Journal articles: 'Exit process/the process of role exit'

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Ellis, Carolyn, and Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. "Becoming An Ex: The Process of Role Exit." Social Forces 68, no. 3 (March 1990): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579372.

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Cornwall, Marie, and Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. "Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28, no. 2 (June 1989): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1387065.

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Wallace, Ruth A., and Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. "Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit." Sociological Analysis 50, no. 2 (1989): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3710999.

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No authorship indicated. "Review of Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34, no. 2 (February 1989): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/027735.

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Drahota, Jo Anne Tremaine, and D. Stanley Eitzen. "The Role Exit of Professional Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 15, no. 3 (September 1998): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.15.3.263.

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Previous research on the role transition of ex-athletes to a new career is somewhat limited because the studies have applied theories that do not fit the unique characteristics of athletes. This research uses another approach, Ebaugh’s role exit theory to understand the role exit process of professional athletes. Ebaugh claims that her theory, is applicable to all role exits. We found that Ebaugh’s theory applies to athletes, but with modification. Data were collected from interviews with 27 former professional athletes. The experiences of these athletes generally fit within Ebaugh’s 4 stages. However, the athletes paths are not entirely accounted for by the model. Thus, the model is modified to include: (a) a new stage of “original doubts” that precedes becoming a professional athlete; (b) the difference by the era in which the athlete played; (c) the significance of the type of involuntary exit; and (d) the “withdrawal” behaviors associated with leaving sport.

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Han, Xue Song. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Exit Fracture in the Case of Nanometric Cutting Process." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1833.

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Exit fracture, the main factor influencing the precision of workpiece, has already been extensively studied. In the case of nanometric cutting technology, the depth of cut is in the range of nanometer or sub-nanometer, there may be some different discipline dominating the exit fracture generation process. Molecular dynamics (MD) method, which is different from continuous mechanics, has already played an important role in describing microscopic world. The author carried out MD simulation of the micro-mechanism of exit fracture generation process, the results show that different types of burrs is generated depending upon materials ductility and the dimension of burrs may be increased with the increasing of depth of cut.

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Harris, Allatia A., and Mary K. Prentice. "THE ROLE EXIT PROCESS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE FACULTY: A STUDY OF FACULTY RETIREMENT." Community College Journal of Research and Practice 28, no. 9 (October 2004): 729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668920390254735.

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Lehmberg, Derek. "The process of industry exit in the Japanese context: Evidence from the flat panel display industry." Journal of Management & Organization 23, no. 1 (May 13, 2016): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.7.

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AbstractThis research studies industry exit in the Japanese context, by examining the process followed five Japanese flat panel display manufacturers as they de-committed to and later exited from the industry. The five cases examine firms with systematically different exit barriers due to the presence or absence of strategic centrality and vertical integration in each firm. With one exception, all the firms followed multi-staged exit processes involving cooperative arrangements with other industry participants. Firms with middle to high levels of commitment and exit barriers went through more steps in the process than those with the lowest levels of commitment. The effect of top management succession and long-term employment upon the exit process are considered, and the role of cooperative arrangements in reducing exit barriers are discussed.

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Wang, Gui Cheng, Qin Xi Shen, and Yun Ming Zhu. "The Analysis of Fracture Formation on Exit Edge in Pricision Machining." Advanced Materials Research 135 (October 2010): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.135.174.

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Burrs and fractures are two types of shapes formed on exit edges in pricision machining. They affect the quality of workpiece and the efficiency of prodcution seriously. A finite element model of fracture formation process to simulate the machining process of 2024-T3 Aluminum alloy is proposed. According to simulation results, five stages and variation of shear shain in fracture formation process are analyzed. It is found that shear strain plays an important role in fracture forming process. The method of determination of critical shear strain for fracture forming is proposed from simulation results.

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Dziewanski, Dariusz. "Leaving Gangs in Cape Town: Disengagement as Role Exit." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 49, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241620915942.

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A lack of scholarship on gang leaving in Cape Town, South Africa creates the impression that joining gangs is a death sentence. However, this paper shows that gang members can disengage, even amidst the scarcity of an emerging city. It combines life history research with Ebaugh’s (2013) role exit theory in an analysis of the disengagements of 24 former gang participants. Research considers the various stages of out-of-gang transitions, profiling the drivers and impediments to gang exit. Specific focus is placed on understanding how violence both catalyzes and challenges out-of-gang transition during the differential processes of disengagement. Findings indicate a lengthy and challenging transitional process from the point the first doubts emerge to the time a person successfully becomes an ex-gangster. Progress through different phases of gang exit is generally uneven and unpredictable, and carried out in a context with significant social, economic, and security challenges. Still, those interviewed for this study offer compelling examples to show that disengagement is possible. Their journeys yield insights that can be leveraged to design better informed efforts to reduce gang violence—whether in Cape Town, or in other similarly inequality prone and insecure cities around the world.

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Daniels, Arlene. ":Mothers and Divorce: Legal, Economic and Social Dilemmas;Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit." Symbolic Interaction 12, no. 2 (November 1989): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1989.12.2.367.

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Javed, Abid, John Christodoulou, Lisa D. Cabrita, and Elena V. Orlova. "The ribosome and its role in protein folding: looking through a magnifying glass." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 73, no. 6 (May 31, 2017): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798317007446.

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Protein folding, a process that underpins cellular activity, begins co-translationally on the ribosome. During translation, a newly synthesized polypeptide chain enters the ribosomal exit tunnel and actively interacts with the ribosome elements – the r-proteins and rRNA that line the tunnel – prior to emerging into the cellular milieu. While understanding of the structure and function of the ribosome has advanced significantly, little is known about the process of folding of the emerging nascent chain (NC). Advances in cryo-electron microscopy are enabling visualization of NCs within the exit tunnel, allowing early glimpses of the interplay between the NC and the ribosome. Once it has emerged from the exit tunnel into the cytosol, the NC (still attached to its parent ribosome) can acquire a range of conformations, which can be characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Using experimental restraints within molecular-dynamics simulations, the ensemble of NC structures can be described. In order to delineate the process of co-translational protein folding, a hybrid structural biology approach is foreseeable, potentially offering a complete atomic description of protein folding as it occurs on the ribosome.

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Eng Aik, Lim, and Tan Wee Choon. "Simulating Evacuations with Obstacles Using a Modified Dynamic Cellular Automata Model." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/765270.

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A modified dynamic cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the evacuation of occupants from a room with obstacles. The model takes into account some factors that play an important role in an evacuation process, such as human emotions and crowd density around the exits. It also incorporates people’s ability to select a less congested exit route, a factor that is rarely investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that modifications to the exits provide reasonable improvement to evacuation time, after taking into account the fact that people will tend to select exit routes based on the distance to the exits and the crowd density around the exits. In addition, the model is applied to simulations of classroom and restaurant evacuation. Results obtained with the proposed model are compared with those of several existing models. The outcome of the comparison demonstrates that it performs better than existing models.

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Potočnik, Kristina, Nuria Tordera, and Jose Maria Peiró. "The Role of Human Resource Practices and Group Norms in the Retirement Process." European Psychologist 14, no. 3 (January 2009): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.3.193.

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The present study analyzed retirement intentions and behavior as part of a work role withdrawal process. We examined the influences of the organizational and group contexts in the process of work role exit by means of two sources of work role expectations: human resource practices and group norms. Three different types of human resource practices were taken into consideration: performance enhancement practices, retirement enhancement practices, and organizational pressures toward retirement. Furthermore, three types of retirement indicators were analyzed: age considering retirement for the first time, early retirement intentions, and retirement age. Hierarchical regression analyses were carried out on a sample of 270 retirees to test the hypotheses. Results showed that retirement enhancement practices and organizational pressures toward retirement predict all the retirement indicators. Moreover, group norms moderated the relationships between retirement enhancement practices and two out of the three outcomes: age considering retirement for the first time and retirement age. Overall, our findings showed that organizational and group contexts play an important role in the retirement process. Moreover, our results indicate an interaction between organizational and group factors in the work role exit process.

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Bol, Damien, André Blais, and Simon Labbé St-Vincent. "Which Matters Most: Party Strategic Exit or Voter Strategic Voting? A Laboratory Experiment." Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 2 (October 4, 2016): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.39.

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There is abundant empirical evidence that the plurality rule constrains party competition and favors two-party systems. This reduction of party system fragmentation may be due to parties deciding not to enter elections for which they are not viable and/or voters voting strategically. Yet, no prior research has attempted to estimate the respective role of parties and voters in this process. To fill this gap, we conducted a unique laboratory experiment where some subjects played the role of parties and others played the role of voters, and where the two were able to respond to each other just as in real-life elections. We find that the reduction due to party strategic exit is higher than that due to strategic voting. We conclude that parties play a key role in the effect of the plurality rule on party system fragmentation.

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Di Toma, Paolo, and Stefano Montanari. "Family business exit and private equity investment decisions: Governance implications for value creation." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 1 (2012): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c4art7.

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This paper was motivated by the increasing interest in the current debate for the entrepreneurial process in family firms. Little research to date has investigated the family business exit and this topic is mainly considered as a failure for entrepreneurial families. However, when uncertainties arise concerning generational succession, the family business exit may enable ownership transitions facilitating survival and long term value creation strategies. Among the exit options, a private equity buyout may balance the family’s wealth protection and the firm’s future growth. However, which family specific characteristics and strategic needs may affect the exit option still remains a neglected topic. Based on recent research addressing entrepreneurship in family firms and corporate governance literature, this paper develops a case study for investigating the bridging role of private equity buyout for going through strategic transitions in family firms. Findings suggest that a private equity buyout is a governance mechanism which may sustain an entrepreneurial transition by realigning family interests and goals. It may also allow the family commitment for improving organizational capabilities required by an entrepreneurial transition.

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Farrell, Henry, and Abraham L. Newman. "Structuring power: business and authority beyond the nation state." Business and Politics 17, no. 3 (October 2015): 527–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0007.

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What is the relationship between globalization and the political power of business? Much of the existing literature focuses on the ability of mobile capital to threaten exit in order to press for more business friendly rules. In this article, we refine arguments about exit options in global markets by arguing that the relative exit options available to business and other actors are neither fixed, nor exogenous consequences of some generically conceived process of globalization. Instead, they themselves are the result of struggles between actors with different interests and political opportunities. Since exit options play a crucial role in determining the relative structural power of business vis-à-vis other actors, we dub the power to shape exit optionsstructuring power, distinguishing it from structural power, and argue that it is crucial to explaining it. We identify two channels through which actors can shape exit options – extending jurisdictional reach and reshaping the rules of other jurisdictions – and the factors that will make regulators and business more or less capable of exercising structuring power. We then use two exploratory case studies – one involving privacy regulation, the other accountancy standards – to illustrate how structuring power can work to shape exit options, and thus structural power. We conclude by considering the relationship between structuring power, structural power, and the existing literature in comparative and international political economy.

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Helms, Katie, and Merry Moiseichik. "Collegiate Recreational Sports Participation as an Adjustment Aid for Former High School Athletes Experiencing Athlete Role Exit." Recreational Sports Journal 42, no. 2 (October 2018): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2017-0017.

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Successful transition to college is an important consideration in student retention and success. Students who highly identify as high school athletes may experience adjustment difficulty when entering college without this role. The current study investigates participation in collegiate recreation programs as part of a positive adjustment process after the transition out of high school athletics. Results indicated that those with high involvement in collegiate recreation programs had greater perceptions of loss related to the cessation of their athlete role, but also experienced greater perceptions of life satisfaction. Feelings of loss following sport role exit were found to interact with recreational sports involvement on the outcome variable of life satisfaction. Specifically, among those with high loss levels, high recreational sports involvement was associated with greater satisfaction. Results have implications regarding the support of collegiate recreation as a contributor to the successful transition to college, particularly for students experiencing difficulty related to an exit from the high school athlete role.

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Yan, Shuaifeng, Yunfan Zhang, Kai Wang, Yingchao Han, Kai Zhu, Fan He, and Jun Tan. "Three-Dimensional Morphological Characteristics of Lower Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen with Age." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 11, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8157061.

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Intervertebral foramen is the doorway of nerve root and it plays an important role of radiculopathy and surgical treatment of intervertebral foramen diseases. The purpose of the study is to obtain three-dimensional (3D) morphological characteristics of lumbar intervertebral foramen and their relationship with age. Pedicle-superior articular process (P-SAP), disc height between adjacent vertebra (DH), pedicle-inferior vertebrae (P-IV), inferior posterior vertebrae-superior articular process (IPV-SAP), and bony boundary area (BBA) were measured in entrance, middle slice, and exit of lumbar intervertebral foramen for 25 males of different age groups. Spinous process to intervertebral foramen entrance (SP-IFE) was measured for 25 males of different age groups. Overall, P-SAP and P-IV decreased and IPV-SAP increased from the entrance to the exit of intervertebral foramen for L3/4-L5S1. DH decreased at entrance slice, middle slice, and exit slice for L3/4-L5S1 with age. Significant difference with aging was found only at the middle slice of L3/4 and L4/5 for P-SAP. And the significant decrease of IPV-SAP was observed at middle slice of L3/4, entrance slice of L4/5 and L5S1, and exit slice of L5S1. SP-IFE is not consistent for all subjects. In addition, the decrease of BBA at L3/4 and L4/5 was observed earlier than at L5S1. The present study described detailed information of intervertebral foramen, which may be of benefit for better understanding of the pathology and surgical planning for intervertebral foramen diseases.

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Chen, Feng, and Xuehui Yang. "Movement-oriented labour NGOs in South China: Exit with voice and displaced unionism." China Information 31, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x17698447.

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Movement-oriented labour NGOs in China are groups committed to the advancement of workers’ collective interests in a way very similar to that of trade unions in other countries. As the gap between workers’ demands for collective bargaining and their lack of union representation widens, the role of movement-oriented labour NGOs has increased. These NGOs are led and driven by former workers who have a strong consciousness of workers’ rights and who fought in the workplace for their fellow workers’ interests as well as their own. The leadership shown by former workers significantly accounts for the behavioural patterns and strategic choices of movement-oriented labour NGOs. The study reported in this article uses two descriptive concepts to characterize the emergence and role of movement-oriented labour NGOs: exit with voice and displaced unionism. The former refers to the social process by which former workers become activists of movement-oriented labour NGOs, while the latter points to a grass-roots labour movement facilitated from outside the factory gates. This article argues that, while having performed a trade union-like role and promoted worker-led collective bargaining, movement-oriented labour NGOs embody a fundamental predicament of the Chinese labour movement, which is that organized labour activism in the Chinese workplace is largely prohibited.

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Bagherpour, Ebad, Mohsen Reihanian, Ramin Ebrahimi, Fathallah Qods, and Hiroyuki Miyamoto. "Role of Strain Reversal in Microstructure and Texture of Pure Al during Non-Monotonic Simple Shear Straining." Crystals 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100926.

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The effect of reverse straining on the microstructure, texture, and hardness of the pure Al during the single cycle of the simple shear extrusion (SSE) process is investigated. Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are used for microstructural evaluations. Due to the nature of the SSE process, the direction of the shear is reversed in the second half channel. As a result, the mean misorientation angle, dislocation density, and hardness decrease. The grain size increases to some extent in the exit of the channel compared with that in the middle. The structural evolution during the single pass of SSE is described in terms of the dislocation cancelling, “untangling” of the cell walls and disintegration of the “forward” cell structure due to the reverse straining in the second half channel. Some simple shear components replace the first texture component in the middle of the channel. At the exit of the channel, the primary texture components appear somewhat confirming the strain reversal effect in the second half channel.

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Dolev, Niva, Yariv Itzkovich, and Orit Fisher-Shalem. "A call for transformation: Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect (EVLN) in response to workplace incivility." Work 69, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 1271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213548.

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BACKGROUND: Interrelations between incivility and its precursors or consequences, as well as the role of these interrelations in employees’ reactions to incivility are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess different reactions to workplace incivility while identifying specific and individual-based appraisals and emotions associated with these reactions. METHOD: A qualitative research approach using semi-structured in-depth interviews, with a sample of 42 employees in a beverage manufacturing corporation in Israel to capture employees’ voices regarding their incivility experiences. RESULTS: Analysis of the interviews indicated four reaction-categories: (1) Exit; (2) Voice; (3) Loyalty; and (4) Neglect, in line with the theoretical EVLN model for describing reactions to stressful conditions. In particular, the interviews revealed a dynamic reaction process and suggested that intentionality of reaction provides a third, new dimension. Additionally, an underlying emotional process rooted in appraisals and aroused emotions was evident in each of the reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Organizations that wish to reduce incivility events may wish to examine the emotions of targets of incivility, explore the underlying appraisals associated with these emotions, and be mindful of the dynamic and highly individual reaction processes involved.

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Atkeson, Andrew, Christian Hellwig, and Guillermo Ordoñez. "Optimal Regulation in the Presence of Reputation Concerns *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 415–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju034.

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Abstract In all markets, firms go through a process of creative destruction: entry, random growth, and exit. In many of these markets there are also regulations that restrict entry, possibly distorting this process. We study the public interest rationale for entry taxes in a general equilibrium model with free entry and exit of firms in which firm dynamics are driven by reputation concerns. In our model firms can produce high-quality output by making a costly but efficient initial unobservable investment. If buyers never learn about this investment, an extreme “lemons problem” develops, no firm invests, and the market shuts down. Learning introduces reputation incentives such that a fraction of entrants do invest. We show that if the market operates with spot prices, entry taxes always enhance the role of reputation to induce investment, improving welfare despite the impact of these taxes on equilibrium prices and total production.

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Lietzmann, Torsten. "The Contribution of Mothers’ Employment on Their Family's Chances of Ending Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany. Analysis of a Two-Stage Process." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 2 (May 2017): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4232.

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The following article investigates to what extent individual employment of mothers contributes to ending receipt of welfare benefits in Germany. It disentangles the process of an employment-related exit into two stages: first, the process of taking up employment and second, the probability of ending benefit receipt with this new employment. This analysis focuses on mothers because they face particular restrictions on their labour market behaviour. It identifies the determinants involved using event history and probit models on the basis of longitudinal administrative data on benefit receipt and employment. Whereas the time and effort spent on childcare based on the age of the youngest child only influences the taking up of employment, household size plays a role only for the probability of ending benefit receipt. The individual labour market resources of the mothers influence access to the labour market, whereas for exits from benefit receipt the job position and type of employment relationship are more decisive.

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Taylor, Matthew P., Trever B. Burgon, Karla Kirkegaard, and William T. Jackson. "Role of Microtubules in Extracellular Release of Poliovirus." Journal of Virology 83, no. 13 (April 15, 2009): 6599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01819-08.

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ABSTRACT Cellular autophagy, a process that directs cytosolic contents to the endosomal and lysosomal pathways via the formation of double-membraned vesicles, is a crucial aspect of innate immunity to many intracellular pathogens. However, evidence is accumulating that certain RNA viruses, such as poliovirus, subvert this pathway to facilitate viral growth. The autophagosome-like membranes induced during infection with wild-type poliovirus were found to be, unlike cellular autophagosomes, relatively immobile. Their mobility increased upon nocodazole treatment, arguing that vesicular tethering is microtubule dependent. In cells infected with a mutant virus that is defective in its interaction with the host cytoskeleton and secretory pathway, vesicle movement increased, indicating reduced tethering. In all cases, the release of tethering correlated with increased amounts of extracellular virus, which is consistent with the hypothesis that small amounts of cytosol and virus entrapped by double-membraned structures could be released via fusion with the plasma membrane. We propose that this extracellular delivery of cytoplasmic contents be termed autophagosome-mediated exit without lysis (AWOL). This pathway could explain the observed exit, in the apparent absence of cellular lysis, of other cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes, including infectious agents and complexes of aggregated proteins.

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Cole, N. B., N. Sciaky, A. Marotta, J. Song, and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. "Golgi dispersal during microtubule disruption: regeneration of Golgi stacks at peripheral endoplasmic reticulum exit sites." Molecular Biology of the Cell 7, no. 4 (April 1996): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.7.4.631.

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Microtubule disruption has dramatic effects on the normal centrosomal localization of the Golgi complex, with Golgi elements remaining as competent functional units but undergoing a reversible "fragmentation" and dispersal throughout the cytoplasm. In this study we have analyzed this process using digital fluorescence image processing microscopy combined with biochemical and ultrastructural approaches. After microtubule depolymerization, Golgi membrane components were found to redistribute to a distinct number of peripheral sites that were not randomly distributed, but corresponded to sites of protein exit from the ER. Whereas Golgi enzymes redistributed gradually over several hours to these peripheral sites, ERGIC-53 (a protein which constitutively cycles between the ER and Golgi) redistributed rapidly (within 15 minutes) to these sites after first moving through the ER. Prior to this redistribution, Golgi enzyme processing of proteins exported from the ER was inhibited and only returned to normal levels after Golgi enzymes redistributed to peripheral ER exit sites where Golgi stacks were regenerated. Experiments examining the effects of microtubule disruption on the membrane pathways connecting the ER and Golgi suggested their potential role in the dispersal process. Whereas clustering of peripheral pre-Golgi elements into the centrosomal region failed to occur after microtubule disruption, Golgi-to-ER membrane recycling was only slightly inhibited. Moreover, conditions that impeded Golgi-to-ER recycling completely blocked Golgi fragmentation. Based on these findings we propose that a slow but constitutive flux of Golgi resident proteins through the same ER/Golgi cycling pathways as ERGIC-53 underlies Golgi Dispersal upon microtubule depolymerization. Both ERGIC-53 and Golgi proteins would accumulate at peripheral ER exit sites due to failure of membranes at these sites to cluster into the centrosomal region. Regeneration of Golgi stacks at these peripheral sites would re-establish secretory flow from the ER into the Golgi complex and result in Golgi dispersal.

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Verstreken, C. M., C. Labouesse, C. C. Agley, and K. J. Chalut. "Embryonic stem cells become mechanoresponsive upon exit from ground state of pluripotency." Open Biology 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 180203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180203.

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Stem cell fate decisions are driven by a broad array of signals, both chemical and mechanical. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the impact of chemical signals on cell fate choice, much less is known about the role and influence of mechanical signalling, particularly in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Many studies use substrates with different stiffness to study mechanical signalling, but changing substrate stiffness can induce secondary effects which are difficult to disentangle from the direct effects of forces/mechanical signals. To probe the direct impact of mechanical stress on cells, we developed an adaptable cell substrate stretcher to exert specific, reproducible forces on cells. Using this device to test the response of ES cells to tensile strain, we found that cells experienced a transient influx of calcium followed by an upregulation of the so-called immediate and early genes. On longer time scales, however, ES cells in ground state conditions were largely insensitive to mechanical stress. Nonetheless, as ES cells exited the ground state, their susceptibility to mechanical signals increased, resulting in broad transcriptional changes. Our findings suggest that exit from ground state of pluripotency is unaffected by mechanical signals, but that these signals could become important during the next stage of lineage specification. A better understanding of this process could improve our understanding of cell fate choice in early development and improve protocols for differentiation guided by mechanical cues.

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Fisher, Jacob C. "Exit, Cohesion, and Consensus: Social Psychological Moderators of Consensus among Adolescent Peer Groups." Social Currents 5, no. 1 (May 4, 2017): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496517704859.

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Virtually all social diffusion work relies on a common formal basis, which predicts that consensus will develop among a connected population as the result of diffusion. In spite of the popularity of social diffusion models that predict consensus, few empirical studies examine consensus, or a clustering of attitudes, directly. The empirical studies that do examine consensus either focus on the coordinating role of strict hierarchies, or on the results of online experiments, and do not consider how consensus occurs among groups in situ. This study uses longitudinal data on adolescent social networks to show how meso-level social structures, such as informal peer groups, moderate the process of consensus formation. Using a novel method for controlling for selection into a group, I find that centralized peer groups, meaning groups with clear leaders, have very low levels of consensus, while cohesive peer groups, meaning groups where more ties hold the members of the group together, have very high levels of consensus. This finding is robust to two different measures of cohesion and consensus. This suggests that consensus occurs either through central leaders’ enforcement or through diffusion of attitudes, but that central leaders have limited ability to enforce when people can leave the group easily.

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VAMSTAD, JOHAN. "Exit, voice and indifference – older people as consumers of Swedish home care services." Ageing and Society 36, no. 10 (August 24, 2015): 2163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000987.

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ABSTRACTSweden has in the last 20 years undergone an extensive process of marketisation of its home care sector. Where the public sector once was the only provider of home care services, there is now a wide array of different, private alternatives for older people to choose from, using their publicly funded voucher. The publicly funded home care services in Sweden are, in other words, to a large extent organised according to the principles of a quasi-market. Older people with care needs are therefore now considered to be consumers of home care since they are expected to make an informed choice of home care provider according to their own preferences. This paper studies the extent to which older people with care needs assume this role and how they do it, using Hirschman's well-known theory on ‘exit, voice and loyalty’ and theory on the difference between care and market logic. The study is based on results from a research project using telephone interviews to ask a large number of older people in three Swedish cities about their experience of making this choice. The results show that they had difficulty understanding how to choose and what the purpose of the choice was. The conclusion of this study suggests some possible reasons why policy makers in Sweden continue to favour the freedom-of-choice model in spite of these poor results.

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van der Vaart, Aniek, Janice Griffith, and Fulvio Reggiori. "Exit from the Golgi Is Required for the Expansion of the Autophagosomal Phagophore in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 13 (July 2010): 2270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0345.

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The delivery of proteins and organelles to the vacuole by autophagy involves membrane rearrangements that result in the formation of large vesicles called autophagosomes. The mechanism underlying autophagosome biogenesis and the origin of the membranes composing these vesicles remains largely unclear. We have investigated the role of the Golgi complex in autophagy and have determined that in yeast, activation of ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)1 and Arf2 GTPases by Sec7, Gea1, and Gea2 is essential for this catabolic process. The two main events catalyzed by these components, the biogenesis of COPI- and clathrin-coated vesicles, do not play a critical role in autophagy. Analysis of the sec7 strain under starvation conditions revealed that the autophagy machinery is correctly assembled and the precursor membrane cisterna of autophagosomes, the phagophore, is normally formed. However, the expansion of the phagophore into an autophagosome is severely impaired. Our data show that the Golgi complex plays a crucial role in supplying the lipid bilayers necessary for the biogenesis of double-membrane vesicles possibly through a new class of transport carriers or a new mechanism.

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Akhtar, Muhammad Naseer, Matthijs Bal, and Lirong Long. "Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect reactions to frequency of change, and impact of change." Employee Relations 38, no. 4 (June 6, 2016): 536–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2015-0048.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how frequency of change (FC) in organizations and impact of change (IC) influence the employee behaviors, i.e. exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect (EVLN) through psychological contract fulfillment (PCF) as a mediator. The moderating role of successful past changes (SPC) is also assessed with direct and indirect relations of FC, and IC alongside employees’ behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were tested among a sample of 398 financial services-oriented non-managerial-level employees in Pakistan. Bootstrapped moderated mediation analyses (using PROCESS macro) were conducted to test the main and moderated mediation effects. The authors ran series of confirmatory factor analyses to validate the distinctiveness of variables and their items in this study. Findings – The results largely supported the hypotheses. Findings showed that FC is negatively related to loyalty but positively related to exit, voice, and neglect behaviors via contract fulfillment. IC is also found to have negatively related to loyalty but positively related to exit, voice, and neglect via PCF. SPC was found to moderate the relation between FC, IC, and contract fulfillment, as well as the indirect relationship with exit, voice, and neglect through contract fulfillment and negatively between FC, IC, and loyalty through contract fulfillment. The authors found direct interaction effects of FC via SPC in relation to exit and loyalty and also found direct interaction effects of IC via SPC to exit, voice, and loyalty. Research limitations/implications – The use of cross-sectional research design does not allow conclusions with respect to causality. The most important implication of the study is that employee behaviors following organizational change can best be understood via a psychological contract framework. A future suggestion is to include more organizations based on longitudinal research design with focus on both employee and employer perspective. Practical implications – This study highlights the importance of employees’ behavioral responses and their sensemaking of PCF in a post-organizational change period. Originality/value – This study empirically investigated the effects of FC, and IC on fulfillment of psychological contract and behavioral responses of employees using a sample of non-managerial employees, and provides new insights into employee behaviors following organizational changes.

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Crown, Sidney. "Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. By Helen Ebaugh. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1988. 246 pp. £8.75 (pb); £21.95 (hb)." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 06 (June 1989): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712500017672x.

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Crown, Sidney. "Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. By Helen Ebaugh. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1988. 246 pp. £8.75 (pb); £21.95 (hb)." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 6 (June 1989): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500017672x.

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Ellis, C. "Becoming An Ex: The Process of Role Exit. By Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. University of Chicago Press. 247 pp. Cloth, $27.50; paper, $10.95." Social Forces 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 950–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.3.950.

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Kubiak, Jacek Z., and Mohammed El Dika. "Canonical and Alternative Pathways in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1/Cyclin B Inactivation upon M-Phase Exit in Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Extracts." Enzyme Research 2011 (June 22, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/523420.

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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) is the major M-phase kinase known also as the M-phase Promoting Factor or MPF. Studies performed during the last decade have shown many details of how CDK1 is regulated and also how it regulates the cell cycle progression. Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts were widely used to elucidate the details and to obtain a global view of the role of CDK1 in M-phase control. CDK1 inactivation upon M-phase exit is a primordial process leading to the M-phase/interphase transition during the cell cycle. Here we discuss two closely related aspects of CDK1 regulation in Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts: firstly, how CDK1 becomes inactivated and secondly, how other actors, like kinases and phosphatases network and/or specific inhibitors, cooperate with CDK1 inactivation to assure timely exit from the M-phase.

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Raitbaur, Louisa. "The New German Coal Laws: A Difficult Balancing Act." Climate Law 11, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-11020003.

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Abstract The German government adopted a coal exit law in 2020. The law enshrines a coal exit pathway through to 2038 and provides for significant compensation for coal companies. An accompanying structural-support law is to create new prospects for coal regions and workers. The development of the laws involved participation by the public, experts, interest groups, and the German states. Concerns about just transition and climate justice played an important role. The final laws were nevertheless met with a significant degree of dissatisfaction from stakeholders across the political spectrum, science, industry, and ngo s. Flaws in the participation process and deviation from expert recommendations have been raised as criticisms. The climate ambition, economic rationale, and social-justice effects of the laws have been contested. Repeal of the laws in any substantive way nevertheless seems unlikely.

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Du, Ruikun, Qinghua Cui, and Lijun Rong. "Competitive Cooperation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase during Influenza A Virus Entry." Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050458.

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The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus possess antagonistic activities on interaction with sialic acid (SA), which is the receptor for virus attachment. HA binds SA through its receptor-binding sites, while NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme by removing SAs. The function of HA during virus entry has been extensively investigated, however, examination of NA has long been focused to its role in the exit of progeny virus from infected cells, and the role of NA in the entry process is still under-appreciated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of HA and NA in relation to each other during virus entry.

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Mikhaylova, Marina, Pasham Parameshwar Reddy, and Michael R. Kreutz. "Role of neuronal Ca2+-sensor proteins in Golgi–cell-surface membrane traffic." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380177.

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The regulated local synthesis of PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 is crucial for TGN (trans-Golgi network)–plasma membrane trafficking. The activity of PI4Kβ (phosphoinositide 4-kinase IIIβ) at the Golgi membrane is a first mandatory step in this process. In addition to PI4Kβ activity, elevated Ca2+ levels are also needed for the exit of vesicles from the TGN. The reason for this Ca2+ requirement is at present unclear. In the present review, we discuss the role of neuronal Ca2+-sensor proteins in the regulation of PI4Kβ and suggest that this regulation might impose a need for elevated Ca2+ levels for a late step of vesicle assembly.

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Zhang, Tao, Zhan Qiang Liu, Chong Hai Xu, Ning He, and Liang Li. "Experimental Investigations of Size Effect on Cutting Force, Specific Cutting Energy, and Surface Integrity during Micro Cutting." Materials Science Forum 723 (June 2012): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.723.371.

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Micro cutting is a promising technology to manufacture the micro parts. The shear mechanism of micro cutting is different from the conventional cutting due to the round cutting edge. The ratio of uncut chip thickness to cutting edge radius plays an important role on the micro cutting process. This paper investigates the size effect phenomena of micro cutting. Firstly, the cutting force and size effect of specific cutting energy depending on the ratio of uncut chip thickness to cutting edge radius are analyzed according to the experimental results. Then, the size effect of surface roughness due to the size effect of specific cutting energy is explored. Lastly, the size effect of the exit burr height is depicted and the potential reason is analyzed. The paper supplies a good understanding of how to get the best surface integrity and minimize the exit burr height for micro cutting.

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Shih, Heather H., Sergei G. Tevosian, and Amy S. Yee. "Regulation of Differentiation by HBP1, a Target of the Retinoblastoma Protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 4732–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.8.4732.

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ABSTRACT Differentiation is a coordinated process of irreversible cell cycle exit and tissue-specific gene expression. To probe the functions of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family in cell differentiation, we isolated HBP1 as a specific target of RB and p130. Our previous work showed that HBP1 was a transcriptional repressor and a cell cycle inhibitor. The induction of HBP1, RB, and p130 upon differentiation in the muscle C2C12 cells suggested a coordinated role. Here we report that the expression of HBP1 unexpectedly blocked muscle cell differentiation without interfering with cell cycle exit. Moreover, the expression of MyoD and myogenin, but not Myf5, was inhibited in HBP1-expressing cells. HBP1 inhibited transcriptional activation by the MyoD family members. The inhibition of MyoD family function by HBP1 required binding to RB and/or p130. Since Myf5 might function upstream of MyoD, our data suggested that HBP1 probably blocked differentiation by disrupting Myf5 function, thus preventing expression of MyoD and myogenin. Consistent with this, the expression of each MyoD family member could reverse the inhibition of differentiation by HBP1. Further investigation implicated the relative ratio of RB to HBP1 as a determinant of whether cell cycle exit or full differentiation occurred. At a low RB/HBP1 ratio cell cycle exit occurred but there was no tissue-specific gene expression. At elevated RB/HBP1 ratios full differentiation occurred. Similar changes in the RB/HBP1 ratio have been observed in normal C2 differentiation. Thus, we postulate that the relative ratio of RB to HBP1 may be one signal for activation of the MyoD family. We propose a model in which a checkpoint of positive and negative regulation may coordinate cell cycle exit with MyoD family activation to give fidelity and progression in differentiation.

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Schuster, V. L., and J. B. Stokes. "Chloride transport by the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 253, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): F203—F212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.253.2.f203.

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The processes by which chloride is transported by the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule have been most extensively studied using in vitro microperfusion of rabbit tubules. Chloride appears to be transported by three major mechanisms. First, Cl can be actively reabsorbed by an electroneutral Cl-HCO3 exchanger localized to the apical membrane of the HCO3-secreting (beta-type) intercalated cell. Cl exits this cell via a basolateral Cl channel. This anion exchange process can also operate in a Cl self-exchange mode, is stimulated acutely by beta-adrenergic agonists and cAMP, and is regulated chronically by in vivo acid-base status. Second, Cl can diffuse passively down electrochemical gradients via the paracellular pathway. Although this pathway does not appear to be selectively permeable to Cl, it is large enough to allow for significant passive reabsorption. Third, Cl undergoes recycling across the basolateral membrane of the H+-secreting (alpha-type) intercalated cell. HCO3 exit from this cell brings Cl into the cell via electroneutral Cl-HCO3 exchange; Cl then exits the cell via a Cl channel. Cl transport is thus required for acidification and alkalinization of the urine. Both of these processes exist in the cortical collecting tubule. Their simultaneous operation allows fine tuning of acid-base excretion. In addition, these transport systems, when functioning at equal rates, effect apparent electrogenic net Cl absorption without changing net HCO3 transport. These systems may play an important role in regulating Cl balance.

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Lin, Qi Quan, Zhen Zhu Wang, Yan Rong Peng, Cheng Wu Hu, Wen Zheng Dong, and Ying Le Wang. "An Analytical Solution of the Subsequent Drawing Force on Multistage Deep Drawing of Cylindrical Cup." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.28.

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In multistage deep drawing process, the subsequent drawing force (SDF) is a key reference value, which plays a significant role on the practical die structure design. In the present study, an analytical calculation of the radial stress at the die exit as well as the SDF in cylindrical cup drawing process are proposed, considering the previous strain hardening in the first drawing, normal anisotropy, frictional coefficient and die arc radius. As a result, the calculated maximum subsequent drawing force (MSDF) is in good agreement with experimental result. Besides, the MSDF decreases as normal anisotropy value increases, while increases as frictional coefficient and strain hardening exponent increases respectively.

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Frank, G. A., and C. O. Dorso. "Panic evacuation of single pedestrians and couples." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 08 (May 25, 2016): 1650091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116500911.

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Understanding the timing requirements for evacuation of people has focused primarily on independent pedestrians rather than pedestrians emotionally connected. However, the main statistical effects observed in crowds, the so-called “faster is slower”, “clever is not always better” and the “low visibility enhancement”, cannot explain the overall behavior of a crowd during an evacuation process when correlated pedestrians due to, for example feelings, are present. Our research addresses this issue and examines the statistical behavior of a mixture of individuals and couples during a (panic) escaping process. We found that the attractive feeling among couples plays an important role in the time delays during the evacuation of a single exit room.

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Tabatabei, Seyed A., M. K. Besharati Givi, Karen Abrinia, Peyman Karami, V. Zal, and S. Mirjavadi. "A Novel Method for 3D-Die Design in the Extrusion Process Using Equi-Potential Lines." Key Engineering Materials 585 (December 2013): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.585.67.

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Die shape plays a key role in extrusion process through widely affects on the extrusion pressure and product quality. Therefore, prediction of the optimal die shape is the main objective for an effective extrusion process. In this study, the notion of Equi-Potential Lines (EPLs) was applied to 3D-die designing in extrusion process for the first time. To implement the analogy in the extrusion, the initial and final shapes were considered and two different potentials were assigned to them, and then EPLs were drawn between two shapes that show the minimum work path between the entry and exit cross sections. The drawn EPLs were connected to build up a 3D-die. The effectiveness of the proposed method was examined experimentally, by comparing the results between the designed die and the linear die (with the linear curve for the deformation zone). It was found that there was acceptable reduction in extrusion pressure for the designed die.

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McClean, Sally. "Using Markov Models to Characterize and Predict Process Target Compliance." Mathematics 9, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9111187.

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Processes are everywhere, covering disparate fields such as business, industry, telecommunications, and healthcare. They have previously been analyzed and modelled with the aim of improving understanding and efficiency as well as predicting future events and outcomes. In recent years, process mining has appeared with the aim of uncovering, observing, and improving processes, often based on data obtained from logs. This typically requires task identification, predicting future pathways, or identifying anomalies. We here concentrate on using Markov processes to assess compliance with completion targets or, inversely, we can determine appropriate targets for satisfactory performance. Previous work is extended to processes where there are a number of possible exit options, with potentially different target completion times. In particular, we look at distributions of the number of patients failing to meet targets, through time. The formulae are illustrated using data from a stroke patient unit, where there are multiple discharge destinations for patients, namely death, private nursing home, or the patient’s own home, where different discharge destinations may require disparate targets. Key performance indicators (KPIs) of this sort are commonplace in healthcare, business, and industrial processes. Markov models, or their extensions, have an important role to play in this work where the approach can be extended to include more expressive assumptions, with the aim of assessing compliance in complex scenarios.

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Navickė, Jekaterina. "Poverty Dynamics in Lithuania: Persistence, Transitions, Triggers." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 54, no. 1 (December 20, 2015): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2015.13876.

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While Lithuania is among the countries with the highest at-risk-of-poverty rates in the European Union, povertyresearch has so far been dominated by cross-sectional poverty analysis. This paper is aimed at contributing to better understandingof poverty as a dynamic process in Lithuania by examining poverty risk persistence, transitions and triggers. Theanalysis is based on the longitudinal component of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The longitudinal at-risk-ofpovertyrate within the four-year panels is estimated to be at around a third of the Lithuanian population within a period of2005–2012. Poverty risk in Lithuania proved to be both widely spread and persistent. The major role of income events forpoverty risk entries and exits highlights the importance of activation into work, especially as concerns secondary householdearners and better income protection in Lithuania. While no robust evidence of poverty penalty was found for poverty exits,the incidence of poverty re-entries within the initial three-year period after poverty exit substantially exceeds poverty entryrates in the general population.

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Yoder, Janice D., Jerome Adams, Stephen Grove, and Robert F. Priest. "To Teach is to Learn: Overcoming Tokenism with Mentors." Psychology of Women Quarterly 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1985.tb00865.x.

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Active mentors, persons who are not simply role models, have been shown to facilitate and enhance career growth, yet the token role of women entering traditionally masculine professions was shown to inhibit sponsorships. An analysis of a sample of exit interviews from the first women cadets to graduate from West Point revealed that the marginal peer acceptance of tokens within a competitive, somewhat constrained atmosphere discouraged the development of these sponsorships. If women plan to play sustained roles in the professions, they must actively sponsor other women. A first step in this process is to be aware of the situational pressures, noted in the present paper, that are directed against sponsorships within a token group.

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Tartory, Raeda. "Critical Discourse Analysis of Online Publications Ideology: A Case of Middle Eastern Online Publications." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402094147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020941471.

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This study assesses the reflection of Middle Eastern media networks on the states and the news concerning the oil crisis and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) conditions. A critical discourse analysis approach is adopted to analyze 22 articles from Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya regarding the Qatar withdrawal from OPEC. The ideological choices vary as Al Jazeera is focused on the Qatar economy, while Al Arabiya on Saudi Arabia. These online publications have presented a positive self-presentation of their funded country while the negative representation of the other. Al Jazeera has pointed that the exit of Qatar from the OPEC is to focus on its other non–oil production sector, while Al Arabiya has pointed that this exit is due to the primary role of Saudi Arabia, with which Qatar has an on-going conflict. Qatar is symbolic to broaden regional division, which may later diffuse to other OPEC members and will leave no mark on the decision-making process of the alliance.

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Ayad, Nagi. "GENE-44. BRD4 DELETION LEADS TO CEREBELLAR DEFICITS AND ATAXIA." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.446.

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Abstract Cerebellar neuronal progenitors undergo a series of divisions before irreversibly exiting the cell cycle and differentiating into neurons. Dysfunction of this process underlies many neurological diseases including ataxia and the most common pediatric brain tumor, medulloblastoma. To better define the pathways controlling the most abundant neuronal cells in the mammalian cerebellum, cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs), we performed RNA-sequencing of GCPs exiting the cell cycle. Time-series modeling of GCP cell cycle exit identified downregulation of activity of the epigenetic reader protein Brd4. Brd4 binding to the Gli1 locus is controlled by Casein Kinase 1δ (CK1 δ-dependent phosphorylation during GCP proliferation, and decreases during GCP cell cycle exit. Importantly, conditional deletion of Brd4 in vivo in the developing cerebellum induces cerebellar morphological deficits and ataxia. These studies define an essential role for Brd4 in cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis and are critical for designing clinical trials utilizing Brd4 inhibitors in neurological indications.

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Castillon, Guillaume A., Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero, Javier Manzano-Lopez, Sharon Epstein, Kentaro Kajiwara, Kouichi Funato, Reika Watanabe, Howard Riezman, and Manuel Muñiz. "The yeast p24 complex regulates GPI-anchored protein transport and quality control by monitoring anchor remodeling." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 16 (August 15, 2011): 2924–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0294.

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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are secretory proteins that are attached to the cell surface of eukaryotic cells by a glycolipid moiety. Once GPI anchoring has occurred in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the structure of the lipid part on the GPI anchor undergoes a remodeling process prior to ER exit. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that the yeast p24 complex, through binding specifically to GPI-anchored proteins in an anchor-dependent manner, plays a dual role in their selective trafficking. First, the p24 complex promotes efficient ER exit of remodeled GPI-anchored proteins after concentration by connecting them with the COPII coat and thus facilitates their incorporation into vesicles. Second, it retrieves escaped, unremodeled GPI-anchored proteins from the Golgi to the ER in COPI vesicles. Therefore the p24 complex, by sensing the status of the GPI anchor, regulates GPI-anchored protein intracellular transport and coordinates this with correct anchor remodeling.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Exit process/the process of role exit'

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