Academic literature on the topic 'Exophora'

Taking a cognitive perspective, and concentrating on instances of exophora (or so-called ‘antecedentless’ anaphora), where by definition there is no co-occurring expression in terms of which a given anaphor might be interpreted (i.e. a potential ‘antecedent’), I aim to show, firstly, that so-called exophora falls within the category of anaphora proper and not deixis; secondly, that it is in terms of a conceptual representation of the situation being evoked, and not in terms of the physical situation itself, that the anaphor is interpreted; and finally, that exophora is in reality a more central manifestation of anaphora than the ‘endophoric’ type, where the ‘antecedent’ expression co-occurs with the anaphor.I will base the discussion on naturally occurring data from French and English, and will consider the contributions of gender- and number-marking within pronominal anaphors, as well as of such features of the anaphoric segment as the argument and referent-order statuses assigned to an anaphor by the governing predicator and its modifiers, and the stress and pitch characteristics of the anaphor. All these features play an important role in the assignment of a full interpretation to so-called ‘endophoric’ anaphors just as much as ‘exophoric’ ones, thereby weakening the theoretical basis for the distinction between the two types.

Eksofora dalam Bahasa Banjar. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai eksofora dalam bahasa Banjar.Eksofora adalah hal atau fungsi menunjuk kembali kepada sesuatu yang ada di luar bahasa atau padasituasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis eksfora dalam tuturan bahasa Banjar.Metode yang digunakan metode deskripsif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu prosedur penelitianyang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan. Data yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini dibagi menjadi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Data primerberupa tuturan lisan yang diperoleh dari informan yang menguasai bahasa Banjar. Data sekunderberupa informasi yang diperoleh dari buku-buku cerita berbahasa Banjar. Data yang diambil dalampenelitian ini berupa sejumlah ujaran yang berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat yang menyangkut masalaheksofora. Pengumpulan data ini menggunakan metode simak. Istilah menyimak di sini tidak hanyaberkaitan dengan pengunaan bahasa secara lisan, tetapi juga penggunaan bahasa secara tertulis.Metode ini memiliki teknik dasar yang berwujud teknik sadap. Dalam teknik selanjutnya, teknik sadapini diikuti dengan teknik lanjutan yang berupa teknik simak libat cakap, teknik simak bebas libat cakap,catat dan teknik rekam. Teknik libat cakap maksudnya si peneliti melakukan penyadapan itu dengancara berpartisipasi sambil menyimak, berpartisipasi dalam pembicaraan, dan menyimak pembicaraan.Selanjutnya teknik catat adalah teknik lanjutan yang dilakukan ketika menerapkan metode simakdengan teknik lanjutan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah modelinteraktif dilakukan melalui empat tahap kegiatan, yaitu (a) pengumpulan data, (b) reduksi data,(c) penyajian data, dan (d) penyimpulan/verifikasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa 1)Wujud kata atau frasa yang tergolong deiksis persona dalam bahasa Banjar meliputi a) bentuk bebas, b)bentuk terikat, c) bentuk dasar, dan d) bentuk turunan. 2) Wujud kata atau frasa yang tergolong deiksiswaktu dalam bahasa Banjar meliputi a) pronomina penunjuk temporal, b) pronomina penunjukkandeskriptif, dan c) promonima penunjukkan dimensional. 3) Wujud kata dan frasa yang tergolong deiksistempat dalam bahasa Banjar meliputi a) pronomina penunjuk lokotif. 4) Kategori deiksis yang eksoforadalam tuturan bahasa Banjar meliputi a) pronomina persona pertama, b) pronomina persona kedua, c)pronomina persona ketiga, d) pronomina yang direduplikasikan, dan e) sifat khas leksem persona dalambahasa Banjar. 5) Ciri sintaksis yang memperlihatkan gejala eksofora dalam bahasa Banjar meliputia) fungsi sintaksis unsur-unsur kalimat (menduduki fungsi subjek, objek, dan keterangan) b) Peransemantik unsur-unsur kalimat (pelaku, pengalam, peruntung).Kata-kata kunci: eksofora, deiksis, bahasa banjar

Purpose: This study was conducted to ascertain the effect of retinal defocusing or retinal blur on lateral heterophoria at far and near.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study involving 57 participants aged 5 to 35 years, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria of being myopes and emmetropes who had a normal general and ocular health. The Von Graefe technique was used for measuring phoria under standard testing conditions.Results: The mean baseline lateral phoria for emmetropes were 0.53 ± 1.14∆ exophoria and 2.47 ± 2.08∆ exophoria at far and near respectively, while after defocusing, it was 2.80 ± 0.88∆ exophoria and 4.34 ± 1.70∆ exophoria at far and near respectively. For myopes, the baseline lateral phoria was 1.52 ± 1.09∆ exophoria and 4.76 ± 1.13∆ exophoria at far and near respectively while after defocussing, it was 3.39 ± 0.92∆ exophoria at far and 7.60 ± 1.00∆ exophoria at near. The mean difference in lateral phoria was found to be significant at the 95% confidence level (P = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference in lateral phoria change at far (P = 0.072), while the near phoria difference was significant (P = 0.002).Conclusion: Gas Retinal defocusing with +2.50D resulted in a shift towards exophoria at both far and near, with myopes experiencing more exophoric shift. This is because they are less sensitive to the presence of blur. This will enable practitioners to be cautious of the inhibition of accommodation due to higher exophoria at near when prescribing lenses.
 Keywords: Retinal Defocus, Myopia, Emmetropia, Near lateral phoria, Distance lateral phoria.

The title of this research is “Personal Deixis on Personal Pronoun of Barakamon Anime Created by Tachibana Masaki” that aimed to research the deixis form, deixis reference, and deictic shift on personal pronoun of Barakamon anime 1-12 episode created by Tachibana Masaki. This research was analyzed by using descriptive method and informal technique. Deixis form and deixis reference analysis used personal deixis of pragmatic theory by Yule (1996) and personal deixis reference by Halliday and Hasan (1976). While the deictic shift analysis used personal deictic shift theory by Purwo (1984). The result of this research is on Barakamon anime was found three types of person deixis in the personal pronoun with each type of person deixis divided into two forms are singular and plural i.e. first personal deixis e.g. watashi, atashi, boku, ore, uchi, watashitachi, watashira, atashira, bokutachi, bokura, oretachi, orera, uchira, and wareware, second personal deixis e.g. anata, anta, kimi, omae, anatatachi, antatachi, antara, omaetachi, and omaera, and third personal deixis e.g. kare, koitsu, soitsu, aitsu, koitsura and aitsura. Deixis reference that found are exophora reference and endophora reference with anaphora category. And deictic shift that found are personal deictic shifting first personal form for second personal by using watashi, personal deictic shifting second personal form for first personal by using omae and omaera, and personal deictic shifting second personal form for third personal by using anata and omae.

In human neurodegenerative diseases, neurons can transfer toxic protein aggregates to surrounding cells, promoting pathology via poorly understood mechanisms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, proteostressed neurons can expel neurotoxic proteins in large, membrane-bound vesicles called exophers. We investigated how specific stresses impact neuronal trash expulsion to show that neuronal exopher production can be markedly elevated by oxidative and osmotic stress. Unexpectedly, we also found that fasting dramatically increases exophergenesis. Mechanistic dissection focused on identifying nonautonomous factors that sense and activate the fasting-induced exopher response revealed that DAF16/FOXO-dependent and -independent processes are engaged. Fasting-induced exopher elevation requires the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT-1, lipid synthesis transcription factors Mediator complex MDT-15 and SBP-1/SREPB1, and fatty acid synthase FASN-1, implicating remotely initiated lipid signaling in neuronal trash elimination. A conserved fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/RAS/MAPK signaling pathway that acts downstream of, or in parallel to, lipid signaling also promotes fasting-induced neuronal exopher elevation. A germline-based epidermal growth factor (EGF) signal that acts through neurons is also required for exopher production. Our data define a nonautonomous network that links food availability changes to remote, and extreme, neuronal homeostasis responses relevant to aggregate transfer biology.

Purpose. Create a summary classification of exophoria. To propose an optimal algorithm for optometric and surgical methods of treatment. A modern view of the problem. It is optimal to subdivide exophoria according to the state of the vergent-duction balance into divergence excess, basic exophoria, convergence insufficiency, divergence pseudo-excess, lateral gaze incomitance. By the degree of compensation for compensated, subcompensated, uncompensated, decompensated. In combination with alphabetic pattern for exophoria without pattern, exophoria in combination with horizontal type A pattern, exophoria in combination with vertical type A pattern, exophoria in combination with horizontal type V pattern, exophoria in combination with vertical type V pattern. Features of optimal optical and prismatic correction depend on the state of the vergent-duction balance. In cases of exophoria without pattern surgical treatment is carried out during the transition from a state of subcompensation to non-compensation. In case of exophoria with horizontal-type alphabetical pattern, combined horizontal-transpositional surgery is optimal: elimination of exophoria, the protocol is based on the amount of deviation in the direct gaze position; elimination of the pattern, the protocol is based on vertical transposition of muscles of horizontal action. In cases of exophoria with vertical-type pattern, it is necessary to perform staged vertical-horizontal surgery: stage 1 – elimination of vertical heterotropy in adduction; stage 2 – elimination of exophoria (the protocol is based on the amount of deviation in the direct gaze position). Conclusions. The treatment protocol should be based on a reliably diagnosed diagnosis and consists at the pre-surgical stage in the optimal optical and prismatic correction, the appointment of orthopto-diplopto-prismatic treatment. The effectiveness of treatment is assessed by the dynamics of the disease: the magnitude of exodeviation and the stage of compensation. The protocol of surgical treatment must be reasonable and timely. Key words: exophoria, divergence excess, convergence insufficiency, basic exotropia, lateral gaze incomitance, alphabet pattern.