Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exobiologie'
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Dorizon, Sophie. "Étude préparatoire à l'interprétation des données du radar WISDOM pour la mission ExoMars 2018." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV012/document.
Full textMars has become one of the most visited planet in the past few decades. The data collected by instruments allowed to infer theplanet evolution, and it is now admitted that inthe past, Mars had a relatively warm and wetenvironment, auspicious for the emergence oflife as we know it. This is why one of the currentobjective of the missions to Mars is to study theplanet from an exobiological point of view: iflife arose on Mars, potential traces could befound into the subsurface, sheltered from thehostile surface. The ExoMars 2018 space mission will land onMars’ surface a rover, which will be equippedwith a complete instrumental payload for thesearch of life traces, as well as a drill capable ofcollecting samples at a depth of 2 meters. Thegeological context characterization willtherefore be essential to identify the mostinteresting places for potential life tracespreservation. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)WISDOM (Water Ice Subsurface DepositObservation on Mars) and the neutron detectorADRON will be the only instruments capable ofobtaining information about the shallowsubsurface before the drilling operations. Thedata collected by WISDOM will provide thegeological deposits identification, which willhelp reconstructing the local history of thelanding site. This instrument developed in theFrench laboratory LATMOS (LaboratoireATmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales)in collaboration with the LAB is a stepfrequencyradar that operates on a wide frequency band, from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz: it wasdesigned to investigate the first 3 meters of thesubsurface with a vertical resolution of a fewcentimeters, and is currently tested in variousenvironments. This PhD thesis objective is to develop theinterpretation tools for WISDOM data by takingadvantage of the specific capacities of theinstrument to characterize the nature andstructure of the shallow subsurface, and to guidethe drill to suitable locations where potentialtraces of life could be preserved. This workconsequently requires both practical andtheoretical approaches, with the development ofprocessing chains, analytical and numericalmodels to simulate the instrument, but also todefine tests in well-known environments as wellas field tests in various natural places. The ideais to create a WISDOM database in a variety ofgeological contexts to allow the comparisonwith Martian data. A full interpretation of the WISDOM data alsorequires the estimation of the geological units’dielectric characteristics. We thereforedeveloped two “quantitative” methods thatallow the retrieval of the dielectric constantvalue at the surface and at various depths. Ageometrical approach to reconstruct the shallowsubsurface was also initiated to help tounderstand the deposits processes. A methodtaking advantage of the GPR specific antennasystem was developed to estimate the scatterers’relative position compared to the radar trajectoryalong profiles, allowing the subsurfacereconstruction in 3 dimensions for an optimalguidance of the ExoMars rover drill
Ghesquière, Pierre. "Rôle des glaces interstellaires dans la complexité moléculaire de l’espace : modélisation par les méthodes de la chimie théorique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS044/document.
Full textIt is postulated nowadays that complex organic molecules in space form on the surface and in the volume of interstellar ices. These ices can catalyse chemical reactions what could explain the formation of prebiotic molecules. However, because of the low temperatures, the diffusion of the reactants one towards another is slow, limiting their reactivity. The objectif of this thesis is to treat the reactivity and the diffusion of simple molecules in interstellar ices. I present in this thesis the results of the study of the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and ammonia in interstellar ices. This study was conducted in the Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier : it combines various theoretical chemistry methods and confront the results to experimental ones I participated in at the Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques etMoléculaires of the Aix-Marseille university. In a first part, classical molecular dynamic simulations are used to simulate a low-density amorphous ice model and to calculate the diffusion coefficients at various temperatures of a series of small molecules (NH3, CO, CO2, H2CO). These results are compared to the experimental diffusion coeficients of the carbon dioxide validating the theoretical approach used and allowing to porpose a mechanism for the diffusion process. In a second part, the reaction between carbon dioxide and ammonia is studied in the frame of Density-Functional Theory using a « super-molecular » approach. In this approach, the reaction energy profile for the molecular complexes xNH3:CO2:yH2O, is studied. Two reaction products are localised : the ammonium carbamate and the carbamic acid. The reaction energy barrier obtained by these calculations is similar to the one obtained experimentally, and the ammonium carbamate is confirmed as the major reaction product. The obtained energy profile is therfore investigated by constrained ab initio molecular dynamics and the free energy profile is computed with the Thermodynamics Integration method. These calculations confirme the general form of the previous energy profile and enlight the strong entropic effect of the water network. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and perspectives on methodological as well as on astrochemical aspects, as the inclusion of the reaction and diffusion energy barriers I calculated in astrochemical models, are given
Le, Postollec Aurélie Dobrijevic Michel. "Etude de la résistance aux conditions spatiales d'une biopuce dédiée à la détection de molécules organiques sur les corps du système solaire." S. l. : Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2008/LE_POSTOLLEC_AURELIE_2008.pdf.
Full textBoillot, François. "Mission Perseus-Exobiologie : comportement d'acides aminés et de peptides soumis aux conditions de l'espace." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2009.
Full textBelu, Adrian. "Détection et caractérisation spectrale exoplanétaire par interférométrie annulante : de la scène astrophysique à l'estimation temps-réel." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4065.
Full textNulling interferometry aims at detecting biosignatures in the spectrum of exoplanets. It will yield a signal dispersed over ~30 bins, between 5 to à 20 μm, and temporally modulated for weeks. The inverse problem of extracting the parameters of putative exoplanets from this signal is critical for the dimensioning of space missions like DARWIN of TPF-I. This thesis places nulling interferometry in the general frame of the various approaches underway in astronomical interferometry. The juxtaposition of different noise sources in the field-of-view of the interferometer requires preliminary calibrations. I first evaluate a spectroscopic method for ground nulling data, which estimates prerequisite for signal processing. I conduct an astrophysical study of the likely exoplanetary system scenes, from present data & models (refereed in Astron. & Astrophy, 2007). I then developed a real-time approach of a Bayesian, CLEAN-like signal processing technique called FITTEST (Thiébaut & Mugnier 2006). This enabled to relax constraints on the modelling of the instrument, and to investigate the link between astrometric and photometric signal-to-noise ratios. This work was partially conducted within the frame of an industry-academia consortium, answering a related ESA ITT and conducting the subsequent contract (in progress)
Le, Postollec Aurélie. "Etude de la résistance aux conditions spatiales d'une biopuce dédiée à la détection de molécules organiques sur les corps du système solaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13674/document.
Full textRouquette, Laura. "Evolution de molécules organiques en conditions martiennes simulées : expériences en laboratoire et en orbite basse terrestre sur la Station Spatiale Internationale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1096/document.
Full textOrganic molecule detection at Mars is one of the main goals of the current and future Mars exploration space missions, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL, NASA) and ExoMars 2020 (ESA). Several organic sources exist : abiotic sources (interplantary medium, hydrothermalism and atmospheric synthesis) but also biotic sources such as potential past biological activity. Curiosity from the MSL mission detected chlorinated and sulfur organic compounds. However these compounds can not be linked to any biological activity and do not represent the meteoritical organic diversity.The main hypothesis to explain the low diversity of detected organic compounds at Mars is that the martian environment degrade organic matter. In order to understand organic molecule evolution at the Martian surface and be able to guide and help interpret in situ analysis, I worked on two experimental simulations mimicking some of the martian environmental conditions (UV radiation, pressure, temperature and mineral composition). MOMIE, for Mars Organic Matter Irradiation at Mars, is a laboratory experiment set up at the LISA laboratory (Créteil, France). PSS, for Photochemistry on the Space Station, has been set up on the International Space Station (ISS) in low Earth orbit, using directly filtered UV photons from the Sun.I studied the evolution of four organic molecules likely to be present at Mars with ou without a mineral phase : glycine (an amino acid), adenine and uracil (two nucleobases), and chrysene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon). Glycine, adenine and chrysene are degraded at Mars surface with quantum efficiencies of photodecomposition from 6,4 ± 1,4 x 10-6 to 2,3 ± 1,0 x 10-3 molecule.photon-1. Uracil evolve into more stable photoproducts with a production efficiency of 1,64 ± 1,43 x 10-1 molécule.photon-1. Four uracil dimers have been identified as uracil photoproducts. Finally, the studied mineral phases, an amorphous iron-rich phase and perchlorates, accelerate organics evolution or degradation
Delpoux, Olivier. "Utilisation du spin électronique pour sonder la matière organique primitive contemporaine de l'apparition des planètes et de la vie : apport de la RPE impulsionnelle." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005542.
Full textFrère, Christian. "Étude physico-chimique de l'atmosphère de l'aérosol et de l'océan de Titan." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120049.
Full textSaiagh, Kafila. "Photochimie de la matière organique dans le système solaire : application aux grains cométaires." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1159.
Full textThe study of photochemistry in the solar system is of prime importance to assess complex organic chemistry in an extraterrestrial environment. Among those environments, comets are subject to a particular interest in the context of exobiology, along with their grains, as they could have bring organic matter on the primitive earth, and hence contribute to the emergence of life. But to what extent does the organic matter potentially with in grains survive face to solar radiation? My thesis deals with the study of photochemical degradation of three nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine and uracil) and one amino acid ( glycine) in the conditions of the solar system, which means subject to VUV/UV energetically radiations ( <300 nm). Studies performed during this work can also be applied to the interpretation of COSIMA mass spectrometer, present on the cometary mission ROSETTA, which aims to analyze the surface of cometary grains captured in the environment of the 67P/Churyomov-Gerasimenko comet. This work present absorption cross section spectrum measured in the VUV/UV range, for pure organic films. These spectrum led to the deduction of photolysis rate constants, and to the elaboration of a model simulating the global kinetic of destruction of a optically thick organic film. The comparison between this model and experimental data of low earth orbit irradiation as well as laboratory data allowed to estimates lifetimes for the considered molecules at 1 AU, and then extrapolated at different heliocentrically distances. Results show that glycine, adenine and guanine, potentially existing inside the cometary grains, would be entirely destroyed between the ejection of the grains and the arrival on earth if they exist at the surface. Below the surface, they are at the contrary very stable, thanks the effective protection of the mineral constitutive of the grain against solar radiations. In the frame of ROSETTA mission, results differ. At the farther of the sun, at 3.5 AU, the abundance of the molecule would not significantly decrease during the time of travel of grains between the core and the orbiter. At the perihelia, the survival of molecule strongly depends of the core-orbiter distance. Significant loss of the 3 molecules by photochemistry would only occurred if the orbiter is at more than hundred of kilometers from the core
Poch, Olivier. "Recherche d'indices de vie ou d'habitabilité sur mars : simulation en laboratoire des processus d'évolution de molécules organiques à la surface de mars." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077080.
Full textComprendre l'évolution des molécules organiques sur Mars est un enjeu majeur pour interpréter et guider les analyses in situ cherchant à savoir si Mars a réuni des conditions favorables à l'émergence de la vie. Au cours de son histoire, Mars a pu connaître diverses sources de molécules organiques. Mais les conditions environnementales actuelles en surface - rayonnement UV, oxydants, particules énergétiques - peuvent générer des processus physico-chimiques faisant évoluer ces molécules. Ce travail présente l'investigation en laboratoire des impacts qualitatif et quantitatif du rayonnement UV et des processus d'oxydation - représentatifs de la surface de Mars - sur une sélection de molécules organiques. Pour chacune, la nature des produits d'évolution (solides ou gazeux) et les paramètres cinétiques (temps de vie extrapolés à la surface de Mars, rendements quantiques) ont été déterminés. Les résultats indiquent que l'exposition de certaines molécules au rayonnement UV conduit à court terme à la formation de résidus solides, probablement de nature macromoléculaire, pouvant contribuer à une stabilité sur le long terme. D'autre part, l'étude de l'évolution de molécules en interaction chimique avec une argile présente à la surface de Mars, la nontronite, a permis de mettre en évidence pour deux molécules un effet protecteur marqué vis-à-vis du rayonnement UV, mais pas d'effet catalytique des processus d'altération, et pour une autre une réactivité particulière avec un possible effet catalytique. Enfin, les paramètres cinétiques déterminés fournissent des données d'entrée essentielles pour la modélisation numérique spatiale du réservoir actuel de molécules organiques sur Mars
Engrand, Cécile. "Micrométéorites Concordia : Des Neiges Antarctiques aux Glaces Cométaires." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00549129.
Full textBardyn, Anaïs. "Caractérisation de la matière organique contenue dans les particules de la comète 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko par spectrométrie de masse avec l’instrument COSIMA de la sonde Rosetta." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1083/document.
Full textAfter a ten-year journey, the European spacecraft Rosetta arrived at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gersasimenko (67P/C-G) on August 6, 2014. In order to conduct intensive research for two years, a total of 21 instruments were on board the Rosetta orbiter and the Philae lander. The time-of-flight secondary ions mass spectrometer, COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ions Mass Analyzer), was one of the orbiter instruments and was designed for in situ analysis of the chemical composition of cometary particles ejected from the comet 67P/C-G. This thesis aims to characterize the refractory organic component of the cometary dust, with the COSIMA instrument. As part of this work, I have developed and applied a methodology to analyze the cometary mass spectra, more specifically in the positive mode of the instrument. Using this methodology, five organic ions of cometary origin were detected and identified: C+ (m/z = 12.00), CH+ (m/z = 13.01), CH2+ (m/z = 14.02), CH3+ (m/z = 15.02) and C2H3+ (m/z = 27.02). The characterization of this organic component has been carried out with calibration mass spectra. The reference compounds used during this thesis include pure organic molecules and cometary organic matter analogs, such as natural samples (carbonaceous chondrites, ultracarbonaceous micrometeorite, insoluble organic matter extracted from carbonaceous chondrites) and one sample synthetized in the laboratory. The best analogue found so far to the refractory component of 67P/C-G particles is the insoluble organic matter extracted from carbonaceous chondrites. The cometary organic matter would be of high-molecular-weight and the carbon bounded in very large macromolecular compounds. Carbon is also one of the most abundant element in the dust particles with an elemental ratio of C⁄Si = 5.5 (+1.4/-1.2). Comet 67P/C-G is among the most carbon-rich bodies of the solar system. Finally, a specific compound was sought, the polyoxymethylene. However, indicators developed and applied to the cometary data do not allow to conclude on the presence of polyoxymethylene in the particles analyzed by COSIMA
Bossa, Jean-Baptiste. "Formation de molécules organiques complexes (acides aminés et leurs précurseurs) dans des analogues de glaces interstellaires." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11038.pdf.
Full textThis thesis describes the study of astronomically relevant solid state reaction schemes, leading to complex molecules formation in space which provide a basis for pre-biotic chemistry. To do so, interstellar ice analogues are irradiated by ultraviolet photons and thermally processed separetely. The ice processing simulates the physical and chemical conditions in interstellar and circumstellar environments as well as chemistry occuring on cold surfaces. The experimental set-up described in this thesis allows in situ tracking of reaction products formed in the ice upon VUV irradiation and/or thermal processes, simulating the interstellar radiation field and/or the warming by the neighboring stars. Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to monitor CO2:CH3NH2, H2O:CO2:CH3NH2, CO:CH3NH2, C2H5NH2 and CH3CN:NH3 ice mixtures evolution during both warming process and VUV photolysis, leading to the formation of new chemical species : (CH3NHCOOH)n, [CH3NH3+ ] [CH3NHCOO‾ ], [CH3NH3+ ] [NH2CH2COO‾ ], CH3NHCHO, CH3CNand NH2CH2CN. Quantitative information on products formation yields, branching ratios, activation barriers, and kinetic rates are derived
Lattelais, Marie. "Etudes théoriques à propos de l'origine exogène des molécules prébiotiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812072.
Full textLe, Roy Léna. "Préparation à la caractérisation in-situ de la matière organique cométaire par spectrométrie de masse : application à l'instrument COSIMA." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763072.
Full textModica, Paola. "From astrophysics to astrobiology : significance of laboratory organic residues from photo-irradiation of cosmic ice analogs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112329/document.
Full textLaboratory experiments have shown that ultraviolet photo-irradiation of astrophysical ice analogs and their following warm-up until room temperature lead to the formation of refractory organic residues. These residues consist of rich mixtures of organic compounds, including amino acids, which have a potential importance for prebiotic chemistry. They are considered as analogs of the organic refractory materials that are thought to be synthesized on dust grains in molecular clouds and/or in protoplanetary disks, as a product of ices evolution, and that could be later accreted into comets and asteroids and eventually be delivered to the early Earth. Hence, the study of these analogs, produced under astrophysically relevant conditions, represents a valid tool to investigate the processes at work for the origin of complex organic molecules in the Solar System and in particular the possible introduction of enantiomeric excesses in chiral molecules. This PhD work is devoted to the study of these laboratory organic residues, their characterization and the astrophysical applications of the results. We used different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS, classical and multidimensional), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT ICR MS), and infrared spectroscopy. We measured the enantiomeric excesses induced in five chiral amino acids by UV circularly polarized light (UV CPL) irradiation of our analogs and insert our result in a coherent astrophysical scenario for the origin of the enantiomeric excesses observed in meteoritic amino acids. We studied the amino acid content of the Paris meteorite and evidence some similarities with the distribution of the amino acids in our organic residues. We also produced more realistic analogs of interstellar grains, including a silicate surface, to test the potential effect of such a surface on the formation and nature of organic residues. Finally, we discuss the significance of these results in the astrophysical context and the possible relationship between astrochemistry and prebiotic chemistry
Thlaijeh, Siveen. "Characterization of organic matter by laser-assisted mass spectrometry : application to paleontology and exobiology." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2021/2021LILUR066.pdf.
Full textThe origin of organic matter on Mars will be investigated with ExoMars’ “Rosalind Franklin” rover using several analytical instruments including the Mars Organic Molecular Analyzer (MOMA). The MOMA instrument combines laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze sub-surface samples. The similarity of the LDI-MS of MOMA with our LDI-MS / L2MS (two-step laser mass spectrometry) instrument has encouraged us to characterize organic matter from different types of samples, with the goals of providing new methodology for microscale molecular characterization of early life on Earth and to support future investigations on Mars.First, we developed a new-side injection ion source for our existing hybrid (radiofrequency/time-of-flight) mass spectrometer enabling transmission and reflection microscopy and chemical imaging in L2MS and LDI-MS with a lateral resolution down to 3 µm.Second, characterization of reference molecules was carried with L2MS and LDI-MS to help chemical identification of different types organic matter. These included a tryptophan derivative (biotic/abiotic amino acid), hexylthiophene (proxy for sulfurized hydrocarbons), cholestane (eukaryote biomarker), tocopherol (from photosynthesizers) and a porphyrin (chlorophyll derivative). Thus, we provide insight into the sensitivity of the method for these important classes of molecules, and into their fragmentation patterns.Third, a sedimentary rock from the Jurassic paleolagoon of Orbagnoux was analyzed as a proxy for diagenetically-sulfurized microbial organic matter. This sample was chosen following the recent detection of sulfurized molecules on Mars. Chemical characterizations of different samples of Orbagnoux rock (fresh rock and polished slice) and its corresponding sub-fractions extracted from the sedimentary rock (soluble extracts, maltene and kerogen) were performed using L2MS and LDI. This gives access to organic and inorganic molecular information of various chemical classes of interest such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated, thiophenic, and nitrogenated hydrocarbons, calcium carbonate/iron sulfide clusters, and metals such as Ni+ or VO+ that point to the preservation of geoporphyrins.Fourth, a modern Dammar resin and four fossil resins (ambers) were analyzed in LDI-MS to test the technique capability to provide insights into plant-derived fossil biopolymers, including their maturity grade and/or botanic type. Clear differences in hydrocarbon fragment patterns were observed in mass spectra and analyzed with principal component analysis
Fresneau, Aurélien. "Simulations expérimentales en laboratoire pour la préparation à l'analyse des données issues de missions spatiales, ainsi que pour l'étude de l'impact en exobiologie de l'évolution de la matière organique au sein d'environnements astrophysiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4760/document.
Full textDust grains located in dense molecular clouds play a major role in the formation of complex organic molecules. These grains are covered by icy mantles containing primitive molecules. Dense molecular clouds can collapse and lead to the formation of planetary systems such as our own. During this evolution, the grains are exposed to energetic processes which transform the organic matter inside the ices. The grains are ultimately incorporated into small solar system bodies such as comets and asteroids, which can then contribute to the exogenous delivery of organic matter on Earth. In this context, this thesis focuses on simulating the chemical evolution of ices. To that end, ice analogues are formed by condensing a relevant gas mixture on a cold substrate. These interstellar ice analogues are irradiated with UV photons and/or heated in order to simulate astrophysical processes. An organic residue is formed which we characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and very high resolution mass spectrometry (VHRMS) by Orbitrap.First, we performed mechanistic studies focused on the formation of aminoalcohols and hydroxynitriles from the warming of ices containing acetaldehyde (CH$_3$CHO) or acetone ((CH$_3$)$_2$CO) with NH$_3$, HCN and H$_2$O. Secondly, we studied the global composition of residues made from irradiation and warming of ices containing H$_2$O, CH$_3$OH, and NH$_3$. We present a new approach to interpret Orbitrap data of the residues. Similarities observed with meteoritic organic matter analyses found in the literature could mean that some of the evolution that led to meteoritic organic matter is shared with the evolution of our residues
Fresneau, Aurélien. "Simulations expérimentales en laboratoire pour la préparation à l'analyse des données issues de missions spatiales, ainsi que pour l'étude de l'impact en exobiologie de l'évolution de la matière organique au sein d'environnements astrophysiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4760.
Full textDust grains located in dense molecular clouds play a major role in the formation of complex organic molecules. These grains are covered by icy mantles containing primitive molecules. Dense molecular clouds can collapse and lead to the formation of planetary systems such as our own. During this evolution, the grains are exposed to energetic processes which transform the organic matter inside the ices. The grains are ultimately incorporated into small solar system bodies such as comets and asteroids, which can then contribute to the exogenous delivery of organic matter on Earth. In this context, this thesis focuses on simulating the chemical evolution of ices. To that end, ice analogues are formed by condensing a relevant gas mixture on a cold substrate. These interstellar ice analogues are irradiated with UV photons and/or heated in order to simulate astrophysical processes. An organic residue is formed which we characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and very high resolution mass spectrometry (VHRMS) by Orbitrap.First, we performed mechanistic studies focused on the formation of aminoalcohols and hydroxynitriles from the warming of ices containing acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) or acetone ((CH₃)₂CO) with NH₃, HCN and H₂O. Secondly, we studied the global composition of residues made from irradiation and warming of ices containing H₂O, CH₃OH, and NH₃. We present a new approach to interpret Orbitrap data of the residues. Similarities observed with meteoritic organic matter analyses found in the literature could mean that some of the evolution that led to meteoritic organic matter is shared with the evolution of our residues
Le, Postollec A. "Étude de la résistance aux conditions spatiales d'une biopuce dédiée à la détection de molécules organiques sur les corps du Système solaire." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376846.
Full textCette thèse s'insère dans le projet BiOMAS (Biochip for Organic Matter Analysis in Space), financé par le CNES, qui vise à développer une biopuce dédiée au spatial. Le principal objectif de la thèse est d'évaluer la résistance des composants de cette biopuce face aux diverses contraintes spatiales.
Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la résistance de la lame de la biopuce, c'est-à-dire le support solide de l'instrument. Plusieurs types de matériaux (verre, thermoplatiques, élastomère) ont été comparés en termes de dégazage, résistance aux solvants organiques et comportement thermique et mécanique, afin d'identifier celui qui répond le mieux au cahier des charges que nous avons établi. Parmi les différents candidats testés, le CycloOléfine Copolymère (COC) s'impose comme le meilleur matériau pour la réalisation d'une biopuce spatiale.
Dans un second temps, des études de résistance aux contraintes spatiales ont été menées pour la première fois sur des anticorps (qui servent de sondes de reconnaissance dans les biopuces). L'objectif est de déterminer l'évolution de leur comportement lors de cycles thermiques et sous divers types d'irradiations. Nous avons mis en place un outil de simulation performant, sur la base de l'outil Geant 4 du CERN, qui nous a permis de déterminer le type de particules ainsi que les gammes d'énergies pertinentes pour les expériences d'irradiation. Deux campagnes d'irradiation ont été menées sur la plateforme AIFIRA du CENBG à Bordeaux. Nous avons notamment démontré la bonne résistance des anticorps face à des flux de neutrons de faibles énergies.
Ce travail de thèse, fortement pluridisciplinaire, a nécessité la mise en place de nombreuses collaborations complémentaires entre des planétologues, des biochimistes, des physiciens nucléaires et des experts en matériaux. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus sont d'une importance capitale pour la réalisation d'une biopuce spatiale opérationnelle et fiable.
Favre, Cécile. "Étude interférométrique du formiate de méthyle et d’autres molécules complexes dans la nébuleuse d’Orion Kleinmann-Low." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14146/document.
Full textOver 150 different molecular species have been detected in the interstellar and circumstellar media. Among these, approximatively 60 are complex molecules and contain 6 or more atoms. The interstellar chemical processes that form more or less complex molecules, either on the surface of dust grains or in gas phase, are different from the processes we know on Earth. The only way to constrain chemical models relies on the observation and the analysis of the emission coming from various molecular species.The main goal of my PhD is to look for complex molecules in the nearest star forming region with both high and low mass stars, the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula. I specially studied the emission of the methyl formate molecule (HCOOCH3) which appeared to be an abundant molecule and a good probe of the temperature and structure of Orion K-L.Using high spectral and spatial resolution millimetre observations (from 7’’ to 2’’ and from 2.3 km/s to 0.4 km/s, respectively) from the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, I carried out a detailed study of the emission of this O-bearing molecule towards the Compact Ridge component. Our study shows that this region seems to be heated by external mechanisms (e.g. shocks).Moreover, our observations toward the Compact Ridge region and its surroundings tend to confirm that methyl formate or a precursor seems to be formed on grain surfaces and is subsequently desorbed due to shocks.I also looked for the two isomers of methyl formate [C2H4O2] : glycolaldehyde and acetic acid. Owing to strong spectral confusion in the region, it is very difficult to detect low abundance molecules such as these two isomers. In order to lower the confusion level, higher spatial as well as spectral resolutions must be achieved which ALMA will soon allow.We derived upper limits for the column density of glycolaldehyde, a precursor of sugar (CH2OHCHO that has been detected towards SgrB2), these limits provide strong constraints for chemical models
Journaux, Baptiste. "Pétrologie et rhéologie des glaces planétaires de haute pression." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017171.
Full textBertrand, Marylène. "Origine exogène des acides aminés prébiotiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2025/document.
Full textThis study concerns the transport to Earth of exogenic organic matter by meteorites or micrometeorites in order to better determine the conditions under which organic molecules synthesized in space contributed to the emergence of the life on Earth four billion years ago or more. Organic molecules were exposed to space conditions on board the international space station as well as in laboratory experiments. Moreover, simulated meteorite impacts on organic molecules associated with a clay were carried out to determine the survival of the organic components. Amino-acids and dipeptides were selected for these studies because of their prebiotic interest and for the diversity of their functional groups. Methods of derivatization for chiral and not chiral analysis of these molecules by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer were developed. The results of the experiments show that the resistance of the molecules to irradiation and to impact is a function of their chemical nature, and that transport in the space environment as well meteoritic impact could be used as molecular filters by favouring the survival of certain molecules rather than others
Guez, Lionel. "Modélisation des changements de phase dans la basse atmosphère de Titan." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007042.
Full textBost, Nicolas. "L'analyse géochimique et minéralogique de matériaux analogues de Mars et la création de l'International Space Analogue Rock Store." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747077.
Full textNoblet, Audrey. "Recherche d'indices de vie sur Mars : Caractérisation de l'évolution de molécules organiques soumises aux conditions d'irradiation et d'oxydation représentatives de la surface de Mars." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653738.
Full textCapalbo, Fernando. "Composition et température de l'haute atmosphère de Titan à partir des occultations stellaires et solaires mesurées par Cassini-spectrographe d'imagerie ultraviolet." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1101/document.
Full textThis PhD project focuses on the study of the upper atmosphere of Titan from the analysis of Cassini-UVIS data and laboratory measurements of absorption cross sections.A characterization of the UVIS instrument and observations was necessary. Data from the Far UltraViolet (FUV) and Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) channels of UVIS were analyzed and corrected for instrument effects. From the analysis of 8 solar occultations in EUV, N2 and CH4 number density profiles were derived with an inversion regularization method. Temperatures were obtained from the N2 profiles assuming an isothermal upper atmosphere. Stellar occultations in FUV were modeled and a density retrieval technique characterized. The possibility of detection for different molecules (some of them not detected by this technique before) was analyzed. Then, using a Levenberg-Marquardt minimization algorithm, column density profiles for different hydrocarbons and nitriles, and optical depth of aerosols were obtained from simulated data. The column densities and optical depth were inverted with a regularization method to obtain number density profiles for the molecules and extinction profiles for the aerosols. The procedure was finally applied to 2 stellar occultations measured by UVIS. The species studied are CH4, C2H2, HCN, C2H4, C4H2, C6H6, HC3N, CH3, and aerosols (AER). The profiles from the stellar and solar occultations were obtained for different times and locations. The temperatures derived were analyzed as a function of geographical and temporal variables---latitude, longitude, date of observation, etc.---without a clear correlation with any of them, although a trend of decreasing temperature towards the poles could be observed. The globally averaged temperature obtained is (144 +/- 2) K. Atmospheric variability was discussed on the light of these results.Benzene (C6H6) is an important molecule detected in Titan's atmosphere because it is thought to be intermediate between the gas and solid particle formation. Measurements of absorption in the ultraviolet by benzene gas, at temperatures covering the range from room temperature to 215 K, were performed in different international facilities. From them, benzene absorption cross sections were derived and analyzed in terms on the transitions observed. No significant variation with measurement temperature was observed. Implications of this results for the identification of benzene in Titan's thermosphere by UVIS were discussed. The absorption cross sections were used in the derivation of C6H6 abundances in Titan's thermosphere commented above.In summary the analysis of UVIS observations presented contribute to the characterization of the upper atmosphere through N2 density profiles, thermospheric temperatures, density profiles of minor species and extinction profiles from aerosols. This observational data will help to constrain and contrast photochemical models. The abundance profiles and temperatures given for different geographical and temporal coordinates can be used to further study the atmospheric variability. As a whole, the results of this work are expected to help in the understanding of Titan's upper atmospheric composition and dynamics. This knowledge, combined with information about Titan's lower atmosphere and surface, will help to understand the evolution of organic molecules in this neighboring abiotic celestial body
Berry, Bonnie. "GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IN SIMULATED MARTIAN CONDITIONS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3190.
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Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
Richardson, Justin. "Assessing the preservation potential of biogenic features in pre-Neogene tufas and travertines applications to exobiology /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1116873156.
Full textPhillips, Stephen James McGregor. "Development of methodology for astrobiological sampling and analysis." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=174706.
Full textChan, Wai Olivia, and 陳卉. "Molecular microbial ecology of Mars-like environments on earth, for application in astrobiology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4832999X.
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Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
Tenesch, Aaron Chase. "The experimental silicification of bacillus subtilis." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-08292009-094408.
Full textBrasse, Coralie. "Les aérosols organiques de Titan : leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et leurs possibles évolutions chimiques à la surface." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1084/document.
Full textTitan, the largest moon of Saturn, is one of the key planetary objects in the exobiology field. Its dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere is the site of intense organic chemistry. This PhD work focuses on the organic aerosols which are produced in Titan's atmosphere. They play an important role in atmospheric and surface processes but also in its organic chemistry of exobiology interest. At first, in order to produce reliable laboratory analogs (“tholins”) of these aerosols, a device for the synthesis of clean tholins has been developed, tested and optimized. Then two complementary aspects of Titan aerosols have been studied :- Their optical properties. Indeed, their knowledge is prime importance to analyze and to better interpret many of Titan's observational data. A detailed and critical review of all available data on refractive indices was conducted. The lacks in this field have been highlighted. In parallel, direct experimental measurements were used to determine the scattering matrix at two wavelengths and for a wide range of scattering angles. The obtained results show that the tholins do not have the shape of aggregates such as Titan aerosols although the acquired data seem to match with observational data.- Their potential chemical evolution at Titan surface, in particular, the possible interaction between aerosols and putative ammonia-water cryomagma. Modelings of Titan formation have recently permitted the characterization of a composition in salts of the subsurface ocean and the cryolave. From this new and original chemical composition, a laboratory study of several hydrolyses of tholins has been carried out. The obtained results show the formation of many organic compounds, among them, species identified only in the presence of salts. In addition, a list of potential precursors of these compounds has been established
He, Jing. "Physicochemical characterisation of organic materials of interest for astrobiology : Titan's aerosols analogues." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01000229.
Full textKotler, Julia Michelle. "Biosignature storage in sulfate minerals- synthetic and natural investigations of the jarosite group minerals." The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-08062009-143516/.
Full textCarlos, Daniel Pícaro. "Extraterrestres : Ciência e Pensamento Mítico no mundo moderno." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1495.
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Sem resumo
Freissinet, Caroline. "Recherche de traces de vie extraterrestre : élaboration d'une unité d'extraction et d'analyse chirale pour la séparation énantiomérique in situ de molécules organiques d'intérêt exobiologique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00615481.
Full textGallo, Tamires Michelle. "Implicações da resiliência de biomoléculas e efeitos de substrato em ambientes planetários simulados de alta radiação para a detecção de bioassinaturas espectroscópicas /." Rio Claro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144271.
Full textCoorientador: Douglas Galante
Banca: Fabio Rodrigues
Banca: Alexandre Mesquita
Resumo: Esse trabalho visa avaliar como biomoléculas extraídas de micro-organismos podem ser preservadas no registro geológico, como proposta de bioassinaturas (ou biomarcadores), indicativas de vida presente ou passada. Essas moléculas podem sofrer transformações pelos ciclos geológicos e ação da radiação solar. O pigmento carotenoide proveniente da bactéria poliextremófila Deinococcus radiodurans foi analisado por espectroscopia Raman e reflectância difusa UV-Vis, incluindo misturas com diferentes substratos inorgânicos (FeO(OH), CaCO3, Al2O3, SiO2, solo simulado de Marte - Mars JSC1). Essas misturas foram expostas a três diferentes condições simuladas: a marciana, através de uma câmara de simulação ambiental (AstroCam), a UV ambiental terrestre, e ao ambiente espacial (VUV) na linha de luz TGM do LNLS. A degradação da biomolécula foi analisada em dois espectrômetros Raman (532 nm portátil e 785 nm de bancada), em um UV-Vis de bancada com uma esfera integradora, e na linha TGM, com sistema in situ de reflectância. Com os resultados obtidos concluímos que é possível a detecção, com as técnicas empregadas, dos biomarcadores analisados após exposição a diferentes ambientes, porém com possíveis limitações causadas pelos substratos presentes. Propomos a extrapolação dos resultados para experimentos in situ em missões espaciais, como no caso de Marte, para a detecção de bioassinaturas espectroscópicas
Abstract: This work aims to evaluate how organic molecules from the metabolism of microorganisms can be preserved in the geological record, in order to be used as biosignatures (or biomarkers), indicative of past or present life. Such molecules can be transformed in accordance with geological cycles and solar radiation. The carotenoid pigment from the poly-extremophilic bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance on the UV-Vis, including mixtures with different inorganic substrates (FeO(OH), CaCO3, Al2O3, SiO2, simulated Martian soil - Mars JSC1). These mixtures were exposed to three different simulated conditions: Martian, through an environmental simulation chamber (AstroCam), the terrestrial environmental UV, and space environment (VUV) at the TGM beamline of LNLS. The degradation of the biomolecule was analyzed by two Raman spectrometers (portable Raman at 532 nm and bench-top microRaman at 785 nm), bench-top UV-Vis with an integrating sphere, and an in situ reflectance system. With the results we concluded that it is possible to detect the proposed biomarkers with the techniques employed, after exposure to different environments, but with possible limitations caused by the present substrates. We propose the extrapolation of the results for in situ experiments in space missions, such as in the case of Mars, for detecting spectroscopic biosignatures
Mestre
Christner, Brent C. "Detection, recovery, isolation, and characterization of bacteria in glacial ice and Lake Vostok accretion ice." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1015965965.
Full textBolmont, Emeline. "Evolution et habitabilité de systèmes planétaires autour d’étoiles de faible masse et de naines brunes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14897/document.
Full textThe discovery of more than 900 planets orbiting other stars than our Sun makes this period very exciting. Our knowledge which was based on the Solar System has been challenged by new planetary systems which are very different from our system. Some of them are much more compact than the Solar System. Some planets are located extremely close-in from their star, within the orbital distance of Mercury, in a region where tidal effects are important. Understanding the structure of the known exoplanetary systems and the future ones requires to take into account the physics of tidal evolution.The missions dedicated to the finding of exoplanets are beginning to detect less massive planets in the habitable zone of their host star. The habitable zone is here defined as the range of orbital distances where a planet with an atmosphere can sustain liquid water at its surface. The study of the climate of exoplanets, given a stellar flux and spectra, is important for the characterization of planetary atmosphere – which JWST will make possible.This thesis provides a study of the dynamical and tidal evolution of planetary systems orbiting evolving brown dwarfs and low mass stars in order to constrain some tidal parameters and in the case of planets around brown dwarfs put some constrains on observability. First, I studied the tidal evolution of single-planet systems orbiting a brown dwarf, a M-dwarf or a Sun-like star whose radius evolution is taken into account. The aim of this study was to study the influence of the contraction of the brown dwarf or star on the orbital evolution of the planets. Second, I endeavored to study the tidal evolution of multiple-planet systems orbiting a brown dwarf, a M-dwarf or a Sun-like star whose radius evolution is also taken into account.These two projects allow me to study the question of the habitability of planets orbiting those objects, in particular orbiting brown dwarfs which are known to cool down with time. A planet orbiting a brown dwarf in its habitable zone is sufficiently close to the brown dwarf to feel tidal effects. So parameters such as the eccentricity or obliquity, which are important for the climate are partially determined by tides. In this thesis, this question is briefly addressed but will be deepened in a future post-doc
O'Malley-James, Jack T. "Life at the end of worlds : modelling the biosignatures of microbial life in diverse environments at the end of the habitable lifetimes of Earth-like planets." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5549.
Full textVarga, Ian Jasper. "FROM LIVING WORLD TO A DEAD EARTH:MARS IN AMERICAN SCIENCE SINCE THE SPACE AGE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1461578235.
Full textBouilloud, Randriarimanana Fanomezantsoa M. Michaëlle. "Synthèses et études d'analogues à la matière organique cométaire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1146/document.
Full textComets are very interesting for planetology as well as for exobiology. On one hand, held in the furthest and coldest regions of our solar system and due to their small size, they might not have been altered since their formation. The study of comets should allow a better understanding of the physic-chemical processes occurring during the Solar system formation. On the other hand, the analysis performed in 1986 on the environment of 1P/Halley showed the presence, in the cometary dust, of organic matter. Thus, comets might have brought organics on primitive Earth which might have contributed to the apparition of life. Nevertheless, the nature of these organics is still not well-known. Cometary organics might have been synthesized from the ices detected in interstellar medium which are submitted to different energetic processes. The aims of the experimental work performed during this thesis are to characterize the different steps of the synthesis of complex organic matter contained in comets from the interstellar ices. I studied : i) The quantification of interstellar ices detected around young stellar objects ii) The characterization of the photolysis process to which ices are submitted and iii.) The nature of the organic compounds produced during these processes. Once mixtures and energetic processes are under control, we can make cometary organic analogs. Infrared observations have revealed the presence of several molecules in the solid phase around young stellar objects. To precise their molecular abundances, I have measured the integrated cross sections, also called band strengths, of 8 molecules (H2O, CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, CH4, HCOOH and H2CO). Indeed, this spectroscopic parameter is required for the quantification of these molecules and some values presented in literature are scattered. The new measurements performed during this thesis, which are based on a bibliographic review of densities and optical indices in the visible range, confirm the values already used for the quantification of CO2, CO, CH4, NH3. But this work also underlines that abundances of CH3OH, H2CO and HCOOH in interstellar medium are still uncertain. In the solid phase, wavelength dependence of photolysis is often neglected. Thanks to two VUV lamps, for which the spectral irradiances have been characterized, I measured the production quantum yield, in two wavelength ranges, of C2H6 and CO, during photolysis of CH4 and CO2 respectively. Thanks to this study, I point out that quantum yield depends on the photolysis wavelength. Thus, the extrapolation of the experimental results to different astrophysical medium implies a good knowledge of VUV spectra. The final objective of experimental simulations is to foresee the nature of cometary organic matter by reproducing, as realistic as possible, the chemistry occurring in interstellar ices. Methane has been detected in the solid phase in the interstellar medium, but few studies implying methane have been undertaken. Thus, I have photolyzed a mixture composed of H2O: CH3OH: NH3: CH4 (10:1:1:2) during 26 hours at low temperature and then I applied a heating process. The influence of initial methane in the ice chemistry is demonstrated by the presence of its main photoproducts, C2H6, after photolysis. But while increasing temperature, methane and its photoproducts seem to sublimate. Therefore, with or without methane, chemistry occurring at temperature higher than 200K seems to be very similar. I conclude than methane does not have significant influence on ice chemistry
Dawley, Margaret Michele. "Radiation and thermal processing of ices and surfaces relevant to prebiotic chemistry in the solar system and interstellar regions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51767.
Full textOsterrothová, Kateřina. "Využití Ramanovy spektroskopie pro identifikaci organických inkluzí minerálů pro účely exobiologie." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379605.
Full textSchneedörfler, Rudolf. "Detekce dusíkatých biomarkerů přenosným Ramanovským spektrometrem - použití v oblasti exobiologie." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322103.
Full textKošek, Filip. "Využití přenosných Ramanovských spektrometrů pro detekci sulfátů: potenciální aplikace v exobiologii." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-341330.
Full textNěmečková, Kateřina. "Karotenoidy sněžných řas jako biomarkery pro exobiologii: pohled Ramanovy spektroskopie." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380770.
Full textKošek, Filip. "Aplikace Ramanovy spektrometrie pro detekci sulfátů hořících uhelných hald." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388851.
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