Journal articles: 'Exhaustible Natural Resource'

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Kumar, Ramesh C. "On optimal domestic processing of exhaustible natural resource exports." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 15, no. 3 (1988): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(88)90007-1.

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Ploeg, Frederick van der. "Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?" Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 2 (2011): 366–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.2.366.

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Are natural resources a “curse” or a “blessing”? The empirical evidence suggests that either outcome is possible. This paper surveys a variety of hypotheses and supporting evidence for why some countries benefit and others lose from the presence of natural resources. These include that a resource bonanza induces appreciation of the real exchange rate, deindustrialization, and bad growth prospects, and that these adverse effects are more severe in volatile countries with bad institutions and lack of rule of law, corruption, presidential democracies, and underdeveloped financial systems. Another hypothesis is that a resource boom reinforces rent grabbing and civil conflict especially if institutions are bad, induces corruption especially in nondemocratic countries, and keeps in place bad policies. Finally, resource rich developing economies seem unable to successfully convert their depleting exhaustible resources into other productive assets. The survey also offers some welfare-based fiscal rules for harnessing resource windfalls in developed and developing economies. (JEL O47, Q32, Q33)

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Abu-Kalla, Hala, Ruslana Rachel Palatnik, Ofira Ayalon, and Mordechai Shechter. "Hoard or Exploit? Intergenerational Allocation of Exhaustible Natural Resources." Energies 13, no. 24 (2020): 6657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246657.

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In this paper, a “general equilibrium” (GE) model was developed for the allocation of exhaustible natural resources to examine the impact of different extraction scenarios on intergenerational economic welfare. A stylized GE model was applied to Israel’s natural gas (NG) market to evaluate economic indicators resulting from NG-extraction scenarios: a baseline scenario based on current policy in the NG sector, a conservative scenario based on a lower extraction rate, and an intensive scenario based on a faster extraction rate. The impact of various resource income-allocation strategies on intergenerational economic welfare was examined through the mechanism of a “sovereign wealth fund” (SWF). The results indicate that a higher NG-extraction rate combined with an appropriate investment strategy for NG profits is preferable from an economic perspective compared to a conservative rate. Investment of the government take from the NG market in research and development (R&D) of renewable electricity production can sustainably increase economic welfare.

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Reynolds, Douglas B. "Uncertainty in exhaustible natural resource economics: The irreversible sunk costs of Hotelling." Resources Policy 38, no. 4 (2013): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.09.002.

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Kumar, Ramesh C. "On Optimal Capacity Expansion for Domestic Processing of an Exhaustible, Natural Resource." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32, no. 2 (1997): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1996.0958.

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Kumar, Ramesh C., and Fadle M. Naqib. "On the determination of optimal time horizon in a control problem in natural resource economics." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 18, no. 3 (1995): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171295000780.

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This paper is concerned with issues relating to the determination of optimal time horizon in a typical control problem of optimal extraction of an exhaustible natural resource. The paper extends the recent Highfill-McAsey results to cover all strictly concave utility functions.

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Nguyen, Manh-Hung, and Phu Nguyen-Van. "OPTIMAL ENDOGENOUS GROWTH WITH NATURAL RESOURCES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 8 (2016): 2173–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000061.

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This paper considers an optimal endogenous growth model where the production function is assumed to exhibit increasing returns to scale and two types of resource (renewable and nonrenewable) are imperfect substitutes. Natural resources, labor, and physical capital are used in the final goods sector and in the accumulation of knowledge. Based on results in the calculus of variations, a direct proof of the existence of an optimal solution is provided. Analytical solutions for the planner case, balanced growth paths, and steady states are found for a specific CRRA utility and Cobb–Douglas production function. It is possible to have long-run growth where both energy resources are used simultaneously along the equilibrium path. As the law of motion of the technological change is not concave, reflecting the increasing returns to scale, so that the Arrow–Mangasarian sufficiency conditions do not apply, we provide a sufficient condition directly. Transitional dynamics to the steady state from the theoretical model are used to derive three convergence equations of output intensity growth rate, exhaustible resource growth rate, and renewable resource growth rate, which are tested based on OECD data on production and energy consumption.

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Cabo, Francisco, Guiomar Martín-Herrán, and María Pilar Martínez-García. "A NOTE ON THE STABILITY OF FULLY ENDOGENOUS GROWTH WITH INCREASING RETURNS AND EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 3 (2015): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000467.

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We analyze a general R&D-based endogenous growth model with a growth-essential natural resource. The economy comprises two separate sectors, final output and R&D, both directly or indirectly dependent on the natural resource. Because the resource is exhaustible and it is an essential productive input, increasing returns to scale to manmade inputs are compatible with nonexplosive sustained growth. The instability problem usually associated with increasing returns is overcome thanks to the existence of imperfect markets in a decentralized economy. We find an admissible range of values for the elasticity of capital in the R&D sector under which growth is fully endogenous and saddlepath stable, with no need of exogenous population growth.

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Patarkalashvili, Tamaz. "Nonuse of Forest Residues is Impermissible Overlook for the Country with Limited Natural Resources." Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2, no. 4 (2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/039.

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In human history forests always satisfied different needs of people like: food, energy, medicine plants, wood materials, fodder. From 20th century wood energy gradually was substituted by fossil fuel. But wood still remained irreplaceable resource for construction, furniture, paper industry. At the same time many new wood products have been developed from wood and agriculture residues, so called engineered wood, like: plywood, chipboards, fiberboards, MDF, etc. Bio-economy today uses biomass for manufacturing bio-based chemicals, plastics, pharmaceutical products as well as, residues for generating bio-energy. Nowadays, when the fossil fuel age declines due to its exhaustible character biomass regains a new importance. Biomass currently is the dominating renewable energy source for multiple use. Gradual substitution of fossil fuel by renewable energies instigates rapid growth of all renewable energy carriers like wind, solar, hydro, geo-thermal and bio-energy. It is the best strategy against climate change too.

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Barbier, Edward B., and Joanne C. Burgess. "Sustainable Use of the Environment, Planetary Boundaries and Market Power." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020949.

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Many of the environment and natural resources that constitute key “safe operating spaces”, as designated by planetary boundaries, are being exploited by a handful of large firms with considerable market share. In this paper, we discuss how the environment and natural resources that occur within a safe operating space can be treated as an exploitable finite stock. We use an optimal depletion model to show how the extraction of these exhaustible assets can be managed optimally, and allow for adjustment in price paths due to technological innovation and environmental externalities. Given the growing market concentration and monopoly power in the key economic sectors that exploit the environment and resources that constitute many safe operating spaces, we then explore how monopoly conditions can alter the extraction and price path of the environmental assets over time compared to that under competitive market conditions. We show that the monopoly may be compatible with more sustainable use, by extending the life of the exploitable, depletable stock, at the expense of firms capturing excessive resource rents from exploitation. This tradeoff means that any policies implemented to tax the excessive monopoly rents need to be designed without compromising the sustainable use of the environment. The tax revenue raised can be channeled into protecting or regenerating natural assets that are essential for global environmental sustainability. If investment in regeneration efforts is sufficiently substantial, or if the wider social and environmental values associated with the exhaustible assets are taken into account, then the safe operating space may be conserved indefinitely. Such policy challenges will become increasingly important as dominant firms exert market power over the planet’s remaining environment and resources that constitute key “safe operating spaces”, as designated by planetary boundaries.

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Grissom, T. V., M. McCord, P. Davis, and J. McCord. "The use of strong and weak form sustainability to assist in rate development for the valuation of exhaustible resources (part II)." Property Management 32, no. 4 (2014): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-03-2013-0018.

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Purpose –This paper is the second of a two part series which offers new theoretical and empirical insights investigating the rates structures appropriate for exhaustible resources with a particular emphasis on urban land, based upon the differentiation of strong- and weak-form sustainability concepts constrained by the objectives of the sustainable criterion of Daly and Cobb (1994). The integration of the concepts and objectives allow the theoretical formulation of discount and capitalization rates that can be empirically tested. This empirical application employs data from 12 diverse national economies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper integrates the concepts of discount rate development for environmental and long-term assets and discounted utility analysis to the policy concerns associated with the valuation of public and sustainable resources. The new approach empirically shows the diverse issues of competing sustainable objectives across nations. Findings – The potential and degree of strong-form or weak-form sustainability application in each nation enabled the identification as to whether alternative capital as defined by the modified Ramsey model used per nation, or the marginal rate of resource return as defined by strong form objective of a constant natural resource endowment, can identify which form of capital becomes the major constraint on the resource valuation and allocation decision appropriate within each nation. The findings showed constraints on nation resource endowments relative to population needs and the culture preferences endemic across nations. Originality/value – The findings serve as a basis for future research on the optimal levels of sustainable development appropriate for different nations, the impactions of the timing and level of capital re-switching associated with the application of strong- or weak-form sustainability and the develop of rate and risk measures that can assist in the consideration of sustainable resource as a distinct asset class.

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Cerutti, Nicola. "Social Dilemmas in Environmental Economics and Policy Considerations: A Review." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 8, no. 1 (2017): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2017.1.10.

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Many crucial environmental issues lead to social dilemmas, in which the personally optimal solution, and the socially optimal solution diverge. Finding a solution to this dilemma is extremely important to allow a good and sustainable management of many exhaustible natural resources. This is especially true when the resource users need to develop collectively a set of rules or practices, and the institutions are unable to provide, or enforce, effective regulations. A few examples are forests, and fisheries, but also carbon emissions. This review presents a selected number of results coming from field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical work, which pinpoint some of the more crucial aspects of these decision environments. Knowing which incentives and situational aspects may motivate resource users to adopt a more or less cooperative behavior can potentially be of pivotal importance to develop effective policies and regulations. At the same time, the research we present is also of great interestfor any diagnostic or explorative study that aims to study direct resource users, and their development of cooperative attitudes and practices.

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Marasova, Daniela, Massimo Ligatto, Daniel Cassati, and Vladimir Zolotukhin. "On the Methodological Unity of Post-Industrial and Sustainable Development as the Environment Preservation Imperative." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184104021.

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Each stage of the economic development of any society is associated with the consumption of natural resources. Thus, the impact of human society on the environment determines the environmental conditionality of the economy. The problem of economy – the maximum satisfaction of needs – becomes the central problem of ecology, as the development of civilization has caused a large volume of resources’ consumption. National economies can be at one of the following development stages: traditional, industrial, post-industrial society. Each stage is characterized by a certain state, the structure of economy, the type and amount of used resources, the attitude to the natural environment and, accordingly, the type of ecological and economic development. In an industrial society, the environmental conditioning of the economy is associated with the use and minimization of resource consumption in order to increase the economic efficiency, but not with understanding that the resources are exhaustible and non-renewable. Therefore, when moving to the postindustrial stage of development, it is important to understand its connection with sustainable development, which consists in synchronizing the innovative development of the productive forces of industry and the "green" nature-saving technologies.

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Oliveira, Leonardo Gabriel de Souza, and Ângelo Ricardo Balduino. "Water quality assessment for balneability at Porto Real beach, Porto Nacional/TO." Engineering Sciences 8, no. 2 (2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2318-3055.2020.002.0006.

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The environmental problems with each passing day has been gaining greater prominence in the news media of the whole world, but in a negative way. Water, an exhaustible natural resource, has been suffering enough through the misuse socioeconomic and environmental problems, pollution of resources water. With the population growth, the cities are receiving industrial facilities and this generates an increase of waste dumped, affecting the groundwater, and consequently affecting the quality of the water. With that, this study was carried out to evaluate the water conditions of beach Porto Real located in the river of Tocantins, in Porto Nacional/TO, for the purpose of bathing, accordance with the resolution CONAMA nº 274/00. The Coliliert method was used to obtain the values of faecal coliforms and the bacterium e-coli, the results showed low values, more than satisfactory, therefore, in the research period, Praia Porto Real waters presented satisfactory parameters in the bathing requirement.

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Grădinaru, Cătălina Mihaela, Adrian Alexandru Șerbănoiu, and Bogdan Vasile Șerbănoiu. "Sunflower Stalks versus Corn Cobs as Raw Materials for Sustainable Concrete." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 5078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175078.

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Concrete, the most common material in the building industry, involves the use of mineral aggregates that represent an exhaustible resource, despite their large availability. For a series of applications, these mineral aggregates can be replaced by vegetal ones, which represent an easy renewable natural resource. In this study, two types of vegetal raw materials, namely sunflower stalks and corn cobs, were used in developing 10 compositions of ecological microconcrete, with different percentages involved: 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80%; they were analyzed from the perspectives of density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, resistance to repeated freeze-thaw cycles, modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity. The results revealed that the microconcretes with sunflower stalks registered slightly higher densities and better results regarding the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and freeze-thaw resistance than those with corn cobs. Lightweight concrete is obtained when more than 50% replacement rates of the mineral aggregates are used.

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Kirsanova, Natalia, Olga Lenkovets, and Muhammad Hafeez. "Issue of Accumulation and Redistribution of Oil and Gas Rental Income in the Context of Exhaustible Natural Resources in Arctic Zone of Russian Federation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (2020): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121006.

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The significant resource potential of the Arctic has attracted the attention of its adjacent countries and extra-regional states. The mineral and raw material base of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) comprises a wide range of minerals. However, due to its hydrocarbon reserves, the Arctic is considered to be the most important geopolitical and geo-economic macro-region for Russia. A significant portion of the Arctic hydrocarbons (about 19%) is concentrated in the territory of Russia’s shelf. The extraction of Arctic marine oil and gas resources and ensuring the sustainability of the Russian energy complex depend significantly on the level of Arctic development. Thus, the pace and quality of the development of AZRF are strategically important to ensure the national interests of the country. It has been proven that the implementation of the state program for AZRF development and strategic plans of the largest companies operating in the region consolidate the raw material nature of AZRF development. Rent becomes the main form of income. This article addresses the main directions of the region’s development and the factors that prevent a high level of industrialization, which increase attention to the withdrawal and redistribution of rental income. The article considers the Russian and foreign experiences of withdrawal and redistribution of oil and gas rental income, and analyzes the level of socio-economic development of AZRF. The authors suggest a methodology for assessing the impact of a country’s area and population size on the ability to achieve a high income due to hydrocarbons. The authors also explain the principles of rental income redistribution in the region as a basis for improving the level of AZRF’s socio-economic development and as a condition for transition from the “colonial model” of development to the “sustainable development” model. The study results can be used to elaborate a mechanism for rental income redistribution in AZRF and state programs for the region’s development.

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Yakovlev, Grigorij I., Irina S. Polyanskih, Anastasia F. Gordina, and Aleksandr N. Gumeniuk. "USING TECHNICAL SULFUR AS A STRUCTURING ADDITIVE FOR MINERAL BINDERS BASED ON CALCIUM SULFATE." Engineering Structures and Technologies 11, no. 3 (2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/est.2019.11948.

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The article discusses physical and chemical characteristics of producing effective materials based on calcium sulfate dihydrate, the pretreated waste of man-made production being added at the stage of mixing the air binder. The high degree of consumption of exhaustible natural resources causes increased research activities in the field of application of industrial waste in construction. Using manmade waste, such as technical sulfur, as a modifier of the structure and properties of building materials is a significant step in solving environmental, resource, and economic problems. Industrial production of building materials today follows the principles of sustainable development and waste minimization by optimizing product formulations and reducing energy consumption required for their production. In addition, the improvement of quality and performance indicators of standardized products is relevant and sought-after. The need for efficient technologies for utilization of technical sulfur is due to large volumes of production and the environmental threat which accompanies the storage of its large volumes. Adding technical sulfur as a component of technological construction mixtures will create an alternative to the methods of utilization of this production waste. Physical and technical and physical and chemical properties of technical sulfur predetermine the possibility of its use, with certain additional treatment, as an effective modifier of the structure and properties of gypsum products. The results presented in the article prove the potential use of this production waste as an effective structure-forming additive, which has a positive effect on the physical and technical parameters of calcium sulfate-based materials.

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Chernyak, L. P., L. I. Melnyk, N. O. Dorogan, and I. A. Goloukh. "Integrated use of technogenic raw materials in cement technology." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 2(51) (June 25, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.2.2021.3.

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This work used a combination of modern physico-chemical research methods with standardized testing of technological and operational properties of raw materials, clinker, cement and compositions with its application. Results over of research of the silicate systems with rice husk and ash-fly as technogenic raw material for making of cement clinker are driven. The features of the chemical-mineralogical composition, phase transformations during burning and astringent properties of material at the use of 42,5-50,5 % industry wastes in composition initial raw material mixtures are shown. The object of the study were raw material mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on the systems of chalk - clay - man-made raw materials and chalk - man-made raw materials. The possibility of replacing exhaustible and non-renewable natural raw materials with a complex of multi-tonnage wastes of agro-industry and heat energy, which meets the objectives of expanding the raw material base of cement production, resource conservation and environmental protection. Peculiarities of phase formation during firing of silicate systems of chalk-polymineral clay and chalk-technogenic raw materials taking into account changes in the quantitative ratio of components, in particular rice husk and ash-removal of thermal power plants are noted.

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Ferrari, Giorgio, and Shuzhen Yang. "On an optimal extraction problem with regime switching." Advances in Applied Probability 50, no. 3 (2018): 671–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2018.31.

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AbstractIn this paper we study a finite-fuel two-dimensional degenerate singular stochastic control problem under regime switching motivated by the optimal irreversible extraction problem of an exhaustible commodity. A company extracts a natural resource from a reserve with finite capacity and sells it in the market at a spot price that evolves according to a Brownian motion with volatility modulated by a two-state Markov chain. In this setting, the company aims at finding the extraction rule that maximizes its expected discounted cash flow, net of the costs of extraction and maintenance of the reserve. We provide expressions for both the value function and the optimal control. On the one hand, if the running cost for the maintenance of the reserve is a convex function of the reserve level, the optimal extraction rule prescribes a Skorokhod reflection of the (optimally) controlled state process at a certain state and price-dependent threshold. On the other hand, in the presence of a concave running cost function, it is optimal to instantaneously deplete the reserve at the time at which the commodity's price exceeds an endogenously determined critical level. In both cases, the threshold triggering the optimal control is given in terms of the optimal stopping boundary of an auxiliary family of perpetual optimal selling problems with regime switching.

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De Souza, Valéria Menezes, Denilson Teixeira, and Jéssica Gonçalves Barbosa. "ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA: UM DIAGNÓSTICO PRELIMINAR DAS LEGISLAÇÕES BRASILEIRAS VIGENTES." Revista Eletrônica de Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais 8, no. 1 (2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/gesta.v8i1.33401.

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As águas subterrâneas são recursos esgotáveis e a sua exploração desregrada pode acarretar uma série de problemas socioeconômicos e ambientais. Assim, as bases conceituais e os instrumentos de gestão propostos pela legislação são fundamentais para a conservação e utilização adequada deste recurso. Cabe destacar que, no Brasil, a competência para gestão das águas subterrâneas é do órgão estadual. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é inventariar e avaliar os desafios e avanços da legislação vigente em cada Estado brasileiro e do Distrito Federal em relação à gestão das águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, analisaram-se as Políticas Estaduais de Recursos Hídricos, além de Leis e Decretos que tratam do assunto, ademais, buscou-se observar na bibliografia disponível as questões que vêm sendo abordadas sobre este tema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram distinções entre os Estados brasileiros na gestão deste recurso natural. Alguns Estados apresentam um conjunto mais adequado de instrumentos voltados à gestão das águas subterrâneas, enquanto outros se limitam à utilização de outorga de direito do uso da água. Além disso, constatou-se, de forma geral, o grande desafio de inclusão da comunidade no processo de gestão de águas subterrâneas. Dessa forma, a população não tem a consciência da necessidade urgente de conservação e utilização sustentável desse recurso. Os Estados brasileiros precisam, igualitariamente, gerir as águas subterrâneas de modo participativo, descentralizado e levando em consideração suas peculiaridades e desafios. GROUNDWATER: A PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSIS OF CURRENT BRAZILIAN LEGISLATIONABSTRACTGroundwater is an exhaustible resource and its uncontrolled exploitation can lead to a series of socioeconomic and environmental problems. Thus, the conceptual bases and management tools proposed by the legislation are fundamental for the conservation and proper use of this resource. It is worth mentioning that in Brazil, the competence for the management of groundwater belongs to the state agency. Within this context, the objective of this research is to inventory and assess the challenges and advances in legislation in force in each Brazilian state and the Federal District in relation to groundwater management. To this end, the State Water Resources Policies were analyzed, in addition to the Laws and Decrees that deal with the subject, in addition, we sought to observe in the available bibliography, the issues that have been addressed on this topic. The results obtained demonstrate distinctions among Brazilian states in the management of this natural resource. Some states have a more adequate set of instruments aimed at groundwater management, while others are limited to the use of water rights. In addition, there was, in general, the great challenge of including the community in the groundwater management process. Thus, the population is not aware of the urgent need for conservation and sustainable use of this resource. Brazilian states need to manage groundwater in a participatory manner, decentralized considering its peculiarities and challenges.

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Bretschger, Lucas, and Sjak Smulders. "Sustainability and substitution of exhaustible natural resources." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 36, no. 4 (2012): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2011.11.003.

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Cass, David, and Tapan Mitra. "Indefinitely sustained consumption despite exhaustible natural resources." Economic Theory 1, no. 2 (1991): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01211530.

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Steedman, Ian. "Exhaustible Natural Resources and Sraffian Analysis: Introduction to a Symposium." Metroeconomica 52, no. 3 (2001): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-999x.00116.

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Di Vita, Giuseppe. "Natural resources dynamics: Exhaustible and renewable resources, and the rate of technical substitution." Resources Policy 31, no. 3 (2006): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.01.003.

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Ravagnani, Fabio. "Classical Theory and Exhaustible Natural Resources: Notes on the Current Debate." Review of Political Economy 20, no. 1 (2008): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538250701661848.

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Baglioni, Elena, and Liam Campling. "Natural resource industries as global value chains: Frontiers, fetishism, labour and the state." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 11 (2017): 2437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17728517.

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Despite 30 years of research on global value chains, the appropriation of nature in general and natural resource industries in particular remain marginal both theoretically and empirically. There is a parallel ecological deficit in labour process theory and a lack of applied research on natural resource industries. But since historical capitalism is based on the expanding appropriation and transformation of nature by labour, these lacunae must be redressed. Contributing to an emerging body of work in environmental economic geography and the international political economy of the environment, this article theorises global value chains through the lens of the circuit of capital as a tool to unravel some distinctive features of natural resources industries. We propose a framework for the study of natural resource industries as global value chains based on five propositions: (a) commodity frontier theory, (b) the fetishism of natural resources, (c) the socio-ecological indeterminacy of the labour process, (d) distance and durability in the production of time and (e) the contingency of the capitalist state in (re)producing global value chains. While far from exhaustive, we argue that this original synthetic framework provides crucial bases for a research agenda on global value chains in natural resources.

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Nilsen, Evgeniya. "Metaphorical Representation of Time in the English Renaissance Literature." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 49 (March 31, 2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-49-1-69-85.

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The research focuses on metaphorical time representation in the English language in the Renaissance period. The author analyses such models as TIME is a CONTAINER, TIME is a MOVING OBJECT, TIME is a ROAD, TIME is a POSSESSION, and TIME is a MASTER, using G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s conceptual integration theory. In the frame of TIME is a ROAD metaphor, life is seen as the road along which a person moves from the point of her birth to the point of her death, with important events of her allocated on this road in a strict linear sequence. The person moves along the road of her life following the unidirectional vector of her life path, and various events and circumstances can move towards her on this road. In the case of TIME is a MOVING OBJECT model explication, time is an active dynamic subject, which is capable of changing both itself and the surrounding space. In the frame of TIME is a MASTER metaphor, time is seen as a possessor of the highest power. It affects people and their surroundings, it can help a person or prevent her from fulfilling her plans, execute a person or have mercy. TIME is a POSSESSION model represents time as money or an object which people can take, give, steal, sell, buy, spend, save, etc. Time is an exhaustible resource of the highest value. When TIME is a CONTAINER model is verbalized, time is capable of acting as a receptacle of events, feelings, etc. The author arrives at the conclusion that the main features of time perception in that period are its irreversibility, fleetness, value, its power to change reality or contain events. Time was often perceived as a master or an antagonist whom people tried to defeat but never could. This is the main difference between the explication of temporality in the Renaissance literature and its representation in the texts of earlier eras, when people believed that their fate was completely predetermined by higher powers. In the Renaissance period people seem to gain much greater inner freedom. Nevertheless, even when a person made attempts to fight her fate, she was not able to change the existing order of things, since it was seen as natural and predetermined by God.

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Geldrop, Jan van, Shou Jilin, and Cees Withagen. "Existence of general equilibria in economies with natural exhaustible resources and an infinite horizon." Journal of Mathematical Economics 20, no. 2 (1991): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(91)90012-i.

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Parrinello, Sergio. "The Notion of Effectual Supply and the Theory of Normal Prices with Exhaustible Natural Resources." Economic Systems Research 16, no. 3 (2004): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953531042000239392.

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Chermak, Janie M., and Robert H. Patrick. "A Well-Based Cost Function and the Economics of Exhaustible Resources: The Case of Natural Gas." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28, no. 2 (1995): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1012.

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Hu, Desheng. "China's Governance of Exhaustible Natural Resources under the WTO era: Taking its REE Governance as a Case." Energy Procedia 16 (2012): 656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.106.

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Rusetskaya, Genrietta, and Lena Baldanova. "Natural and Territorial Complex of Ust-Orda Buryat District: Economic Use, Preservation and Development of Ecological Systems." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 2 (2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(2).185-192.

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Implementation of main provisions of sustainable development concept for specific economic entity is closely interconnected with availability of natural resources, specificity of land use that reflects the correlation between the economic system, displacement of population and its employment, industrial and social infrastructure and state of natural environment. The article gives a characteristic of the Ust-Orda Buryat District, reflects the results of analyzing its provision with natural resources and the state of various types of economic activity on its territory. It identifies the main problems connected with irrational exhaustive use of the natural resources — forest, water, mineral, tourist-recreational ones, and others. It assesses the influence of the economic activity results on quality of the environment and public health, draws a conclusion of the need to introduce effective methods of managing this municipal entity aimed at improving the socio-economic state and preserving the integrity and productiveness of the district’s ecological systems.

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Georgieva, Nely, and Darina Zaimova. "IMPORTANCE OF BIOECONOMY TO STIMULATE THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.05.049.

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Tackling the problems of world population growth, the rapid depletion of resources, climate change and the growing threat to the environment call for Europe to radically change its approach to the production, consumption, processing, storage, recycling and landfilling biological resources. Strengthening the bio-economy as a key EU policy will lead to a sustainable solution to these problems and will improve the economic and environmental situation in Europe for providing its inhabitants. On an international scale, documents relevant to the future of humankind are adopted to stimulate the development of the bio-economy as a basis for the ecological and environmentally sound development of the world economy. Legislative measures are also underway in Bulgaria to stimulate the introduction of sustainable production and consumption patterns that are tailored to the capacity and potential for ecosystem recovery and do not cause environmental degradation. The purpose of this report is to assess the importance of the measures taken and the results achieved in introducing innovative methods and ideas based on renewable and not exhaustible natural resources so that each region can benefit from its natural capital.)

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Bartels, Lorand. "The Chapeau of the General Exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements: A Reconstruction." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 1 (2015): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0095.

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One of the most important issues in the law of the World Trade Organization is the right of WTO members to adopt measures for nontrade purposes. In the WTO’s General Agreement. on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), this right is secured in general exceptions provisions, which permit WTO members to adopt measures to achieve certain objectives, notwithstanding any other provisions of these agreements and also, in some cases, other WTO agreements. These objectives include, most importantly, the protection of public morals, the maintenance of public order, the protection of human, animal, or plant life or health, the enforcement of certain domestic laws, and the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.

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Kozak, F. V., T. V. Dikun, L. I. Gaeva, and Y. M. Demyanchuk. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF BIOGASES FROM WASTE AND SECONDARY COMMODITIES OF FISHING AS FUEL IN INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(17) (April 11, 2018): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2018-1(17)-45-52.

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Natural gas (methane) is widely used in the world as an alternative to the use ofliquid petroleum fuels. This makes it possible to reduce the harmfulness of emissions into theatmosphere, cheapen the use of motor vehicles, and extend the life of engines. This is especiallytrue for Ukraine with its powerful network of AGNKS. However, natural gas, despite itssignificant reserves, is an exhaustive resource, like oil. And so its value is constantly increasing.An alternative is to use biogas - a product of recycling biowaste of various origins. However, thecomposition of biogas is significantly different from natural gas. For its use, additional cleaningis required from the ballast components or, alternatively, as a fuel, a mixture of biogas andnatural gas.The prospects of using biogas in the composition of the mixture with natural gas, changesin fuel characteristics and their estimated value depending on the percentage content of thecomponents are analyzed.

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Azeemi, Naeem Z., Saira Khan, Sharmini Enoch, Riktesh Srivastava, Omar al Basheer, and Ghassan Al Utaibi. "Enabling Things To Talk in Heterogeneous Self-Organizing Networks—An Exhaustive Critique For IOT." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (2019): 728–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.15128.

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The superstructure network in the Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging network targeted to enable an ecosystem of smart applications and services. It connectsphysical resources and peopletogether with software, hence contribute to sustainable growth, provided it combines and guarantees trustand security for people and businesses. In this work we presented smart city viewpoint opt-in to the Firth Generation (5G) mobile networks. Both a framework and deployment are explored rigorously to assist and predicting robustness of IoT technologies and applications as a natural outcome of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in general and LTE in particular. These technologies are compared on the basis of Air Interfaces and their Specifications i.e. Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Multiple Access Schemes and Multiple Antenna Techniques along with the evolution and comparison of the Network Architectures.

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Murtazaev, S. A. Yu, M. Sh Salamanova, M. S. Saidumov, and A. Kh Alaskhanov. "High-Strength Concretes Based on Multicomponent Binding and Fractionated Aggregates from Waste from Processing of Subsurface Rocks." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 6 (2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-6-49-53.

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A review of the use of industrial wastes in our country and abroad was conducted, and prospects for using man-made raw materials at the Grozny CHP and wastes of subsurface rocks crushing were considered. The analysis of the results of the conducted research is carried out, which showed that secondary technogenic raw materials can successfully compete and replace exhaustible natural resources, since the chemical composition and qualitative parameters of the materials under study confirm its uniqueness and, moreover, there is can see a solution of environmental problems. The formulation of multicomponent binders and concretes based on fine-dispersed ash microspheres and enriched artificial aggregates promoted recycling of secondary raw materials and improvement of the ecological situation in the region.

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Φωκιανού, Τερέζα. "GLOBAL ENERGY SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 1 (2004): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16645.

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There is no doubt that the world's need for oil and gas will continue to increase for the next two decates. In 2000 fossil fuels supplied 90% of global energy, with crude oil accounting 40% of the total, natural gas 25%, coal 25%,nuclear energy 7% and hydro-electricity 3%.But fossil fuels are exhaustible resources. Energy experts believe that the future global oil supplies will meet demand until global oil production has peaked between 2005 and 2013 causing a serious energy shortage 4 to 5 years later this. Globa1 community has to be prepared to face the coming energy crisis. Perhaps, under a global scenario of rising prices, a new stable energy mix could be achieved with massive conservation, alternative fuels and energy efficiency improvements

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Aseeva, Anna. "(Un)Sustainable Development(s) in International Economic Law: A Quest for Sustainability." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 4022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114022.

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This article aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on post-capitalist economy by exploring the contours of a sustainability-oriented model of economic governance. To this end, the article analyzes the issues of sustainable development in the three main strands of international economic law (trade, investment, and finance) at national and transnational levels. The analysis reveals a policy interdependence between international economic law and sustainable development. The latter hence represents a specific regulatory construct that aims at compensating the losses of exhaustible resources with investments in technology and knowledge. This, however, merely justifies and legitimizes the over-exploitation of certain parts of the globe, including not only their natural resources, but also human and other capitals. To overcome these unsustainable models, the article proposes a paradigm shift away from the standard of sustainable development in international economic law, towards one of sustainability. The idea is to replace sustainable development with sustainable economy. Law can act as a trigger of such a shift through ensuring trust and cooperation between public institutions, private companies, civil society, local communities, and individual citizens.

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Kalamujić Stroil, Belma, Semir Dorić, Jasna Hanjalić, Lejla Lasić, and Naris Pojskić. "REGIONAL BIODIVERSITY DATABASE (REBIDA) – THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE DATABASE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." Genetics & Applications 1, no. 2 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol1iss2pp59-65.

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The expert reports state that Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the presence of diverse and valuable natural resources, lacks systematic, coordinated and harmonized pipeline for biomonitoring. Successful solutions to serious problems regarding environmental protection, management and research rely on the efficient use of exhaustive and unfailing information on the nature around us. However, more often than not, transitional and developing countries lack any centralized, nationally funded databases that could be used as dependable source of information in decision making process. University of Sarajevo-Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (INGEB) developed the Regional Biodiversity Database – REBIDA with the aim to collate all known biological data on wild and domesticated natural resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This internet-based database represents a comprehensive, searchable and open access platform for science community, academia, governmental and non-governmental stakeholders and general public. Besides its scientific value, REBIDA will serve as an educational tool for discovering the diversity and importance of natural resources, with special emphasis on indigenous and endemic flora, fungia and fauna from the Balkans. It is the only such database in the country, consisting of three functionally connected segments: tissue database, DNA database and digital genetic database on plant, animal and human samples. To complement REBIDA, a mobile application called REBIDA SCANNER was also developed. It will be free to download for IOS and Android platforms and will enable professionals, nature enthusiasts and any other interested parties to contribute to REBIDA through data collection, field sampling and documentation of B&H wild life.

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Meddah, Fadéla, and Najat Zatla. "La Valorisation Des Ressources Forestières Au Niveau De La Wilaya De Saida." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 18 (2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n18p138.

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The forestry economy tends to become a privileged way of development, making it possible to offer to the territories in mutation an alternative means of production. Algeria has been trying since 2008 (in accordance with the master plan for natural areas and protected areas) a forest policy that takes into account the multiple roles that the forest can play : protection, production and social promotion. This work aims to study the process of valorization of forest resources in territory of Saida. The process is based mainly on two advances : the exhaustive identification of resources and the development of valorization mode. These advances can not be maintained, unless, a territorial dynamic associating the actors of the sector of the forests and the actors of the territory, will be created. An entry by the territory, the resources and territorial development is privileged. This theoretical entry is illustrated by a comprehensive approach based on the analysis of stakeholder surveys and articulated with quantitative analysis. This analysis conclude that the territorial dynamics are absent at the level of the territory , which has led to an under-exploitation of resources.

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Samarasin, Pasan, Charles K. Minns, Brian J. Shuter, William M. Tonn, and Michael D. Rennie. "Fish diversity and biomass in northern Canadian lakes: northern lakes are more diverse and have greater biomass than expected based on species–energy theory." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 2 (2015): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0104.

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Biodiversity in northern Canada (north of 60°N latitude) is threatened, primarily by increasing resource exploitation and by climate change. Unfortunately, we have relatively limited knowledge of aquatic biodiversity for this region, making it difficult to develop suitable policies to manage these threats. Here we describe, quantify, and test hypotheses related to fish biodiversity and biomass in 37 lakes in a diamond mining district (the Barrenlands) in the Northwest Territories, Canada (64°N, 110°W). To estimate species richness and biomass of fish, we took advantage of exhaustive sampling and monitoring surveys conducted in the region and compared our northern estimates against estimates from southern Canadian lakes. We found that most of the 37 northern lakes contained two to four species, with the largest lake containing eight species. Salmonids dominated this system, with lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) being the dominant species in abundance and biomass. Comparative analysis with similar-sized southern Canadian lakes showed no significant difference in the slopes of species richness versus lake area curves. Surprisingly, total fish biomass distributions for northern, Barrenlands lakes were also similar to southern, Ontario lakes. Overall, our results suggest that Barrenlands lakes are important natural resources of Canada that should be conserved for the future. Under anticipated scenarios of climate change, these lakes may represent important refugia for coldwater fishes (e.g., lake trout) as habitats at the southern edges of their ranges become more limiting.

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Kamble, Priyanka, and Sirisha L. Vavilala. "Discovering novel enzymes from marine ecosystems: a metagenomic approach." Botanica Marina 61, no. 2 (2018): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2017-0075.

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AbstractThere exists a massive pool of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. This biodiversity is an excellent source for acquiring an inventory of enzymes that can be used for a variety of biotech applications. This diversity has, to date, not been fully exploited. One major reason being the difficulties that arise in culturing many microorganisms in the laboratory, as opposed to natural conditions. However, advents of newer omics techniques, such as metagenomics have greatly enhanced the opportunity for sustainable resource management. It is in this context that metagenomics is rapidly emerging as an alternative approach to conventional microbial screening. Metagenomics allows for exhaustive screening of microbial genomes in their natural environments. In this review, an overview of work that uses genomic strategies to examine the biotechnological potential of the marine reservoir was explored. These genomic strategies include homology-driven screening of enormous amounts of sequence data and activity-based functional screening of genomic and metagenomic libraries. Finally, the review concludes with an overview of some of the potential challenges and future prospects of metagenomics in bioprospecting novel biocatalysts and bioactive compounds from marine sources.

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Srivastava, Priyansh, Alakto Choudhury, Mehak Talwar, Sabyasachi Mohanty, Priyanka Narad, and Abhishek Sengupta. "VIRdb: a comprehensive database for interactive analysis of genes/proteins involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo." PeerJ 8 (May 21, 2020): e9119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9119.

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Vitiligo is a chronic asymptomatic disorder affecting melanocytes from the basal layer of the epidermis which leads to a patchy loss of skin color. Even though it is one of the neglected disease conditions, people suffering from vitiligo are more prone to psychological disorders. As of now, various studies have been done in order to project auto-immune implications as the root cause. To understand the complexity of vitiligo, we propose the Vitiligo Information Resource (VIRdb) that integrates both the drug-target and systems approach to produce a comprehensive repository entirely devoted to vitiligo, along with curated information at both protein level and gene level along with potential therapeutics leads. These 25,041 natural compounds are curated from Natural Product Activity and Species Source Database. VIRdb is an attempt to accelerate the drug discovery process and laboratory trials for vitiligo through the computationally derived potential drugs. It is an exhaustive resource consisting of 129 differentially expressed genes, which are validated through gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. We also report 22 genes through enrichment analysis which are involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. At the protein level, 40 curated protein target molecules along with their natural hits that are derived through virtual screening. We also demonstrate the utility of the VIRdb by exploring the Protein–Protein Interaction Network and Gene–Gene Interaction Network of the target proteins and differentially expressed genes. For maintaining the quality and standard of the data in the VIRdb, the gold standard in bioinformatics toolkits like Cytoscape, Schrödinger’s GLIDE, along with the server installation of MATLAB, are used for generating results. VIRdb can be accessed through “http://www.vitiligoinfores.com/”.

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Frisman, Efim. "From Exhaustive Natural Resources Use to Balanced evelopment (on the book «Environmental Management in the Russian Far East and Northeast Asia: Integration and Sustainable evelopment Potential»)." Spatial Economics 2 (2006): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2006.2.174-180.

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Ingaldi, Manuela, Silvie Brožovà, and Marina Zhuravskaya. "Social Awareness and Responsibility in Context of Polish Service Companies." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 3, no. 1 (2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2021-0008.

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Abstract The enrichment of the society and the consumptive lifestyle caused that customers buy more and more, having different, often very high requirements as to the purchased products and services. They often do not realize that production of such products requires more and more materials, energy and other means of production. All this leads to high exploitation of the environment. Even if the resources of the natural environment are not exhaustible, they do not keep up with their rebuilding at this pace of exploitation. That is why social awareness and responsibility both of producers and customers play such an important role. They are one of the instruments needed to operate in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to examine social awareness and responsibility among customers of service enterprises. The research was conducted with the use of an online survey, which allowed to show whether the customers of such enterprises are interested in the concept of the sustainable development, if they take it into account when using various services. The need for environmental education was indicated, which could strengthen the social awareness and responsibility among Polish customers.

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Mandal, Vivekananda, Saikat Dewanjee, Ranabir Sahu, and Subhash C. Mandal. "Design and Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Curcumin as an Effective Alternative for Conventional Solid Liquid Extraction of Natural Products." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 1 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400121.

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The first step in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of medicinal plant constituents is the extraction step. Ideally, an extraction procedure should be exhaustive with respect to the constituents to be analyzed, rapid, simple, and for routine analysis amenable to automation. Usually, the traditional techniques require long extraction times, with more consumption of energy resources and organic solvent, have low efficiency and are often unsafe for thermolabile botanicals. The Taguchi based optimization technique was adapted for the process optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of Curcuma longa to identify the effect of four major factors namely, extraction time, solvent viscosity, grinding degree and solvent volume on the percentage extraction of curcumin. The reproducibility and recovery of the method was also investigated. The efficiency of the new extraction method was then compared with conventional solid liquid extraction procedures. Using this novel method, long hours of conventional Soxhlet extraction were cut down to 70 minutes of UAE with greater reproducibility and recovery. The study clearly shows that this method can be effectively utilized for cutting down long extraction time of botanicals to just a few minutes without the aid of heat.

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Magill, J. H. "Crystallization and Morphology of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 3 (1995): 507–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538753.

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Abstract Naturally occurring materials like rubber predate the development of science and engineering as we know it today. Historically, rubber and more generally elastomers, known as a class of high polymers, are versatile and useful materials. Rubber is still an elastomer of choice for many engineering applications. After decades of R&D, scientists and engineers realized that technology needs good science. This position is nicely summarized in Figure 1. This scenario brings together four main items that are essential to create and to maintain quality industry(ies). In the case of rubber, particularly natural rubber, it is not only essential to understand these individual properties, but also to comprehend the important interrelationships that contribute to material behavior. In this respect, rubber has been an enabling resource material that has served as a paradigm amongst synthetic polymers in their developmental stages. In this article crystallization of natural rubber especially, is addressed in order to provide some perspective on items that relate to the relevant areas of the pyramid. This overview is far from exhaustive on the crystallization aspects of rubber, but hopefully it strikes a balance between thermodynamics and kinetics, since each discipline has contributed significantly to improve our understanding of polyisoprenes, and in a wider sense to crystallization and morphology that helps determine properties relevant to rubber and to polymers in general.

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Mitchell, Felicia M., Shanondora Billiot, and Stephanie Lechuga-Peña. "Utilizing Photovoice to Support Indigenous Accounts of Environmental Change and Injustice." Genealogy 4, no. 2 (2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4020051.

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Global environmental changes can happen quickly or over extended periods and have compounding effects. Indigenous communities experience environmental changes that can lead to a decline in quality of life, illness or disease, and unwelcome cultural adaptations that extend to future generations. Due to limited resources and political marginalization, members of these communities may not be able to respond to or prevent these conditions. Cultural connections to the land and community, along with limited resources, impact Indigenous peoples’ willingness and ability to relocate to different geographic locations experiencing less damaging ecological changes or environmental risk. In this article, we respond to the Special Issue prompt probing “[m]ethods in which Indigenous communities engage within their environment and on the land to conduct research”. We begin by describing environmental change, followed by a scoping review of Photovoice studies focused on environmental issues. Environmental changes affecting Indigenous groups are discussed, including a case study and a discussion of the ways that Photovoice can support and honor Indigenous peoples’ connection to the natural environment. This article is not intended to be an exhaustive review, but rather seeks to understand how Photovoice is being used to respond to and document environmental change, and how such visual methodologies can be used in Indigenous communities.

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Wacnik, Agnieszka, Witold Gumiński, Katarzyna Cywa, and Karolina Bugajska. "Forests and foragers: exploitation of wood resources by Mesolithic and para-Neolithic societies in north-eastern Poland." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 29, no. 6 (2020): 717–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00778-y.

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Abstract Newly acquired palaeobotanical data, including pollen, charred and uncharred wood, provided an exhaustive overview of the temporal changes in woodlands, which changes are due to the cumulative effect of natural processes and the long-term impact of pre-agrarian societies. We used the unique advantage of the peat bog archaeological site at Szczepanki located on an island in the former Lake Staświn (Masurian Lake District) to get an overview of wood exploitation throughout the Stone Age. Special attention was paid to the period of the most intense settlement, the period of the para-Neolithic Zedmar culture. This culture is interesting due to its economy having not been fully recognized so far, especially with respect to the use of plant resources. The evidence from Szczepanki confirmed the use of 16 arboreal taxa, accessible in local woodlands, as a source of timber by foragers. The majority of both unworked wood and fragments bearing traces of processing has been discovered in layers corresponding to the Zedmar period. An important role in the economy was played by wood with medium or low mechanical properties that was however fissile and amenable to woodworking. In addition, other useful properties such as flexibility, lightness, water resistance, strength and ease of splitting were favoured in the selection. The temporal distribution of wood remains in cultural layers at Szczepanki was convergent with a pollen record documenting the course of postglacial migration and local growth of particular taxa, as well as with the archaeologically documented changes in the intensity and time frame of the settlement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Exhaustible Natural Resource'

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