pluim, A. Cabrera Tuazon, N. Whiteley, Z. Zlatar, S. Lessig, I. Litvan, and D. Schiehser. "B-18 Executive Functioning Best Predicts Performance-Based Financial Skills in Non-Demented Parkinson’s Disease." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.101.
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Abstract Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) frequently experience cognitive and functional difficulties, even in the absence of dementia. However, there is limited understanding of the relationship between specific cognitive abilities and functional skills, such as financial management, in these individuals. Understanding the potential impact of cognition on financial skills in non-demented PD will help discern neuropsychological predictors of real-world performance. 171 non-demented PD patients were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including a measure of financial skills (University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment; UPSA). Composite scores were created for five cognitive domains: [1] memory, [2] language, [3] executive function, [4] attention, and [5] visuospatial function. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical regressions were conducted to evaluate the associations between UPSA and cognition. There was a significant, positive association between financial skills performance and executive function, memory, attention, and language (r = .165 – .265; all p’s < .04), but not visuospatial function (r = .071, p = .37). Controlling for demographic factors, multiple linear regressions revealed that higher levels of executive function significantly predicted better UPSA performance (B = .323, p < .01). Findings suggest that several cognitive abilities are associated with adequate financial management, but that executive function, above and beyond other cognitive abilities, is the best predictor of this particular skill in non-demented PD. The assessment of cognition – specifically executive function – may be useful in identifying PD patients who may be at risk for financial management difficulties. Furthermore, findings have implications for the implementation of executive function-based interventions for the enhancement of everyday financial tasks in non-demented PD.
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Grace, Gloria M., J. B. Orange, Ann Rowe, Karen Findlater, Morris Freedman, and Michael J. Strong. "Neuropsychological Functioning in PLS: A Comparison with ALS." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 1 (January 2011): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100120803.
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Abstract:Objective:In order to characterize the nature and extent of neuropsychological dysfunction in primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), we studied prospectively cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning in PLS, and compared performances to functioning in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Methods:Eighteen patients with PLS and 13 patients with ALS completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing both cognitive skills and emotional/behavioral functioning.Results:Both PLS and ALS groups scored broadly within normal limits (mean T-scores greater than 40) on all cognitive measures and no significant between-group differences were found with the exception of one variable. However, when examined on a case by case basis, the data revealed considerable heterogeneity amongst patients in both groups. Overall, 39% of PLS patients and 31% of ALS patients were considered cognitively impaired. A higher than expected frequency of abnormal scores was noted for several tests of executive function in both groups, and a majority of PLS patients also exhibited abnormal behavioural symptoms. There was no relationship in PLS or ALS groups between cognitive functioning and disease duration, current site of disease, site of onset, functional status, and respiratory variables. Comparison between the PLS and ALS groups indicated virtually no differences in cognitive test scores and overall emotional/behavioural symptoms.Conclusions:We observed deficits in cognition and behaviour in a significant proportion of PLS patients which were comparable to those observed in ALS cases. Although deficits were not in the range of frontotemporal dementia, both ALS and PLS cases demonstrated deficits most prominently on tests of executive functioning.
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Bernstein, John P. K., Alyssa DeVito, and Matthew Calamia. "Subjectively and Objectively Measured Sleep Predict Differing Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 1127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz017.
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Abstract Objective To examine associations between subjectively-reported sleep and objectively-measured sleep (i.e., actigraphy) with different domains of cognitive functioning, and determine whether age may moderate these associations. Method In this cross-sectional study, a total of 489 participants (mean age = 45.4 years; SD = 18.8) completed a self-reported sleep measure and one week of actigraphy. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive tests measuring episodic memory, social cognition, executive functioning, and complex cognition (i.e., reasoning, visuospatial, and language abilities). Results Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater objective sleep quality and longer onset latencies were both associated with better performance on measures of conceptual flexibility. In contrast, subjective sleep quality was not associated with performance in any cognitive domain after accounting for objective sleep variables. Age moderated sleep–cognition relationships in differing ways based on cognitive domain and facet of sleep assessed. For example, whereas poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with poorer complex cognition in younger, but not older adults, poorer objective sleep quality was associated with poorer conceptual flexibility in older, but not younger adults. Conclusions Objectively-measured and self-reported sleep are associated with differing aspects of executive functioning, with the latter related to executive functioning broadly and the former associated with conceptual flexibility in particular. Age moderates sleep–cognition relationships differentially depending on the method by which sleep quality and quantity are measured.
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Giancola, Peter R., and Ralph E. Tarter. "Executive Cognitive Functioning and Risk for Substance Abuse." Psychological Science 10, no. 3 (May 1999): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00135.
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Kunz, Miriam, Veit Mylius, Karsten Schepelmann, and Stefan Lautenbacher. "Loss in Executive Functioning Best Explains Changes in Pain Responsiveness in Patients with Dementia-Related Cognitive Decline." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/878157.
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There is ample evidence that dementia changes the processing of pain. However, it is not known whether this change in pain processing is related to the general decline in cognitive functioning or whether it may be related to specific domains of cognitive functioning. With the present study we tried to answer this question. We assessed different cognitive domains (orientation, memory, abstract thinking/executive function, aphasia and apraxia, and information processing speed) in 70 older patients with cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment up to moderate degrees of dementia). Pain responsiveness was assessed by measuring the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold and facial responses to noxious electrical stimulation. Using regression analyses, we assessed which domain of cognitive functioning best predicted variance in pain responsiveness. Variance in pain responsiveness (NFR and facial expressions) was best explained by those items assessing executive functioning even when controlling for overall cognitive performance and memory functioning. The close association between executive functioning and pain responsiveness suggests that dementia-related neurodegeneration in prefrontal areas might result not only in reduced executive functioning but also in a loss of pain inhibitory potency, rendering the patient more vulnerable to pain. Our findings also suggest that pain assessment in dementia should be regularly completed by tests of cognitive functions.
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Cato, M. Allison, Nelly Mauras, Jodie Ambrosino, Aiden Bondurant, Amy L. Conrad, Craig Kollman, Peiyao Cheng, et al. "Cognitive Functioning in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 2 (February 2014): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001434.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess cognitive functioning in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and examine whether glycemic history influences cognitive function. Neuropsychological evaluation of 216 children (healthy controls,n= 72; T1D,n= 144) ages 4–10 years across five DirecNet sites. Cognitive domains included IQ, Executive Functions, Learning and Memory, and Processing Speed. Behavioral, mood, parental IQ data, and T1D glycemic history since diagnosis were collected. The cohorts did not differ in age, gender or parent IQ. Median T1D duration was 2.5 years and average onset age was 4 years. After covarying age, gender, and parental IQ, the IQ and the Executive Functions domain scores trended lower (bothp= .02, not statistically significant adjusting for multiple comparisons) with T1D relative to controls. Children with T1D were rated by parents as having more depressive and somatic symptoms (p< .001). Learning and memory (p= .46) and processing speed (p= .25) were similar. Trends in the data supported that the degree of hyperglycemia was associated with Executive Functions, and to a lesser extent, Child IQ and Learning and Memory. Differences in cognition are subtle in young children with T1D within 2 years of onset. Longitudinal evaluations will help determine whether these findings change or become more pronounced with time. (JINS, 2014,20, 238–247)
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Pitteri, Marco, Stefano Ziccardi, Caterina Dapor, Maddalena Guandalini, and Massimiliano Calabrese. "Lost in Classification: Lower Cognitive Functioning in Apparently Cognitive Normal Newly Diagnosed RRMS Patients." Brain Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9110321.
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Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is usually related to the classic, dichotomic classification of impaired vs. unimpaired cognition. However, this approach is far from mirroring the real efficiency of cognitive functioning. Applying a different approach in which cognitive functioning is considered as a continuous variable, we aimed at showing that even newly diagnosed relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients might suffer from reduced cognitive functioning with respect to a matched group of neurologically healthy controls (HCs), even if they were classified as having no cognitive impairment (CI). Fifty newly diagnosed RRMS patients and 36 HCs were tested with an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. By using Z-scores applied to the whole group of RRMS and HCs together, a measure of cognitive functioning (Z-score index) was calculated. Among the 50 RRMS patients tested, 36 were classified as cognitively normal (CN). Even though classified as CN, RRMS patients performed worse than HCs at a global level (p = 0.004) and, more specifically, in the domains of memory (p = 0.005) and executive functioning (p = 0.006). These results highlight that reduced cognitive functioning can be present early in the disease course, even in patients without an evident CI. The current classification criteria of CI in MS should be considered with caution.
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Dregan, A., and M. C. Gulliford. "Leisure-time physical activity over the life course and cognitive functioning in late mid-adult years: a cohort-based investigation." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 11 (March 12, 2013): 2447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000305.
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BackgroundThe objective of the present study was to estimate the association between different leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) parameters from 11 to 50 years and cognitive functioning in late mid-adulthood.MethodThe study used a prospective birth cohort study including participants in the UK National Child Development Study (NCDS) from age 11 to 50 years. Standardized z scores for cognitive, memory and executive functioning at age 50 represented the primary outcome measures. Exposures included self-reported LTPA at ages 11, 16, 33, 42, 46 and 50 years. Analyses were adjusted for important confounders including educational attainment and long-standing illness.ResultsThe adjusted difference in cognition score between women who reported LTPA for at least 4 days/week in five surveys or more and those who never reported LTPA for at least 4 days/week was 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.35], 0.10 (95% CI 0.01–0.19) for memory score and 0.30 (95% CI 0.23–0.38) for executive functioning score. For men, the equivalent differences were: cognition 0.12 (95% CI 0.05–0.18), memory 0.06 (95% CI − 0.02 to 0.14) and executive functioning 0.16 (95% CI 0.10–0.23).ConclusionsThis study provides novel evidence about the lifelong association between LTPA and memory and executive functioning in mid-adult years. Participation in low-frequency and low-intensity LTPA was positively associated with cognitive functioning in late mid-adult years for men and women. The greatest benefit emerged from participating in lifelong intensive LTPA.
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Castaneda, A. E., M. Marttunen, J. Suvisaari, J. Perälä, S. I. Saarni, T. Aalto-Setälä, H. Aro, J. Lönnqvist, and A. Tuulio-Henriksson. "The effect of psychiatric co-morbidity on cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of depressed young adults." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 1 (May 5, 2009): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005959.
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BackgroundPsychiatric co-morbidity is often inadequately controlled for in studies on cognitive functioning in depression. Our recent study established no major deficits in cognition among young adults with a history of pure unipolar depression. The present study extends our previous work by examining the effects of psychiatric co-morbidity and other disorder characteristics on depression-related cognitive functioning.MethodPerformance in verbal and visual short-term memory, verbal long-term memory and learning, attention, processing speed, and executive functioning was compared between a population-based sample aged 21–35 years with a lifetime history of unipolar depressive disorders (n=126) and a random sample of healthy controls derived from the same population (n=71). Cognitive functioning was also compared between the subgroups of pure (n=69) and co-morbid (n=57) depression.ResultsThe subgroups of pure and co-morbid depression did not differ in any of the cognitive measures assessed. Only mildly compromised verbal learning was found among depressed young adults in total, but no other cognitive deficits occurred. Received treatment was associated with more impaired verbal memory and executive functioning, and younger age at first disorder onset with more impaired executive functioning.ConclusionsPsychiatric co-morbidity may not aggravate cognitive functioning among depressed young adults. Regardless of co-morbidity, treatment seeking is associated with cognitive deficits, suggesting that these deficits relate to more distress.
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WEBER, RACHEL C., AUDREA JOHNSON, CYNTHIA A. RICCIO, and JEFFREY LIEW. "Balanced bilingualism and executive functioning in children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 2 (August 27, 2015): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000553.
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The extant research suggests bilingualism is associated with enhanced cognitive effects, most evident in attention and executive functioning (EF). The current study examined the contributions of balance in the bilingualism (Spanish–English) of children to performance-based measures and caregiver ratings of EF. Participants included 30 bilingual children. Balance in children's bilingualism was correlated with caregiver ratings of task initiation. After controlling for demographic variables, balance in bilingualism significantly accounted for 37% of the variance in ratings of children's task initiation. Additional research is needed regarding associations between dual-language exposure, linguistic competence, and cognitive development in children.
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Visser, Denise, Emma E. Wolters, Sander C. J. Verfaillie, Emma M. Coomans, Tessa Timmers, Hayel Tuncel, Juhan Reimand, et al. "Tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow are independently associated with cognition in Alzheimer’s disease." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 47, no. 13 (May 27, 2020): 3165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04831-w.
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Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate associations between tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and their relationship with cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), by using a single dynamic [18F]flortaucipir positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Methods Seventy-one subjects with AD (66 ± 8 years, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) 23 ± 4) underwent a dynamic 130-min [18F]flortaucipir PET scan. Cognitive assessment consisted of composite scores of four cognitive domains. For tau pathology and rCBF, receptor parametric mapping (cerebellar gray matter reference region) was used to create uncorrected and partial volume-corrected parametric images of non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) and R1, respectively. (Voxel-wise) linear regressions were used to investigate associations between BPND and/or R1 and cognition. Results Higher [18F]flortaucipir BPND was associated with lower R1 in the lateral temporal, parietal and occipital regions. Higher medial temporal BPND was associated with worse memory, and higher lateral temporal BPND with worse executive functioning and language. Higher parietal BPND was associated with worse executive functioning, language and attention, and higher occipital BPND with lower cognitive scores across all domains. Higher frontal BPND was associated with worse executive function and attention. For [18F]flortaucipir R1, lower values in the lateral temporal and parietal ROIs were associated with worse executive functioning, language and attention, and lower occipital R1 with lower language and attention scores. When [18F]flortaucipir BPND and R1 were modelled simultaneously, associations between lower R1 in the lateral temporal ROI and worse attention remained, as well as for lower parietal R1 and worse executive functioning and attention. Conclusion Tau pathology was associated with locally reduced rCBF. Tau pathology and low rCBF were both independently associated with worse cognitive performance. For tau pathology, these associations spanned widespread neocortex, while for rCBF, independent associations were restricted to lateral temporal and parietal regions and the executive functioning and attention domains. These findings indicate that each biomarker may independently contribute to cognitive impairment in AD.
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Taylor, Jeanette E., Lisa M. James, Mark D. Reeves, and Leonardo Bobadilla. "The Florida State Twin Registry: Research Aims and Design." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.6.958.
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AbstractRelatively little is known about the relationship of most personality disorders to executive cognitive functioning despite their associations with frontal cortex activity. Research on genetic influence is lacking for most personality disorders, and research on genetic influences associated with executive cognitive functioning is sparse and mixed. The Florida State Twin Registry was created to conduct a pilot twin study aimed at examining genetic influence on personality disorders and executive cognitive functioning. Measures included structured clinical interviews for symptoms and diagnoses of personality disorders (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, obsessive–compulsive, avoidant, and dependent), depression, substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test were administered to assess executive cognitive functioning. Self-report questionnaires were included to assess maladaptive personality traits. Data sharing and future directions for growing the Florida State Twin Registry are discussed.
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Oosterman, Joukje M., Juliane Traxler, and Miriam Kunz. "The Influence of Executive Functioning on Facial and Subjective Pain Responses in Older Adults." Behavioural Neurology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1984827.
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Cognitive decline is known to reduce reliability of subjective pain reports. Although facial expressions of pain are generally considered to be less affected by this decline, empirical support for this assumption is sparse. The present study therefore examined how cognitive functioning relates to facial expressions of pain and whether cognition acts as a moderator between nociceptive intensity and facial reactivity. Facial and subjective responses of 51 elderly participants to mechanical stimulation at three intensities levels (50 kPa, 200 kPa, and 400 kPa) were assessed. Moreover, participants completed a neuropsychological examination of executive functioning (planning, cognitive inhibition, and working memory), episodic memory, and psychomotor speed. The results showed that executive functioning has a unique relationship with facial reactivity at low pain intensity levels (200 kPa). Moreover, cognitive inhibition (but not other executive functions) moderated the effect of pressure intensity on facial pain expressions, suggesting that the relationship between pressure intensity and facial reactivity was less pronounced in participants with high levels of cognitive inhibition. A similar interaction effect was found for cognitive inhibition and subjective pain report. Consequently, caution is needed when interpreting facial (as well as subjective) pain responses in individuals with a high level of cognitive inhibition.
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Drigas, Athanasios, and Maria Karyotaki. "Executive Functioning and Problem Solving: A Bidirectional Relation." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v9i3.10186.
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There is a bidirectional relation between one’s executive functioning abilities and problem solving skills as they are both based on self-control. “Hot” and “cold” executive functions account for individuals’ cognitive control and emotional regulation. In addition, problem solving is tied to metacognitive awareness processes, necessary for applying executive function skills in goal setting and decision making situations. Therefore, individuals’ overall cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation can promote the quality, quantity and speed of decision-making processes, such as adaptable and creative information processing as well as efficiency in setting and prioritizing goals. Moreover, individuals with ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and individuals with other comorbid states, such as older adults, individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can counterbalance their cognitive control deficits through enhancing their problem solving skills. In addition, an advanced research in the bidirectional relation between executive function and problem solving skills could develop a comprehensive methodology for training and assessing self-regulatory processes.
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Sharifian, Neika, A. Zarina Kraal, Afsara B. Zaheed, Ketlyne Sol, and Laura B. Zahodne. "Longitudinal Associations Between Contact Frequency with Friends and with Family, Activity Engagement, and Cognitive Functioning." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 8 (March 23, 2020): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617720000259.
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AbstractObjectives:Social engagement may be an important protective resource for cognitive aging. Some evidence suggests that time spent with friends may be more beneficial for cognition than time spent with family. Because maintaining friendships has been demonstrated to require more active maintenance and engagement in shared activities, activity engagement may be one underlying pathway that explains the distinct associations between contact frequency with friends versus family and cognition.Methods:Using two waves of data from the national survey of Midlife in the United States (n = 3707, Mage = 55.80, 51% female at baseline), we examined longitudinal associations between contact frequency with friends and family, activity engagement (cognitive and physical activities), and cognition (episodic memory and executive functioning) to determine whether activity engagement mediates the relationship between contact frequency and cognition.Results:The longitudinal mediation model revealed that more frequent contact with friends, but not family, was associated with greater concurrent engagement in physical and cognitive activities, which were both associated with better episodic memory and executive functioning.Conclusion:These findings suggest that time spent with friends may promote both cognitively and physically stimulating activities that could help to preserve not only these social relationships but also cognitive functioning.
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Schneider, Brooke C., and Peter A. Lichtenberg. "Physical Performance Is Associated with Executive Functioning in Older African American Women." Journal of Aging Research 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/578609.
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An older adult's ability to perform physical tasks is predictive of disability onset and is associated with declines in cognition. Risk factors for physical performance declines among African Americans, a group with the highest rates of disability, remain understudied. This study sought to identify demographic, health, and cognitive factors associated with lower-extremity physical performance in a sample of 106 African American women ages 56 to 91. After controlling for global cognitive functioning (Mini Mental State Exam), physical performance was associated with executive functioning (Stroop Color/Word), but not visuospatial construction (WASI Block Design) or processing speed (Trail Making Test, Part A). Executive functioning remained associated with physical performance after entry of demographic variables, exercise, depression, disease burden, and body mass index (BMI). Age, and BMI were also significant in this model. Executive functioning, age and BMI are associated with lower-extremity physical performance among older African American women.
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Collado-Valero, Joshua, Ignasi Navarro-Soria, Beatriz Delgado-Domenech, Marta Real-Fernández, Borja Costa-López, Isabel Mazón-Esquiva, and Rocío Lavigne-Cerván. "ADHD and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Comparing Executive Functioning Response Patterns." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 10506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910506.
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The aim of the present study was to describe and compare the specific profiles of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) through the Hybrid Model of Executive Functioning (HMEF). The total sample of 1049 subjects, aged 6 to 18 years (M = 10.75; SD = 3.20), were classified into a non-pathologic group, an ADHD group and an SCT group, and assessed using the short version of the Barkley Deficit in Executive Functions Scale for Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA). The results revealed significant differences between the three groups in all executive domains (non-pathologic < SCT < ADHD). While the ADHD group demonstrated a consistently high profile of difficulties in each subscale, the SCT group showed an irregular profile of difficulties, with middle and low scores, depending on the executive function. Although the SCT group’s score was far away from the ADHD group’s score for Self-Motivation, Emotions Self-Regulation and Self-Restraint and Inhibition, the two groups’ scores were very close for Time Self-Management and Self-Organization and Problem Solving. Accordingly, through logistic regression analyses, the SCT group was exclusively related to these last two executive domains; however, the ADHD group was strongly associated with almost every executive function. The findings suggest that the short version of the BDEFS-CA discriminates between both disorders, supporting psycho-pedagogical assessment and differential diagnosis.
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Satoer, Djaina, Judith Vork, Evy Visch-Brink, Marion Smits, Clemens Dirven, and Arnaud Vincent. "Cognitive functioning early after surgery of gliomas in eloquent areas." Journal of Neurosurgery 117, no. 5 (November 2012): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.7.jns12263.
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Object Patients with gliomas frequently have cognitive deficits, and surgery can exacerbate these deficits. Preoperative assessment is therefore crucial in patients undergoing surgery for glioma in eloquent areas, because the proximity of functional areas increases the risk of permanent postoperative cognitive disturbances. Although pre- and postoperative language and motor function in patients with glioma have been investigated frequently, data on good cognition studies are scarce. Most studies have focused on clinical neurological functioning or have only used brief neurological instruments. The authors investigated whether surgery for glioma in eloquent areas influences cognition early after surgery, by using an elaborate test protocol. Methods Twenty-eight patients with gliomas of the left hemisphere in language and nonlanguage areas were assessed before and 3 months after surgery with a comprehensive neuropsychological test protocol. The authors performed a correlation analysis between change in cognitive performance and tumor characteristics (that is, location, volume, pathological features, and histological grade) and between cognitive change and treatment-related factors (the extent of the resection and postoperative treatment with chemo- and radiotherapy). Results Both pre- and postoperatively, the mean performance of the patients was worse than the performance of the normal population in the language domain, the memory domain, and the executive functions (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, a decline was found in the language domain (t = 2.34, p = 0.027) and in the executive functions (t = 2.45, p = 0.022). However, cognitive change postsurgery was influenced by the location of the tumor; the decrease of cognitive score in the language domain was only observed in patients with tumors in or close to language areas (t = 2.33, p = 0.029). No effect on cognitive change was found for the other tumor characteristics and treatment-related factors. Conclusions This study underlines the importance of the use of a neuropsychological test protocol before and after surgery in patients with glioma, because several tasks in the domains of language, memory, and executive functions appeared to deteriorate after surgery. Tumor resection in language areas increases the risk of cognitive deficits in the language domain postoperatively.
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Ziermans, Tim, Ymke de Bruijn, Renee Dijkhuis, Wouter Staal, and Hanna Swaab. "Impairments in cognitive empathy and alexithymia occur independently of executive functioning in college students with autism." Autism 23, no. 6 (December 14, 2018): 1519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318817716.
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Reduced empathy and alexithymic traits are common across the autism spectrum, but it is unknown whether this is also true for intellectually advanced adults with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this study was to examine whether college students with autism spectrum disorder experience difficulties with empathy and alexithymia, and whether this is associated with their cognitive levels of executive functioning. In total, 53 college students with autism spectrum disorder were compared to a gender-matched group of 29 neurotypical students on cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy and alexithymia. In addition, cognitive performance on executive functioning was measured with computerized and paper-and-pencil tasks. The autism spectrum disorder group scored significantly lower on cognitive empathy and higher on cognitive alexithymia (both d = 0.65). The difference on cognitive empathy also remained significant after controlling for levels of cognitive alexithymia. There were no group differences on affective empathy and alexithymia. No significant relations between executive functioning and cognitive alexithymia or cognitive empathy were detected. Together, these findings suggest that intellectually advanced individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience serious impairments in the cognitive processing of social–emotional information. However, these impairments cannot be attributed to individual levels of cognitive executive functioning.
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Zwartbol, Maarten H. T., Anja G. van der Kolk, Rashid Ghaznawi, Yolanda van der Graaf, Jeroen Hendrikse, and Mirjam I. Geerlings. "Intracranial atherosclerosis on 7T MRI and cognitive functioning." Neurology 95, no. 10 (July 6, 2020): e1351-e1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010199.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the association between intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease.MethodsWithin the Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease–Magnetic Resonance (SMART-MR) study, cross-sectional analyses were performed in 130 patients (mean ± SD age 68 ± 9 years) with 7T vessel wall MRI data. Vessel wall lesions were rated according to established criteria and summed into a circulatory and artery-specific ICAS burden. Associations between ICAS burden and Z scores of memory, executive functioning, working memory, and processing speed were estimated using linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, reading ability, and vascular risk factors.ResultsA total of 125 patients (96%) had ≥1 vessel wall lesion; the mean ICAS burden was 8.5 ± 5.7. A statistically nonsignificant association was found between total ICAS burden and memory (b = −0.03 per +1 lesion; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.05 to 0.00). No associations were found for the other domains. A statistically significant association was found for ICAS burden of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and memory (b = −0.12 per +1 lesion; 95% CI −0.23 to −0.01) and executive functioning (b = −0.10 per +1 lesion; 95% CI −0.19 to −0.01). Statistically nonsignificant associations were found for the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) burden and memory (b = −0.13 per +1 lesion; 95% CI −0.26 to 0.01) and executive functioning (b = −0.11 per +1 lesion; 95% CI −0.22 to 0.01). Additional adjustments for large infarcts, white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, and ≥50% carotid stenosis produced similar results.ConclusionsOur results suggest an artery-specific vulnerability of memory and executive functioning to ICAS, possibly due to strategic brain regions involved with these cognitive domains, which are located in the arterial territory of the PCA and ACA.
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Cohen, J. F. W., M. T. Gorski, S. A. Gruber, L. B. F. Kurdziel, and E. B. Rimm. "The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 6 (August 4, 2016): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002877.
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AbstractA systematic review was conducted to evaluate whether healthier dietary consumption among children and adolescents impacts executive functioning. PubMed, Education Resources Information Center, PsychINFO and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science databases were searched, and studies of executive functioning among children or adolescents aged 6–18 years, which examined food quality, macronutrients and/or foods, were included. Study quality was also assessed. In all, twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Among the twelve studies examining food quality (n 9) or macronutrient intakes (n 4), studies examining longer-term diet (n 6) showed positive associations between healthier overall diet quality and executive functioning, whereas the studies examining the acute impact of diet (n 6) were inconsistent but suggestive of improvements in executive functioning with better food quality. Among the ten studies examining foods, overall, there was a positive association between healthier foods (e.g. whole grains, fish, fruits and/or vegetables) and executive function, whereas less-healthy snack foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and red/processed meats were inversely associated with executive functioning. Taken together, evidence suggests a positive association between healthy dietary consumption and executive functioning. Additional studies examining the effects of healthier food consumption, as well as macronutrients, on executive functioning are warranted. These studies should ideally be conducted in controlled environments and use validated cognitive tests.
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Jones, Jacob D., Jared J. Tanner, Michael Okun, Catherine C. Price, and Dawn Bowers. "Are Parkinson’s Patients More Vulnerable to the Effects of Cardiovascular Risk: A Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000017.
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AbstractObjectives: This study examined whether individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are at increased vulnerability for vascular-related cognitive impairment relative to controls. The underlying assumption behind this hypothesis relates to brain reserve and that both PD and vascular risk factors impair similar fronto-executive cognitive systems. Methods: The sample included 67 PD patients and 61 older controls (total N=128). Participants completed neuropsychological measures of executive functioning, processing speed, verbal delayed recall/memory, language, and auditory attention. Cardiovascular risk was assessed with the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk index. Participants underwent brain imaging (T1 and T2 FLAIR). Trained raters measured total and regional leukoaraiosis (periventricular, deep subcortical, and infracortical). Results: Hierarchical regressions revealed that more severe cardiovascular risk was related to worse executive functioning, processing speed, and delayed verbal recall in both Parkinson patients and controls. More severe cardiovascular risk was related to worse language functioning in the PD group, but not controls. In contrast, leukoaraiosis related to both cardiovascular risk and executive functioning for controls, but not the PD group. Conclusions: Overall, results revealed that PD and cardiovascular risk factors are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment. Generally, the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on cognition is similar in PD patients and controls. (JINS, 2017, 23, 322–331)
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Mann, Lee S., Tracy Westlake, Thomas N. Wise, Amy Beckman, Peggy Beckman, Sherry Brodeur, and Donald Poretz. "Executive Functioning and Compliance in HIV Patients." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.319.
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25 adult HIV patients were evaluated in a study of appointments, medication, and compliance with restrictions on sexual activity. The Executive Interview (EXIT) was useful in assessing these patients for cognitive difficulties; compliance with medication and countertransference issues were negatively correlated with EXIT scores.
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Ihle, Andreas, Élvio R. Gouveia, Bruna R. Gouveia, Maximilian Haas, Sascha Zuber, Dan Orsholits, Boris Cheval, Stefan Sieber, Stéphane Cullati, and Matthias Kliegel. "Cognitive Reserve Mitigates Decline in Executive Functioning Following Hepatobiliary Diseases." Swiss Journal of Psychology 79, no. 3-4 (December 2020): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000237.
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Abstract. The cognitive reserve hypothesis postulates that lifelong cognitive stimulation establishes a buffer that is instrumental in maintaining cognitive health. To examine this conceptual proposition in detail, we applied a novel, more general conceptual view that included recent models of vulnerability and examined whether the longitudinal association between hepatobiliary diseases and later decline in executive functioning across 6 years varied by cognitive reserve. For this purpose, we investigated longitudinal data from 897 older individuals ( M = 74.33 years) tested using the Trail Making Test (TMT) in two waves 6 years apart. Individuals reported information on key commonly used indicators of lifelong cognitive reserve build-up (i.e., education, work, and participation in leisure activity) and hepatobiliary diseases. The results revealed a significant interaction of hepatobiliary diseases with participation in leisure activity on latent change in executive functioning. Specifically, only in individuals with little (but not greater) participation in leisure activity did hepatobiliary diseases significantly predict a steeper decline in executive functioning over 6 years (i.e., increases in TMT finishing time). In conclusion, the unfavorable aftereffects of hepatobiliary diseases on a later decline in executive functioning seem to be mitigated in individuals who have built up greater cognitive reserve via participation in leisure activity during their life.
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Ruvalcaba, Neyda Ma Mendoza, Elva Dolores Arias Merino, Maria Elena Flores Villavicencio, and Melina Rodriguez Díaz. "PERFORMANCE ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING RELATED TO SUCCESSFUL AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2426.
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Abstract Introduction The cognitive functioning, as a general measure, is a criterion commonly used to define and operationalize successful aging. (Project-Conacyt-256589) The aim of this study is to analyze cognitive function and its relationship with the successful aging in older adults. Methods Population based, random sample included n=401 community-dwelling older adults 60-years and older (mean age=72.51,SD=8.11 years,59.4% women). Cognitive functioning was assessed by a comprehensive battery including working memory(Digit Span Backward WAIS-IV), episodic memory, metamemory(self-report), processing speed(Symbol Digit WAIS-IV), attention(TMT-A), executive functioning(TMT-B), learning potential(RAVLT), language(FAS), visuospatial skills(Block Design WAIS-IV). Successful aging was operationalized in accordance with Rowe & Kahn definition (no important disease, no disability, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, and being actively engaged). Sociodemographic and health data were also asked. Data were analyzed in SPSSv24. Results In total 11.2% were successful agers and 11.4% had Mild Cognitive impairment. Global cognitive functioning was significantly related to the achievement of successful aging criteria. Specifically, the more successful agers showed a significant (p′s<.05) better performance on learning potential, working memory, metamemory, processing speed and attention. Executive functions were not related to successful aging criteria. None cognitive domain was related to the being actively engaged criteria. Better visuospatial skills were showed in older adults meeting the criteria of being free of disability and high physical functioning. Conclusion Knowledge generated by this study reveals the role of specific domains of cognitive functioning in successful aging, and sets a scenario to promote successful aging, through alternatives centered in the improvement of cognition in the older adults.
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McCrae, Christina. "DOES IMPROVING SLEEP IMPROVE COGNITION IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS WITH INSOMNIA?" Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.173.
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Abstract Late life insomnia is associated with worse cognitive performance. Behavioral/cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia (BBT-I, CBT-I) improve sleep in older adults, but findings are mixed for cognition. This presentation examines the effects BBT-I and CBT-I on sleep and cognition across three RCTs involving older individuals (community-dwelling [N=62, Mage=69.45(SD=7.71)], chronic pain [N=64, Mage=53.2 (SD=13.7)], dementia caregiving [N=36, Mage=62.32 (SD=6.71]). Sleep was assessed using daily diaries and actigraphy for 1-2 weeks prior to randomization to treatment or control. Cognition was measured using standardized executive functioning, memory, and attention measures. Multiple regressions revealed improved executive functioning following treatment (caregivers), associations between improved executive performance and greater pain/sleep improvements (chronic pain), and associations between improved attention and processing speed and improved sleep 9-months following treatment (community-dwelling). BBT-I/CBT-I hold promise for improving cognition in older aged individuals with insomnia. Research is needed to determine what factors influence/which patients are most likely to experience cognitive benefits.
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Khatri, Parinda, James A. Blumenthal, Michael A. Babyak, W. Edward Craighead, Steve Herman, Teri Baldewicz, David J. Madden, Murali Doraiswamy, Robert Waugh, and K. Ranga Krishnan. "Effects of Exercise Training on Cognitive Functioning among Depressed Older Men and Women." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (January 2001): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.9.1.43.
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The effects of a structured exercise program on the cognitive functioning of 84 clinically depressed middle-aged and older adults (mean age = 57 years) were examined. Participants were randomized to either 4 months of aerobic exercise (n = 42) or antidepressant medication (n = 42). Assessments of cognitive functioning (memory, psychomotor speed, executive functioning, and attention/concentration), depression, and physical fitness (aerobic capacity and exercise endurance) were conducted before and after the intervention. Exercise-related changes (accounting for baseline levels of cognitive functioning and depression) were observed for memory (p = .01) and executive functioning (p = .03). There were no treatment-group differences on tasks measuring either attention/concentration or psychomotor speed. Results indicate that exercise can exert influence on specific areas of cognitive functioning among depressed older adults. Further research is necessary to clarify the kinds of cognitive processes that are affected by exercise and the mechanisms by which exercise affects cognitive functioning.
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Paschall, Mallie J., and Diana H. Fishbein. "Executive cognitive functioning and aggression: a public health perspective." Aggression and Violent Behavior 7, no. 3 (May 2002): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-1789(00)00044-6.
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Del Missier, Fabio, Timo Mäntylä, and Wändi Bruine Bruin. "Decision-making Competence, Executive Functioning, and General Cognitive Abilities." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 25, no. 4 (February 7, 2011): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.731.
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Salthouse, Timothy A. "Relations Between Cognitive Abilities and Measures of Executive Functioning." Neuropsychology 19, no. 4 (July 2005): 532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.532.
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Arastu, Sana, Juan Gonzalez, Nicole E. Greenberg, Emma L. Lucas, Tonita E. Wroolie, and Natalie L. Rasgon. "A-18 Early Pattern of Cognitive Changes Associated with Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Young Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.36.
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Abstract Objective Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and subsequently cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. It is also linked to neurocognitive disorders and accelerated cognitive aging (Ekblad et al, 2017; Levine, Harrati, & Crimmins, 2018). Using baseline data from a longitudinal study in a sample of 126 cognitively intact adults aged 25–50 years (36.5% males), we assessed cognitive performance in relation to insulin resistance to determine whether an early prodromal pattern of cognitive changes exists prior to advanced metabolic disease. Methods Steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) was used to measure insulin resistance. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted using age, years of education, body mass index (BMI), and SSPG as predictors of neuropsychological functioning. In-person and tele-neuropsychological assessment was administered using standard neuropsychological measures. Results Higher insulin resistance was associated with significantly worse attention (WAIS-III Digit Span total; B = -0.018, p = 0.03), executive functioning (D-KEFS Color-Word Inhibition/Switching; B = 0.047, p = 0.04) and dominant fine motor abilities (Purdue Pegboard; B = -0.008, p = 0.02). Higher insulin resistance was also associated with trend level worsening of other measures of executive functioning, namely D-KEFS Trails 4 (B = 0.099, p = 0.07) and DKEFS Color-Word Inhibition errors (B = 0.007, p = 0.09). Conclusions In young adults, higher insulin resistance was associated with declines in attention, executive functioning, and fine motor abilities. This early pattern of subtle cognitive changes associated with higher insulin resistance seen in this sample of younger adults is consistent with later cognitive declines found in type 2 diabetes and vascular neurocognitive disorder, namely declines in attention, executive functioning, and motor abilities with eventual memory declines in advanced disease.
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Tucha, Oliver, Christian Smely, Michael Preier, Georg Becker, Geraldine M. Paul, and Klaus W. Lange. "Preoperative and postoperative cognitive functioning in patients with frontal meningiomas." Journal of Neurosurgery 98, no. 1 (January 2003): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.98.1.0021.
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Object. There is presently no specific information available concerning the nature and course of cognitive deficits caused by intracranial meningiomas. In this prospective study the authors examined the cognitive functioning of patients with frontal meningiomas. Methods. Fifty-four patients with frontal meningiomas were examined neuropsychologically before and after neurosurgery. The test battery consisted of standardized instruments including those assessing memory, attention, visuoconstructive abilities, and executive functions. The time period between pre-and postoperative assessment ranged from 4 to 9 months. The patients' performance was compared with the results in 54 healthy adults who were also assessed twice by using the same test battery in a period ranging from 4 to 9 months. In addition, the effect on cognition of meningioma lateralization, localization, lesion size, edema, brain compression, time course, and the occurrence of preoperative seizures was analyzed. Conclusions. Except in the case of working memory, comparisons of pre- and postoperative assessments of cognition revealed no differences in memory, visuoconstructive abilities, or executive functions, although a postoperative improvement in attentional functions was observed. The results of this study indicate that the surgical removal of frontal meningiomas does not impair patients' cognitive functioning. Furthermore, improvements in attentional functions may occur in these patients.
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Fink, Frauke, Eva Rischkau, Martina Butt, Jan Klein, Paul Eling, and Helmut Hildebrandt. "Efficacy of an executive function intervention programme in MS: a placebo-controlled and pseudo-randomized trial." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 9 (July 9, 2010): 1148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510375440.
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We evaluated a rehabilitation programme for executive deficits in multiple sclerosis patients by comparing outcome scores of a cognitive intervention group (CIG; n = 11) with those of a placebo group ( n = 14) and an untreated group ( n = 15). Executive functioning and verbal learning improved significantly more in the CIG. The treatment effect on verbal learning was still present at 1-year follow-up. Baseline brain atrophy, quantified by the brain parenchymal fraction, was associated with treatment effects for one aspect of executive functioning. Consequently, cognitive intervention may be beneficial and baseline brain atrophy has some predictive value in determining treatment outcome for executive functioning.
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Woolard, Alix, Elizabeth Stratton, Eleni A. Demetriou, Kelsie A. Boulton, Elizabeth Pellicano, Nick Glozier, Vicki Gibbs, et al. "Perceptions of social and work functioning are related to social anxiety and executive function in autistic adults." Autism 25, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 2124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211013664.
Full textAbstract:
Autistic adults report concerns with social skills and unemployment. Despite anxiety and difficulty with executive cognitive skills being associated with autism, no studies to date have investigated relationships between anxiety or executive cognition with social and work functioning. This study aimed to investigate the associations between perceived social anxiety, perceived and objective executive function, and perceived social and work functioning in a sample of autistic people. A total of 62 participants completed self-report questionnaires of social anxiety (via the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale), mental health (via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), executive cognition (via the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function) and perceived social and work functioning (the Work and Social Adjustment Scale), and a smaller subset ( n = 36–40) completed performance-based executive function tasks (Trail Making Task and Rapid Visual Processing Task). Participants who reported having more social anxiety and more difficulty with executive cognition also perceived themselves as having poorer social and work functioning. Performance-based executive function was not related to social or work functioning. Our results suggest that perceived social anxiety and executive cognition are both areas that have potential to be targeted to investigate whether they improve social and vocational outcomes for autistic people. Lay abstract Many autistic adults have trouble in social situations and at work. Researchers do not know exactly why autistic people might find it difficult in these environments, and no studies to date have looked the way anxiety or other cognitive processes might affect autistic peoples’ ability to socialise and succeed in getting and keeping jobs. Anxiety (how much you worry) and difficulty with getting stuff done or switching attention (known as executive function) can be concerns for autistic people and may contribute to social and work difficulties. This study looked at the relationships between the way autistic people perceived their anxiety and executive functioning and their ability to socialise and work. Sixty-two autistic participants completed questionnaires related to their ability to socialise and work, their social anxiety and their executive function. We found that participants who thought that they had poorer ability to work also found themselves to have more difficulties with executive function and they were more socially anxious. Our results showed that how autistic participants perceived their social anxiety and executive function were important in their perception of their social skills and work ability. This study supports the idea that anxiety and executive function could be targeted in interventions to support autistic people and their social and work outcomes.
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Ayers, Catherine R., Eliza J. Davidson, Mary E. Dozier, and Elizabeth W. Twamley. "Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy for Late-Life Hoarding: Effects on Neuropsychological Performance." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 6 (June 27, 2019): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz062.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Hoarding disorder (HD) is characterized by urges to save items, difficulty discarding possessions, and excessive clutter and has been associated with executive functioning deficits. A randomized controlled trial comparing Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy (CREST) with a care management control condition demonstrated the efficacy of CREST in reducing hoarding symptoms in older adults. The purpose of the current study was to assess whether CREST may also lead to improved executive functioning. Method All participants were administered a neurocognitive battery at baseline and posttreatment. Linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to evaluate change in global neuropsychological functioning as well as change in individual executive functioning variables. Results There was no significant group by time interaction for the Global Deficit score; however, there were significant group by time interactions on two of the executive functioning variables examined, such that participants in the CREST condition demonstrated significant improvement in cognitive flexibility and inhibition over time compared with the participants in the care management condition. Discussion Our initial findings support the notion that CREST may be able to improve task switching, an important component of executive functioning, in older adults with HD.