Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exercise flow rates'

Introduction: Aging has been shown to diminish bone blood flow in rats and humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether blood flow to regions of the femur perfused primarily through the principal nutrient artery (PNA) are diminished with aging and whether this putative reduction in flow is associated with impaired endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Materials and Methods: Blood flow was measured in conscious young adult (4–6 mo old) and aged (24–26 mo old) male Fischer‐344 rats using radiolabeled microspheres. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation of the PNA was assessed in vitro using acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the contribution of the NO synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling pathways to endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was determined using the NOS and COX inhibitors L‐NAME and indomethacin, respectively. Results: Femoral blood flow in the aged rats was 21% and 28% lower in the proximal and distal metaphyses, respectively, and 45% lower in the diaphyseal marrow. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was reduced with old age (young: 83 ± 6% maximal relaxation; aged: 62 ± 5% maximal relaxation), whereas endothelium‐independent vasodilation (sodium nitroprusside) was unaffected by age. The reduction in endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was mediated through impairment of the NOS signaling pathway, which resulted in lower NO bioavailability (young: 168 ± 56 nM; aged: 50 ± 7 nM). Conclusions: These data show that reductions in metaphyseal bone and diaphyseal marrow perfusion with old age are associated with diminished endothelium‐dependent vasodilation through an impairment of the NOS mechanism. Such age‐related changes in bone perfusion and vascular NO signaling could impact clinical bone loss, increase risk of fracture, and impair fracture healing in the elderly.

Despite the abundance of research conducted into the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity the results remain controversial. Much of the inconsistencies arise from the exercise protocols, the participants studied and their nutritional status, as well as methodological and analytical differences. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the influence of some of these factors, and to investigate potential means of enhancing the mucosal immune response to exercise. In study 1 (Chapter 3) it was shown that a fed or fasted state 2 h prior to exercise had no effect on the s-IgA concentration or secretion rate during prolonged exercise. However, when participants were fed during exercise (Chapter 4), the secretion rate of salivary antimicrobial proteins lysozyme and a-amylase increased, but sIgA remained unchanged. These changes were likely due to the activation of mechanical and gustatory receptors leading to a reflex stimulation of protein secretion via the autonomic nerves, rather than changes in stress hOnliones, since cortisol did not change significantly during exercise. Study 3 (Chapter 5) extended these findings where it was demonstrated that chewing flavoured gum during exercise enhanced lysozyme and a-amylase secretion but resulted in a small reduction in s-IgA secretion rate. Salivary antimicrobial proteins are affected by the exercise intensity since both s-IgA and lysozyme secretion rate increased post -exercise following an incremental test to exhaustion, but not after exercise at 50% Y02max. Moreover, lysozyme secretion rate was also elevated following exercise at 75% Y02mru<, whereas s-IgA remained unchanged. These effects are thought to be mediated by increased sympathetic nervous system activity reflected by the concomitant increases in (lamylase and chromogranin A, rather than the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Resting mucosal immunity exhibits significant gender differences. In study 1 (Chapter 3) s-IgA concentration, secretion rate and osmolality were found to be lower in females than in males at rest. In addition, saliva flow rate was found to be lower in females compared with males in study 5 (Chapter 7). However, these differences did not appear to influence the salivary responses to acute exercise or exercise training. Chronic exercise training in elite male and female swimmers resulted in lower levels of s-IgA secretion rate following periods of intense training prior to competition compared with post-competition (Chapter 7), but these levels were not directly associated with reported episodes of respiratory illness.

We determined whether aging diminishes bone blood flow and impairs endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Femoral perfusion was lower in old animals, as well as endothelium‐dependent vasodilation and NO bioavailability. These effects could contribute to old age—related bone loss and the increased risk of fracture. Introduction: Aging has been shown to diminish bone blood flow in rats and humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether blood flow to regions of the femur perfused primarily through the principal nutrient artery (PNA) are diminished with aging and whether this putative reduction in flow is associated with impaired endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Materials and Methods: Blood flow was measured in conscious young adult (4–6 mo old) and aged (24–26 mo old) male Fischer‐344 rats using radiolabeled microspheres. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation of the PNA was assessed in vitro using acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the contribution of the NO synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling pathways to endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was determined using the NOS and COX inhibitors L‐NAME and indomethacin, respectively. Results: Femoral blood flow in the aged rats was 21% and 28% lower in the proximal and distal metaphyses, respectively, and 45% lower in the diaphyseal marrow. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was reduced with old age (young: 83 ± 6% maximal relaxation; aged: 62 ± 5% maximal relaxation), whereas endothelium‐independent vasodilation (sodium nitroprusside) was unaffected by age. The reduction in endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was mediated through impairment of the NOS signaling pathway, which resulted in lower NO bioavailability (young: 168 ± 56 nM; aged: 50 ± 7 nM). Conclusions: These data show that reductions in metaphyseal bone and diaphyseal marrow perfusion with old age are associated with diminished endothelium‐dependent vasodilation through an impairment of the NOS mechanism. Such age‐related changes in bone perfusion and vascular NO signaling could impact clinical bone loss, increase risk of fracture, and impair fracture healing in the elderly.

Master of Science<br>Department of Kinesiology<br>Timothy I. Musch<br>Impaired vasomotor control in chronic heart failure (CHF) limits the delivery of O[subscript]2 to skeletal muscle during exercise. Previous results demonstrate significant increases in skeletal muscle blood flow (BF) during exercise with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation via fish oil (FO) versus safflower oil (SO) in healthy rats (Stebbins CL et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 20:475-86, 2010). Whether PUFA supplementation with FO will improve vasomotor control in CHF and skeletal muscle BF during exercise remains to be determined. This investigation tested the hypothesis that PUFA supplementation with FO would augment the skeletal muscle BF response to exercise in rats with CHF when compared to SO. CHF was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by myocardial infarction produced via left coronary artery ligation. Rats were then randomized to dietary FO (20% docosahexaenoic acid and 30% eicosapentaenoic acid, n = 8) or SO (5% safflower, n = 6) supplementation for 6 weeks. Rats remained on their respective diets until final experiments were conducted. Following acute instrumentation and recovery (> 1 hour), mean arterial pressure (MAP), skeletal muscle BF to the total hindlimb and individual muscles (via radiolabeled microspheres), and blood lactate concentration were determined during rest, submaximal treadmill exercise and exercise+LNAME (20 m · min[superscript]-[superscript]1, 5% incline). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) measured in the SO and FO groups during instrumentation were similar and demonstrated moderate CHF (LVEDP; SO: 14 ± 2; FO: 11 ± 1 mmHg, P>0.05). During submaximal exercise, MAP (SO: 128 ± 3; FO: 132 ± 3 mmHg) and blood lactate (SO: 3.8 ± 0.4; FO: 4.6 ± 0.5 mmol · l[superscript]-[superscript]1) were similar (P>0.05) between groups. Exercising hindlimb skeletal muscle BF was higher in SO compared to FO (SO: 120 ± 11; FO: 93 ± 4 ml · min[superscript]-[superscript]1 · 100 g[superscript]-[superscript]1). Specifically, 17 of 28 individual hindlimb muscle BF’s were higher (P<0.05) in SO. These data suggest that PUFA supplementation with FO in rats with moderate CHF decreases the skeletal muscle BF response to submaximal whole body exercise.

Purpose: In most thermoregulatory research, participants are asked to abstain from consuming caffeine prior to experimental trials due to an assumed confounding effect on core temperature, skin blood flow and/or sweating responses. Yet, evidence supporting this notion appears inconclusive. We aimed to rigorously assess the impact of acute caffeine ingestion on thermoregulatory responses to steady-state exercise in the moderate heat in both caffeine-habituated and non-habituated individuals. Methods: A total of 28 participants (Habituated (HAB), n=14, 4 women; Non-Habituated (NHAB), n=14, 6 women) cycled at a fixed metabolic heat production on two separate occasions: 60 minutes after ingesting i) 5 mg·kg-1 caffeine (CAF) or ii) 5 mg·kg-1 maltodextrin placebo (PLA), in a double-blinded randomised and counter-balanced order. Environmental conditions were 30.6±0.9°C, 31±1 % RH. Results: The rise in esophageal temperature from baseline (ΔTes) with CAF was greater in the HAB group (P<0.001), but not the NHAB group (P=0.34) (CAFHAB interaction: P=0.001). Skin blood flow responses on the arm and the back were attenuated with CAF in the HAB group (CAFHAB interaction: P<0.05) but not in the NHAB group (CAFHAB interaction: Arm: P>0.05). WBSL was not between CAF and PLA (P=0.18). Conclusion: A greater ΔTes with CAF was observed in the HAB group but not the NHAB group, possibly due to an attenuated skin blood flow on the forearm and back with CAF compared to PLA in the HAB group only. These findings support the practice of requesting habituated caffeine-users to abstain from all sources of caffeine prior to participating in thermoregulatory research studies. However, the restriction of caffeine intake for non-habituated individuals (from incidental sources, e.g. chocolate, tea etc) seems unnecessary.

Master of Science<br>Department of Kinesiology<br>Timothy I. Musch<br>Chronic heart failure (CHF) reduces nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and impairs skeletal muscle vascular control during exercise. Reduction of nitrite (NO[subscript]2-) to NO may impact exercise-induced hyperemia particularly in muscles with pathologically-reduced O[subscript]2 delivery. We tested the hypothesis that NO[subscript]2- infusion would increase exercising skeletal muscle blood flow (BF) and vascular conductance (VC) in CHF rats with a preferential effect in muscles composed primarily of type IIb+IId/x fibers. CHF (coronary artery ligation) was induced in adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Following a >21 day recovery, mean arterial pressure (MAP, carotid artery catheter) and skeletal muscle BF (radiolabelled microspheres) were measured during treadmill exercise (20 m•min[superscript]-1, 5% incline) with and without NO[subscript]2- infusion. The myocardial infarct size (35 ± 3%) indicated moderate CHF. NO[subscript]2- infusion increased total hindlimb skeletal muscle VC (CHF: 0.85 ± 0.09, CHF+NO[subscript]2-: 0.93 ± 0.09 ml•min[superscript]-1•100g[superscript]-1•mmHg[superscript]-1, p<0.05) without changing MAP (CHF: 123 ± 4 mmHg, CHF+NO[subscript]2-: 120 ± 4 mmHg, p=0.17). Total hindlimb skeletal muscle BF was not significantly different (CHF: 102 ± 7, CHF+NO[subscript]2-: 109 ± 7 ml•min[superscript]-1•100g[superscript]-1, p>0.05). BF increased in 6 (~21%) and VC in 8 (~29%) of the 28 individual muscles and muscle parts. Muscles and muscle portions exhibiting greater BF and VC following NO[subscript]2- infusion were comprised of ≥63% type IIb+IId/x muscle fibers. These data demonstrate that NO[subscript]2- infusion can augment skeletal muscle vascular control during exercise in CHF rats. Given the targeted effects shown herein, a NO[subscript]2[superscript]--based therapy may provide an attractive “needs-based” approach for treatment of the vascular dysfunction in CHF.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death, and the underlying atherosclerotic process has its origin in youth. Physical activity lowers future CVD risk, however few adolescents achieve the recommended minimum amount of daily activity and interventions fail to meaningfully increase activity levels in this group. It is therefore essential to identify how small volumes of exercise can be optimised for the primary prevention of CVD. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the influence of exercise intensity on vascular health outcomes in adolescents, and to assess the efficacy of 2 weeks of low volume, high-intensity interval training on CVD risk factors in this population. Chapter 4 demonstrates that a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed one hour before a high fat meal elicits comparable reductions in postprandial lipaemia as a work-matched bout of moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) in girls. However, neither exercise attenuated postprandial lipaemia in the boys. Additionally, HIIE elicited a superior increase in postprandial fat oxidation and decrease in blood pressure, and this was sex independent. These findings are furthered in Chapter 5, which identified that accumulating HIIE, but not MIE, favourably modulates glycaemic control, postprandial blood pressure and fat oxidation in adolescents irrespective of sex. A high fat meal was included in Chapter 6 in order to impair vascular function via oxidative stress. Postprandial vascular function was preserved following MIE, but improved after HIIE, and these changes were not related to changes in postprandial lipaemia or total antioxidant status. Chapter 7 addressed the time course of the changes in vascular function post exercise, and identified that HIIE promotes superior changes in vascular function than MIE. Finally, Chapter 8 identified that 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training improved novel (endothelial function and heart rate variability), but not traditional CVD factors in adolescent boys and girls. However, most of these favourable changes were lost 3 days after training cessation. Thus, this thesis demonstrates that vascular health outcomes are positively associated with exercise intensity. Given that HIIE was perceived to be more enjoyable than MIE in Chapters 4, 6 and 7, performing HIIE appears to be an effectual and feasible alternative to MIE for the primary prevention of CVD.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of graduated exercise at the piano on the pianist's cardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure. Also considered were the effects of piano practice conditioning, general cardiovascular conditioning, and acute cigarette smoking on the aforementioned parameters during and after graduated piano exercise.Fifteen adult pianists participated in the study. The piano exercises consisted of bilateral scales played in eight three-minute stages. Tempo was constant within stages but increased with each new stage. Cardiac output and forearm blood flow were monitored by electrical impedance utilizing a tetrapolar electrode-placement system.FindingsCardiac output, forearm blood flow, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure generally increased proportionally to exercise intensity and returned to basal levels within a five-minute recovery period.ConclusionsStrenuous piano exercise stresses the body in general, not just the active forearm muscles.The stress load placed on the heart by piano playing can be at least as great as that produced by a brisk walk.Piano playing can generate an oxygen debt in the forearm muscles.Conditioning of forearm muscles through regular piano practice results in training effect for piano playing in those muscles.Pianists who participate regularly in quality aerobic exercise programs generally begin and end piano exercise with lower heart rates than those who do not exercise. Frequently, they increase heart rates to a lesser extent during exercise and settle into steady postexercise rates more quickly as well.Both regular piano practice and general cardiovascular conditioning gained through quality aerobic exercise contribute to increased piano-playing endurance.Acute smoking increases cardiac outputs and heart rates of pianists resulting in higher levels of cardiac work during piano exercise.During piano exercise, acutely smoking pianists require greatly increased forearm blood flows to meet muscle needs.

This research investigates various applications of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) on in-vivo human muscle tissue, both at rest and during dynamic exercise. Previously suspected muscle tissue relative blood flow (rBF) baseline shift during extended measurement with DCS and DCS-Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) hybrid optical systems are verified, quantified, and resolved by redesign of optical probe and alteration in optical probe attachment methodology during 40 minute supine bed rest baseline measurements. We then translate previously developed occlusion techniques, whereby rBF and relative oxygen consumption rV̇O2 are calibrated to initial resting absolute values by use of a venous occlusion (VO) and arterial occlusion (AO) protocol, respectively, to the lower leg (gastrocnemius) and these blood flows are cross validated at rest by strain gauge venous plethysmography (SGVP). Methods used to continuously observe 0.5Hz, 30% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) plantar flexion exercise via dynamometer are adapted for our hybrid DCS-Imagent diffuse optical flow-oximeter in the medial gastrocnemius. We obtain healthy control muscle tissue hemodynamic profiles for key parameters BF, V̇O2, oxygen saturation (StO2), deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb], [HbO2], and THC respectively), as well as systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate (PR), at rest, during VO/AO, during dynamic exercise and during 15 minute recovery periods. Next, we began investigation of muscle tissue hemodynamic disease states by performing a feasibility pilot study using limited numbers of controls and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients using the translated methods/techniques to determine the ability of our technology to assess differences in these populations.

Orientador: Mara Patrícia Traina Chacon Mikahil<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_LucianaCristinade_M.pdf: 3136861 bytes, checksum: 3f028a579a4869dd47ab258e4144ea85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: A redução da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC) está associada com o alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares, e também ao processo de envelhecimento e ao grau de sedentarismo. A prática regular de exercícios físicos, destacadamente os aeróbios, reflete em um aumento da VFC, decorrente da reduzida atividade simpática quase sempre acompanhada do aumento da atividade parassimpática sobre o coração, tanto em condições de repouso, como após sessão de treinamento. A prescrição do treinamento de força no envelhecimento tem sido prescrito por gerar ganhos de força e hipertrofia diminuindo o risco de lesões e quedas. Nesse sentido, o exercício resistido (RE) associado com uma restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (RE-BFR) tem sido utilizado por proporcionar ganhos de força ou hipertrofia muscular similar ao treinamento tradicional, fazendo uso de intensidades reduzidas de treinamento. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre as respostas autonômicas cardiovasculares agudas associadas a este tipo de treinamento. Objetivo: Desta forma, o presente estudo se propôs a comparar as respostas agudas da VFC após sessões de RE tradicional e RE-BFR, utilizando um ou dois exercícios em membros inferiores. Métodos: Quinze homens (47,6±5,28 anos, 76,81±10,95 kg, 1,74±0,08m), saudáveis e não ativos participaram desse estudo. Os voluntários foram submetidos a quatro sessões randomizadas de treinamento, compostas pelos seguintes exercícios: Leg Press de alta intensidade (Leg-HI) (80% 1RM), Leg Press de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (Leg-BFR) (20% 1RM), Extensão do joelho e Flexão de joelho de alta intensidade (EF-HI) (80% 1RM) e Extensão do joelho e Flexão de joelhos de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (EF-BFR) (20% 1RM). Os dados de VFC foram coletados nos momentos pré durante 20min, e imediatamente após a sessão de treinamento durante 60min, na posição supina. A coleta foi feita utilizando monitor Polar® s810 e os dados foram analisados a partir do software Kubios HVR Analysis 1.1. Foi utilizada uma análise da curva de crescimento para expressar o comportamento das variáveis ao longo do período de recuperação, bem como a comparação entre as diferentes sessões de exercício. Foi utilizado o software SAS 9.2. Resultados: A análise da curva de crescimento identificou aumento no índice LFnu para o grupo Leg-HI comparado ao Leg-BFR(P = 0,0033) e EF-BFR(P = 0,0062). O grupo Leg-HI também mostrou maior redução de HFnu comparado ao Leg-BFR (P = 0,0033) e EF-BFR(P = 0,0062). Além disso, houve uma tendência para maior LF/HF para EF-HI comparado ao Leg-BFR(P = 0,0758). Houve efeito de tempo (P=0,0001; P=0,0001; P=0,0067) e efeito de grupo (P=0,001; P=0,0169; P=0,0001) para os índices iRR, SDNN e RMSSD, respectivamente. Entretanto, não houve efeito grupo x tempo para essas variáveis. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram aumento da modulação simpática e diminuição na modulação parassimpática para Leg-HI quando comparado com ambos os protocolos de RE-BFR após a sessão de exercício. Esses resultados podem ser importantes especialmente para pessoas envelhecendo, visto que o RE-BFR pode ser um método interessante, pois somados aos benefícios neuromusculares já reportados, apresenta menor stress autonômico comparado ao RE de alta intensidade<br>Abstract: Reduced Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is associated with high risk of cardiovascular events, and also to the aging process and the degree of inactivity. The regular practice of physical exercise, the aerobic prominently, reflects an increase in HRV, due to reduced sympathetic activity almost always accompanied by an increase in parasympathetic activity on the heart, both at rest, and after the exercise session. The prescription of strength training in aging has been prescribed for generating gains in strength and hypertrophy decreasing the risk of injury and falls. Accordingly, the resistance exercise (RE) associated with a restriction of blood flow (RE-BFR) has been used for providing strength gains and muscle hypertrophy similar to traditional training with lower intensity training. However, studies about the acute cardiovascular autonomic responses associated with this type of training are scarce. Objective: Thus, the present study purposed to compare the acute responses of HRV after sessions of traditional RE and RE-BFR, using one or two exercises for lower limbs. Methods: Fifteen men (47.6 ± 5.28 years, 76.81 ± 10.95 kg, 1.74 ± 0.08m), healthy and non-active participated in this study. The volunteers were randomly assigned to four sessions of training, consist of the following exercises: Leg Press high intensity (Leg-HI) (80% 1RM), Leg Press low intensity with partial blood flow restriction (Leg-BFR) (20% 1RM), knee extension and knee flexion high intensity (EF-HI) (80% 1RM) and knee extension and knee flexion low intensity with partial restriction of blood flow (EF-BFR) (20% 1RM). HRV data were collected in pre session during 20min and immediately after session during 60min in the supine position. The collection was made using Polar ® S810 monitor and data were analyzed using the software Kubios HVR Analysis 1.1. Random coefficient growth curve analysis allowed comparison between slopes to express the behavior of variables over the period of recovery, as well as the comparison between different exercise sessions. We used SAS 9.2 software. Results: The analysis of the growth curve identified an increase in LFnu index to Leg-HI compared to Leg-BFR (P = 0.0033) and EF-BFR (P = 0.0062). The Leg-HI group also showed greater reduction in HFnu compared to Leg-BFR (P = 0.0033) and EF-BFR (P = 0.0062). In addition there was a tendency for higher LF/HF compared to EF-HI-Leg BFR (P = 0.0758). There was a time effect (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0067) and group effect (P = 0.001, P = 0.0169, P = 0.0001) to iRR, SDNN and RMSSD indices, respectively. However, no significant group vs time effect for these variables. Conclusions: The results showed increased sympathetic modulation and reduced parasympathetic modulation for Leg-HI when compared with both protocols RE-BFR after the exercise session. These results are especially important for aging people, since RE-BFR may be an interesting method because in addition to neuromuscular benefits reported, presented lower autonomic stress compared to RE high intensity<br>Mestrado<br>Atividade Fisica Adaptada<br>Mestra em Educação Física

O uso indiscriminado de recursos ergogênicos como os esteróides anabolizantes vêm se tornando um problema crescente em diversos segmentos da população, além do meio atlético, tendo como finalidade a obtenção de melhor desempenho físico ou simplesmente melhor aparência física, porém muitas vezes sem a preocupação com os riscos dos efeitos colaterais promovidos por esta prática. No presente trabalho estudamos os efeitos da associação do uso de doses suprafisiológicas de esteróides anabolizantes e do treinamento físico aeróbio de natação sobre o fluxo sangüíneo coronário de ratos normotensos, verificando a participação da adenosina como um dos possíveis mecanismos de regulação deste fluxo, além de alterações estruturais cardíacas que poderiam influenciar na perfusão sangüínea cardíaca. Ao observarmos somente o efeito do treinamento físico, verificamos que o mesmo foi eficaz em promover adaptações benéficas ao sistema cardiovascular, como a presença de hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica e melhora no fluxo sangüíneo coronário em repouso, provavelmente mediado por uma maior formação de adenosina circulante e cardíaca. O uso de esteróides anabolizantes associado ao treinamento físico atenuou os efeitos benéficos promovidos pelo treinamento, observando-se a presença de hipertrofia cardíaca acompanhada por redução de débito cardíaco e fluxo sangüíneo coronário, mediado por menor produção de adenosina circulante, além de prejuízo na resposta vasodilatadora à acetilcolina, demonstrando uma provável disfunção endotelial e redução na densidade capilar cardíaca, caracterizando desta forma, um quadro patológico<br>The abusive use of ergogenic resources as the anabolic steroid became an increasing problem in several segments of the population, beyond the athletical way, searching for better performance or physical appearance, without being worried about the risks of the collateral effects promoted by this practice. In the present work we studied the effects of the use of supraphysiological doses of anabolic steroids associated with aerobic swimming training on the coronary blood flow of normotensive rats, investigating the participation of adenosine as one of the possible mechanisms of blood flow regulation, besides the cardiac structural alterations that could influence the coronary blood perfusion. The effect of the physical training was efficient to promote beneficial adaptations of the cardiovascular system, as the presence of physiological cardiac hypertrophy and improves the coronary blood flow at rest, probably mediated by a higher circulating and cardiac adenosine production. The use of anabolic steroids associated with the swimming training attenuated the beneficial effect promoted by training, being observed the presence of cardiac hypertrophy, followed by reduction of cardiac output and coronary blood flow, mediated by lower circulating adenosine production, besides the impairment of the vasodilator response to the acetylcholine, demonstrating a probable endothelial dysfunction and reduction of the cardiac capillary density, characterizing in this way, a pathological state

Prolonged strenuous exercise affects the circulating numbers and functions of immune cells. These effects are thought to be largely mediated by the actions of elevated circulating stress hormones and alterations in regulatory cytokines. Although the effects of a single acute bout of exercise on immune system function are quite well established, it is still not clear how time of day and repeated bouts of prolonged exercise on the same day influence immune function. It is of particular interest to understand the effects of nutritional supplementation on immunoendocrine responses. Therefore, the aims of the studies described in this thesis were to determine the effects of two bouts of prolonged cycling and carbohydrate supplementation on immunoendocrine responses. The saliva collection study showed that the use of a swab for collecting saliva is not an ideal method because it affects the results of saliva composition (Chapter 4). The comparison of the effects of exercise at different times of day on immunoendocrine responses showed that a single bout of prolonged exercise performed in the afternoon induces a larger perturbation in the redistribution of leukocytes into the circulation than an identical bout of morning exercise, which maybe due to higher hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HP A) activation and. circadian rhythms. However, in terms of oral mucosal immunity, performing prolonged cycling at different times of day does not differently affect the salivary responses. The second compared with the first of two bouts of prolonged exercise on the same day induces a greater HP A activation, a larger leukocyte trafficking into the circulation, a decreased neutrophil degranulation response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on per cell basis and a lower saliva flow rate, but does not increase plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), or change saliva immunoglobulin A (slgA) secretion rate (Chapter 5). Furthermore, carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during any period of two bouts of prolonged exercise shows limited beneficial effect in blunting these higher responses in the second exercise bout compared with the first identical exercise bout on the same day (Chapter 6, 7 and 8). The determination of the effects of CHO ingestion on exercise-induced immunoendocrine responses showed that when two bouts of exercise are performed on the same day, the greater benefit in terms of circulating immunoendocrine responses is obtained by feeding CHO at the earliest opportunity (Chapter 6, 7 and 8). A 3-h interval is insufficient for recovery of leukocyte mobilisation and neutrophil function from the impact of previous exercise whether subjects consumed placebo or CHO during exercise or recovery (Chapter 5, 6, 7 and 8). However, an 18-h interval is sufficient for full recovery of all immunoendocrine variables that were measured in this thesis from the impact of two bouts of prolonged exercise (Chapter 8).

Post-exercise carbohydrate-protein consumption and tapering periods during training periodisation have been proposed as effective recovery strategies in several sports; however, limited attention has been given to judo. Apart from training and recovery, effective competition performance can also be influenced by several stimuli on the competition day, which may be manifested as distinct endocrine responses. The main objective of this thesis was to influence effective competition performance in judo, through examining strategies that can aid recovery from intense exercise/training and examining endocrine responses to competition. Three experimental studies on recovery were completed (chapters 3-5) followed by an observational study on a judo competition day (chapter 6) in elite, national level, male judo athletes. Studies 1 and 2 examined the effects 1000 ml of post-exercise chocolate milk (CM) consumption compared with water (W) following an intense judo training session (chapter 3) and five days of intense judo training with concomitant weight loss (chapter 4) on the recovery of salivary cortisol (sC), salivary testosterone (sT), salivary testosterone:cortisol (sT/C) ratio, salivary secretory IgA (SIgA) absolute concentrations and secretion rate, muscle soreness, mood state and judo-related performance. Study 1 (n=10) did not show any beneficial effects of acute CM consumption on aspects of recovery of any of the measured variables, except for a lower perception of soreness (p<0.05) and a tendency for better push-up performance (p=0.09). Study 2 (n=12) showed that post-exercise CM consumption resulted in significantly lower sC levels, a tendency for higher sT/C ratio (p=0.07), better judo-related performance, lower muscle soreness and reduced mood disturbance (p<0.05) with W. In addition, post-exercise consumption of CM resulted in a 1.1% decrease in body weight, indicating that CM is an effective recovery beverage during periods of intense judo training without affecting intentional weight loss. Study 3 (n=11) examined the effects of a 2-week exponential taper following 2 weeks of intense judo training on recovery of the aforementioned variables. Within 12 days of tapering there were evidence of enhanced performance, lower sC, higher sT and higher sT/C ratio, higher SIgA secretion rate, lower muscle soreness and reduced mood disturbance, indicating that a tapering period of ~10 days is an effective recovery strategy for optimising judo performance. Study 4 observed the responses of sC, sT, SIgA absolute concentrations and SIgA secretion rate and self-measured anxiety state in the winners (n=12) and losers (n=11) of a judo competition. Winners presented significantly higher morning sC levels and higher cognitive anxiety in anticipation of the competition, as well as a tendency for higher SIgA secretion rate (p=0.07) and significantly higher saliva flow rate mid-competition. These findings indicate that winners experienced higher arousal levels and that anticipatory sC might have some predictive value for winning performance in judo. This thesis concludes that nutrition and tapering are both important aspects of effective recovery; CM can be an effective nutritional recovery aid during periods of intense judo training and tapering for 7-12 days can optimise judo performance and can be implemented prior to competitions. In addition, elevated sC levels in anticipation of a judo competition and higher levels of arousal could have some predictive value for winning performance in judo. Further research could focus on strategies to increase levels of arousal in anticipation of competition.

According to the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death. Interestingly, the female incidence of mortality due to cardiovascular events has clearly exceeded that of male since 1984. Physical exercise is the most important non-pharmacological treatment leading to several cardiovascular protective effects via a direct impact on the vasculature and on the autonomic response. In the modern society, not everyone could practice physical activity on a daily basis, because of several limitations or more simply, particular diseases in which the traditional physical exercise approach results unfeasible. Exercise-related improvements in vascular functionality are primarily attributed as shear stress- dependent mechanism.Respiratory muscles being part of the musculoskeletal system can be trained. Because of this, it is possible that respiratory muscle training (RMT) could be used as an alternative exercise paradigm causing alteration in the peripheral hemodynamic, including no exercising areas, to improve vascular health. Previous evidences proved that RMT has a primary positive effect in static and dynamic lung volumes, together with maximal inspiratory pressure, and a secondary important effect in increase cardiac vagal tone, lastly affecting the autonomic nervous system balance. To date, the effects of RMT on the overall vasomotor response (a well-recognized marker of cardiovascular health) has not been investigated yet. Another small muscle exercise modality is the dynamic knee extension. The ability of the vessels to alter their diameter (i.e. vasodilation or vasoconstriction) to maintain the homeostasis of the vascular tone, ensuring that the blood flow matches the demand of the skeletal muscles and other organs, both at rest and during exercise is defined vasomotor response. Extrinsic factor, such as the autonomic control of the sympathetic neural drive (global control), and intrinsic factor such as the capacity of the endothelial cells to respond to mechanical stress by releasing vasoactive molecules (i.e. nitric oxide, NO) together with other possible factors, such as pH and temperature, interact to determines the prevalence of a vasoconstriction or vasodilator effect on the arterial wall. Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of two different types of small muscle exercise training on the peripheral vasomotor response in young healthy people. Two studies were developed in which the purposes were: 1) to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of RMT on both central (i.e. the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system assessed by heart rate variability) and peripheral (i.e. the ability of the endothelium to release NO causing vasodilatation assessed by Flow Mediated Dilatation(FMD) components of vasomotor response, in young healthy females; 2) to evaluate the effects of single-leg knee extension training (KE) on vasomotor response in the lower limb directly involved with exercise (i.e. femoral artery) and on the upper limb, not involved with KE (i.e. brachial artery). We hypothesized that (i) RMT could improve FMD in the brachial artery (beneficial effect on peripheral control due to systemic factors influenced by exercise training) via a reduction in sympathetic drive (central control), and that (ii) KE could raise the peripheral blood flow also in limb non-directly involved in the exercise leading to positive effects in both exercised and not exercised limbs. The positive effects observed in the present dissertation, in terms of increase in vascular function parameters, after KE training and RMT, may suggest that also small muscle exercises are able to raise peripheral BF in both involved and non-involved exercising area. However, positive adaptation in the peripheral component of the vasomotor response could be detected after training only when the peripheral blood flow stimulus was strong enough to trigger a series of positive adaptation on the vessels.

碩士<br>國立體育大學<br>運動保健學系<br>103<br>Fatigue recovery is really important for athelet, fatigue status is not only can influence sports performance, but also increase injury incidence when athletes is in fatigue situation, athlete’s career will be block. When the exercise intensity increased, acidic substances and H+ will raise, muscle activity decreased. Study shown Zusanli (ST36) can accelerate fatigue recovery, but all use needle therapy, it is invasive and not convenience. Negative static magnetic energy can alkalization、sedation、negatively charged effect, it can penetrate skin and stimulate acupuncture point without contact, it is non-invasive、convenience、no side effects, and highly attention method recently . But the effect is unsure, therefore, run the experiment to confirm the effect. Purpose: the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different static magnetic energy poles taping on acupuncture point Zusanli (ST36), after strenuous exercise. Method: 22 healthy college students participated in this study, age of (20.41± 2.41) years old. Rest 5min then measured heart rate and Ryodoraku values, setup skin blood flow equipment and EKG. Use 30 second Wingate anaerobic exercise to warm up with 0.075kp/kg. After the exercise finished taping different static magnetic energy poles (negative or positive or Placebo) on Acupuncture point Zusanli in balanced order and double blind methods. End of experiment measured Ryodoraku values; the same test was run at least 7 days later. Heart rate were monitored by EKG through all experiment including exercise and resting. Data were analysed by two-factor (trial x time) repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc LSD and paired t-test, α=.05 Results: the results showed Ryodoraku values at negative poles group had significantly different reduce after the intervention (p< .05), but not significantly between groups (F=1.938, p> .05) . Heart rate part showed negative poles group is the fastest group let the heart rate recover back to the pre-exercise at 28 time points, positive group at 36 time point, control group at 33 time point. But it is not significantly different between groups (F=0.010, p > .05).Skin blood part showed negative poles group is the fastest let the skin blood recover back to the pre-exercise other two group is still dropping until the end of the experiment, but not significantly between groups (F=0.330, p > .05). Conclusion: the conclusion of this study was that attaching negative static magnetic energy on Zusanli can improve fatigue recovery after Strenuous Exercise.