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1

Agayeva, L., A. Abdinova, S. Akhmedova, N. Akhmedov, and N. Akhmedov. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BETA-LACTORFIN MOLECULE." Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty 7, no. 1 (2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/rusjbpc.2022.0486.

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Opioid peptides cause pain relief, sedation and sleep, as well as a euphoric state and a number of autonomic reactions. These peptides are of animal and plant origin. A number of exogenous peptides obtained from food have opiate-like properties. This peptides were named exorphins. The discovery of the opioid activity of the peptide components of food has led to the assumption that certain types of food can act on the central nervous system like opiate drugs. A number of milk exorphins have been found that have opioid receptor antagonist properties. These include casoxins A, B, C, human casoxin
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2

Fanciulli, Giuseppe, Christopher L. Pennington, Craig P. Dufresne, and Troy D. Wood. "Gluten exorphins in human blood." Pharmacological Research 160 (October 2020): 105084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105084.

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3

Novotniné Dankó, Gabriella, and Gyula Dankó †. "Different ideas on the pathogenesis and treatment of swine edema-disease." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/10038.

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Although literature data associate the reason of swine edema-disease with certain serotypes of Escherichia coli bacteria, the authors assume that the primary cause of edema is more different. Susceptible agents and factors, mostly of feed compound are involved. During the digestion of some feed-origin protein opiate-like metabolites, exorphins arise, simultaneously arrest the release of acetylcholine. Consequences of acetylcholine shortage are spasm of sphincters (mostly pylorus), intestine-dilatation, contraction of bladder-sphincter, and urine retention. The endorphins and exorphins intensif
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4

Tveiten, Dag, and Karl L. Reichelt. "Exorphins in urine from schizoaffective psychotics." Open Journal of Psychiatry 02, no. 03 (2012): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2012.23029.

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5

Tveiten, Dag, Adrian Finvold, Marthe Andersson, and Karl L. Reichelt. "Peptides and Exorphins in the Autism Spectrum." Open Journal of Psychiatry 04, no. 03 (2014): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2014.43034.

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6

CARR, RONALD I., DAVID WEBSTER, DAMASO SADI, HOLLY WILLIAMS, and NOREEN WALSH. "Immunomodulation by Opioids from Dietary Casein (Exorphins)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 594, no. 1 Neuropeptides (1990): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb40500.x.

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7

Akhmedov, N., L. Agayeva, R. Abbasli, and L. Ismailova. "SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF ALFA-LAKTORFINE MOLECULE." Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty 7, no. 1 (2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/rusjbpc.2022.0487.

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Opioid peptides are currently considered the most studied group of peptide signaling substances. Opium causes pain relief, sedation and falling asleep, as well as a euphoric state and a number of vegetative reactions. Opioid peptides are of animal and plant origin. A number of exogenous peptides obtained from food have opioid-like properties. Such peptides were called exorphins, there are dozens of representatives. The alpha-laktorphine molecule is a representative of this class. The conformational possibilities of the Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe alpha-lactorphine molecule were studied by the method of th
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8

Reichelt, K. L. "Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides and dietary antigens?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.840.

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PurposeA: 1. To develop the urine analysis for exorphins for routine use in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).2. Disorders where patient related validation must be carried out: schizophrenia, depression (uni- and bipolar) and autism.MethodA: HPLC-MS/MS (fragmentation mass spectrometry) technology.With both a specific HPLC retention time and MS/MS (fragmentation) this method is close to an absolute technique for peptide recognition.B: ELISA against specific proteins (gliadin, gluten and casein and transglutaminase 6) (Table 1 og 2).BackgroundA: schizophrenia: increased opioid peptide levels h
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9

Sokhanenkova, N. Yu, L. S. Asmakova, V. A. Dubinin, J. D. Bespalova, and A. A. Kamensky. "Neurotropic effects of some exorphins-natural exogenous opioid peptides." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (1997): 48S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87085-0.

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10

Dubynin, V. A., I. V. Malinovskaya, Yu A. Belyaeva, et al. "Delayed effect of exorphins on learning of albino rat pups." Biology Bulletin 35, no. 1 (2008): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106235900801007x.

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11

Stępnik, M., and M. Kurek. "The influence of casein-derived exorphins on mast cells in rodents." Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 39 (January 1999): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0335-7457(99)80091-4.

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12

Fukudome, Shin-ichi, Yunden Jinsmaa, Taiji Matsukawa, Ryuzo Sasaki, and Masaaki Yoshikawa. "Release of opioid peptides, gluten exorphins by the action of pancreatic elastase." FEBS Letters 412, no. 3 (1997): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00829-6.

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13

Stępnik, M., and M. Kurek. "The influence of bovine casein-derived exorphins on mast cells in rodents." Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 42, no. 5 (2002): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0335-7457(02)00176-4.

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14

Ya. Bakalkin, Georgy, Hans-Ulrich Demuth, and Fred Nyberg. "Relationship between primary structure and activity in exorphins and endogenous opioid peptides." FEBS Letters 310, no. 1 (1992): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(92)81135-9.

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15

Manai, Federico, Lisa Zanoletti, Giulia Morra, et al. "Gluten Exorphins Promote Cell Proliferation through the Activation of Mitogenic and Pro-Survival Pathways." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043912.

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Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disorder that affects preferentially the small intestine of individuals with a genetic predisposition. CD is promoted by the ingestion of gluten, a storage protein contained in the endosperm of the seeds of wheat, barley, rye, and related cereals. Once in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, gluten is enzymatically digested with the consequent release of immunomodulatory and cytotoxic peptides, i.e., 33mer and p31-43. In the late 1970s a new group of biologically active peptides, called gluten exorphins (GEs), was discovered and characterize
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16

Kurek, M., F. Ruëff, M. Czerwionka-Szaflarska, G. Doroszewska, and B. Przybilla. "Exorphins derived from cow's milk casein elicit pseudo-allergic wheal-and-flare reactions in healthy children." Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 36, no. 2 (1996): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0335-7457(96)80082-7.

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17

Fukudome, Shin-ichi, Akira Shimatsu, Hiroyuki Suganuma, and Masaaki Yoshikawa. "Effect of gluten exorphins a5 and b5 on the postprandial plasma insulin level in conscious rats." Life Sciences 57, no. 7 (1995): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00324-y.

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18

Maggioni, Margherita, Milda Stuknytė, Paola De Luca, et al. "Transport of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium." Food Research International 88 (October 2016): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.030.

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19

Tomaka, Joanna, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz, Justyna Morylowska-Topolska, et al. "Review paper. Gluten-related disorders and schizophrenia - potential linking mechanisms, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge." Current Problems of Psychiatry 18, no. 1 (2017): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpp-2017-0001.

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Abstract More and more evidence confirms the theory that the intake of cereal products containing gluten may play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. There are also premises indicating the relationship between the so-called gluten-related diseases and the development and course of mental disorders, including schizophrenia. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the potential relationship between the consumption of gluten and schizophrenia, considering the etiopathogenesis and the role of gluten-free diet in the treatment of schizophrenia. Methods: There were
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20

Pica, Valentina, Milda Stuknytė, Fabio Masotti, Ivano De Noni та Stefano Cattaneo. "Model infant biscuits release the opioid-acting peptides milk β-casomorphins and gluten exorphins after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion". Food Chemistry 362 (листопад 2021): 130262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130262.

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21

Gritsai, O. B., V. A. Dubynin, Zh D. Bespalova, and V. E. Pilipenko. "Effects of several exorphins and endorphins on the escape reaction of the cockroach Periplaneta americana under elevated temperature conditions." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 45, no. 4 (2009): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093009040057.

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22

Gibson, Peter R., Jane G. Muir, and Evan D. Newnham. "Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al." Digestive Diseases 33, no. 2 (2015): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371401.

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Background: While it is well documented and widely appreciated that ingestion of wheat (and less so rye and barley) is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating or abdominal pain, the component of wheat to which such an effect is attributed is less well established. Key Messages: Wheat is a complex of proteins (80% gluten, 20% metabolic proteins), carbohydrates (starch, non-starch polysaccharides, fructans), lipids and other components. The majority of attention has focused on gluten as the culprit in triggering symptoms, but re-challenge studies have nearly all used wheat flo
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23

Stuknytė, Milda, Margherita Maggioni, Stefano Cattaneo, et al. "Release of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of bread and pasta and their absorption through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium." Food Research International 72 (June 2015): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.002.

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24

Fukudome, Shin-ichi, and Masaaki Yoshikawa. "Gluten exorphin C." FEBS Letters 316, no. 1 (1993): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)81727-h.

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25

Kizawa, Kenji. "Calmodulin Binding Peptide Comprising α-Casein Exorphin Sequence". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, № 5 (1997): 1579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf960720i.

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26

Dohan, F. C. "Genetic Hypothesis of Idiopathic Schizophrenia: Its Exorphin Connection." Schizophrenia Bulletin 14, no. 4 (1988): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/14.4.489.

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27

Ertay, T., P. Ünak, C. Tasci, F. Zihnioğlu, and H. Durak. "Scintigraphic imaging with 99mTc- exorphin C in rabbits." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 62, no. 6 (2005): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.10.016.

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28

Ertay, T., P. Unak, C. Tasci, F. Z. Biber, F. Zihnioglu, and H. Durak. "99mTc-exorphin C: A new peptide radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 265, no. 3 (2005): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0851-1.

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29

Dubynin, V. A., L. S. Asmakova, N. Yu Sokhanenkova, Zh D. Bespalova, V. N. Nezavibat'ko, and A. A. Kamenskii. "Comparative analysis of neurotropic activity of exorphines, derivatives of dietary proteins." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 125, no. 2 (1998): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496839.

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30

Ertay, T., P. Ünak, F. Z. Biber, C. Tascı, F. Zihnioğlu, and H. Durak. "Scintigraphic imaging with a peptide glucuronide in rabbits: 99mTc- exorphin C glucuronide." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, no. 2 (2007): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.03.017.

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31

Ertay, T., P. Ünak, O. Özdo?an, and F. Z. Biber. "99mTc-Exorphin-glucuronide in tumor diagnosis: Preparation and biodistribution studies in rats." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 269, no. 1 (2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0226-2.

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32

FANCIULLI, G., E. AZARA, T. WOOD, A. DETTORI, G. DELITALA, and M. MARCHETTI. "Quantification of Gluten Exorphin A5 in cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B 833, no. 2 (2006): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.01.038.

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33

Fanciulli, Giuseppe, Emanuela Azara, Troy D. Wood, Giuseppe Delitala, and Mauro Marchetti. "Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for quantification of Gluten Exorphin B5 in cerebrospinal fluid." Journal of Chromatography B 852, no. 1-2 (2007): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.012.

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34

Fanciulli, Giuseppe, Alessandra Dettori, Maria P. Demontis, Paolo A. Tomasi, Vittorio Anania, and Giuseppe Delitala. "Gluten exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion through opioid receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier." Life Sciences 76, no. 15 (2005): 1713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.023.

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35

Meisel, Hans. "Chemical characterization and opioid activity of an exorphin isolated from in vivo digests of casein." FEBS Letters 196, no. 2 (1986): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(86)80251-4.

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36

Fanciulli, Giuseppe, Alessandra Dettori, Emma Fenude, et al. "Intravenous administration of the food-derived opioid peptide Gluten Exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion in rats." Pharmacological Research 47, no. 1 (2003): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-6618(02)00267-0.

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37

Pennington, Christopher L., Craig P. Dufresne, Giuseppe Fanciulli, and Troy D. Wood. "Detection of Gluten Exorphin B4 and B5 in Human Blood by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry." Open Spectroscopy Journal 1, no. 1 (2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874383800701010009.

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38

Belyaeva, Yu A., V. A. Dubynin, I. S. Stovolosov, Yu V. Dobryakova, Zh D. Bespalova, and A. A. Kamenskii. "Effects of acute and chronic administration of exorphin C on behavior and learning in white rat pups." Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 64, no. 2 (2009): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0096392509020035.

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39

Takahashi, Masakatsu, Hiroko Fukunaga, Hiroshi Kaneto, Shin-ichi Fukudome, and Masaaki Yoshikawa. "Behavioral and Pharmacological Studies on Gluten Exorphin A5, a Newly Isolated Bioactive Food Protein Fragment, in Mice." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 84, no. 3 (2000): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jjp.84.259.

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40

Fanciulli, Giuseppe, Alessandra Dettori, Paolo A. Tomasi, et al. "Prolactin and growth hormone response to intracerebroventricular administration of the food opioid peptide gluten exorphin B5 in rats." Life Sciences 71, no. 20 (2002): 2383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02036-2.

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41

Zvyagin, A. A., I. A. Bavykina, D. V. Vasilenko, and O. A. Gerasimova. "GLIADOMORPHIN AND CASOMORPHIN LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 100, no. 6 (2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2021-100-6-65-71.

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High frequency of detection of various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) formed the basis of the first attempts to prescribe diet therapy. Despite the fact that diets are not officially included in the complex of therapeutic measures for ASD, the use of gluten-free (GFD) and casein-free diets (CFD) is widespread practice. The aim of the study was to assess the level of gliadomorphins (GM) and casomorphins (CM) in the blood of children with ASD, depending on the eating style and in comparison with healthy peers. Materials and methods of res
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42

Reichelt, Karl L., Dag Tveiten, Anne-Mari Knivsberg, and Gunnar Brønstad. "Peptides’ role in autism with emphasis on exorphins." Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 23 (August 24, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18958.

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43

Pruimboom, Leo, and Karin de Punder. "The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease." Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 33, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41043-015-0032-y.

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44

Tveiten, Dag, Vesna Bryn, Ola Didrik Saugstad, Jørn Isaksen, Per Ola Rønning, and Ola H. Skjeldal. "Urinary opioid peptides in children with autism spectrum disorders. A Pilot Study." Translational Science of Rare Diseases, August 5, 2024, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/trd-230065.

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BACKGROUND: Circulating β-casomorphins (BCM) and gluten exorphins (GE), which are exogenous opioid peptides originating from bovine milk protein casein and cereal protein gluten, respectively, have been proposed as potential trigger factor to symptoms observed in children with autism. OBJECTIVE: Given the debate surrounding the detectability of these opioid peptides in body fluids, particularly using highly sensitive and specific mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) techniques, we aimed to investigate their presence in urine samples of autistic subjects. METHODS: We employed an HPLC-MS method for pepti
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45

Bressan, Paola, and Peter Kramer. "Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10 (March 29, 2016). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1004705.

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Perhaps because gastroenterology, immunology, toxicology, and the nutrition and agricultural sciences are outside of their competence and responsibility, psychologists and psychiatrists typically fail to appreciate the impact that food can have on their patients' condition. Here we attempt to help correct this situation by reviewing, in non-technical, plain English, how cereal grains--the world's most abundant food source--can affect human behavior and mental health. We present the implications for the psychological sciences of the findings that, in all of us, bread (1) makes the gut more perm
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46

Pennington, Christopher L., Craig P. Dufresne, Giuseppe Fanciulli, and Troy D. Wood. "Detection of Gluten Exorphin B4 and B5 in Human Blood by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry." November 30, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2174/187438380701019083.

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47

Yun, Tianyan, Tao Jing, Xiaoping Zang, et al. "Antimicrobial mechanisms and secondary metabolite profiles of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus 5–4 against banana fusarium wilt disease using metabolomics." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (June 9, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159534.

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Fusarium wilt of bananas (FWB) is seriously affecting the sustainable development of the banana industry and is caused by the devastating soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Biological control is a promising strategy for controlling Fusarium wilt in bananas. We previously identified Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus 5–4 with strong antifungal activity against the FWB. The most possible antimicrobial mechanism of strain 5–4 was explored using the metabolomics approach, light microscopy imaging, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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