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1
Meneghetti, Costanza. "Managerial incentives and the choice between public and bank debt." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08132008-140059/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Jayant Kale, committee chair; Omesh Kini, Harley E. Ryan, Anastasia V. Kartasheva, committee members. Electronic text (77 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 8, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).
2
Nandhakumar, Jambukeswar Joe. "The practice of executive information systems development : an in-depth study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241560.
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Srivastav, Abhishek. "CEO inside debt and risk-taking in US banks : evidence from three bank policies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11765.
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Widespread losses during the recent financial crisis have raised concerns that equitybased CEO compensation (stocks and stock options) causes risky bank policies. This has led to the need to understand whether CEO pay can be re-structured such that it dampens risk-taking incentives. Against this background, this thesis analyses if debtbased compensation (also known as inside debt and consisting of pension benefits and deferred compensation) motivates CEOs to pursue risk-reducing bank policies. Over three decades of research into executive compensation has not explored the impact of inside debt, primarily due to lack of detailed data on inside debt which only became available after 2006 in the United States (US). The paucity of empirical work on inside debt is particularly unfortunate, given that the value of inside debt is often substantial. This dissertation provides one of the first empirical investigations into the impact of inside debt on bank risk-taking by determining whether CEO inside debt leads to less risky behaviour, through three policy decisions that are capable of increasing the overall risk of the bank. First, this thesis focuses on the payout policies of banks. Bank payouts divert cash to shareholders, while leaving behind riskier and less liquid assets to repay creditors in the future. Payouts, thus, constitute a type of risk-taking that benefits shareholders at the expense of creditors. The results presented in this thesis indicate that higher inside debt results in more conservative bank payout policies. Specifically, CEOs paid with more inside debt are more likely to cut payouts and to cut payouts by a larger amount. Reductions in payouts occur through a decrease in both dividends and repurchases. The results also hold over a sub-sample of banks which received government support in the form of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) where the link between risk-taking and payouts is of particular relevance because it involves wealth transfers from the taxpayer to shareholders. Second, this thesis tests the impact of inside debt on the risk implications of bank acquisitions. Bank acquisitions are large scale investment decisions that can affect bank risk. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt holdings motivate CEOs to pursue acquisitions that result in lower bank default risk. It also prevents CEOs from using acquisitions to shift risk to the financial safety-net. Since the safety net is underwritten by the taxpayer, the results show that CEO inside debt has a measurable impact on the subsidy which bank shareholders obtain from taxpayers. Third, the thesis shows that inside debt plays a critical role in influencing bank capital holdings. Higher equity capital provides creditors with a larger loss-absorbing equity buffer to protect the value of their claims on bank cash flows. Ceteris paribus, higher equity protects creditors from losses. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt results in motivating banks to hold higher capital, whether defined using regulatory or economic terms. Higher inside debt also results in reducing the estimated value of the taxpayer losses. Furthermore, banks with higher inside debt are at a lower risk of facing capital shortfalls. Taken together, the study provides insights on how incentives stemming from inside debt impact bank policies in a manner that protects creditor interests. Inside debt can help in addressing excessive risk-taking concerns by aligning the interests of CEOs with those of creditors, regulators, and the taxpayer. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the banking literature by providing evidence on the implications of inside debt in the US banking industry. This work should be interpreted as part of a wider body of research which demonstrates that inside debt matters for bank risk-taking and that this role of inside debt should be recognized more widely in ongoing discussions on compensation incentives in banking.
4
Dlamini, Christophine Nombuso. "An evaluation of the implementation of affirmative action : a case study, Department of the Premier, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52104.
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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.This research aims to evaluate the implementation of the affirmative action policy in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Administration and the department of the Premier has been selected for this purpose. The researcher was motivated by the desire to establish how Employment Equity Act, Act 55 of 1998 is implemented in the department of the Premier. The researcher is of the opinion that this department remains predominantly white and male staffed and therefore, has not complied with the desires, aspirations and the spirit of the new democratic South Africa. The purpose of the study is therefore to determine whether the department of the Premier in KwaZulu-Natal is predominantly white and male and whether there is any significant move towards normalising the situation in terms of our new legislation. A desk study, based on personnel records was used to qualify the gender and race disparities. A combination of a literature study and a structured interview survey methodology was used to determine the practice implications of the policy. Data was collected through a questionnaire that was distributed to all strata of the department in order to determine how affirmative action was perceived and understood by employees. This would determine whether they utilize the opportunity to improve themselves by applying for senior positions that are advertised in the department of the Premier as well as other departments in the provrnce. The research found that although the department has embarked on a programme of affirmative action, a number of issues still need to be addressed before it can be successfully implemented. These included: no affirmative action policy document for the department as an independent entity has been formulated to cater for its unique needs. no affirmative action strategy exists to address fears and concerns of top management, especially white managers, who seem to dominate the upper stratum of the department. no communication strategy to ensure that information on affirmative action filters down to all strata of the department. no proper monitoring mechanism in place that will enable the department to pick up mistakes and rectify' them timeously before damage is done. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that embarking on affirmative action means more than opening up access and promoting a few individuals merely on grounds of affirmative action. If affirmative action is accepted as a means of redressing past discrimination, then it is important for all employees of the department to work towards the achievement of this goal. The research assignment is also aimed at ensuring that employees in the department of the Premier in particular and other KwaZulu-Natal provincial departments in general, are a reflection of the demographics of the society they serve. It is further important to say that we form a customer friendly public service.
5
Silva, Andre Espozel Pinheiro da. "Testing dynamic agency predictions to corporate finance." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18243.
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This papers tests theoretical predictions concerning to agent compensation, debt structure and investment in the models of dynamic agency in DeMarzo and Fishman (2007), DeMarzo and Sannikov (2006) and DeMarzo, Fishman, He and Wang (2012). The results related to agent compensation are consistent with the patterns predicted in the models, indicating that the firm-years that the models would have as more likely to pay dividends are indeed the ones more likely to pay; also, among firms that pay dividends, more profits generate higher dividend payments and higher executive compensation, as predicted in the models. The prediction that firms that go well and reach a payment threshold present marginal q equal to average q, and thus after controlling for average q cash flows would not explain investment is also supported by the tests in here. On the other hand, predictions related to the role of the credit line and to the debt structure are not compatible with the results in here. The credit line doesn’t seem to be the provider of financial slack that protects the firm from low cash flows and also doesn’t seem to have the dynamics of being paid when profits are high and being more used when profits are low.
6
Amadeus, Musa. "Essays on the Corporate Implications of Compensation Incentives." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104367.
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Thesis advisor: Ronnie SadkaThis dissertation is comprised of three essays which examine the ramifications of executive compensation incentive structures on corporate outcomes. In the first essay, I present evidence which suggests that executive compensation convexity, measured as the sensitivity of managerial equity compensation portfolios to stock volatility, predicts firm-specific crashes. I find that a bottom-to-top decile change in compensation convexity results in a 21% increase in a firm's unconditional ex-post idiosyncratic crash risk. In contrast, I do not find robust evidence of a symmetric relation between compensation convexity and a firm's idiosyncratic positive jump risk. Finally, I exploit exogenous variation in compensation convexity, arising from a change in the expensing treatment of executive stock options, in buttressing my interpretations within a natural experiment setting. My results suggest that managerial equity compensation portfolios do not augment a firm's future idiosyncratic crash risk because they link managerial wealth to equity prices, but rather because they tie managerial wealth to the volatility of a firm's equity. In the second essay, I exploit an exogenous negative shock to CEO compensation convexity in examining the differential ramifications of option pay and risk-taking incentives on the systematic and idiosyncratic volatility of the firm. I find new evidence that is largely consistent with the notion that compensation convexity, stemming from option convexity, predominantly incentivizes under-diversified risk-averse CEOs to increase the value of their option portfolios by increasing the systematic volatility of the firms they manage. I hypothesize that this effect manifests as systematic volatility is readily more hedgeable than idiosyncratic volatility from the perspective of risk-averse executives who are overexposed to the idiosyncratic risk of their firms. If managers use options as a conduit through which they can gamble with shareholder wealth by overexposing them to suboptimal systematic volatility, options are not serving their intended contracting function. Instead of decreasing agency costs of risk, by encouraging CEOs to adopt innovative positive NPV projects that may be primarily characterized by idiosyncratic risk, option pay may have contributed to the same frictions it was intended to reduce. In the third essay, I present evidence that is consistent with the notion that certain managerial debt-like remuneration structures decrease the likelihood of firm-specific positive stock-price jumps. Namely, I find that a bottom-to-top decile increase in the present value of CEO pension pay leads to a roughly 25\% decrease in a firm's unconditional ex-post jump probability. However, I do not find that CEO deferred compensation decreases firm jump risk. Finally, I find that information in option-implied volatility smirks does not appear to reflect these dynamics. Together, these results suggest that not all debt-like compensation mechanisms decrease managerial risk-taking equally
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Finance
7
Lei, Lijun. "CEO-to-worker Pay Disparity and the Cost of Debt." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85528.
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Prior research on intra-firm pay disparity suggests intra-firm pay disparity at various hierarchy
levels affects firm performance and executive-level pay disparity is related to investment
risk in the credit and the equity market. However, none of the studies examine the relationship
between CEO-to-worker pay disparity and credit investment risk. The purpose of this study
is to investigate the association between CEO-to-worker pay disparity on credit investors' risk assessments. Large CEO-to-worker pay disparity could suggest CEO rent extraction which increases credit risk or effective labor cost management that decreases credit risk. Overall results
of this study indicate increased CEO-to-worker pay disparity is associated with a lower cost of
debt (a higher probability of credit rating upgrades). This association weakens as the growth
rate of average employee pay increases and is more pronounced for labor-intensive firms than
for capital-intensive firms, suggesting credit investors incorporate the information about the effectiveness of labor cost management in CEO-to-worker pay disparity in their risk assessments.
In addition, the negative relationship between the change in CEO-to-worker pay disparity and
the change in the cost of debt is less salient when CEO compensation increases rapidly. Further
analysis shows the association is attenuated by increased excessive CEO compensation. The
findings indicate credit investors also consider the risk arising from CEO rent extraction when
they evaluate CEO-to-worker pay disparity.Ph. D.
8
Engström, Christer. "Finns det ett samband mellan belöningssystem och finansiell aktieägartillväxt? : en studie av fyra svenska företag." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9092.
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Finns det ett samband mellan belöningssystem och finansiell aktieägartillväxt i publika
svenska företag? En intressant och högaktuell fråga, som det visade sig, och som kommer
att försöka besvaras i denna uppsats.
Inledningsvis undersöktes om det fanns någon relevant svensk statistik som kunde belysa
de exekutiva ledarnas förtjänstutveckling under senare år. Statistiska Centralbyråns
inkomststatistik gav inte svar på frågan. LO-ekonomernas statistik visade sig vara relevant
och bekräftade mitt antagande att inkomstutveckling för denna grupp varit osedvanligt god.
Med antagandet bekräftad och således stärkt i tron ställdes tre frågor som uppsatsens syfte
var att besvara:
Fråga 1 Hur ser de belöningsmodeller ut som tillämpas av svenska företag avseende
ersättningar till medlemmar i företagens exekutiva ledningsgrupper?
Fråga 2 Hur förhåller sig de tillämpade belöningsmodellerna till relevant belöningsoch
motivationsteori?
Fråga 3 Finns det ett samband mellan aktieägarnas finansiella utveckling i dessa företag
och företagens belöningar till den studerade yrkesgruppen?
Lämpliga teorier att applicera på de undersökta företagens belöningsmodeller visade sig
vara agentteorin och förväntansteorin. Dessa två teorier jämfördes med de fyra undersökta
företagens, Ericsson, Handelsbanken, IKEA och Skandia belöningssystem genom studier
av dessa bolags årsredovisningar för åren 2000-2004. Det visade sig härvid att de företag
(två st.) som hade de högsta belöningsnivåerna redovisade sämst resultatutveckling och
negativ avkastning till aktieägarna, medan det företag (en st.) med den lägsta
belöningsnivån, hade en god resultatutveckling och en fördelaktig avkastning till
aktieägarna. För IKEA var studiematerialet för knapphändigt för att kunna uttala sig om
hur belöningsnivån utvecklats även om aktieägarens avkastning var den mest fördelaktiga
bland de undersökta företagen. Samtliga företag, IKEA undantagen, har konstaterats
ersätta sina exekutiva ledare med grundlön, rörlig lön, anställningsförmåner och
pensionslösningar även om Handelsbanken uppger att man inte tillämpar rörlig bonus eller
rörligt tantiem.
Slutledningsvis konstaterades att det inte i något fall förelåg något samband mellan hur
företagen ersätter sina exekutiva ledare och aktieägarnas finansiella tillväxt.
9
Siddiqui, Sayla Sowat. "CFO inside debt and corporate innovation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64762/1/Sayla%20Sowat_Siddiqui_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the importance of CFO incentives on the value maximization of firm. It examines the association between CFO inside debt compensation i.e., CFO pensions and deferred compensation, and investment in corporate innovation. It finds that instead of encouraging innovation, CFO inside debt appears to have a dampening effect on investment in innovation.
10
Almeida, Notlin de AraÃjo. "An analysis of the risk of debt over-indebtedness and public servants of the executive branch of state cearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9326.
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Secretaria do Planejamento e GestÃoAs from informations upon 111.123 active and retired state public workers from the executive power of the state of CearÃ, regarding to the month of April of 2012, and informations regarding to the payroll of the state public service, wag-es and discount values with monthly deduction from the payroll, this paper ana-lyzes the determinants of the likelihood of a public state worker to be indebted or over-indebted, taking into account that this second category is characteristi-cally indebted over the average of its group. Dual dependent variable models with probit theory are developed and the results show that in the functional cat-egory groups, the probability of indebtedness varies from 40 and 75 per cent, and the over-indebtedness varies from 27 and 75 per cent, which means a criti-cal financial situation of the state worker.
A partir de dados para 111.123 servidores pÃblicos estaduais ativos e aposentados do Poder Executivo do estado do CearÃ, com referÃncia em abril de 2012, e informaÃÃes referentes à folha de pagamento do serviÃo pÃblico estadual, remuneraÃÃo e valores de descontos com emprÃstimos consignados em folha de pagamento, esta dissertaÃÃo analisa os determinantes da probabilidade de um servidor pÃblico do estado estar endividado ou sobre-endividado, sendo esta Ãltima categoria caracterizada pela existÃncia de um endividamento acima da mÃdia de seu grupo. Modelos de variÃvel dependente binÃria com hipÃtese Probit sÃo desenvolvidos e os resultados permitem inferir que no conjunto das categorias funcionais, a propensÃo ao endividamento varia de 40% a 75% e ao sobre-endividamento varia de 27% a 75%, o que sinaliza uma situaÃÃo financeira crÃtica dos servidor estadual.
11
KARIN, LEE, and LIEU LIN. "Belöningar till ledande befattningshavare : Hur har det påverkat AMF, Ericsson, SEB och Volvo?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20753.
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Bakgrund/Problem: Rörlig lön har under det senaste kvartalet utgjort en alltmer betydande del av ledande befattningshavares lön i hela västvärlden. I Sverige har rörlig lön även blivit vanligare. Rörlig lön eller ersättning kan till exempel vara bonus, aktie- eller optionsbaserad ersättning. Ett typiskt belöningssystem till chefer består vanligtvis av baslön, förmåner, rörlig lön, långsiktig incitament och en pensionslösning. Sammansättningen av en ledande befattningshavares totala ersättning har ofta diskuterats där bland annat ersättningsnivåerna till chefer bör vara legitima och möta förståelse bland företagets intressenter. Flera företag har infört någon form av belöningssystem men det finns inga optimala belöningssystem utan ett företag måste välja ett belöningssystem som är anpassad för företagets specifika situation. Vid implementering av belöningssystem i företag kan belöningssystemet medföra effekter. Ett väl utformad belöningssystem kan leda till positiva effekter för företaget.Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera hur användning av belöningssystem till ledande befattningshavare påverkar AMF, Ericsson, SEB och AB Volvo. Vår avsikt är att få en förståelse om vilka effekter som kan uppstå från att använda belöningssystem till ledande befattningshavare. Vi vill även få en förståelse för hur dessa företag och deras intressenters uppfattning om belöningssystem till ledande befattningshavare är.Metod: Vi har tillämpat en indirekt induktivt ansats där vi har pendlat fram och tillbaka mellan teori och empiri. Vi har främst använt en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi i studien. Litteraturgenomgången består av litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar som berör belöningar, agentteorin och motivation. Empirin består av tidningsartiklar där våra studerade företags belöningssystem har uppmärksammats i massmedia.Slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att belöningssystemet huvudsakligen har påverkat de studerade företagen på ett negativ sätt, på grund av att de inte har beaktat vissa faktorer. Vi har identifierat att utformningen av belöningssystem är en utlösande faktor som har påverkat AMF, Ericsson, SEB och AB Volvo. Vi har då funnit att belopp och prestation är utlösande faktorer till hur intressenter, särskilt aktieägare uppfattar programmet. Medan andra intressenter ser företagets moraliska handlingar som central. Dessa företag bör då ta hänsyn till sina intressenter vid utformning av belöningsprogram för de är beroende av sina intressenter på ett eller annat sätt som arbetskraft och kapital. Om inte hänsyn tas kan det leda till att de studerade företagens legitimitet påverkas. Företag använder belöningssystemet som ett konkurrensmedel för att behålla medarbetarna.Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
12
Barreira, Natacha Medeiros. "Os determinantes do endividamento por meio de emprÃstimo consignado de educadores e servidores do Poder JudiciÃrio do Executivo Estadual Cearense." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13065.
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nÃo hÃEste estudo analisou os determinantes do endividamento de servidores estaduais cearenses por meio de emprÃstimos consignados em folha de pagamento, a partir da situaÃÃo financeira destes em abril de 2012, segundo dados da Secretaria de Planejamento do Estado do Cearà (SEPLAG). Modelos economÃtricos com variÃveis qualitativas e quantitativas foram estimados para anÃlise de duas proxies de endividamento: o primeiro modelo para a variÃvel idebt, determina o percentual do salÃrio bruto comprometido com emprÃstimos e financiamentos, e o segundo, para a variÃvel imargem, investiga o percentual da margem para emprÃstimos ou financiamentos do servidor que està comprometido com contrataÃÃes desta natureza e os resultados obtidos com elevada significÃncia estatÃstica permitem inferir que: procuradores, inativos e educadores do sexo feminino comprometem menos seus salÃrios com emprÃstimos. Por outro lado, constata-se que os funcionÃrios com mais tempo de serviÃo e os professores sÃo os que possuem maior comprometimento da margem para emprÃstimos, enquanto procuradores, profissionais do judiciÃrio do sexo feminino e inativos possuem menor capacidade de contraÃ-los.
This paper examined the determinants of debt of employees of state of Cearà through payroll loans in payroll from the financial situation of these in April 2012, according to data of the Planning Bureau of Cearà (SEPLAG). Econometric models with qualitative and quantitative variables were estimated to examine two proxies of debt: the first model to idebt variable, determines the percentage of gross salary engaged with loans and financing, and second, to variable imargem, investigates the percentage margin for loans or financing that is committed to contracts of this nature and results obtained with high statistical significance can be inferred that: prosecutors, inactive and female educators commit less your salary with loans. On the other hand, it is noted that employees with longer service and teachers are those with greater involvement of the margin for loans, while prosecutors, professionals Judiciary Power and female inactive have less ability to contract them.
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Veloso, Isabella Mota Pereira. "Altera??es bucais em crian?as escolares: influ?ncia dos sintomas do TDAH e fun??es executivas." UFVJM, 2013. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/473.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
O transtorno de d?ficit de aten??o e hiperatividade (TDAH) ? o dist?rbio de desenvolvimento mais comum entre os escolares, podendo desencadear altera??es em toda a trajet?ria de vida do indiv?duo e de seus familiares. Objetivos: Investigar se o TDAH pode ser considerado fator de risco para altera??es bucais. Metodologia: A disserta??o foi desenvolvida em dois estudos independentes. No primeiro estudo foi desenvolvido um artigo de revis?o em que dois pesquisadores realizaram as buscas, de forma independente, nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science. Foram analisados todos os artigos originais sobre o tema, independente do tipo de estudo, publicados desde o in?cio do banco de dados at? agosto de 2012. Estudos de revis?es foram exclu?dos. No segundo estudo foi desenvolvido uma pesquisa transversal com amostra representativa de 851 crian?as com idades entre 7 e 12 anos, selecionadas aleatoriamente nas escolas da cidade de Diamantina. Informa??es socioecon?micas foram coletadas atrav?s de question?rios enviados aos pais das crian?as. Todas as crian?as participaram do exame cl?nico de c?rie dent?ria e da avalia??o neuropsicol?gica utilizando o teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, Cubos de Corsi e Digit Span. Os sintomas de desaten??o e hiperatividade foram investigados pelo preenchimento da escala SNAP pelos pais e professores. Resultados: No estudo de revis?o, os resultados foram divergentes com rela??o ? associa??o entre TDAH e sa?de bucal, sendo que cinco estudos encontraram associa??o entre c?rie dent?ria e TDAH, no entanto, dois n?o estabeleceram essa associa??o. Em rela??o, a associa??o entre trauma dent?rio e TDAH, cinco estudos encontraram associa??o positiva, enquanto outros 3 n?o encontraram associa??o. E, somente um estudo mostrou associa??o entre c?rie dent?ria e gengivite. A maioria dos estudos existentes apresentaram limita??es metodol?gicas, tais como n?o padroniza??o dos crit?rios diagn?sticos para o TDAH, aus?ncia de c?lculo amostral e falta de representatividade amostral. No segundo estudo da disserta??o, crian?as relatadas como desatentas e/ou hiperativas pelos pais apresentaram maior probabilidade de possuir dentes cavitados. Maior escolaridade materna e melhor desempenho no subteste Cubos de Corsi (ordem inversa) foram fatores protetores em rela??o ? ocorr?ncia de c?rie dent?ria. Conclus?o: O estudo de revis?o indicou que n?o h? consenso sobre a associa??o entre TDAH e sa?de bucal, por?m, a maioria das evid?ncias indicam a favor da exist?ncia dessa associa??o. Os dados do artigo original revelaram que a escolaridade materna, desaten??o e hiperatividade relatadas pelos pais e o desempenho nas fun??es executivas foram as vari?veis explicativas para a ocorr?ncia de dentes cavitados.
ABSTRACT The attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common developmental disorder among students and may trigger changes across the life course of the individuals and their families. Objectives: To investigate whether ADHD can be considered a risk factor for oral alterations. Methods: The dissertation was developed in two independent studies. In the first study, a review article was developed in which two researchers conducted the searches independently, in the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. We analyzed all original articles on the subject, regardless the type of the study, published since the beginning of the database to August 2012. In the second study we developed a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 851 children aged between 7 and 12 years, randomly selected from schools of Diamantina city. Socioeconomic data were collected through questionnaires sent to parents. All children participated in the clinical examination of dental caries and neuropsychological assessment, using the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices test, Corsi Blocks and Digit Span. Inattention and hyperactivity symptoms were assessed by the filling of the SNAP scale by parents and teachers. Results: In the first study, the results were conflicting regarding the association between ADHD and oral health. Five studies found an association between dental caries and ADHD, however two have not established this association. Regarding the association between dental trauma and ADHD, five studies found a positive association, while 3 others found no association. And, only one study showed an association between dental caries and gingivitis. Most existing studies had methodological limitations, such as non-standardization of the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, no sample size calculation and lack of representativeness. In the second study of this dissertation, children reported as inattentive and / or hyperactive by their parents were more likely to have cavitary teeth. Higher maternal education and better performance on the Corsi Blocks subtest (backward) were protective factors to dental caries. Conclusion: The review study indicated that there is no consensus about the association between ADHD and oral health, but most evidences point to the existence of this association. The data of the original article revealed that maternal education, inattention and hyperactivity reported by parents and performance in executive functions were the explanatory variables for the occurrence of dental caries.
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Bogren, Patrik, and Isak Kristola. "Exploring the use of call stack depth limits to reduce regression testing costs." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43166.
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Regression testing is performed after existing source code has been modified to verify that no new faults have been introduced by the changes. Test case selection can be used to reduce the effort of regression testing by selecting a smaller subset of the test suite for later execution. Several criteria and objectives can be used as constraints that should be satisfied by the selection process. One common criteria is function coverage, which can be represented by a coverage matrix that maps test cases to methods under test. The process of generating and evaluating these matrices can be very time consuming for large matrices since their complexity increases exponentially with the number of tests included. To the best of our knowledge, no techniques for reducing execution matrix size have been proposed. This thesis develops a matrix-reduction technique based on analysis of call stack data. It studies the effects of limiting the call stack depth in terms of coverage accuracy, matrix size, and generation costs. Further, it uses a tool that can instrument Java projects using Java’s instrumentation API to collect coverage information on open-source Java projects for varying depth limits of the call stack. Our results show that the stack depth limit can be significantly reduced while retaining high coverage and that matrix size can be decreased by up to 50%. The metric we used to indicate the difficulty of splitting up the matrix closely resembled the curve for coverage. However, we did not see any significant differences in execution time for lower depth limits.
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Waldekranz, Linnéa. "Relationen mellan brister i exekutiva funktioner och ADHD hos barn i förskoleåldern : En systematisk litteraturstudie över det senaste decenniets forskning." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Barn- och ungdomsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170589.
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Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att redogöra för relationen mellan brister i exekutiva funktioner och ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) hos barn i förskoleåldern. Resultatet indikerar en stark relation främst mellan inhibering och ADHD, men även att barn med ADHD överlag har större svårigheter med exekutiva funktioner än andra barn. Resultatet indikerar även att tidiga insatser kan vara gynnsamma för att minska ADHD-symptom. Skattningar och test har i några studier visat olika resultat, och därför rekommenderar studierna mixed method för att få en så rik bild som möjligt. Resultatet är analyserat genom relational developmental system theory. Olika länder och olika forskningsfält har inte skilt sig åt utan samtliga har kommit fram till likvärdiga resultat. Jag menar att det är viktigt att denna kunskap lyfts fram då förskolan enligt skollagen (SFS 2012:109) ska utforma verksamheten så att barn som behöver särskilt stöd ska få den hjälp de behöver. För att kunna göra det på bästa sätt tror jag att kunskap kring relationen mellan bristande exekutiva funktioner och ADHD är väsentlig.
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Nowack, Kati. "About time." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17535.
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Zeit ist ein fundamentaler Aspekt menschlichen Verhaltens. Während Untersuchungen bislang meist nur auf einem der drei Hauptaspekte der Zeit: Dauer, Zeitfolge und individuelle zeitliche Orientierung fokussierten, untersucht diese Dissertation Zusammenhänge zwischen der individuellen zeitlichen Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Zeit ist nicht direkt wahrnehmbar, sondern an kognitive Abstraktionsprozesse gebunden. Diese benötigen kognitive Ressourcen und werden kognitiven Fähigkeiten beeinflusst. Daher wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeiten ebenfalls untersucht. Studie 1 analysiert, wie verschiedene Aspekte individueller zeitlicher Orientierung korreliert sind, und diese Korrelationen von Alter und Geschlecht beeinflusst sind. Studien 2 und 3a analysieren Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Studie 3b untersucht mittels einer geometrischen Analogieanforderung Korrelationen zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und höheren fluiden Intelligenzleistungen. Befunde zu Zeitperspektive-Chronotyp- Relationen sowie Zeithorizont-Chronotyp-Relationen werden berichtet, ebenso Zusammenhänge zwischen Zeitperspektive, Zeithorizont und der Zeitfolge. Ausgehend von diesen und früheren Befunden wird ein kognitives Modell vorgestellt, welches alle drei Aspekte psychologischer Zeit (Zeitdauer; Zeitfolge; individuelle zeitliche Orientierung) integriert. Ferner werden als Ergebnis der Studien Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zukunftsperspektive und fluider Intelligenz sowie Chronotyp und verbaler Intelligenz berichtet. Verhaltensdaten und psychophysiologische Daten (Pupillendilation) zeigen ferner Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung, analogem Denken, exekutiven Funktionen und Konfliktverarbeitung. So scheinen Zukunftsperspektive und Morgentyp eng mit Konfliktverarbeitung verbunden, der Zeithorizont hingegen eng mit inhibierenden Kontrollprozessen.Time is a fundamental aspect of human experience. Whilst most research investigated major aspects of psychological time - time duration, time succession, individual temporal orientation - in isolation, this dissertation investigates interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession. Since psychological time is bound to cognitive abstraction processes that rely on cognitive resources and functions, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities were also investigated. Study 1 explored how different levels of individuals’ temporal orientation may be interrelated, and how interrelations may be influenced by age and sex. Interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession were explored in a task predominantly requiring crystallized intelligence (Study 2) and in a semantic analogy task requiring crystallized and fluid intelligence (Study 3a). Study 3b investigated interrelations between individual temporal orientation and higher-level fluid intelligence measures by applying a geometric analogy task. Interrelations between time perspective and chronotype as well as between chronotype and temporal depth are reported. Further, both future time perspective and temporal depth are interrelated with time succession. A testable global working memory model of time perception integrating all three aspects of psychological time is proposed. Further, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities are reported. Future time perspective was related to fluid intelligence, chronotype to verbal intelligence. Behavioral as well as pupillary data suggest that individual temporal orientation is related to analogical reasoning, executive functions and goal management. Whereas future time perspective and morningness appear interrelated with conflict detection, temporal depth appears interrelated with inhibitory control.
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Kaletová, Renáta. "Zajištění obchodních závazkových vztahů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222196.
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This work is devoted to issues of law and ensure the enforcement of claims in commercial contractual relationships. Due emphasis was placed on individual ways of ensuring, in particular on the grounds that well-secured claims subsequently facilitate the recovery process.
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Peldius, Maria, and Tatiana Stafeichuk. "Det allmänna barnbidraget : Föräldrarförvaltning eller gåva?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23897.
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Sammanfattning Den som är under arton år är omyndig, vilket innebär att denne inte får råda över sina tillgångar och ingå avtal med bindande verkan enligt FB 9 kap. 1§. Vanligtvis är den omyndiges föräldrar både vårdnadshavare och förmyndare för sitt barn. Det är förmyndares ansvar att förvalta barnets tillgångar. Överstiger värdet på dessa tillgångar åtta gånger prisbasbelopp eller har tillgångar ett särskilt ursprung och karaktär enligt FB 13 kap. 2§, står föräldraförvaltningen under överförmyndarens tillsyn. Det ger ett sakrättsligt skydd för barnets egendom i situationer när föräldrarna har råkat på utmätning eller konkurs. Understiger tillgångar denna gräns eller saknas krav på särskild överförmyndarkontroll står det föräldrarna fritt att bestämma hur de tillgångarna kan användas eller placeras enligt FB 13 kap. 1§. Dock stadgas det i FB 13 kap. 1 och 7§§ att barnets tillgångar skall hållas separat och det som inte används för barnets behov skall göras räntebärande. Föräldrar har underhållsplikt för sina barn enligt FB 7 kap. 1§ efter vad som är skäligt med hänsyn till barnets behov och föräldrarnas samlade ekonomiska förmåga samt den omyndiges tillgångar och sociala förmåner. Staten tilldelar varje barn bosatt i Sverige det allmänna barnbidraget. Bidraget är avsett för barnets uppfostran och uppehälle men utbetalas till barnets vårdnadshavare. Hur det allmänna barnbidraget skall användas står föräldrarna fritt så länge barnets behov är tillgodosedd. Storleken på det allmänna barnbidraget täcker endast en del av de kostnader som det innebär att ha ett barn i familjen. Detta är för att föräldrar har det primära försörjningsansvaret, medan statens ansvar är sekundärt. Föräldrar har således dispositionsrätt över det allmänna barnbidraget och kan välja att antingen använda hela beloppet eller att placera det på ett separat bankkonto för att säkra barnets ekonomi i framtiden. På vilket sätt hanteras detta konto avgör om tillgodohavandet kan sakrättsligt skyddas mot föräldrarnas borgenärer vid utmätningsärenden.Abstract A person under the age of eighteen is underage, which means that he cannot reign over his own assets and cannot conclude legally binding agreements according to FB 9 chapter 1§. Usually it's the parents that have custody and guardianship of their child. It is the guardian's responsibility to manage the child's assets. If the value of the assets exceeds the eight base amount or if the assets have a particular origin (inheritance, legacy or gift) or character according to FB 13 chapter 2§ then parents conduct is the subject of the overguardian’s supervision. It obtains protection for the child's property against parents’ creditors in situations when parents are facing foreclosure or bankruptcy. If the underaged’s assets value is below that limit or if there’s no requirements for overguardian’s supervision, the parents can freely determine how these assets can be used or place money into a bank account according to the FB 13 chapter 1§. However, FB 13 chapter 1 and 7§§ requires that the child's assets shall be separated from parents property and what isn’t used for the child's needs shall bring interests. Parents have a duty of alimony for their children as stated by FB 7 chapter 1§ out of consideration for child’s reasonable needs and parents' overall economic capacity along with the child's own assets and social benefits. The state assigns each child resident in Sweden the universal child allowance which is intended for the child's upbringing and living expenses, but it is paid to the child's guardian. The parents decide freely way the universal child allowance is to be used, as long as the child's needs are satisfied. The amount of the universal child allowance covers only a part of the costs of having a child in the family. This is because the parents have the primary maintenance obligation, while the state's responsibility is secondary. Parents thus have disposition over the universal child allowance and may choose to spend either the whole amount for the child's needs or to place the amount in a separate bank account to secure the child's economy in the future. The way this account is managed determines whether the money can be protected against parental creditors at execution issues.
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Niane, Mamoudou. "L'exigence de sécurité juridique dans le recouvrement des créances." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0116/document.
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Inspiré par une croyance fondée sur l’inégalité des parties, le droit del’exécution poursuit le dessein d’un recouvrement rapide, sûr et peu coûteux descréances. Afin de relever ce défi, le droit OHADA a fait de la sécurité juridique uneexigence fondamentale devant démontrer son aptitude à répondre aux attentes desdifférentes parties. Cependant, la pratique du recouvrement permet d’identifier dessources d’insécurité juridique préjudiciable au climat de confiance voulu par lelégilateur communautaire. Ainsi, le caractère quasi-informel du recouvrementamiable, la résistance des juridictions nationales ou l’ineffectivité de certainesdécisions judiciaires perturbent la prévisibilité inhérente à l’exigence de sécuritéjuridique. Conçu comme un système cohérent, le droit de l’exécution OHADA offredes ressources interprétatives propices à la correction des lacunes observées. Dansces conditions, le juge occupe un rôle central dans la promotion de la sécuritéjuridique. D’une part, il assure le contrôle des prérogatives individuelles des partiesdans le sens de réguler les conflits d’intérêts induits par des attentes souventcontradictoires. Dans cette optique, l’une des finalités de l’intervention du juge estd’assurer le respect du recours à la contrainte dans l’exécution. D’autre part,l’exigence de sécurité juridique servira au juge à établir une meilleure corrélationentre toutes les techniques garantissant le paiement du créancier dans un souciconstant d’efficacité. En l’absence d’une consécration explicite de la sécuritéjuridique, la proposition d’une relecture de la théorie de l’exécution en droit privé offrel’opportunité de voir tous les mécanismes de son intégration dans le recouvrementdes créances en tenant compte de la réalité juridico-économique de la créanceInspired by the belief grounded on inequalities between parties, theenforcement law continues to design a fast, safe and inexpensive debt recovery. Tomeet this challenge, the OHADA law made legal certainty requirement which mustshow its ability to live up to the expectations of the different parties. However, therecovery practice identifies sources of legal uncertainty detrimental to the climate oftrust advocated by the Community legislature. Thus, the quasi-informal nature of debtcollection, the resistance of national courts or the ineffectiveness of certain judicialdecisions disrupt the predictability pertaining to the requirement of legal certainty.Designed as a coherent system, The OHADA enforcement law affords interpretativeresources conducive to the rectification of the flaws spotted. In these circumstances,the judge plays a central role in promoting legal certainty. On the one hand, hemonitors the individual prerogatives of the parties in the direction of regulatingconflicts of interest arising from the often conflicting expectations. In this context, oneof the purposes of the intervention of the judge is to ensure compliance of coercion inthe execution. On the other hand, the demand of legal certainty will allow the judge toestablish a better correlation between all techniques guaranteeing the payment of thecreditor for the constant sake of efficacy. In the absence of an explicit consecration oflegal certainty, the proposal for a reinterpretation of the theory of enforcement lawprovides the opportunity to see all the mechanisms of its integration in debt recovery,taking into account the legal and economic substance of the claim
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Procházka, Pavel. "Obchod a investice do nemovitostí postižených exekucí v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223672.
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Tato diplomová práce analyzuje právní základy a užití občanského zákoníku, majetkových zákonů, občanského soudního řádu a exekuční řádu v obchodu s nemovitostmi. Skrze případové studie se snaží poukázat na kritická místa a proveditelnost jednotlivých investic do exekucí zasažených či jinak právně znehodnocených nemovitostí. Závěrečná část hledá standardizované postupy, které nachází optimální mix rizika a profitability.
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Rosado, Rosalina Rato Cardoso. "O incumprimento contributivo no sistema de segurança social: estudo do impacto financeiro e social." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26698.
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O pilar contributivo do sistema português de segurança social (Sistema Previdencial – Repartição) é financiado essencialmente pelas contribuições e quotizações pagas por trabalhadores e empresas. Os contribuintes nem sempre cumprem atempadamente as suas obrigações, gerando dívida por incumprimento. Neste trabalho analisa-se a evolução do incumprimento contributivo à Segurança Social usando as séries históricas observadas entre 2005 e 2016, desagregadas por Nuts II. É quantificado o impacto anual da recuperação de dívida contributiva na receita efectiva do sistema previdencial. Em termos específicos, desagrega-se o processo de execução na fase extinta, penhora e reversão, concluindo-se por uma maior eficácia na regularização da dívida na fase extinta: subfase de pagamento voluntário e/ou acordo prestacional. Mostra-se que esta modalidade se verifica por unanimidade. Referem-se, ainda, as medidas programadas pelos governos para acelerar o processo de recuperação do incumprimento, que contemplam benefícios, nomeadamente a redução dos montantes pelo perdão de juros. Pese embora a recuperação apresente melhorias, a evolução incerta do incumprimento constitui um factor de risco no financiamento do Sistema e, por conseguinte, afecta a evolução dos montantes atribuídos nas eventualidades cobertas pelo Regime; Abstract:
Predictive Model of Default in the Social Security System
The contributory pillar of the Portuguese social security system (Sistema Previdencial – Repartição) is funded essentially by contributions paid by workers and employers. Taxpayers do not always meet their obligations on time, generating debt for default. This paper analyzes the evolution of contributory non-compliance with Social Security using the historical series observed between 2005 and 2016, broken down by Nuts II regions. The annual impact of debt recovery on the social security system effective revenue is quantified. Specifically, the process of execution in the extinguished, seizure and reversal phase is broken down, resulting in greater effectiveness in settling debt in the extinct phase: sub-phase of voluntary payment and / or installment agreement. This modality is shown to be unanimous. Also mentioned are the measures planned by governments to accelerate the recovery process of defaults, which include benefits, including the reduction or bailout of interest payments. Although the recovery is improving, the uncertain evolution of default is a risk factor in the financing of the System and therefore affects the evolution of the amounts allocated in the eventualities covered by the Scheme.
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Mastná, Markéta. "CHUDOBA A PŘEDLUŽENOST ČESKÝCH DOMÁCNOSTÍ." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76219.
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The diploma work deals with the problem of poverty following from overdebtedness of Czech households. Poverty is defined as a strong social handicap leading up to a social exclusion. Overdebtedness means such a financial situation when households are not able to fulfill their financial obligations and thus it concerns especially households with low incomes. In the Czech Republic this fact has been distinguished since the year 2000. The topic of the diploma work points at the development of overdebtedness of Czech households and its evaluation, the size of this problem and the estimation of its further development. It analyses the threat to households leading to a debt trap. It deals with economic impact of state debtedness in connection with that of Czech households. Some attention is paid to the increasing unemployment as one of the strongest causes leading to a state of poverty and consequently to undesirable debtedness showing the evident link between unemployment and overdebtedness. At the same time, the emphasis is put onto individual responsibility and lifelong education as the prevention and solution to unemployment and doubtedness. The phenomenon of overdebtedness of Czech households is understood as a warning signal of the present.
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Bateman, William. "Parliamentary control of public money." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286229.
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This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation's ultimate claims are explanatory: that "parliamentary control" is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of "parliamentary ratification". An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England's public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary's recent engagements with public expenditure legislation).
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Xie, Fei. "Essays on executive compensation." Diss., 2005. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-11272005-165233/.
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Hamese, Mpoi Charles. "Attachments of immovable property in execution of a debt." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/552.
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Santos, Ricardo Pena Gonçalves de Jesus. "Types of top executive compensation and the aggregate cost of debt." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26340.
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The current thesis analyzes the relation between the main types of CEOs’ compensation and
the corporate aggregate cost of debt for Standard and Poor’s 500 non-financial constituents
between 2010-2016. Pay compensation includes inside debt and equity compensations, as well
as salaries and cash bonus. As expected, I find that debt-based payoffs exert a negative impact
on cost of debt through a set of robustness checks, by improving the CEO-debtholders
alignment. This relation is driven by pension benefits plans, meaning that this payoff type is in
line with other non-secured instruments of corporate debt. Pensions represent, on average,
21.5% of CEO total compensation. Further, my findings show that the negative impact of inside
debt mechanisms is stronger when firms’ leverage ratio is higher. Surprisingly, contrary to
agency theory, I find that equity-based payoffs help to reduce financing costs, being this relation
driven by options granted, while stocks present an insignificant impact. The same behavior is
observed by cash bonus, which has a significant negative impact on the corporate financing
costs, though it represents a tiny weight of CEO total compensation (1.18%). After analyzing
the compensation trends in the last decade, it is observed that pensions and equity-based
remunerations display an inverse behavior in the post financial crisis period. It suggests that
according to the economic and financial context, firms tend to adjust the remunerations paid to
their CEOs to maximize the trade-off between risk and financing costs, since the financial
market participants seem to care about how CEOs are compensated.Esta tese investiga a relação entre as principais formas de compensação dos CEOs e o custo da dívida das empresas não financeiras do índice Standard and Poor’s 500 entre 2010-2016. Estas formas de compensação incluem pagamentos em dívida e capitais próprios, bem como salários e bónus. Como esperado, observou-se que os pagamentos em dívida exercem um impacto negativo no custo da dívida através de um conjunto de testes de robustez, pela melhoria do alinhamento entre CEOs e credores. Esta relação é guiada por pensões, mostrando-se similar a outras formas de dívida não garantidas nem financiadas em caso de insolvência. Estas têm uma ponderação média de 21.5% no total de remunerações. Constatou-se ainda que o impacto negativo por parte dos pagamentos em dívida é superior quando as empresas apresentam maiores níveis de endividamento. Surpreendentemente, contra a teoria de agência, descobriu se que os pagamentos por capitais próprios reduzem os custos de financiamento, sendo esta relação guiada por opções, enquanto as ações apresentam um impacto insignificante. O mesmo impacto negativo é observado pelos bónus, ainda que estes representem uma fração diminuta no total de compensações (1.18%). Após analisar a tendência das remunerações na última década, observou-se um comportamento inverso entre pagamentos em dívida e capitais próprios no período pós-crise. Isto sugere que, de acordo com o contexto económico-financeiro, as empresas ajustam as compensações atribuídas aos CEOs para maximizar o trade-off entre risco e custos de financiamento, uma vez que o mercado financeiro se interessa pelo modo como os CEOs são compensados.
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Caria, José Maria de Sousa. "A acção executiva e o seu órgão principal." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/7499.
Full textAbstract:
Orientação: Rui Gonçalves PintoA evolução da sociedade civil, com todas as contendas que lhes são intrínsecas, obrigaram o estado de direito democrático – a justiça é uma das suas funções basilares -, a dar resposta ao cidadão que, cada vez mais, se vê confrontado com a violação sistemática dos seus direitos em todas as vertentes. Os tribunais continuam a ser símbolo da inoperância pelo volumoso número de acções ali depositadas, o que constitui uma denegação da justiça uma vez que a mesma não é ministrada em tempo real. Há que reformar o sistema judicial caduco, introduzindo-lhe a indispensável simplificação processual, abolindo da direcção do julgador os actos que não constituem a função jurisdicional prevista na CRP. Desta reforma, apelidada de desjudicialização da justiça, conferida e consagrada pelo D/L nº. 199/2003 de 10.09, alteração do D/L nº. 38/2003 de 08.03, emergiu a figura do profissional liberal, o solicitador de execução, depois, agente de execução. Foi, todavia, o D/L nº. 226/2008, de 20.11 que veio redefinir as competências do juiz, atribuindo-lhes um carácter excepcional, só intervindo no processo desde que provocado. É, agora, ao agente de execução que cabem todas as competências na acção executiva, que não sejam de índole jurisdicional. Pecado capital deste Decreto foi prescrever a livre substituição do agente de execução deixando-o à mercê de exequentes sem escrúpulos. Este D/L que trouxe, na maioria, medidas boas que não eram novas e medidas novas que não eram boas, muitas delas de duvidosa constitucionalidade, foi substituído pelo D/Lei, nº. 41/2013, de 26.06. Para alguns, este D/Lei consubstancia um repensar, particularmente, da acção executiva para pagamento da quantia certa repristinando aspectos estatuídos anteriores a 2003. Saúde-se a dispensa de despacho judicial na penhora de saldos bancários! Neste pathos legislativo, como lhe chama Miguel Teixeira de Sousa, foram acometidas ao agente de execução no D/Lei, nº. 226/2008, na minha modesta opinião, poderes jurisdicionais, agora, subtraídos, pela lei em vigor. No fundo, foi devolvido o poder jurisdicional ao juiz e ao seu habitat natural o constitucionalmente consagrado na CRP, a reserva jurisdicional.
With all its intrinsic struggles, the evolution of the civil society, forced the democratic rule of law to respond to the citizens who are being increasingly confronted with the violation of their rights The court is becoming the symbol of ineffectiveness because of the high number of filed judicial proceedings, which is a denial of justice because it is not applied in real time. The broken judicial system has to be reformed by the simplification in the procedures and by taking the actions not contemplated by the CRP from the judge. The figure of the independent professional, the enforcement paralegal and, later, the enforcement agent emerged from the "lessening of the jurisdiction of courts" created and embodied by the D/L 199/2003 of 10.9, change of the D/L 38/2003 of 08.03. It was, however, the D/L 226/2008, of 20.11 that redefined the judges' competencies, which means they would only interfere in the proceedings when called to intervene. The enforcement agent has now all the competencies in the enforcement proceedings except the ones of a judicial nature. One of the mistakes of this Decree Law was enforcing the easy replacement of the enforcement agent, leaving him at the mercy of the ruthless creditors . This D/L which mostly brought old good measures and new bad measures, often with a dubious constitutionality, was replaced by the D/L 41/2012 of 26.6. For some, this Decree Law is a rethinking of the enforcement proceedings for the payment of determined amounts, reinstating some things established before 2003, such as the fact that the agent does not needs a court order to do bank account attachments. In this judicial pathos,o as it is called by Miguel Teixeira de Sousa, the jurisdictional powers were given to the enforcement agent by the D/L 226/2008 which,in my humble opinion, were now taken away from him by the current law. The jurisdictional power was in fact returned to the judge and its natural habitat: the jurisdictional reserve as it is granted by the CRP.
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Rucha, Ana Maria Rodrigues da Silva. "O Papel do Agente de Execução na Acção Executiva." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/7518.
Full textAbstract:
Orientação: José Lebre de FreitasCom o presente estudo, pretende-se dar uma perspectiva da profissão do agente de execução e do seu papel na acção executiva. Veremos como surgiu esta figura, a qual foi criada em Portugal com base no sistema francês, embora em França, o papel do “Huissier de Justice” seja mais reforçado do que no nosso País, sendo-lhe atribuídos mais poderes para a celeridade processual. Na verdade, tal situação foi prevista em Portugal desde 2003, com a publicação do Decreto-lei 38/2003 de 08 de Março, porém, volvidos quase dez anos, continuamos ainda a aguardar algumas promessas do Ministério da Justiça. Em Março de 2009, com a entrada em vigor do Decreto-Lei 226/2008 de 20 de Novembro foi desbloqueado o tão almejado acesso às bases de dados da administração fiscal porém, apenas para processos entrados após 31.03.2009. A nossa pergunta de partida é: Poderão os tribunais descongestionar a acção executiva sem dar mais poderes aos agentes de execução? O objectivo desta dissertação é defender que deveria ser dado mais poder aos agentes de execução, nomeadamente a consulta às bases de dados para todos os processos desde 2003, a abolição do despacho judicial para as penhoras bancárias, e ainda a adjudicação directa ao exequente na penhora de bens móveis face à inexistência de depósitos públicos e dificuldades na venda executiva destes bens. Só assim se conseguirá ter uma justiça mais célere, eficaz e justa.
The present study aims to give an outlook of the profession of enforcement agent and of its role in the enforcement procedure. We will see how this figure was born, which was created in Portugal based on the French system, even though in France, the role of the “Huissier de Justice” is reinforced compared to what happens in our Country where the enforcement agent have less powers to speed up the enforcement procedure. The truth is that those powers were expected in Portugal in 2003, after the publication of Decree 38/2003 of 08 of March, however, after almost ten years, we still continue to wait the fulfillment of some promises by the Ministry of Justice. In March of 2009, with the entering into force of Decree 226/2008 of 20 of November it was unblocked the access to the databases of the tax administration, however only for procedures initiated after 31.03.2009. Our starting question: Is it possible to reduce the number of enforcement procedures without giving more powers to the enforcement agents? The objective of this thesis is to support that it should be given more power to the enforcement agents, namely the access to the databases for all the processes since 2003, the abolition of the judicial intervention for the seizure of banking accounts, and still the delivery of the mobile goods to the creditor in face of the inexistence of public deposits and of the difficulties related with the judicial sale of these goods.
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Hlaváček, Jiří. "Problematika zadlužování v České republice." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324542.
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Summary: This thesis deals with the enforcement of judgments, foreclosures, indebtedness in the Czech Republic and some of the phenomena that are associated with it. At first it describes the legal regulation, which treats the conditions under which it is possible to lead the verdict enforcement. If enforced under Act No. 99/1963 Coll. Code of Civil Procedure, as amended, Code of Civil Procedure this procedure is called "enforcement". If enforced pursuant to Act No. 120/2001 Coll. Enforcement Procedure, as amended, this procedure is called "executions." If enforced pursuant to Act No. 280/2009 Coll. Tax Code, as amended, this procedure is called "tax foreclosures". Subsequently, the thesis deals with address data on household debt. Household indebtedness is observed in the time series from 1993 to 2012, for the independent Czech Republic. Household indebtedness will be confronted with debt Czech Republic. Value of debt in both cases continue to rise, but each has the debt of other causes. For households may default on receivables result in forced recovery, which increased costs. The author proposes several kinds of measures to improve the situation. Educational programs should students of secondary schools and colleges as detailed as possible to show the risks of life on the debt. Increased surveillance...
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Lu, Qiong-Ling, and 魯瓊玲. "Research on the Impact of Executive Corruption on Enterprise Innovation and the Effect of Debt Governance." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k4d3z9.
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碩士國立中山大學
財務管理學系研究所
107
The subject of technological innovation is company. However, with growing economy in China, companies still are in a “Low-tech Locks”. Meanwhile, the problem of executive corruption is increasingly serious. Increasing number of executive corruption in recent years has shown that executive corruption will impact the functioning of the company’s normal operation investment and development. Firstly, this paper uses the data from listed companied having transparent financial statement, providing a new explanation for the phenomenon of “Low-tech Locks” in China through analysis of management fee. Research shows that corruption has a negative impact on innovation and return of research & development. With each 1% increasing in implicit compensation, corporate research & development investment to total asset will decrease 0.0638 units, and corporate employment will decrease 2.4489 units. Then, this paper explored the impact of corruption on executives from the perspective of corporate debt heterogeneity. It is found that there is a significant negative correlation between debt and executive corruption, that is, the higher the level of debt, the lower the degree of corruption. At the same time, Operating liabilities can enhance the governance effect of corporate executive corruption, while financial liabilities will increase the probability of executive corruption. Through further analysis, it is found that the impact of heterogeneous debt on executive corruption will vary with the property rights and the degree of marketization. Specifically, the governance effect of heterogeneous debt on executive corruption is stronger in private enterprises and in the middle and eastern regions, and is weaker in state-owned enterprises and western regions. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is of practical significance to the recognition and management of executive corruption and debt governance mechanism. Companies should focus on management, supervision and governance, and optimization of research & development environments to improve the development of corporate investment structures.
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Oliveira, Maria Beatriz Nogueira Rocha de. "A acção executiva no âmbito do novo código de processo civil." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/7504.
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Orientação: Maria Emília RaposoO tema deste trabalho é, essencialmente, a aplicação das principais alterações do Novo Código de Processo Civil, no âmbito da acção executiva. No decorrer do mesmo irão ser analisadas diversas alterações que sucederam com a entrada em vigor da nova legislação, nomeadamente, as alterações inerentes às competências do agente de execução, a redução dos títulos executivos, a distinção entre a forma ordinária e a forma sumária na tramitação da acção executiva, as alterações da tramitação da penhora de créditos e de depósitos bancários e as causas da impenhorabilidade. De acordo com o exposto será de salientar, ainda, que durante esta análise será feita a comparação entre a actual legislação e aplicação das anteriores.
The theme of this work, is essentially, the application of the New Code of Civil Procedure main changes, under executive action. Throughout the work, there will be examined several changes that followed the new legislation, namely, the inerent changes in the powers of the enforcement agent, the reduction of executive titles, the distinction between the ordinary form and summary form in the processing of executive action, the changes in the processing of the garnishee order and bank deposits, and the causes of unseizability. Acording to the above, shall be also noted that in this analysis, a comparison between the current law and the application of the previous ones will be made.
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Huang, Kuan-Chich, and 黃冠智. "A Study on the Optimal Order Execution Problem for Stochastic Market Depth Models." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64475958474649884659.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
應用數學系研究所
104
Optimal order execution problem is an important issue faced by institutional traders, i.e. how should a trader splits a large order into small orders over time to minimize his execution cost? Chen, Kou, and Wang (2015) proposed a partition algorithm to solve this problem for a limit order book model. They assume the market depth is stochastic and is governed by a Markov chain, which fits into the framework of Markov decision process. We revisit their study and investigate performance of the partition algorithm using stock market high-frequency transaction data and simulated data with market depth satisfying the geometric Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process.
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Kayhan, Ayla Titman Sheridan. "Two essays on capital structure." 2004. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2037/kayhana042.pdf.
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Park, Jinhong. "Say on Pay, CEO Pay Sensitivities, Firm Risk and Agency Costs of Debt." Thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136414.
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I examine how Say on Pay affects firms’ agency costs of debt. Using a sample of US listed firms and employing a difference-in-differences framework, I find some evidence that higher CEO delta leads to a decrease in stock return volatilities and lower agency costs of debt, consistent with Brockman, Martin and Unlu (2010). Further, I find some evidence that this decrease in agency costs of debt is concentrated in firms with long CEO tenures and high institutional ownership, within firms that show greater responsiveness to Say on Pay, implying that Say on Pay improves corporate governance in poorly governed firms and strengthens shareholder power. My findings are consistent with Correa and Lel (2016) and Cai and Walking (2011) and suggest that Say on Pay is an effective substitute for a corporate governance mechanism.Thesis (MPhil) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2022
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Kayhan, Ayla. "Two essays on capital structure." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2037.
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Kanelis, Dimitrios. "Inside debt compensation and its effect on corporate financial policy choices." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/21937.
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This dissertation examines the effects of inside debt compensation on managerial risk-seeking behaviour. Extant literature argues that besides equity and cash, managers are also compensated with debt-like instruments such as deferred compensation and pensions. These compensation components are typically unfunded and unsecured and expose the CEO to default risk similar to that faced by external debtholders (Edmans and Liu, 2011). As a result, managers with large inside debt holdings are expected to display lower financial risk tolerance (Cassel et al., 2012). Motivated by this argument, I first examine the effects of CEO inside debt compensation on corporate financial policy choices. I document a negative association between inside debt holdings and firm book leverage and a positive relationship between CEO inside debt holdings and firm solvency. Subsequently, I examine whether women, who are perceived to possess a risk profile similar to a manager with significant inside debt holdings receive similar inside debt compensation to men. However, I document no evidence of a difference in the inside debt compensation between genders.
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Podgorny, Maria João. "Restoring Portugal's access to sovereign debt markets: a case on public debt management, 2011-2014." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/17474.
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Hsieh, Keng-Shun, and 謝耿順. "Assessing the Executive Efficiency and Productivity of Taiwan’s Government- Owned / Company- Operated Maintenance Contract: A Case Study of the 2nd Logistics Depot ROCAF Outsourcing Contract." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63xmsj.
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碩士國防大學管理學院
運籌管理學系
101
The purpose of this thesis is shown the contracting performance of the annual government-owned company-operated maintenance contracts which are among the 2nd Logistics Depot ROCAF and three Taiwan’s local aircraft maintenance companies from 2006-2010. From the different points of view of the air force-side and provider-side discuss maintenance performance, productivity, and to figure out the important factor which is significant interfered with maintenance performance and productivity. In this study, we used several numerical experiments and empirical analysis by three methodologies that are including Data Envelopment Analysis, Malmquist productivity index and Tobit regression analysis. The results shown： First, using DEA method obtained technical efficiency by pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency required to perform a comparative analysis of the generated efficiency reasons, and then to adjust and improve. Second, using Malmquist Productivity Index method obtained productivity, also technological change and technological innovation, through cross-checked to find out the real reason productivity recession. Finally, Tobit regression analysis, investment coefficient is negative, the output coefficient is positive, the important factor that affect the performance and productivity, management, maintenance properly the number of military aircraft and the number of equipment items, the results of the statistical tests is significant.
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Du, Plessis Elizabeth Susan Catherina. "Factors influencing managers' attitudes towards performance appraisal." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19158.
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An increasing number of reports indicate that managers are opposed to performance appraisal. It is important to understand why managers have favourable or unfavourable attitudes towards performance appraisal and it is necessary to investigate the causing factors of these attitudes. The aim of this research was therefore to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence managers’ attitudes towards performance appraisal. This study was conducted within the interpretive research paradigm and situated in a medium-sized organisation within the financial services industry. The sample was purposefully selected and the data were collected through in-depth interviews and naïve sketches. The data were analysed applying Tesch’s descriptive analysis method.
The main findings indicated that managers who needed to conduct performance appraisals perceived and experienced performance appraisal as an uncomfortable and emotional process that might cause them to become defensive. Moreover, it was revealed that the managers experienced uncertainties about aspects of performance appraisal, such as the purpose of performance appraisal, what must be measured and frequency of performance appraisal. As a result of such uncertainties, managers might not always have the ability or readiness to conduct performance appraisals, especially when the performance appraisal contains negative performance feedback. Furthermore, the organisational context might put managers in an undesirable situation to distort performance ratings of employees in order to achieve organisational goals or the manager’s personal goals, which in turn
influence the attitude of the manager. The findings of the study can assist organisations in influencing managers’ attitudes more positively and in enhancing the overall performance appraisal process.Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)
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Zítková, Michaela. "Finanční gramotnost jako nástroj pro snížení zadluženosti českých domácností." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321984.
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In current time we experience deeper and deeper indebtedness of Czech households and their deterioration into insolvency on one side, on the other side among Czech population was identified a very low rate of financial literacy in the last few years. As a result of these two findings a hypothesis was created that behind the high indebtedness stands the low financial literacy of population and that it is possible to fight indebtedness by increasing financial literacy. The thesis main target is to analyze approach of Czech Republic to financial literacy, particularly as to a tool of prevention of indebtedness of households. Simultaneously its target is to reveal relation between financial literacy and indebtedness. According to these reasons the thesis is based on several theoretical outcomes - the theory of prevention of risky behavior, the theory of financial education as a prevention from hazard and from the theory of implementation as a part of public policy cycle. Examined problem is defined using analysis of indebtedness of Czech households, determines the occasions and results of this risky behavior; and through delimitation issue of financial literacy. Thesis provides a synthesis of knowledge as options and limits of financial literacy in the fight with increasing indebtedness. Empirical part...
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Dardová, Sylvie. "Struktura a příčiny zadluženosti fyzických osob občanů v České republice." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347533.
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This diploma thesis is devoted to the issue of indebtedness of natural person citizens of the Czech Republic and the follow up solution proposal, which aim is eliminate this problem. Selected theories of human capital and the consumerist society best describe theoretical concept debt issues. Consequently, this chapter is followed by the application of state policy instruments, which can mostly be sort of legislative action, educational activities and information and communication tools. They are a very important component, since all the measures breathe life. An important component of this thesis is to research, which was carried out in several directions, taking could then occur between individual variables to verify hypotheses. The extension of knowledge in the field of theory and research led me to the various proposals on how to solve the problem. In summary, it is a modification of the entire lending process and the subsequent recovery, which would in case of implementation of indebtedness persons decreased while satisfying yield "creditable" lenders. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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ČECHOVÁ, Barbora. "Průnik logoterapie a existenciální analýzy do sociální práce s předluženými klienty." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-375721.
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This work deals with the topic how to help the over-indebted clients. The theoretical part describes the term over-indebtedness, its forms and the ways of help provided to the people with such problems. The closer interest is put on how these people can be helped by social work, which methods are suitable and relevant to this type of work and how these methods are defined in specialized literature and corresponding legislation. The practical part of this work focuses on the form of help to these people within a specific organization that provides social services and works for the over-indebted clients. Using some case studies the work describes some particular cases and methods of work which were applied. Concerning the methods of work with these clients, the thesis describes the elements of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis which are used by social workers while working with their clients. Further on, the thesis describes the social workers' attitudes, their experiences with their clients and points out some existential questions they deal with, especially from the perspective of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis.
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Fuchs, Maria Magdalena. "Oproepingsproses van verbande op onroerende sake in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg = Foreclosure of mortgage bonds over immovable property under South African law." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13179.
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Text in AfrikaansIn hierdie verhandeling ontleed ek die oproeping van ʼn verband op ʼn onroerende saak in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Indien ʼn verbandskuldenaar wanpresteer, kan die verbandskuldeiser sy beperkte saaklike reg afdwing deur die verband op te roep ten einde die uitstaande skuld te delg. Om dit te bereik, word die sekerheidsobjek op ʼn eksekusieverkoping te gelde gemaak, nadat die regte prosedure gevolg is. Die oproepingsproses is in die laaste dekade ingrypend verander, grotendeels as gevolg van artikel 26 van die Grondwet, 1996, en artikels 129 en 130 van die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. Die volgende stadiums in die oproepingsproses word onderskei: die voorverhoorprosedure; jurisdiksiebepaling; die hofprosedure; beslaglegging en die eksekusieverkoping. Wetgewing en regspraak het onlangs ingrypende veranderings ten aansien van die voorverhoorprosedure en die hofprosedure teweeggebring. Alhoewel die oproepingsproses tans bevredigend deur wetgewing en in die regspraak gereël word, is daar nog verontrustende aspekte van eksekusieverkopings wat die wetgewer se aandag verdien.
In this dissertation I analyse the calling up of a mortgage bond over immovable property under South-African law. If a mortgagor defaults, the mortgagee can enforce his limited real right by calling up the mortgage bond to satisfy the outstanding debt. To accomplish this, the secured property will be sold at an execution sale, after the correct procedure has been followed. Over the past decade, foreclosure proceedings have undergone significant changes, largely owing to section 26 of the Constitution, 1996, and sections 129 and 130 of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005. The following stages in the foreclosure process are identified: pre-trial debt enforcement procedure; determination of jurisdiction; court procedure; attachment and execution sale. Both the pre-trial debt enforcement procedure and the court procedure have recently been substantially amended by legislation and case law. Although legislation and case law currently regulate the foreclosure process satisfactorily, some disturbing aspects of execution sales remain and these deserve the legislator’s attention.
Private Law
LL.M.