Relevant bibliographies by topics / Executive Dept

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Executive Dept'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Executive Dept"

1

VanLandingham, Rachel E. "Directive 2311.01 on the Law of War Program (U.S. Dept. Defense)." International Legal Materials 61, no. 2 (March 8, 2022): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2022.9.

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The significance of Department of Defense (DOD) Directive 2311.01E, The Law of War Program (DODD 2311.01E), last updated in 2020, is not simply rhetorical. Born in 1974 in immediate reaction to the well-publicized atrocities committed by U.S. service members in Vietnam (such as at My Lai and Song Thang), the original directive represented the most tangible and highest-level expression of the U.S. executive branch's desire that its members comply with the laws and customs of war. Beyond important symbolism, the original regulation created a true law of war program in more than name only by establishing an interrelated set of measures focused on training, reporting, and investigating with designated offices and positions of responsibility—measures expressly crafted to ensure law of war adherence. DODD 2311.01E maintains and improves the original 1974 program's compliance architecture, and in doing so operationalizes, more than any other DOD or military initiative, the U.S. national commitment that its military should live by the law of war's precepts.
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De Vos, Pierre. "Between moral authority and formalism : Nyathi v Member of Executive Council for Dept of Health, Gauteng." Constitutional Court Review 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ccr/2009.0012.

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Barton, S. S., W. G. Smith, and J. L. Swasey. "Using Focus Groups for Landscape Horticulture Curriculum Revision." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 567e—567. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.567e.

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Curriculum revision for science-oriented degrees can be based on input from research journals and discipline-oriented society meetings, but the professional nature of a landscape horticulture degree requires more detailed industry input. The curriculum revision at the Univ. of Delaware started with discussions amongst faculty who were concerned with the current plant science curriculum. A mail survey of alumni from 1984 to 1993 and employers of Univ. of Delaware Plant and Soil Sciences Dept. graduates was conducted in 1994. Survey results were evaluated and incorporated into the development of two curricula: plant biology and landscape horticulture. Focus groups were used to seek industry input for the landscape horticulture curriculum. Two focus groups—established professionals in the landscape horticulture industry and recent graduates from the Plant and Soil Sciences Dept. with landscape horticulture positions—were convened in December 1995. Focus group members received a packet of information about the department including the proposed curricula prior to the meeting. A group of faculty presented information about departmental facilities, faculty, academic opportunities and practical experiences and accomplishments. The previous survey results and proposed curricula were reviewed. A professional facilitator, using a moderator's guide prepared by faculty members, led each focus group discussion. Tapes from each discussion were transcribed and summarized. Original transcriptions and executive summaries were distributed to focus group participants and faculty. Suggestions from focus group participants were incorporated into the final curriculum. Problems associated with the focus group technique include a reluctance of faculty to accept outside opinions, a reluctance to publicly air departmental concerns, and the cost associated with a professional facilitator and rented facilities. However, the focus group technique provided significant feedback in a short period of time and helped build liaisons with industry constituents by including them in the process. Several focus group participants will be invited to join an advisory council for the department.
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White, Reilly. "Executive pensions, compensation leverage, and firm risk." International Journal of Managerial Finance 14, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-08-2017-0172.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the structure of both CEO and non-CEO executive compensation affects the overall risk of a firm. The author focuses on the interplay between CEO and non-CEO executive compensation structure. Design/methodology/approach The author uses a hand-collected pension-database that employs both OLS and two-stage least squares regressions to determine the effects of inside debt on default risk using the distance-to-default framework. The database consists of 8,965 executive-year data points from 272 firms. Findings This paper accomplishes three major objectives: first, the author presents a significant extension of Sundaram and Yermack (2007) by including non-CEO executives; the author demonstrates how the differences in inside debt between CEO and non-CEO executives are directly related to firm risk; and that funding these pensions via a Rabbi Trust eliminates most of the risk-shifting effects. Firms with the lowest compensation leverage gap between CEO and non-CEO executives were most likely to observe the agency costs associated with high executive leverage. When compensation leverage structures were substantially different, or the pension was pre-funded, these effects are neutralized. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, the first paper addresses the effects of Rabbi Trusts on risk-shifting behavior between both CEOs and non-CEO executives. Further, the author extends Sundaram and Yermack (2007) using a hand-collected database six times larger than the original paper. By focusing on the “leverage gap” between CEOs and non-CEO executives, the author presents unique evidence that underlines the risk dynamics between CEOs and their boards.
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Andrushchenko, T. S., and M. H. Salai. "LEGAL NATURE OF NOTARY’S EXECUTIVE INSCRIPTION AND ITS PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF NOTARIAL PROCEEDINGS." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2022, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2022.01.101.

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The article is devoted to studying legal nature of notary’s executive inscription as an extrajudicial form of civil rights and obligations protection, as well as a notarial act aimed at giving the document its executive power. Analyzing the legislation, the authors emphasize that the executive inscription must be considered from different points of view. It is this approach that will provide a comprehensive and complete understanding of the essence of such legal construction. So, first of all, the executive inscription is a form of protection of civil rights and interests provided for by the Civil Code of Ukraine, within which the interested person confirms the right to an undisputed debt. Secondly, the executive inscription is a notarial act that records the result of a notarial act and certifies the right to collect the debt from a debtor. In addition, the executive inscription is an executive document on the basis of which a debt collector and a debtor enter into new legal relations. Various approaches to determining the legal nature of a notary’s executive inscription are considered. It was found out that in the course of notarial-procedural activity, the determination of the indisputability of the debt, as a condition for the execution of the executive inscription, has a purely formal character. At the same time, the procedural order for its confirmation is not provided for by the legislation. This fact necessitates further scientific development of the ways to improve the procedure for executive inscription making. Based on the analysis, the author’s approach to defining the concept of “executive inscription” is proposed, taking into account various aspects of its legal purpose. Key words: notary, executive inscription, undisputed debt, debt document, notarial process, notarial proceedings, notarial act.
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Mujic, Muzafer. "Editorial." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 20, 2004): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3372.

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We inform our readers and collaborators that the interest for publication in Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences is growing continuously. Numerous letters and messages (e-mail) of support, in particular from our scientists working abroad, are sufficient confirmation. This exchange resulted in the idea (E. Kanlic, MD PhD, Associate Professor, Dept. of Orthopedic, Texas) that our scientists working in the USA edit one issue (preliminary deadline in April 2005) that would be dedicated to the latest understandings and achievements in a specific area that would be of interest for our experts. We are looking forward to successful cooperation with other colleagues engaged in fundamental science.It is with great pleasure that we inform you that, after anticipating a reply from the Department of Health and Human Services for some time, on the 6th July 2004 we received an information from Mr. Sheldon Kotzin, Executive Editor MEDLINE/Index Medicus stating that Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences has received a positive score (very good) upon reviewing and has been accepted for indexation in MEDLINE/Index MedicusWe are proud that our issues are mainly filled with papers by young researchers which agrees with our primary intention that the Journal grows into a vehicle for the exchange of knowledge among young researchers in the world. With this issue we complete the cycle for this year. We are convinced that, despite significant difficulties, we will find adequate support and ensure regular publication of research results from the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina.With sincere greetings and gratitude,Sarajevo, October 2004Editorial and Advisory BoardM.MujicThis Journal is Indexed in: CAB Abstract / Global Health databases and Index Medicus/MEDLINE.
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Kim, Yura, Jeongsun Yun, Hyun Woo Choi, and Gyuyoung Hwang. "Corporate Payout Policy and CEO‘s Inside Debt Holdings." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2015-b0005.

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Literature documents that executives' inside debt holdings (debt-based managerial compensation) such as defined-benefit pensions and retirement funds are often unfunded and unsecured and have long maturities, and thus provide managerial incentives to pursue strategies to avoid the overall firm risk. This study investigates the effect of managerial inside debt compensation relative to equity-based compensation on a firm's dividend payout policy. We find that a inside debt holdings are positively associated with various measures of a firm's dividend payout policy. Additionally, we find empirical evidence in firms with inside debt holdings that the inverse relationship between high default risk measured by KZ index and dividend payout weakens as the portion of inside debt relative to equity-based compensation rises. This finding indicates that the needs for the firm to restrain dividend payouts to equity holders is reduced as the executive's debt-to-equity compensation ratio becomes larger. Overall, the results suggests the mitigating effect of executives' inside debt holdings on the conflicts between bondholders and shareholders can lead to generous payout policy.
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Medyantara, Ikang Satrya, Lalu Husni, and Sudiarto Sudiarto. "Grosse Executorial Strength What Is Recognition of Debt in Practice (Study in Class 1A of Mataram District Court)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (July 19, 2019): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.886.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the strength of executorial Grosse Debt Recognition Deed in practice in the Class 1A of Mataram District Court. The research method used is empirical normative research. First, based on the results of the research that the Strength of Grosse's Debt Recognition Act in Debt Payment Implementation has a strength that is undoubtedly very strong because it can immediately be submitted for execution without going through a lawsuit in court, which is due to an executive power in the Grosse deed the acknowledgment of Debt in the head of the Deed is that there is an order for justice based on the One and only God made by the Second Notary, Grosse deed of debt recognition can be carried out directly without going through a claim process in court, bearing in mind the Grosse deed of debt recognition provided the head of the office reads for the sake of justice based on the supreme divinity, so that with the power contained in the debt recognition deed, direct execution can be carried out by the creditor to the court if the debtor defaults, without going through the claim process in court. Third, there are several relationships in the execution of Grosse's deed. Debt recognition, for example, the community's knowledge of the gross debt recognition deed. The second, sometimes the notary in making debt recognition Grosse statements does not pay attention to material and formal requirements from the Grosse deed itself.
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Meizaroh, Meizaroh, and Masripah Masripah. "The Effect of Executive Compensation on Credit Default Swap Spread." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 21, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.32246.

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Investors have been trying to formulate the optimum composition of executives’ compensation which will incentivize the executives to perform better and act in the shareholders’ best interests. This study aims to find empirical evidence about the impact of executive compensation on the default risk with the Credit Default Swap (CDS) spread as the proxy, using panel data to test the research model, which combines the analysis of cross-section and time series data. The study is conducted based on 1,416 observations of 177 U.S. companies from 2008-2015. The data are mainly collected from Datastream, Compustat, CRSP, and the US SEC’s EDGAR database. The current study provides a contribution by suggesting that executives’ compensation will trigger risk-taking behavior. The results of this study reveal, firstly, both equity-based compensation and debt-like compensation induce risk-taking behavior by the executives. Secondly, the correlation between both the form of the compensation and the CDS spread is weakened in a high information asymmetry environment. Lastly, this study finds that a CFO’s compensation has more influence on the CDS spread, compared to the other board executives, but this condition only occurs when the compensation is awarded in the form of debt-like compensation. To improve the generalization of the results, a further study may consider expanding the sample into several countries.
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Akono, Henri. "Managerial equity incentives and anti-dilutive convertible debt decisions." Review of Accounting and Finance 17, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-12-2016-0201.

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PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether high equity incentives motivate executives to avoid issuing convertible debt and/or to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to earnings-per-share (EPS).Design/methodology/approachTests are conducted using the Heckman two-step probit model to control for potential self-selection bias between firms that issue straight debt and those that issue convertible debt. Further, analyses are conducted separately and jointly for the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) to assess the differential impact of CEOs’ and CFOs’ equity incentives on convertible debt issuance and design decisions.FindingsFirms are more likely to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to EPS when CFOs have high levels of equity incentives, but only when the firm stock price is sensitive to diluted EPS. High CEOs’ equity incentives have limited impact of convertible debt issuance and design decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study is the generalizability of the findings and implications of this study due to the smaller sample size of convertible debt issues.Originality/valuePrior research has shown that bonus incentives influence CEOs with disincentive for EPS dilution and motivate them to make anti-dilutive financing decisions. Further, there is evidence that high equity incentives motivate CEOs to manage earnings to boost short-term prices. This study extends prior literature by showing that high equity incentives provide executives with disincentive for EPS dilution and motivate CFOs to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to EPS possibly to avoid reduced stock prices. Further, this study shows that CFOs have greater influence over convertible debt design choices than CEOs do.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Executive Dept"

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Meneghetti, Costanza. "Managerial incentives and the choice between public and bank debt." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08132008-140059/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Jayant Kale, committee chair; Omesh Kini, Harley E. Ryan, Anastasia V. Kartasheva, committee members. Electronic text (77 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 8, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).
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Nandhakumar, Jambukeswar Joe. "The practice of executive information systems development : an in-depth study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241560.

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Srivastav, Abhishek. "CEO inside debt and risk-taking in US banks : evidence from three bank policies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11765.

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Widespread losses during the recent financial crisis have raised concerns that equitybased CEO compensation (stocks and stock options) causes risky bank policies. This has led to the need to understand whether CEO pay can be re-structured such that it dampens risk-taking incentives. Against this background, this thesis analyses if debtbased compensation (also known as inside debt and consisting of pension benefits and deferred compensation) motivates CEOs to pursue risk-reducing bank policies. Over three decades of research into executive compensation has not explored the impact of inside debt, primarily due to lack of detailed data on inside debt which only became available after 2006 in the United States (US). The paucity of empirical work on inside debt is particularly unfortunate, given that the value of inside debt is often substantial. This dissertation provides one of the first empirical investigations into the impact of inside debt on bank risk-taking by determining whether CEO inside debt leads to less risky behaviour, through three policy decisions that are capable of increasing the overall risk of the bank. First, this thesis focuses on the payout policies of banks. Bank payouts divert cash to shareholders, while leaving behind riskier and less liquid assets to repay creditors in the future. Payouts, thus, constitute a type of risk-taking that benefits shareholders at the expense of creditors. The results presented in this thesis indicate that higher inside debt results in more conservative bank payout policies. Specifically, CEOs paid with more inside debt are more likely to cut payouts and to cut payouts by a larger amount. Reductions in payouts occur through a decrease in both dividends and repurchases. The results also hold over a sub-sample of banks which received government support in the form of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) where the link between risk-taking and payouts is of particular relevance because it involves wealth transfers from the taxpayer to shareholders. Second, this thesis tests the impact of inside debt on the risk implications of bank acquisitions. Bank acquisitions are large scale investment decisions that can affect bank risk. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt holdings motivate CEOs to pursue acquisitions that result in lower bank default risk. It also prevents CEOs from using acquisitions to shift risk to the financial safety-net. Since the safety net is underwritten by the taxpayer, the results show that CEO inside debt has a measurable impact on the subsidy which bank shareholders obtain from taxpayers. Third, the thesis shows that inside debt plays a critical role in influencing bank capital holdings. Higher equity capital provides creditors with a larger loss-absorbing equity buffer to protect the value of their claims on bank cash flows. Ceteris paribus, higher equity protects creditors from losses. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt results in motivating banks to hold higher capital, whether defined using regulatory or economic terms. Higher inside debt also results in reducing the estimated value of the taxpayer losses. Furthermore, banks with higher inside debt are at a lower risk of facing capital shortfalls. Taken together, the study provides insights on how incentives stemming from inside debt impact bank policies in a manner that protects creditor interests. Inside debt can help in addressing excessive risk-taking concerns by aligning the interests of CEOs with those of creditors, regulators, and the taxpayer. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the banking literature by providing evidence on the implications of inside debt in the US banking industry. This work should be interpreted as part of a wider body of research which demonstrates that inside debt matters for bank risk-taking and that this role of inside debt should be recognized more widely in ongoing discussions on compensation incentives in banking.
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Dlamini, Christophine Nombuso. "An evaluation of the implementation of affirmative action : a case study, Department of the Premier, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52104.

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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
This research aims to evaluate the implementation of the affirmative action policy in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Administration and the department of the Premier has been selected for this purpose. The researcher was motivated by the desire to establish how Employment Equity Act, Act 55 of 1998 is implemented in the department of the Premier. The researcher is of the opinion that this department remains predominantly white and male staffed and therefore, has not complied with the desires, aspirations and the spirit of the new democratic South Africa. The purpose of the study is therefore to determine whether the department of the Premier in KwaZulu-Natal is predominantly white and male and whether there is any significant move towards normalising the situation in terms of our new legislation. A desk study, based on personnel records was used to qualify the gender and race disparities. A combination of a literature study and a structured interview survey methodology was used to determine the practice implications of the policy. Data was collected through a questionnaire that was distributed to all strata of the department in order to determine how affirmative action was perceived and understood by employees. This would determine whether they utilize the opportunity to improve themselves by applying for senior positions that are advertised in the department of the Premier as well as other departments in the provrnce. The research found that although the department has embarked on a programme of affirmative action, a number of issues still need to be addressed before it can be successfully implemented. These included: no affirmative action policy document for the department as an independent entity has been formulated to cater for its unique needs. no affirmative action strategy exists to address fears and concerns of top management, especially white managers, who seem to dominate the upper stratum of the department. no communication strategy to ensure that information on affirmative action filters down to all strata of the department. no proper monitoring mechanism in place that will enable the department to pick up mistakes and rectify' them timeously before damage is done. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that embarking on affirmative action means more than opening up access and promoting a few individuals merely on grounds of affirmative action. If affirmative action is accepted as a means of redressing past discrimination, then it is important for all employees of the department to work towards the achievement of this goal. The research assignment is also aimed at ensuring that employees in the department of the Premier in particular and other KwaZulu-Natal provincial departments in general, are a reflection of the demographics of the society they serve. It is further important to say that we form a customer friendly public service.
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Silva, Andre Espozel Pinheiro da. "Testing dynamic agency predictions to corporate finance." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18243.

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Submitted by Andre Espozel (andre.espozel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T17:47:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Andre Espozel - FGV-EPGE.pdf: 856389 bytes, checksum: 16cd3a3bbe1de2cc9ab98b718b21acb8 (MD5)
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This papers tests theoretical predictions concerning to agent compensation, debt structure and investment in the models of dynamic agency in DeMarzo and Fishman (2007), DeMarzo and Sannikov (2006) and DeMarzo, Fishman, He and Wang (2012). The results related to agent compensation are consistent with the patterns predicted in the models, indicating that the firm-years that the models would have as more likely to pay dividends are indeed the ones more likely to pay; also, among firms that pay dividends, more profits generate higher dividend payments and higher executive compensation, as predicted in the models. The prediction that firms that go well and reach a payment threshold present marginal q equal to average q, and thus after controlling for average q cash flows would not explain investment is also supported by the tests in here. On the other hand, predictions related to the role of the credit line and to the debt structure are not compatible with the results in here. The credit line doesn’t seem to be the provider of financial slack that protects the firm from low cash flows and also doesn’t seem to have the dynamics of being paid when profits are high and being more used when profits are low.
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Amadeus, Musa. "Essays on the Corporate Implications of Compensation Incentives." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104367.

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Thesis advisor: Ronnie Sadka
This dissertation is comprised of three essays which examine the ramifications of executive compensation incentive structures on corporate outcomes. In the first essay, I present evidence which suggests that executive compensation convexity, measured as the sensitivity of managerial equity compensation portfolios to stock volatility, predicts firm-specific crashes. I find that a bottom-to-top decile change in compensation convexity results in a 21% increase in a firm's unconditional ex-post idiosyncratic crash risk. In contrast, I do not find robust evidence of a symmetric relation between compensation convexity and a firm's idiosyncratic positive jump risk. Finally, I exploit exogenous variation in compensation convexity, arising from a change in the expensing treatment of executive stock options, in buttressing my interpretations within a natural experiment setting. My results suggest that managerial equity compensation portfolios do not augment a firm's future idiosyncratic crash risk because they link managerial wealth to equity prices, but rather because they tie managerial wealth to the volatility of a firm's equity. In the second essay, I exploit an exogenous negative shock to CEO compensation convexity in examining the differential ramifications of option pay and risk-taking incentives on the systematic and idiosyncratic volatility of the firm. I find new evidence that is largely consistent with the notion that compensation convexity, stemming from option convexity, predominantly incentivizes under-diversified risk-averse CEOs to increase the value of their option portfolios by increasing the systematic volatility of the firms they manage. I hypothesize that this effect manifests as systematic volatility is readily more hedgeable than idiosyncratic volatility from the perspective of risk-averse executives who are overexposed to the idiosyncratic risk of their firms. If managers use options as a conduit through which they can gamble with shareholder wealth by overexposing them to suboptimal systematic volatility, options are not serving their intended contracting function. Instead of decreasing agency costs of risk, by encouraging CEOs to adopt innovative positive NPV projects that may be primarily characterized by idiosyncratic risk, option pay may have contributed to the same frictions it was intended to reduce. In the third essay, I present evidence that is consistent with the notion that certain managerial debt-like remuneration structures decrease the likelihood of firm-specific positive stock-price jumps. Namely, I find that a bottom-to-top decile increase in the present value of CEO pension pay leads to a roughly 25\% decrease in a firm's unconditional ex-post jump probability. However, I do not find that CEO deferred compensation decreases firm jump risk. Finally, I find that information in option-implied volatility smirks does not appear to reflect these dynamics. Together, these results suggest that not all debt-like compensation mechanisms decrease managerial risk-taking equally
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Finance
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Lei, Lijun. "CEO-to-worker Pay Disparity and the Cost of Debt." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85528.

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Prior research on intra-firm pay disparity suggests intra-firm pay disparity at various hierarchy levels affects firm performance and executive-level pay disparity is related to investment risk in the credit and the equity market. However, none of the studies examine the relationship between CEO-to-worker pay disparity and credit investment risk. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between CEO-to-worker pay disparity on credit investors' risk assessments. Large CEO-to-worker pay disparity could suggest CEO rent extraction which increases credit risk or effective labor cost management that decreases credit risk. Overall results of this study indicate increased CEO-to-worker pay disparity is associated with a lower cost of debt (a higher probability of credit rating upgrades). This association weakens as the growth rate of average employee pay increases and is more pronounced for labor-intensive firms than for capital-intensive firms, suggesting credit investors incorporate the information about the effectiveness of labor cost management in CEO-to-worker pay disparity in their risk assessments. In addition, the negative relationship between the change in CEO-to-worker pay disparity and the change in the cost of debt is less salient when CEO compensation increases rapidly. Further analysis shows the association is attenuated by increased excessive CEO compensation. The findings indicate credit investors also consider the risk arising from CEO rent extraction when they evaluate CEO-to-worker pay disparity.
Ph. D.
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Engström, Christer. "Finns det ett samband mellan belöningssystem och finansiell aktieägartillväxt? : en studie av fyra svenska företag." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9092.

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Finns det ett samband mellan belöningssystem och finansiell aktieägartillväxt i publika

svenska företag? En intressant och högaktuell fråga, som det visade sig, och som kommer

att försöka besvaras i denna uppsats.

Inledningsvis undersöktes om det fanns någon relevant svensk statistik som kunde belysa

de exekutiva ledarnas förtjänstutveckling under senare år. Statistiska Centralbyråns

inkomststatistik gav inte svar på frågan. LO-ekonomernas statistik visade sig vara relevant

och bekräftade mitt antagande att inkomstutveckling för denna grupp varit osedvanligt god.

Med antagandet bekräftad och således stärkt i tron ställdes tre frågor som uppsatsens syfte

var att besvara:

Fråga 1 Hur ser de belöningsmodeller ut som tillämpas av svenska företag avseende

ersättningar till medlemmar i företagens exekutiva ledningsgrupper?

Fråga 2 Hur förhåller sig de tillämpade belöningsmodellerna till relevant belöningsoch

motivationsteori?

Fråga 3 Finns det ett samband mellan aktieägarnas finansiella utveckling i dessa företag

och företagens belöningar till den studerade yrkesgruppen?

Lämpliga teorier att applicera på de undersökta företagens belöningsmodeller visade sig

vara agentteorin och förväntansteorin. Dessa två teorier jämfördes med de fyra undersökta

företagens, Ericsson, Handelsbanken, IKEA och Skandia belöningssystem genom studier

av dessa bolags årsredovisningar för åren 2000-2004. Det visade sig härvid att de företag

(två st.) som hade de högsta belöningsnivåerna redovisade sämst resultatutveckling och

negativ avkastning till aktieägarna, medan det företag (en st.) med den lägsta

belöningsnivån, hade en god resultatutveckling och en fördelaktig avkastning till

aktieägarna. För IKEA var studiematerialet för knapphändigt för att kunna uttala sig om

hur belöningsnivån utvecklats även om aktieägarens avkastning var den mest fördelaktiga

bland de undersökta företagen. Samtliga företag, IKEA undantagen, har konstaterats

ersätta sina exekutiva ledare med grundlön, rörlig lön, anställningsförmåner och

pensionslösningar även om Handelsbanken uppger att man inte tillämpar rörlig bonus eller

rörligt tantiem.

Slutledningsvis konstaterades att det inte i något fall förelåg något samband mellan hur

företagen ersätter sina exekutiva ledare och aktieägarnas finansiella tillväxt.

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Siddiqui, Sayla Sowat. "CFO inside debt and corporate innovation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64762/1/Sayla%20Sowat_Siddiqui_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the importance of CFO incentives on the value maximization of firm. It examines the association between CFO inside debt compensation i.e., CFO pensions and deferred compensation, and investment in corporate innovation. It finds that instead of encouraging innovation, CFO inside debt appears to have a dampening effect on investment in innovation.
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Almeida, Notlin de AraÃjo. "An analysis of the risk of debt over-indebtedness and public servants of the executive branch of state cearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9326.

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Secretaria do Planejamento e GestÃo
As from informations upon 111.123 active and retired state public workers from the executive power of the state of CearÃ, regarding to the month of April of 2012, and informations regarding to the payroll of the state public service, wag-es and discount values with monthly deduction from the payroll, this paper ana-lyzes the determinants of the likelihood of a public state worker to be indebted or over-indebted, taking into account that this second category is characteristi-cally indebted over the average of its group. Dual dependent variable models with probit theory are developed and the results show that in the functional cat-egory groups, the probability of indebtedness varies from 40 and 75 per cent, and the over-indebtedness varies from 27 and 75 per cent, which means a criti-cal financial situation of the state worker.
A partir de dados para 111.123 servidores pÃblicos estaduais ativos e aposentados do Poder Executivo do estado do CearÃ, com referÃncia em abril de 2012, e informaÃÃes referentes à folha de pagamento do serviÃo pÃblico estadual, remuneraÃÃo e valores de descontos com emprÃstimos consignados em folha de pagamento, esta dissertaÃÃo analisa os determinantes da probabilidade de um servidor pÃblico do estado estar endividado ou sobre-endividado, sendo esta Ãltima categoria caracterizada pela existÃncia de um endividamento acima da mÃdia de seu grupo. Modelos de variÃvel dependente binÃria com hipÃtese Probit sÃo desenvolvidos e os resultados permitem inferir que no conjunto das categorias funcionais, a propensÃo ao endividamento varia de 40% a 75% e ao sobre-endividamento varia de 27% a 75%, o que sinaliza uma situaÃÃo financeira crÃtica dos servidor estadual.
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Books on the topic "Executive Dept"

1

Oregon. Executive Dept. Executive Department administrative rules. 6th ed. Salem, Or: The Department, 1989.

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Simmons, Charlene Wear. Legislative oversight of the executive branch. Sacramento: California State Library, California Research Bureau, 2002.

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Imperial War Museum (Great Britain). Dept. of Sound Records. The Special Operations Executive. London: Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, 1998.

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New York (State). Dept. of Social Services. Executive management plan, fiscal year 1986-87. [Albany, NY]: The Department, 1987.

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Jenss, Edward C. The ODL salary survey executive summary. Oklahoma City, Okla: Oklahoma Dept. of Libraries, 2003.

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Los Angeles (Calif.). Police Dept. Board of inquiry into the Rampart Area corruption incident: Executive summary. [Los Angeles, Calif.]: Los Angeles Police Dept., 2000.

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HUD 2020: Management reform plan : executive summary. Washington, D.C. (451 Seventh St. S.W., Washington 20410): U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1997.

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Yalof, David Alistair. Prosecution among friends: Presidents, attorneys general, and executive branch wrongdoing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012.

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Streamlining defense acquisition laws: Executive summary : report of the DOD Acquisition Law Advisory Panel. [Fort Belvoir, Va.?]: Defense Systems Management College Press for the Dept. of Defense Acquisition Law Advisory Panel, 1993.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Department of Labor Executive Level Conforming Amendments of 1986: Report (to accompany S. 2864). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Executive Dept"

1

Anantharaman, Divya, and Vivian W. Fang. "Executive Debt-Like Compensation." In Corporate Governance, 139–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31579-4_6.

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Sanghera, Paul. "Managing Execution of Project Work." In PMP® in Depth, 345–79. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3910-0_9.

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Jackson, Emil, and Andrea Berkeley. "Executive coaching for the hidden realities of life as a school leader." In Sustaining Depth and Meaning in School Leadership, 97–115. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Tavistock clinic book series: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003015901-5.

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Kriebel, Florian, Kuan-Hsun Chen, Semeen Rehman, Jörg Henkel, Jian-Jia Chen, and Muhammad Shafique. "Dependable Software Generation and Execution on Embedded Systems." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 139–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_6.

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AbstractFor generating and executing dependable software, the effects of hardware layer faults at the software layer have to be accurately analyzed and modeled. This requires relevant information from the hardware and software layers, as well as an in-depth analysis of how an application’s outputs are affected by errors, and quantifying the error masking and error propagation on the software layer. Based on this analysis, techniques for generating dependable software can be proposed, e.g., by different dependability-aware compiler-based software transformations or selective instruction protection. Beside functional aspects, timing also plays an important role, as oftentimes tasks have to be finished before a certain deadline to provide useful information, especially in real-time systems. Both aspects are jointly taken into account by the run-time system software which decides—with the help of offline and online-generated data—for multiple concurrently executing applications how to protect and when to execute which application task to optimize for dependability and timing correctness. This is achieved for example by selecting appropriate application versions and protection levels for single and multi-core systems—for example using redundant multithreading (RMT) in different modes—under tolerable performance overhead constraints.
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Wang, Wubing, Guoxing Chen, Yueqiang Cheng, Yinqian Zhang, and Zhiqiang Lin. "Specularizer : Detecting Speculative Execution Attacks via Performance Tracing." In Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80825-9_8.

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AbstractThis paper presents Specularizer, a framework for uncovering speculative execution attacks using performance tracing features available in commodity processors. It is motivated by the practical difficulty of eradicating such vulnerabilities in the design of CPU hardware and operating systems and the principle of defense-in-depth. The key idea of Specularizer is the use of Hardware Performance Counters and Processor Trace to perform lightweight monitoring of production applications and the use of machine learning techniques for identifying the occurrence of the attacks during offline forensics analysis. Different from prior works that use performance counters to detect side-channel attacks, Specularizer monitors triggers of the critical paths of the speculative execution attacks, thus making the detection mechanisms robust to different choices of side channels used in the attacks. To evaluate Specularizer, we model all known types of exception-based and misprediction-based speculative execution attacks and automatically generate thousands of attack variants. Experimental results show that Specularizer yields superior detection accuracy and the online tracing of Specularizer incur reasonable overhead.
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Pothula, Sreedhar Reddy, and B. S. Jayanth. "Hair Transplantation." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 707–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_34.

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AbstractHair transplant as performed today has evolved over the past two decades in to a specialty by itself catching the attention of many specialists including maxillofacial surgeons who deal with defining the esthetics and perfection of the face. The advent of follicular unit micrograft and minigraft has provided a very safe, predictable and reproducible basis for establishing a natural hairline to the satisfaction of the patients. This chapter reviews and introduces the maxillofacial surgeons to the basics relevant to hair science, pathogenesis of hair loss, role of medicines, planning and execution of the two popular techniques of hair transplantation namely the follicular unit transplantation and follicular unit extraction as practiced in contemporary world today. There is an in-depth overview provided to the clinicians on the surgical details of the two popular procedures with their respective advantages and disadvantages; finally the chapter ends with description of complications commonly encountered and why maxillofacial surgeons are naturally selected to perform this highly skilled and gratifying procedure.
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Skowronek, Stephen, John A. Dearborn, and Desmond King. "Depth in Knowledge." In Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic, 99–126. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543085.003.0008.

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This chapter considers depth in knowledge, focusing on rules-based protections for knowledge-based authority in the executive branch. Rules provide firmer footing for depth than norms do, but even rules strain under presidents bent on political control. With the so-called war on science ramping up again in the Trump administration, questions about whether and to what extent rules protect government research and expertise from the unitary executive have been pushed front and center. Here we consider four cases in which knowledge-based authority was besieged, focusing on the National Weather Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the executive branch’s response to the coronavirus pandemic.
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Skowronek, Stephen, John A. Dearborn, and Desmond King. "Depth in Norms." In Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic, 76–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543085.003.0007.

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This chapter examines depth in norms, shared understandings of what constitutes appropriate political and institutional behavior. Norms that shield the work of administrators reflect an abiding, collective interest in preventing the operations of the executive branch from being overrun by personal interests and the political calculations of the moment. Nowhere in the executive branch do norms play a larger role than in law enforcement, where they figure prominently in public perception of the legitimacy of the entire operation. By the same token, however, political insulation and administrative discretion make the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Justice prime sites both for resistance to the claims of a unitary executive and for presidential suspicions about a Deep State with interests of its own.
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Melecky, Martin. "Executive Summary." In Hidden Debt: Solutions to Avert the Next Financial Crisis in South Asia, xiii—xxii. The World Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1667-3_es.

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Skowronek, Stephen, John A. Dearborn, and Desmond King. "Depth in Staff." In Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic, 65–75. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543085.003.0006.

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This chapter considers depth in staff, exploring the role of White House officials tasked to bridge the president’s personal direction with the institutional presidency and the executive branch at large. These staffers are normally part of the presidential party, collectively representing the different wings of the president’s electoral coalition. In the Trump administration, the White House staff jostled for influence and favor throughout the president’s first year. Trump bristled at their efforts to establish regular processes and to control the flow of information. The president saw management of that sort as an impingement on his authority to act on his own instincts and to direct his subordinates at will. Differences over the issue of trade afford a brief, but sharp, illustration of the tension between an institutional presidency and the personal direction of a unitary executive.
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Conference papers on the topic "Executive Dept"

1

Huemer, Christian, and Marco Zapletal. "A State Machine executing UMM Business Transactions." In 2007 Inaugural IEEE-IES Digital EcoSystems and Technologies Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2007.371946.

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Yang, Dongxu, Tian Tan, and Shizhong Xiong. "Executive Compensation and Corporate Debt Policy and Monitoring." In The 3rd International Conference on Economy, Management and Entrepreneurship (ICOEME 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200908.013.

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Cruz, Rommel, Lucia Drummond, Esteban Clua, and Cristiana Bentes. "Analyzing and Estimating the Performance of Concurrent Kernels Execution on GPUs." In XVIII Simpósio em Sistemas Computacionais de Alto Desempenho. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wscad.2017.245.

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GPUs have established a new baseline for power efficiency and computing power, delivering larger bandwidth and more computing units in each new generation. Modern GPUs support the concurrent execution of kernels to maximize resource utilization, allowing other kernels to better exploit idle resources. However, the decision on the simultaneous execution of different kernels is made by the hardware, and sometimes GPUs do not allow the execution of blocks from other kernels, even with the availability of resources. In this work, we present an in-depth study on the simultaneous execution of kernels on the GPU. We present the necessary conditions for executing kernels simultaneously, we define the factors that influence competition, and describe a model that can determine performance degradation. Finally, we validate the model using synthetic and real-world kernels with different computation and memory requirements.
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Brenner, Michael, Jan Wiebelitz, Gabriele von Voigt, and Matthew Smith. "Secret program execution in the cloud applying homomorphic encryption." In 2011 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2011.5936608.

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D'Souza, Richard B., and Shiladitya Basu. "A Critical Assessment of Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Floating Platform Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation EPCI Contracting Strategies and Cycle Times." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31155-ms.

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Abstract A major objective of a greenfield deepwater field development with a host platform, is to achieve the first production milestone set at project sanction. A field development consists of subsurface characterization, reservoir depletion, drilling and completion, subsea production system, host platform and export system. Of these, the floating host platform is a major capital expense and presents a significant execution challenge. Over fifty deepwater floating platforms have been installed in the US Gulf of Mexico (GoM) since 1986, representing the four major platform options; spars, semisubmersibles, Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) and Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) platforms, operated by International, Independent and National Oil Companies. They are installed in water depths ranging from 500 m to 3,000 m, with production capacities from 40,000 to over 250,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boepd). Over this period the technologies, operator, and supply chain capabilities to execute deepwater projects have matured. An operator embarking on a deepwater project must credibly benchmark cycle times for sequential field development stages (Appraise, Select, Define and Execute). Many variables determine these cycle times including reservoir characterization, fluid properties, estimated recovery, location, access to pipeline networks, water depth, subsea architecture, platform size and complexity and contracting strategy. To provide these benchmarks, the authors have undertaken a critical assessment of ten recent, producing deep and ultra-deepwater field developments in the US GoM, focusing on project execution of the floating platform. Selected field developments capture all floating platform types, several contracting strategies, a wide range of water depths, various reservoir geologies and field locations that cover the entire GoM. The information is intended to assist operators validate cycle times when planning a development, especially the Execute stage. In addition, the paper addresses emerging trends in deepwater GoM field developments following the oil price collapse in 2014 and 2020.
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Wang, Shuangbao Paul. "Recursion Depth Reduction in Shor’s Algorithm." In Quantum 2.0. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2022.qtu2a.36.

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Mathematical-oriented analog quantum computing paradigm seeks perfectness in searching for solutions. However, the errors propagation due to noises may offset the accuracy over time. This paper aims to shorten the execution time on QFT transforms.
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Purnawarman, F. "312 km Mubadala Ruby Field Subsea Gas Pipeline Dent Investigation and Assessment." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-f-186.

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Mubadala Petroleum (pipeline operator) responded to a pig stuck in a 312 km subsea gas pipeline. A bi-di pig was found to be stuck and after being rescued, the bi-di pig discs were found to be dented. An investigation and assessment are conducted to found what causes pig stuck, to solve the issue of a pig stuck, and to execute all the processes during pipeline operation as effectively and safest way as possible. The investigation started by defining what makes dented bi-di pigs, is an object inside the pipeline or pipeline deformation. A series of conformity techniques are applied by calculation to predict exact pig stuck location, using the backpressure method. A series of inspections were conducted from simple to complex way. From a smart pig that resulted from pig damage to side-scan sonar (SSS) inspection, and visual inspection at predicted location due to cost and time limit. The result is the investigation and assessment process to find dent location within 312 km seabed are executed in a time effective and cost reduced way, under 2 years for all activity for technical process and field execution duration. The sequence also escalating from lowest cost and easiest methods (engineering calculation) to the highest and more complex methods and cost (inspection and survey). The accurate result of prediction confirmed by the dent location and damages at KP 111.89 and 30 meters water depth. The investigation methodology also complies with the requirement of regulation, company specs, standard/code, and engineering best practices. The benefits of this paper are as a reference to conduct series of pipeline damage investigations for a long-distance and remote subsea pipeline. The investigation sequence can apply to many cases with accurate prediction to reduce investigation cost, time, complexity, and risk.
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M. Kreisberg, V., E. A. Kozlov, and I. L. Medvedev. "Pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration on the parallel execution environments." In 55th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411589.

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Hideki Oshima, Ryotaro Kobayashi, Kazuki Shimura, and Toshio Shimada. "Power consumption reduction scheme focusing on the Depth of Speculative Execution." In 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2008.4594675.

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Dieffenbaugher, J., R. Dupre, G. Authement, G. Mullen, Y. Gonzalez, and P. B. Tanche-Larsen. "Drilling Fluids Planning and Execution for a World Record Water Depth Well." In SPE/IADC Drilling Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/92587-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Executive Dept"

1

Powell, Andrew, and Oscar Valencia, eds. Dealing with Debt: Less Risk for More Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean: Executive Summary. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004709.

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Debt has risen around the world, and Latin America and the Caribbean is no exception. Total debt has grown to US$5.8 trillion, or 117 percent of GDP, for the region and as much as 140 percent of GDP for its five largest economies. Public debt soared to over 70 percent of GDP during the pandemic, and corporates issued substantial amounts to survive the crisis. While the spending that led to this debt helped the region weather the pandemic, it is now weighing down the economy. This book examines the rise in debt in Latin America and the Caribbean and offers recommendations to policymakers to ensure debt is used wisely, avoid the harmful impacts, manage high debt levels well, and bring down debt where it is too high. It is hoped that the analyses and policy suggestions in this volume contribute to successfully confronting the challenges, lowering risk, boosting growth, and improving living standards across the region and beyond.
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Prats Cabrera, Joan Oriol, and Jimena Chiara. Debt Management Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003953.

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Public debt management is one of the most crucial functions of any government, but we know little about how debt management offices operate. Based on a survey of 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries, this document presents the first systematic effort to analyze how these offices are organized and how they perform crucial debt management functions: developing and executing the strategy for managing the States' portfolio of liabilities and new borrowing. The evidence indicates that, although institutional capacity to manage public debt has improved in the region, the experience is uneven among countries. We conclude by highlighting potential areas for improvement.
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Hudson, Austin, Hans Moritz, and Jarod Norton. Sediment mobility, closure depth, and the littoral system – Oregon and Washington coast. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45346.

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Forty years ago, the depth of closure concept was introduced to provide a systematic, process-based approach to evaluate seasonal changes in cross-shore profiles and sediment mobility in the nearshore. This study aims to extend that theory by directly considering wave-asymmetry in the nearshore environment. This technical note introduces a methodology to calculate wave induced dispersal of dredged material placed in nearshore sites and summarizes analyses validating the approach using data from the South Jetty Site at the Mouth of the Columbia River. This investigation highlights the notion of a cross-shore gradient in nearshore placement effectiveness of dredged material that can assist project managers plan and execute sustainable sediment management practices at coastal inlets.
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Cilliers, Jacobus, and Shardul Oza. The Motivations, Constraints, and Behaviour of Tanzania's Frontline Education Providers. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2020/023.

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In this note, we leverage data from a nationwide survey conducted in 2019 in Ethiopia to shed light on what Ward Education Officers do, their understanding of their own role, and the constraints they face in executing their responsibilities. We interviewed 397 WEOs responsible for primary schools across 23 districts and six regions of Tanzania as part of a baseline survey conducted between February and May 2019. This note contributes to a growing literature on the activities, self-perceptions, and motivation of public sector officials in charge of “last mile” service delivery. For example, Aiyar and Bhattacharya (2016) use time-use diaries, in-depth interviews, and quantitative data to understand the views, attitudes, and activities of sub-district education sector officials, called block education officers, in India.
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Marcos Barba, Liliana, Hilde van Regenmortel, and Ellen Ehmke. Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxfam, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

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As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most. In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Pyta, V., Bharti Gupta, Shaun Helman, Neale Kinnear, and Nathan Stuttard. Update of INDG382 to include vehicle safety technologies. TRL, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/thco7462.

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Driving is one of the riskiest work tasks, accounting for around one third of fatal crashes in the UK. Organisations are expected to manage work-related road safety (WRRS) in the same way that they manage other health and safety risks. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and Department for Transport (DFT) issue joint guidance on this in INDG382 ‘Driving at work: managing work-related road safety’. HSE and DFT were seeking to update INDG382 to include reference to vehicle safety technologies that could enable employers to monitor safety related events or driver behaviours, to support learning and safety improvements. They commissioned TRL to - Conduct a literature review focused on evaluations of the impact of these technologies on work-related road safety (specifically, crash risk) Lead in-depth interviews with representatives of organisations who had implemented technology-based safety monitoring in their fleet and stakeholders and experts who provided further insights into factors affecting successful implementation. TRL found that telematics systems, drowsiness and distraction recognition systems, and collision warning systems have significant potential safety benefits, but rigorous published evaluation of safety-focused telematics in the fleet context is limited. There is good evidence for the safety benefits of intelligent speed assist in private and fleet vehicles. Successful implementation relies on procuring systems that match needs, managing the potential for data to overwhelm and embedding monitoring and driver feedback within good management systems and strong safety leadership. This report provides recommendations for updating guidance for organisations considering implementing vehicle safety monitoring technologies (telematics).
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Richmond, Paul, Adam Potter, David Looney, and William Santee. Terrain coefficients for predicting energy costs of walking over snow. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41602.

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Predicting the energy costs of human travel over snow can be of significant value to the military and other agencies planning work efforts when snow is present. The ability to quantify, and predict, those costs can help planners determine if snow will be a factor in the execution of dismounted tasks and operations. To adjust predictive models for the effect of terrain, and more specifically for surface conditions, on energy costs, terrain coefficients (ƞ) have been developed. By applying knowledge gained from prior studies of the effects of terrain and snow, and by leveraging those existing dismounted locomotion models, we seek to outline the steps in developing an improved terrain coefficient (ƞ) for snow to be used in predictive modeling. Using published data, methods, and a well-informed understanding of the physical elements of terrain, e.g., characterization of snow sinkage (z), this study made adjustments to ƞ-values specific to snow. This review of published metabolic cost methods suggest that an improved ƞ-value could be developed for use with the Pandolf equation, where z=depth (h)*(1 - (snow density (ρ0)/1.186)) and ƞ=0.0005z3 + 0.0001z2 + 0.1072z + 1.2604. This paper provides data-driven improvements to models that are used to predict the energy costs of dismounted movements over snow.
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Paving the Path: Preparing for Microbicide Introduction—Report of a Qualitative Study in South Africa [Executive Summary]. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1010.

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With recently accelerated support for the development of microbicides to prevent HIV transmission and the urgency of the global AIDS epidemic, it is important to begin to identify strategies for introducing a microbicide once it is proven safe and effective and is approved for use. This executive summary presents results from a qualitative study that explored a range of issues likely to influence microbicide introduction at the community, health service, and policy levels. The study, which identified critical issues to be addressed in building support for microbicides and facilitating a smooth introduction, was conducted between September 2002 and September 2003 in Langa, a peri-urban site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, and at national and provincial levels. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, this study explored and identified issues that could facilitate or undermine access to and use of microbicides. Respondents included community members, health care providers and managers, provincial- and national-level government officials, and representatives from national and provincial nongovernmental organizations and health professional bodies that influence policy.
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9

Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.

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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor
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