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Bergström, Jonathan, and Christoffer Åhman. "Shear strain rate dependency of expanded polystyrene foam." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Inst.), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254623.
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Trussoni, Matthew. "Fracture Properties of Concrete Containing Expanded Polystyrene Aggregate Replacement." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/285.
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Fracture mechanics is applied to study the behavior of concrete containing expanded polystyrene (EPS) aggregate replacement. The EPS replaces a portion of the normal weight fine aggregate. Previous research has shown EPS aggregate replacement changes the failure mode in compression from a typical instantaneous failure, as in normal weight concrete (NWC), to a more gradual dissipation of load carrying capacity. This behavior is investigated through the use of fracture mechanics. The fracture energy, critical stress intensity factor and characteristic length of EPS concrete, NWC and fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) are experimentally determined. The two types of tests used to study these properties are the three point bending test recommended by the RILEM technical committee and a wedge splitting test developed recently. The conclusions derived from this research demonstrate that EPS aggregate replacement increases the size of the fracture process zone in front of the crack tip. This increase in size changes the failure mode of concrete allowing it to maintain load after reaching peak load and absorb more energy during the fracture process.
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Zou, Yong, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Behavior of the expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam on soft soil." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Zou_Y.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/792.
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Excessive settlement and foundation instability are some of the main problems commonly encountered in fills and embankment structures built on a soft soil of low bearing capacity.The Expanded Polystyrene(EPS)replacement method, by partially or fully replacing the conventional fill material with extremely lightweight EPS geofoam, may solve these problems. In this thesis, experimental and theoretical work have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of EPS under various loading conditions in geotechnical applications and the effectiveness of EPS replacement technique has been studied using numerical models.Several tests were performed for this study and the results of these tests are givenDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Zou, Yong. "Behavior of the expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam on soft soil /." View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030428.112945/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 2001.A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Civic Engineering and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, January, 2001. Bibliography : p. 215-225.
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CALHEIROS, ALENA VITKOVA. "ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED SOIL WITH EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35637@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Este estudo apresenta o comportamento de solos reforçados com adição de pérolas de EPS (Poliestireno Expandido) através de estudo experimental. Os solos utilizados foram: um solo argiloso de origem coluvionar, uma areia limpa, mal graduada e bentonita. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física e de caracterização mecânica, como ensaios de compactação Proctor Normal, ensaios triaxiais consolidados isotropicamente drenados (CID) e ensaios de cisalhamento direto para buscar estabelecer padrões de comportamento que possam explicar a influência da adição de pérolas de EPS, relacionando-a com os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os ensaios triaxiais CID foram realizados em amostras de solo argiloso compactadas na densidade máxima seca e umidade ótima, com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,25 por cento, 0,50 por cento, 0,75 por cento e 1 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo e os ensaios triaxiais CID em amostras de areia foram realizados para uma densidade relativa de 50 por cento e umidade de 10 por cento, com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,50 por cento e 0,75 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo. Os ensaios de cisalhamento direto com bentonita foram realizados com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,50 por cento e 0,75 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de solo, o teor de pérolas de EPS e o nível de tensão confinante influenciam positivamente o comportamento mecânico final dos compósitos com relação aos parâmetros de resistência, porém não há uma tendência de comportamento bem definida ao analisar cada fator independentemente. Portanto, o uso de pérolas de EPS em obras geotécnicas de carregamento estático contribuiria com o menor consumo de material natural e a consequente redução dos custos de transporte e volume de material mobilizado.
This study presents the behavior of soils reinforced with EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) beads through experimental study. The soils used were a coluvionar soil, a clean and barely graduated sand and bentonite. Physical characterization, Standard Proctor, consolidated drained triaxial and direct shear tests were performed to establish patterns of behavior that may explain the influence of the addition of expanded polystyrene beads, linking it with shear strength parameters. The CID triaxial was performed on samples of clayey soil compacted within the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content with expanded polystyrene beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.25 percent, 0.50 percent, 0.75 percent and 1 percent by dry weight of soil. CID triaxial tests on sand samples were made to a relative density of 50 per cent and 10 per cent of moisture content, with EPS beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.50 percent and 0.75 percent by dry weight of soil. The direct shear tests with bentonite were made with EPS beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.50 percent and 0.75 percent by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the kind of soil, the EPS content and level of confining stress level influence positively on the final mechanical behavior of the composites with respect to strength parameters, but there is no well-defined pattern of behavior to examine each factor independently. Therefore, the use of EPS beads in geotechnical works, contribute to lower consumption of natural material and the consequent reduction in transport costs and volume of mobilized material.
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Nguyen, Viet Anh. "A study on Textile Reinforced - and Expanded Polystyrene Concrete sandwich beams." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-158948.
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Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) with a small thickness, high tensile and compressive strength has been combined with lightweight materials to create sandwich elements. Due to the low strength of the core materials in the sandwich elements, the additional shear connector devices were suggested to improve the load capacity. However, it raised an idea of using a higher strength material core, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC), without any connector devices to create a new type of lightweight sandwich element, which can be an answer for not only developing lightweight structures but also solving environmental problems. In this thesis, this novel idea was gradually realized with a study on TRC-EPC sandwich beams. Firstly, experimental material tests on EPC showed the possibility to recycle EPS waste for EPC with a density of around 950 kg/m3. Thus, an EPC with a density of 920 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 5.2 N/mm2 was chosen for the core to realize the concept for TRC-EPC sandwich with 18 experimental beams. Bending tests of six series with shear-to-depth-ratio (a/d) from 1.5 to 5.2 were implemented to study load responses of this type of sandwich beam. The failure moments of all the specimens were smaller than the nominal moment strength of the cross section. The load capacities of the specimens depend strongly on the ratio a/d. The calculations for the shear capacity according to standards as well as shear calculation approaches were implemented. Due to their generalized form, ACI 318-05 and EC2 offer conservative results for a/d<5.2. The dependence of the shear capacity on a/d could be better described with CEB-FIB Model Code 1990. For the beams with 1.52.1, ZINK’s model offered better results than the others. Besides, a new proposed equation for the shear capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams depending on the a/d was also suggested. In order to model the load response of the six experimental series, FEM models with ATENA developed. The models with and without a consideration of the bond between the textile and fine HSC in the TRC layer underestimated the load capacity with tolerance 26% and 28 % respectively. The tolerances for the deflections in the models with a/d>2.5 were around 22 % and 23%. Finally, an engineering model originally based on sandwich theory was developed to model the load-deflection response of this type of sandwich beams. The model could predict the displacement with tolerances from -24 % to 12 %. The load capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams was underestimated with a tolerance in the range of 15- 34 %In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Sandwichkonstruktion untersucht, für die Textilbeton, ein Werkstoff mit geringer Dicke und gleichzeitig hoher Zug- und Druckfestigkeit, mit leichten Kernmaterialien kombiniert wurde. Aufgrund der geringen Festigkeit der Kernmaterialien werden in vielen Sandwichkonstruktionen zusätzliche Schubverbinder benötigt, um eine ausreichende Tragfähigkeit zu erreichen. Dies führte zu der Idee, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC) als höherfestes Kernmaterial zu verwenden, das keine zusätzlichen Verbindungsmittel benötigt. Damit entsteht eine neuartige Sandwichkonstruktion, die nicht nur eine Lösung für die Entwicklung neuer leichter Strukturen ist, sondern auch für Umweltprobleme. Diese Idee wurde in dieser Arbeit durch theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an Textilbeton-EPC-Sandwichbalken umgesetzt. Zunächst wurden Materialuntersuchungen an EPC durchgeführt, um nachzuweisen, dass es möglich ist, EPC mit einer Dichte von rund 950 kg/m³ mit recyceltem EPS herzustellen. Für die anschließenden Untersuchungen an 18 Sandwichbalken wurde dann ein EPC mit einer Dichte von 920 kg/m³ und einer Druckfestigkeit von 5,2 N/mm² ausgewählt. In 6 Serien von Sandwichbalken wurden 4-Punkt-Biegeversuche mit Schubschlankheiten von 1,5 bis 5,2 durchgeführt. Die Bruchmomente aller Balken waren geringer als die rechnerische Momententragfähigkeit des Querschnitts und die Tragfähigkeit war stark von der Schubschlankheit abhängig. Es wurden Berechnungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit nach den verschiedenen internationalen Normen durchgeführt. Aufgrund ihrer allgemeingültigen Form ergaben ACI 318-05 und EC2 sehr konservative Ergebnisse für Schubschlankheiten kleiner als 5,2. Die Formulierung des CEB-FIB Model Code 1990 war besser geeignet, die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit abzubilden. Für die Balken mit Schubschlankheiten a/d=1,5 bis 2,1 brachten Stabwerkmodelle ausreichend gute Ergebnisse. In Fällen mit a/d>2,1 ergab das Modell von Zink die besten Übereinstimmungen. Um die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit besser erfassen zu können, wurde eine neue Berechnungsgleichung für Textilbeton-EPC-Balken vorgeschlagen. Um das Last-Verformungsverhalten der experimentellen Untersuchungen beschreiben zu können, wurden FEM-Modelle mit der Software ATENA entwickelt. Es wurden verschiedene Modelle untersucht, die den Verbund zwischen dem textilen Gelege und dem Feinbeton unterschiedlich stark berücksichtigten. Die Tragfähigkeit der untersuchten Balken wurde mit den FEM-Modellen um ca. 26% bis 28% unterschätzt. Die Abweichungen in den berechneten Durchbiegungen betrugen für die Balken mit a/d>2,5 ca. 22% bis 23%. Abschließend wurde ein Ingenieurmodell auf Grundlage der Sandwichtheorie entwickelt, mit dem das Last-Verformungsverhalten dieser Sandwichkonstruktion gut beschrieben werden kann. Mit dem Modell ergaben sich Abweichungen von -24% bis +12% zwischen experimentellen und theoretisch ermittelten Verformungen. Die Tragfähigkeit wurde mit einer Abweichung von 15% bis 34% unterschätzt
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Butkute, Rasa. "Investigations on the Influence of Different Factors on the Expanded Polystyrene Mechanical and Deformative Properties." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35206.
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Carneiro, Neto Mozart Mariano. "Avaliação da degradação do poliestireno expandido (geofoam) por meio de ensaios de laboratório /." Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191150.
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Orientador: Paulo César LodiResumo: O poliestireno expandido (EPS), que entre vários materiais, também da origem a um gessintético, o geoexpandido, que é muito utilizado em obras geotécnicas, pois quando comparado a outros materiais, possui um menor peso específico o que diminui o peso próprio da estrutura, minimizando eventuais recalques. Além disso, a combinação de alta resistência e baixa compressibilidade o tornam uma boa escolha para obras geotécnicas. No entanto, o EPS é extremamente susceptível a solventes, hidrocarbonetos e raios ultravioletas. Nesse sentido, poucos trabalhos tem explorado os aspectos de degradação do material em aplicações geotécnicas. Assim, o presente trabalho avaliou a degradação do poliestireno expandido (EPS) por meio de ensaios laboratoriais. Para tanto, utilizaram-se amostras de EPS em cinco diferentes massas específicas, a saber: 10,0, 14,5, 18,0, 22,0 e 33,5 kg/m³. O processo de degradação das amostras foi avaliado por meio da exposição à intempérie por catorze, trinta e quarenta e cinco dias e exposição ao vapor de gasolina por sete, catorze e trinta dias. Para avaliação do processo degradativo foram realizados ensaios de absorção de água, compressão uniaxial e cisalhamento direto de interface (EPS/EPS). Os ensaios foram realizados após cada período de exposição e os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos valores de referência das amostras intactas. Os resultados mostram que os valores de absorção de água, para ambos os tipos de exposição, apresentam comportamento similar, d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Expanded polystyrene (EPS), which among many materials, also gives rise to a gessynthetic, geo-expanded, which is widely used in geotechnical works, because when compared to other materials, has a lower specific weight which decreases the structure's own weight. , minimizing any repression. In addition, the combination of high strength and low compressibility make it a good choice for geotechnical works. However, EPS is extremely susceptible to solvents, hydrocarbons and ultraviolet rays. In this sense, few studies have explored the degradation aspects of the material in geotechnical applications. Thus, the present work evaluates the degradation of expanded polystyrene (EPS) by results of laboratory tests. For this purpose, EPS samples were used in five different specific masses, namely: 10.0, 14.5, 18.0, 22.0 and 33.5 kg/m³. The degradation process of the samples was evaluated by exposure to the weather for fourteen, thirty and forty five days and exposure to gasoline vapor for seven, fourteen and thirty days. To evaluate the degradation process water absorption, uniaxial compression and (EPS/EPS) interface direct shear tests were performed. The tests were performed after each exposure period and the results obtained were compared to the reference values of the fresh samples. The main results show that the water absorption values, for both types of exposure, present similar behavior, so that the absorption is inversely proportional to the specific mass. Regarding uniaxial re... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gaskin, Andrew Peter. "Geofoam buffers for rigid walls, an investigation into the use of expanded polystyrene for seismic buffers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0013/MQ52901.pdf.
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Kligys, Modestas. "Production technology and properties of composite material made out of porous cement paste and crushed expanded polystyrene." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091204_085542-55180.
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The composite material of different density, where porous cement paste serves as matrix and crushed waste expanded polystyrene packages serve as inclusions, was developed. The compositions of formative mixtures and technological parameters of production for this composite material were selected and its properties were investigated.Sukurta skirtingo tankio kompozitinė medžiaga, kurioje matrica yra poringoji cemento tešla, o intarpai - trupintos polistireninio putplasčio pakavimo taros atliekos. Parinktos minėtos kompozitinės medžiagos formavimo mišinių sudėtys, gamybos technologiniai parametrai ir ištirtos jos bandinių savybės.
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Piekarski, Paweł. "Analityczno-doświadczalna metoda projektowania betonów z regranulatem EPS." Rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy, 2019. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/1498.
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W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałości na ściskanie i gęstości objętościowej styrobetonów z regranuletem EPS. Na podstawie wykonanych badań laboratoryjnych i zaproponowanego modelu obliczeniowego, określono ogólne funkcje wytrzymałości na ściskanie styrobetonów. Analiza doświadczalno - teoretyczna umożliwiła ponadto opracowanie metody projektowania składu mieszanki styrobetonów z wielofrakcyjnym ragranulatem EPSThe study presents the results of researches of the concretes compressive strength and the bulk density with recycled ground EPS aggregate. Based on the experimental results and calculation model, the compressive strength of concrete equations has been developed. Moreover, the experimental and theoretical analysis allowed the concrete mix with recycled ground EPS method to be devised
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Nguyen, Viet Anh Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] [Curbach, and Mike [Akademischer Betreuer] Schlaich. "A study on Textile Reinforced - and Expanded Polystyrene Concrete sandwich beams / Viet Anh Nguyen. Gutachter: Manfred Curbach ; Mike Schlaich." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069092606/34.
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Nguyen, Viet Anh [Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Curbach, and Mike [Akademischer Betreuer] Schlaich. "A study on Textile Reinforced - and Expanded Polystyrene Concrete sandwich beams / Viet Anh Nguyen. Gutachter: Manfred Curbach ; Mike Schlaich." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069092606/34.
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Galego, Tiago Manuel Rodrigues. "Sistema de construção com cofragem perdida em poliestireno expandido: avaliação da sua adequação às condições climáticas de Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15251.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado aborda o tema do sistema de construção com
cofragens perdidas em poliestireno expandido e da avaliação da sua adequação às
condições climáticas de Portugal.
Pretende averiguar-se o comportamento térmico de um edifício construído com
cofragens modulares em EPS, de modo a verificar se a utilização deste sistema é
compatível com o clima de Portugal. Para tal, irá proceder-se a uma análise comparativa
entre um edifício construído com cofragens modulares em EPS e um edifício construído
com paredes de alvenaria dupla com isolamento térmico na caixa-de-ar. Será aplicado o
RCCTE em ambos os edifícios, em várias localidades de Portugal e comparar-se-ão os
resultados obtidos; ABSTRACT: This master's degree dissertation examines the construction system using
expanded polystyrene single-use moulds and evaluates their suitability for use in
Portuguese climatic conditions.
It is intended to verify the thermal behaviour of a building built with modular
formwork in EPS, so that we can check if the use of this system is compatible with the
climate of Portugal. For such thing, we’ll proceed to a comparative analysis between a
building built with modular formwork in EPS and a building built with masonry double
walls and thermal insulation in air box. It will be applied the RCCTE in both buildings, in
several locals from Portugal, and the obtained results will be compared.
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Borsatto, Mariana Basolli. "Avaliação das propriedades hidráulicas e mecânicas do geoexpandido (EPS) por meio de ensaios de laboratório /." Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191358.
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Orientador: Paulo César LodiResumo: Esse trabalho avaliou as propriedades do poliestireno expandido (EPS) para verificar a viabilidade e emprego deste em obras geotécnicas. Foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas do material, por meio de ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento direto, compressão triaxial, compressão uniaxial simples e cíclica, absorção de água, permeabilidade e empuxo conforme as normas vigentes e métodos utilizados pela literatura corrente. Utilizou-se uma gama variada de massas específicas de EPS (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 kg/m3), incluindo duas recicladas (10 e 12,5 kg/m³). Os principais resultados mostram que os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento direto apresentam variações crescentes conforme aumenta-se a massa específica, assim como os valores de resistência à compressão simples e cíclica. O mesmo é valido para o módulo de elasticidade, que também aumenta com a massa específica. As amostras de baixa massa específica apresentaram um significante intercepto coesivo, enquanto que as maiores possuem elevada parcela de ângulo de atrito. Os parâmetros de absorção de água tendem a diminuir com o aumento da massa específica e todas apresentaram valores muito proximos de permeabilidade. Além disso, valor de 20 kg/m³ é um valor de transição da massa específica com relação ao comportamento das amostras.
Abstract: This work evaluated the properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS) to verify its feasibility and use in geotechnical works. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of the material were studied by tests of direct shear strength, triaxial, simple and cyclic uniaxial compression, water absorption, permeability and thrust according to current standards and methods used in the current literature. A wide range of specific masses (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kg/m³) were used, including two recycled (10 and 12.5 kg/m³). The main results show that the direct shear strength parameters show increasing variations as the specific mass increases, as well as the simple and cyclic compressive strength values. The same is true for the modulus of elasticity, which also increases with the specific mass. The samples of low specific mass presented a significant cohesive intercept, while the larger ones had a high proportion of friction angle. Water absorption parameters tend to decrease with increasing specific mass and all presented very close permeability values. In addition, a value of 20 kg/m³ is a specific mass transition value with respect to sample behavior.
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Illuri, Hema Kumar. "Development of soil-eps mixes for geotechnical applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16542/1/Hema_Kumar_Illuri_Thesis.pdf.
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Global concern about the environmental impacts of waste disposal and stringent implementation of environmental laws lead to numerous research on recycled materials. Increased awareness about the inherent engineering values of waste materials, lack of landfill sites and strong demand for construction materials have encouraged research on composite materials, which are either fully or partly made of recycled materials. This trend is particularly strong in transportation and geotechnical projects, where huge quantities of raw materials are normally consumed.
Owing to the low mass-to-volume ratio, disposal of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a major problem. In addition, EPS recycling methods are expensive, labour intensive and energy demanding. Hence, this thesis is focused on the development of a new soil composite made by mixing recycled EPS with expansive clays. Given the high cost of damage to various buildings, structures and pavements caused by the unpredictable ground movements associated with expansive soils, it has been considered prudent to try and develop a new method of soil modification using recycled EPS beads as a swell-shrink modifier and desiccation crack controller. The innovative application of recycled EPS as a soil modifier will minimise the quantity of waste EPS destined to the landfill considerably.
An extensive experimental investigation has been carried out using laboratory reconstituted expansive soils - to represent varied plasticity indices - consisting of fine sand and sodium bentonite. Three soils notated as SB16, SB24 and SB32 representing 16%, 24% and 32% of bentonite contents respectively were tested with four EPS contents of 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%. The tests performed include compaction, free swell, swell pressure, shrinkage, desiccation, shear strength and hydraulic conductivity. All the tests have been performed at the respective maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of the mixes. It has been observed that by mixing of recycled EPS beads with the reconstituted soil, a lightweight geomaterial is produced with improved engineering properties in terms of dry unit weight, swelling, shrinkage and desiccation.
The EPS addition depends on the moulding moisture content of the soil. With increasing moisture content, additional EPS can be added. Also, there is a reduction in dry unit weight with the addition of EPS. Furthermore, the reduction of swell-shrink potential and desiccation cracking in soils, for example, is related to the partial replacement of soil particles as well as the elasticity of the EPS beads. There is a reduction in shear strength with the addition of EPS to soils. However, mixing of chemical stabilisers along with EPS can enhance the strength in addition to improved overall properties.
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Illuri, Hema Kumar. "Development of soil-eps mixes for geotechnical applications." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16542/.
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Global concern about the environmental impacts of waste disposal and stringent implementation of environmental laws lead to numerous research on recycled materials. Increased awareness about the inherent engineering values of waste materials, lack of landfill sites and strong demand for construction materials have encouraged research on composite materials, which are either fully or partly made of recycled materials. This trend is particularly strong in transportation and geotechnical projects, where huge quantities of raw materials are normally consumed. Owing to the low mass-to-volume ratio, disposal of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a major problem. In addition, EPS recycling methods are expensive, labour intensive and energy demanding. Hence, this thesis is focused on the development of a new soil composite made by mixing recycled EPS with expansive clays. Given the high cost of damage to various buildings, structures and pavements caused by the unpredictable ground movements associated with expansive soils, it has been considered prudent to try and develop a new method of soil modification using recycled EPS beads as a swell-shrink modifier and desiccation crack controller. The innovative application of recycled EPS as a soil modifier will minimise the quantity of waste EPS destined to the landfill considerably. An extensive experimental investigation has been carried out using laboratory reconstituted expansive soils - to represent varied plasticity indices - consisting of fine sand and sodium bentonite. Three soils notated as SB16, SB24 and SB32 representing 16%, 24% and 32% of bentonite contents respectively were tested with four EPS contents of 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%. The tests performed include compaction, free swell, swell pressure, shrinkage, desiccation, shear strength and hydraulic conductivity. All the tests have been performed at the respective maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of the mixes. It has been observed that by mixing of recycled EPS beads with the reconstituted soil, a lightweight geomaterial is produced with improved engineering properties in terms of dry unit weight, swelling, shrinkage and desiccation. The EPS addition depends on the moulding moisture content of the soil. With increasing moisture content, additional EPS can be added. Also, there is a reduction in dry unit weight with the addition of EPS. Furthermore, the reduction of swell-shrink potential and desiccation cracking in soils, for example, is related to the partial replacement of soil particles as well as the elasticity of the EPS beads. There is a reduction in shear strength with the addition of EPS to soils. However, mixing of chemical stabilisers along with EPS can enhance the strength in addition to improved overall properties.
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Čermák, Jan. "Studium využitelnosti odpadů z izolačních materiálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227726.
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Thesis deals with options of use waste from insulating materials. Theoretical part of thesis describes waste and insulating materials used in civil engineering. Practical part of thesis describes utilization of waste from mineral wool. Its output are options of use waste from mineral wool and selected physical properties of recycled material.
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Neto, José Orlando Avesani. "Caracterização do comportamento geotécnico do EPS através de ensaios mecânicos e hidráulicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-24062008-101540/.
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O poliestireno expandido (EPS), conhecido popularmente no Brasil como Isopor®, foi introduzido recentemente no país como material de baixa massa específica para construções de aterros, principalmente sobre solos moles, e encontro de pontes. Contudo, ainda não há experiência consolidada deste material em ensaios do ponto de vista da engenharia geotécnica entre nós. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da primeira pesquisa com ensaios mecânicos e hidráulicos de laboratório específicos da caracterização do EPS para o uso geotécnico. Os ensaios mecânicos compreenderam compressão uniaxial simples e cíclica, compressão triaxial, cisalhamento direto e de interface (junta) e fluência em compressão. Os ensaios hidráulicos incluíram absorção de água por imersão e permeabilidade. Um ensaio de perda de massa por ataque de roedores foi realizado de forma simples, e ensaios químicos foram feitos para estudar o polímero. As amostras ensaiadas foram escolhidas de modo a se abranger ao máximo àquelas utilizadas em obras. Tentou-se, também, antecipar a utilização de amostras não convencionais, com massas específicas elevadas e de materiais reciclados. Os resultados mostram que o EPS possui uma grande resistência a solicitações de compressão simples, cíclica e triaxial, de cisalhamento, elevado valor de ângulo de atrito da junta e absorção de água, permeabilidade variável com a massa específica e baixo coeficiente de Poisson. Estas propriedades chave, aliado ao baixo peso específico oferecem a este material um grande potencial de aplicação como geossintético na engenharia geotécnica.Expanded polystyrene (EPS), in Brazil, commonly know as Isopor®, has been recently introduced in this country as lightweight material for construction of embankments on soft soils, and bridge abutments. Despite this fact, there is no consolidated experience, in Brazil, in testing this product from a geotechnical point of view. This paper presents the first research data, obtained in Brazil, on mechanical and hydraulic laboratory tests, aiming the characterization of EPS samples specifically for geotechnical use. The mechanical tests comprised simple and cyclic unconfined compression, triaxial compression, joint and direct shear and creep in compression. The hydraulic tests included water absorption by immersion and water permeability. A simple loss weight test by mice attack was also conducted. And chemical tests were done to study the polymer. The results show that EPS has a great resistance to simple, cyclic and triaxial compression and joint shear solicitation, high friction angle and water absorption, varied permeability with the density and low Poisson coefficient. These key properties with its very low density give this material large potential application for geosynthetic use in geotechnical engineering.
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Svagan, Anna. "Bio-inspired cellulose nanocomposites and foams based on starch matrix." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Biokompositer, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9666.
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In 2007 the production of expanded polystyrene (EPS) in the world was over 4 million tonnes and is expected to grow at 6 percent per year. With the increased concern about environmental protection, alternative biodegradable materials from renewable resources are of interest. The present doctoral thesis work successfully demonstrates that starch-based foams with mechanical properties similar to EPS can be obtained by reinforcing the cell-walls in the foams with cellulose nanofibers (MFC). High cellulose nanofiber content nanocomposites with a highly plasticized (50/50) glycerol-amylopectin starch matrix are successfully prepared by solvent-casting due to the high compatibility between starch and MFC. At 70 wt% MFC, the nanocomposites show a remarkable combination of high tensile strength, modulus and strain to failure, and consequently very high work to fracture. The interesting combination of properties are due to good dispersion of nanofibers, the MFC network, nanofiber and matrix properties and favorable nanofiber-matrix interaction. The moisture sorption kinetics (30% RH) in glycerol plasticized and pure amylopectin film reinforced with cellulose nanofibers must be modeled using a moisture concentration-dependent diffusivity in most cases. The presence of cellulose nanofibers has a strong reducing effect on the moisture diffusivity. The decrease in zero-concentration diffusivity with increasing nanofiber content could be due to geometrical impedance, strong starch-MFC molecular interaction and constrained swelling due to the cellulose nanofiber network present. Novel biomimetic starch-based nanocomposite foams with MFC contents up to 40 wt% are successfully prepared by freeze-drying. The hierarchically structured nanocomposite foams show significant increase in mechanical properties in compression compared to neat starch foam. Still, better control of the cell structure could further improve the mechanical properties. The effect of cell wall composition, freeze-drying temperature and freezing temperature on the resulting cell structure are therefore investigated. The freeze-drying temperature is critical in order to avoid cell structure collapse. By changing the starch content, the cell size, anisotropy ratio and ratio between open and closed cells can be altered. A decrease in freezing temperature decreases the cell size and increases the anisotropy ratio. Finally, mechanical properties obtained in compression for a 30 wt% MFC foam prepared by freeze-drying demonstrates comparable properties (Young's modulus and yield strength) to expanded polystyrene at 50% RH and similar relative density. This is due to the reinforcing cellulose nanofiber network within the cell walls.QC 20100913
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Machado, Caroline Martins. "Desenvolvimento de espumas à base de amido de mandioca incorporadas com resíduo do processamento de gergelim para utilização como embalagens." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150639.
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Espumas à base de amido possuem limitações para utilização como embalagens na indústria alimentícia, principalmente, devido à alta hidrofilicidade e fragilidade. Para melhorar essas propriedades, torna-se necessário o uso de plastificantes e outros aditivos, como proteínas e fibras lignocelulósicas, ou ainda um aditivo fonte desses recursos, como a torta de gergelim obtida como resíduo do processamento do gergelim. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar espumas à base de amido de mandioca adicionadas de 0 – 40 % (m/m) de resíduo de gergelim, produzidas pelo processo de expansão térmica, a fim de avaliar a influência do aditivo nas propriedades físicas, morfológicas e mecânicas dos materiais obtidos para utilização como embalagens para alimentos. A adição do resíduo resultou em espumas com menores espessuras e densidade aparente, bem como, maior capacidade de expansão dos materiais. Além disso, apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas e, em geral, menores capacidade de absorção de água e adsorção de água em baixas umidades relativas, em relação aos materiais compostos somente por amido. Embora as propriedades mecânicas das espumas sejam influenciadas pelas condições de umidade relativa de armazenamento, as espumas contendo 20 % de resíduo (20R) apresentaram uma combinação de propriedades no ensaio de tração (resistência à tração e módulo de elasticidade) que podem ser consideradas comparáveis às amostras de bandejas comercias de poliestireno expandido (EPS), nas três umidades relativas avaliadas (33, 53 e 90 %). Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de flexão dessas espumas indicaram que as mesmas foram mais rígidas e menos flexíveis do que as amostras de EPS. A adição de 20 % de resíduo resultou em importantes melhorias nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas em comparação às espumas à base de amido de mandioca, além de apresentarem menos defeitos morfológicos do que os observados em espumas com maiores teores do resíduo (30 e 40 %). Foram realizados testes de aplicação das espumas 20R no acondicionamento de dois tipos de alimentos com diferentes teores de umidade: bolo (23 %) e brócolis (91 %), em comparação ao armazenamento em embalagens comerciais de EPS. A partir dos resultados obtidos para a variação de umidade, perda de massa e propriedades mecânicas na flexão das embalagens, foi observado que as espumas propostas não foram adequadas para o acondicionamento das amostras de brócolis, apresentando alta absorção de umidade e deformações após três dias de contato com o alimento. Por outro lado, as espumas 20R mostraram bom desempenho no acondicionamento das amostras de bolo, não apresentando mudanças significativas nas propriedades mecânicas no período de 3 a 9 dias de armazenamento. Dessa forma, o resíduo de gergelim em combinação com o amido de mandioca mostrou elevado potencial para o desenvolvimento de espumas que podem ser utilizadas como embalagens para alimentos com baixos teores de umidade, sendo necessários estudos mais detalhados, considerando principalmente aspectos de segurança para utilização de resíduos em produtos em contato direto com alimentos.Starch based foams have limitations for use as food packaging, mainly due to high hydrophilicity and fragility. In order to improve these properties it is necessary the use of plasticizers and others additives, such as lignocellulosic fibers and proteins, or an additive source of these constituents like sesame cake, which it is obtained from sesame processing. In this way, the main objective of this work was to develop and characterize starch based foams added with 0 – 40 % (w/w) of sesame residue to evaluate the influence of this additive on physical, morphological and mechanical properties of materials for using as food packaging. The foams were produce by thermal expansion process. Residue addition resulted in foams with smaller thickness and density, as well as greater expansion capacity of the materials produced. In addition, foams incorporated with residue exhibited better mechanical properties and, in general, lower water capacity absorption and water adsorption at low relative humidities compared to foams made only with starch. Although mechanical properties of the foams are affected by storage humidity conditions, foams added with 20 % of residue (20R) showed tensile properties (tensile strength and tensile elasticity modulus) that can be considered comparable to expanded polystyrene (EPS) commercial trays for different relative humidities evaluated (33, 53 and 90 %). Flexural properties indicated that starch foams produced was tougher and less flexible than EPS commercial trays. Addition of 20 % of sesame residue on cassava starch-based foams resulted in relevant improvements compared to foams without residue. Besides that, fewer morphological defects were noted, as observed in foams with higher residue content (30 and 40 %). Thus, 20R formulation was selected to carrying out applicability tests of starch-based foams in packaging of two types of food with different moisture content: cake (23 %) and broccoli (91 %) compared to EPS commercial packaging. From the results obtained for moisture variation, loss of weight and flexural properties of the foams, it was found that the material proposed was not applicable to package broccoli samples. Due to high water absorption by the foams alterations on the shape were noted in the materials after 3 days in contact with this food. Nonetheless, foams based on cassava starch and 20 % of sesame residue exhibited a good performance during storage time of cake samples (9 days). It was not observed any effect on flexural mechanical properties for 3 to 9 days of storage. Thereby, sesame cake added to cassava starch showed high potential to developing foams that could be used as packaging for low moisture food. Additionally, more detailed studies are necessary, especially considering safety aspects mainly for using agricultural residues directly in contact with food products.
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Machatka, Petr. "Hotel na Vysočině." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226406.
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The master thesis named Hotel at Vysočina solves project documentation in the degree for building construction. The hotel has three floors. The object is without a cellar. As roofing is used a flat and oblique roof. Walling system is called POROTHERM with contact insulation from expanded polystyrene EPS-F.
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Karlsson, Sofie, and Agnes Geijersson. "Optimering av en ytterväggsprodukt : En undersökning av alternativa isoleringsmaterial." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76446.
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AquaVillas CasaBona väggsystem innehåller i dagsläget isoleringsmaterialet EPS, vilket har visat svagheter vid brand. Målet med denna studie var att föreslå ett alternativt isoleringsmaterial till EPS med hänsyn till brand, energianvändning och U-värde, samt energiåtgång och koldioxidutsläpp vid tillverkning. Syftet var att det föreslagna alternativa isoleringsmaterialet skall kunna användas av tillverkare i väggprodukter som ett alternativ till EPS. I denna studie undersöktes fyra olika isoleringsmaterial genom kritisk granskning av vetenskapliga artiklar och litteratur, samt genom fältstudie och beräkningar i energiberäkningsprogrammet VIP-energy. De isoleringsmaterial som undersöktes var expanderad polystyren, polyuretan, polyisocyanurat och stenull. Resultaten visade att EPS, PUR och PIR är avsevärt sämre ur brandsynpunkt än stenull. Vid tillverkning av de olika isoleringsmaterialen fick EPS bäst resultat när det gäller koldioxidutsläpp. För energiåtgång vid tillverkning fick EPS bäst resultat då isoleringsskiktet i det undersökta väggsystemet var 200 mm tjockt, men då utgångspunkten istället var att väggen skulle ha ett U-värde på 0,112 W/m2K, fick stenull bäst resultat i denna kategori. PUR och PIR fick sämst resultat gällande både energiåtgång och koldioxidutsläpp vid tillverkning. Stenull gav väggen den bästa energianvändningen men samtliga material klarade kraven i Boverkets Byggregler. Vid sammanvägning av samtliga undersökta egenskaper för de olika isoleringsmaterialen anses det mest lämpliga materialet för en vägg vara stenull.The AquaVilla CasaBona wall system currently contains the insulation material EPS, which has shown weaknesses while exposed to fire. The aim for this study was to suggest an alternative insulation material to EPS regarding fire, energy use and U-vale as well as energy use and carbon dioxide emissions for manufacturing. The purpose was that the suggested alternative insulation material should be able to be used by manufacturers in wall products as an alternative to EPS. In this study, four different insulation materials were examined by critically reviewing scientific articles and literature, as well as field studies and calculations with the energy calculation program VIP-energy. The insulation materials investigated were expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate and rockwool. The findings showed that EPS, PUR and PIR were not nearly as good as rockwool regarding fire. When manufacturing the various insulation materials, EPS gives the best results in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. EPS gives the best results regarding energy use for manufacturing when the insulation layer in the investigated wall system was 200 mm thick, but when the wall was given a U-value of 0,112 W/m2K, rockwool got the best results in this category. PUR and PIR gave the worst results regarding both energy use and carbon dioxide emissions at manufacturing. Rockwool generated the best results regarding energy use, but all of the materials met the requirements from Boverkets Byggregler. When comparing all the investigated characteristics of the various insulation materials, the most suitable material for an external wall was considered to be rockwool.
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Rundt, Lukáš. "Analýza teplotní odolnosti izolačních systémů z pěnových plastů ve skladbách střech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372083.
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On many structures there ocurred a problem of expanded polystyrene-based thermal insulation material degradation caused by high temperatures close to glazed areas. In a theoretical part of this Master’s Thesis there are the most common thermal insulation materials described, followed by a brief desciption of flat roof waterproofing materials and a thermal stress of structures. An experimental part describes a design of a methodology for evaluation of thermal resistance properties of foamed insulants in flat roofs and several experiments carried out according to the methodology.
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Silva, George da Cruz. "Pain?is-sandu?che com n?cleo de EPS reciclado: metodologia de execu??o e determina??o de propriedades termof?sicas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15619.
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-12New materials made from industrial wastes have been studied as an alternative to traditional fabrication processes in building and civil engineering. These materials are produced considering some issues like: cost, efficiency and reduction of nvironmental damage. Specifically in cases of materials destined to dwellings in low latitude regions, like Brazilian Northeast, efficiency is related to mechanical and thermal resistance. Thus, when thermal insulation and energetic efficiency are aimed, it s important to increase thermal resistance without depletion of mechanical properties. This research was conducted on a construction element made of two plates of cement mortar, interspersed with a plate of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS). This component, widely known as sandwich-panel, is commonly manufactured with commercial EPS whose substitution was proposed in this study. For this purpose it was applied a detailed methodology that defines parameters to a rational batching of the elements that constitute the nucleus. Samples of recycled EPS were made in two different values of apparent specific mass (ρ = 65 kg/m?; ρ = 130 kg/m?) and submitted to the Quick-Line 30TM that is a thermophysical properties analyzer. Based on the results of thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity obtained, it was possible to assure that recycled EPS has thermal insulation characteristics that qualify it to replace commercial EPS in building and civil engineering industry
Novos materiais desenvolvidos a partir de res?duos industriais v?m sendo estudados como alternativa aos modelos tradicionalmente empregados na constru??o civil. Para desenvolvimento desses materiais s?o considerados fatores como: custo, efici?ncia e redu??o de passivo ambiental. No caso espec?fico de materiais para aplica??o em habita??es situadas em baixas latitudes, como no Nordeste do Brasil, a efici?ncia diz respeito ?s resist?ncias mec?nica e t?rmica, onde o aumento da resist?ncia t?rmica, sem comprometimento da resist?ncia mec?nica, ? desej?vel quando se buscam a isola??o t?rmica e a efici?ncia energ?tica das edifica??es. No presente trabalho s?o apresentados os resultados do estudo de um elemento construtivo composto de placas de argamassa de cimento intercaladas por placa de EPS reciclado, constituindo um painel sandu?che para emprego na ind?stria da constru??o civil. Estuda-se detalhadamente a metodologia de execu??o desses pain?is, definindo-se par?metros para dosagem racional dos materiais que comp?em o n?cleo. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com massas espec?ficas aparentes de 65 kg/m? e 130 kg/m?. As propriedades termof?sicas dos corpos de prova foram analisadas utilizando-se o equipamento Quick-Line 30TM, que forneceu dados de condutividade t?rmica, capacidade calor?fica e difusividade t?rmica. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel constatar as boas caracter?sticas do EPS reciclado como material termoisolante, estando esse apto ? substitui??o do EPS comercial em pain?is de constru??o
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Reto, Saba Alexandra Melissa, and Carbajal Renzo Saúl Sanabria. "Propuesta de uso de concreto liviano estructural con Perlita de Poliestireno Expandido (PPE) para mejorar la respuesta sísmica de un sistema de albañilería confinada en Lima, Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656494.
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Hoy en día existen diversas estructuras en la que se ha dado la aplicación del concreto liviano estructural, por lo que empresas contratistas apuestan por agregados livianos para fabricar concreto liviano de alta resistencia y que cumpla con sus requisitos de diseño. Estos estudios comenzaron a principios de la década de 1980, con óptimos resultados en 1992. Como resultado de todos estos aportes, la información de diseño se ha convertido al alcance de muchos profesionales, y ha permitido que el concreto liviano sea utilizado en alta resistencia y alta durabilidad (Hoff 1992). Es por ello mismo, que nuestra investigación propone el uso de un concreto liviano estructural con perlita de poliestireno expandido en un sistema de albañilería confinada.
Este estudio comprende la elaboración del diseño de un concreto liviano estructural; en primer lugar, se investigó un rango apropiado de perlita ya que según Thanon y Jihad (2016) señalan que para obtener óptimos resultados en resistencia a compresión la dosificación de perlita debe variar entre un intervalo de 13-23% ,y es por ello mismo que se escoge trabajar con un porcentaje de 16 % de perlita de poliestireno expandido, pero para términos de comprobación en las propiedades térmicas, también se diseñó con 26% y 36% de perlita; en segundo lugar, para proceder a realizar el diseño del concreto se diseña en base a los requisitos mínimos que establece ACI 318 y con referencias en ACI 211R, la cual interviene en ciertos parámetros para obtener las características de un concreto liviano estructural.Today there are various structures in which there has been the application of lightweight structural concrete, so contractor companies are committed to lightweight aggregates to manufacture lightweight, high strength concrete that meets its design requirements. These studies conducted in the early 1980s, with optimal results in 1992. As a result of all these contributions, design information has become available to many professionals, and has allowed light concrete to be used for new applications and novelties where high strength and high durability are desirable (Hoff 1992). That is why our research proposes the use of a lightweight structural concrete with expanded polystyrene bead in a confined masonry system for single-family homes. This study includes the development of the design of a lightweight structural concrete; First, a range of bead was investigated since according to Thanon and Jihad (2016) it was pointed out that to obtain optimum results in compressive strength the dosage of perlite must vary between a range of 13-23%, and that is why same that it is chosen to work with a percentage of 16% expanded polystyrene perlite, but for terms of checking the thermal properties, it is also designed with 26% and 36% perlite; secondly, to proceed with the design of the concrete, it is designed based on the minimum requirements established by ACI 318 and with references in ACI 211R, the quality of intervention in specific parameters to obtain the characteristics of a lightweight structural concrete.
Tesis
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Simanavičiūtė, Daiva. "Polistireninio putplasčio deformacijų ir šliejamojo stiprio tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080930_090345-50422.
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Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama polistireninio putplasčio stiprumo savybės. Teorinėje dalyje pateikta literatūros analizė, bendros žinios apie polistireninį putplastį, gamybos būdai, panaudojimo galimybės. Išnagrinėta trijų didžiausių gamintojų Lietuvoje siūloma produkcija. Apžvelgti reikalavimai pastatų atitvarų šiluminei varžai, išnagrinėta termoizoliacinio sluoksnio storio pokytis nuo TSRS laikų iki dabar. Eksperimentinėje dalyje aprašomos naudotos medžiagos; jų charakteristikos; gniuždomasis stipris; šliejamasis stipris; išnagrinėta skirtingo tankio bandinių mikrostruktūra ir makrostruktūra. Aprašomi rezultatai, naudojant statistinės analizės programą atliekama jų analizė, suformuluojamos išvados.The present work of Master degree studies analyzes the properties of expanded polystyrene.Theoretical par of this work introduces analysis of references, general information on expanded polystyrene, manner of production and fields of application. The work analyzes production offered by three biggest manufacturers in Lithuania, reviews the requirements applicable to thermal resistance of enclosures of the building, analyses alteration of thickness of a heat insulation layer comparing the situation in Soviet Union time and nowadays. Experimental part describes the used material, their properties, compressive strength, shear strength; analyses microstructure and macrostructure of samples of different density. The work presents the results and analysis of the results by applying software of statistical analysis; formulation of conclusions.
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Silva, Robson Rosa da [UNESP]. "Novas estruturas fotônicas: I – Auto-organização de estruturas 1D de Te; II – Biopolímeros e plásticos reutilizados multifuncionais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141452.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Nanoestruturas unidimensionais de telúrio (Te1D) na forma de whiskers, fios e hélices foram preparados com facilidade por uma síntese em etapa única na presença de solução aquosa de Pluronic® F68 à baixas temperaturas (< 100 °C) e pressão ambiente. A forma das nanoestruturas puderam ser controladas de acordo com a cinética da reação. Estruturas empacotadas de nanowhiskers e nanofios de Te foram obtidas via auto-organização em interface líquido-líquido e pela técnica de drop-cast em substrato de Si/SiO2. Estruturas híbridas 1D foram obtidas utilizando nanoestruturas Te1D como molde de sacrifício para anexar nanopartículas metálicas ou mesmo produzir nanoestruturas 1D metálicas. Por exemplo, nanoestruturas híbridas 1D foram preparadas decorando nanofios de Te com nanopartículas de Ag em solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Nanoestruturas 1D de Au com forma de nódulos foram preparados por deslocamento galvânico de íons Au3+ em uma mistura de nanohélices de Te, ácido ascórbico e solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Além disso, nanohélices de Te foram funcionalizadas com uma camada resina resorcinol-formaldeído em condições brandas de síntese. A resina de resorcinol-formaldeído é uma via intermédia para explorar a deposição de compostos opticamente ativos tais como nanopartículas de hidroxicarbonato de Tb3+ ou nanopartículas de Au. Para aplicações práticas é essencial que estas nanoestruturas possam ser suportadas em filmes rígidos ou flexíveis de alta qualidade óptica. Filmes de polímeros naturais puros e filmes híbridos de sol-gel epóxi foram avaliados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras para luminóforos. A fabricação de híbridos é baseada na incorporação de 3-glicidoxipropiltrimetoxissilano na solução homogênea de polímero natural com posterior secagem sobre uma superfície plana. Particularmente, filmes flexíveis de fibroína da seda e acetato de celulose e os seus híbridos derivados exibiram excelentes propriedades ópticas para hospedar compostos opticamente ativos. Por exemplo, compostos de Eu3+ emissores na região do vermelho e corantes fluorescentes foram incorporados em matriz pura de polímero e híbridos epóxi e suas propriedades ópticas foram investigadas. Laser de corantes por feedback distribuído (DFB) foram fabricados dopando grades de difração de fibroína de seda com Rodamina 6G. Devido a sua capacidade de replicar superfícies padronizadas com resolução nanométrica, grades de fibroina da seda dopadas com corante foram depositadas contra a grade de difração de uma mídia de disco compacto comercial. Lasers modificados de DFB baseados em filmes de fibroina contendo nanopartículas espalhadoras de luz de SiO2 e Ag aleatoriamente distribuídas na grade de fibroina demonstraram aumento da intensidade do laser, além de estreitamento da largura do pico de emissão. Filmes híbridos flexíveis e transparentes (> 85%) de fibroina da seda e acetato de celulose modificados com função epóxi e contendo compostos fluorescentes na região do vermelho como complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ e nanopartículas de YVO4:Eu3+ em baixa proporção relativa mássica (<5%) foram preparados. De maneira geral, o resultado são filmes homogêneos com funções epoxi e/ou alcoxissilano não hidrolisados disponíveis para outras modificações químicas. Devido a matéria-prima limitada de polímeros naturais para uma alta demanda de fabricação de dispositivos ópticos, é igualmente importante desenvolver materiais com base na reutilização de polímeros sintéticos. Filmes finos de poliestireno foram concebidos por dissolução de poliestireno expandido (EPS) recuperado de resíduos em D-limoneno, um solvente verde proveniente de óleos cítricos. Filmes transparentes dopados com complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ demonstraram excelente transparência e aptos para uso em guias de luz. Estes resultados são motivadores para a) a engenharia de nanoestruturas 1D com propriedades ópticas sintonizáveis bem como, b) desenvolvimento de híbridos flexíveis e transparentes baseados em híbridos de polímeros naturais com alta funcionalidade química ou polímeros sintéticos reciclados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras ópticas almejadas em aplicações fotônicas.
One-dimensional Te nanostructures (Te1D) in the shape of whiskers, wires and helices were prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis in the presence of aqueous Pluronic® F68 solution at low temperatures (< 100 ºC) and ambient pressure. The shape of Te1D nanostructures could be manuvered according with the reaction kinectics. We evaluate some techniques to assemble Te1D nanostructures on the pursuit for complex nanoarchitectures. Bundles of Te nanowhiskers and nanowires were achieved by self-assembly in liquid-liquid interface or by drop-cast technique in Si/SiO2 substrates. 1D hybrid structures have been conceived by using Te1D nanostructures as sacrificial template to attach metallic nanoparticles or even produce metallic 1D nanostructures. For example, 1D hybrid nanostructures were easily prepared by decorating Te nanowires with Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Au 1D nanostructures with nodular-like shape were prepared by galvanic displacement of Au3+ ions in a mixture of Te nanohelices, ascorbic acid and an aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Furthermore, Te1D nanohelices were functionalized with a layer of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin at mild synthesis conditions. The RF resin allowed us to fashion an intermediate pathway to explore the deposition of optically active compounds like Tb3+ hydroxylcarbonate or Au nanoparticles. Seeking practical applications, these nanostructures should be hosted over rigid or flexible films possessing excellent optical properties. Pure natural polymers and epoxy sol-gel hybrids films were evaluated as potential host for luminophors. The fabrication of epoxy hybrids is based on the incorporation of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysiloxane on the homogenous solution of natural polymer with subsequent casting over flat surface. Particularly, flexible silk fibroin and cellulose acetate films and their derivative hybrids displayed excellent optical properties to host optically active compounds. For instance, red emitting Eu3+ compounds and fluorescent dyes were hosted on pure natural polymer and hybrid films and the optical features of the luminescent films were investigated thoroughly. Distributed feedback dye-lasers were fabricated by doping silk fibroin diffraction gratings with Rhodamine 6G. Owing its ability to mimic patterned surfaces at nanoscale resolution, dye-doped SF gratings were fabricated using replica-casting patterning against a commercial blank digital versatile disc as template. A modified DFB Laser based on SF films with Ag or SiO2 light scattering particles randomly distributed on the grating unveiled an enhancement of laser intensity withal narrowing of emission peak linewidth. Flexible and highly transparent SF- and CA-epoxy hybrids (> 85%) containing red fluorescent Eu3+ b-diketonate complex and YVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles at low relative content (< 5 wt%) were tailored. In general, the outcome is homogeneous films with epoxy and/or unhydrolized alkoxysilane functions available for further chemical modification. Owing the limited feedstock of natural polymers for high demanding production of optical devices, it is equally important develop materials based on the reuse of synthetic polymers. Thin films of polystyrene were conceived by dissolving waste-recovered expanded-polystyrene (EPS) in D-limonene, a green solvent from citrus oil. Transparent EPS films doped with Eu3+ b-diketonate complex displayed excellent transparency and light waveguiding, These assertions provide a framework that motivates the research on a) engineering of 1D hybrids nanostructures with tunable optical properties and b) flexible natural polymer/epoxy hybrid with enhanced functionality or plastic recycled as potential optical hosts sought in photonic applications.
FAPESP: 2013/12367-6
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Židek, Ondřej. "Analýza účinku koncentrace slunečního záření na degradaci tepelných izolací ve skladbách plochých střech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240331.
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The master´s thesis analyzes influence of direct and reflected solar radiation to heat strain and degradation of thermal insulation in the flat roof construction. In many building was a problem in a significant degradation of thermal insulation made from expanded polystyrene in the vicinity of glass surfaces. To determine the causes of this problem, it was necessary to study and test the properties of building materials and the physical nature of the effect of solar radiation on the building structure. In the introductory section lists the cases of buildings with degradation of thermal insulation and existing knowledge on this issue. The theoretical part describes the technical properties of thermal insulating materials used in the flat roof construction, nature and division of solar radiation, optical laws of light reflection and physical theory to explain the technical thermal behavior of building materials and structures. The last part describes a practical model and analyzing measured data in thermal stress in the flat roof construction. The practical part also determines the importance of different influences configuration structures using to dynamic simulations. At the end of the practical part they are validated theoretical knowledge obtained by analyzing data from a practical model.
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Mouanda, Justin. "Synthèse de nouveaux tensioactifs fluorés et application dans les bétons légers de polystyrène expansé." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599806h.
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Poletto, Matheus. "Obtenção e caracterização de compósitos preparados com poliestireno expandido reciclado e pó de madeira." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/452.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, termo dinâmico-mecânicas e morfológicas de compósitos preparados com poliestireno expandido reciclado e pó de madeira. Compósitos com diferentes teores de agente compatibilizante e diferentes teores de pó de madeira foram desenvolvidos em extrusora dupla rosca co-rotante e moldados por injeção. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o compatibilizante com maior quantidade de anidrido maleico, menor massa molar ponderal média e utilizado em quantidade igual a 2% em massa gerou compósitos com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A melhora na adesão interfacial também foi observada através da análise termo dinâmico-mecânica. Verificou-se aumento no módulo de armazenamento, redução na altura do pico de tan δ e também menor valor do fator de adesão, associado com a maior adesão na região da interface. Para os compósitos desenvolvidos com diferentes teores de pó de madeira a densidade obtida foi semelhante a densidade teórica indicando estar de acordo com a regra das misturas. A utilização de compatibilizante reduziu o teor de vazios dos compósitos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de flexão demonstraram que o módulo de flexão aumenta com a quantidade de carga e também se aproxima do comportamento previsto pela regra das misturas, entretanto os compósitos sem compatibilizante apresentaram redução na resistência a flexão com o aumento do teor de pó de madeira. No ensaio de impacto observou-se redução da resistência ao impacto com a adição de carga, porém os compósitos com compatibilizante apresentaram resultados superiores aos compósitos sem compatibilizante para todos os teores de pó de madeira. Observou-se aumento no módulo de armazenamento, no módulo de perda e também na efetividade do reforço com a adição de pó de madeira. Ocorreu redução na largura e também na altura do pico de tan δ conforme a adição das partículas de madeira, contudo os compósitos com compatibilizante apresentaram redução mais acentuada devido à melhora na adesão interfacial. O modelo teórico para predizer o comportamento do módulo de armazenamento demonstrou proximidade com os valores experimentais para baixos teores de carga. Para tan δ o modelo teórico se mostrou inadequado. As micrografias dos compósitos sem compatibilizante indicaram arrancamento e a presença de vazios entre o pó de madeira e a matriz, entretanto os compósitos com compatibilizante demonstraram maior recobrimento das partículas de madeira pela matriz. A estabilidade térmica dos compósitos com compatibilizante foi reduzida para todos os teores de pó de madeira quando comparada aos compósitos sem compatibilizante.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T19:17:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Matheus Poletto.pdf: 13891003 bytes, checksum: 55e82e4ccfc0e75de63aa030fd38a84e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T19:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Matheus Poletto.pdf: 13891003 bytes, checksum: 55e82e4ccfc0e75de63aa030fd38a84e (MD5)
The present work aims to analyze the mechanical, thermal, dynamicalmechanical thermal properties and morphology of composites based on recycled polystyrene and wood flour. Composites with different types and levels of coupling agent and also with different levels of wood flour were developed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and injection molded. The results show that the coupling agent with higher amount of maleic anhydride, lower weight average molecular weight and used in to 2% by weight produced composites with better mechanical properties. The improvement in interfacial adhesion was also observed by dynamical-mechanical thermal analysis. An increase in the storage modulus, decrease in peak height and also lower value of adhesion factor, was observed due to the improved on interfacial adhesion. For the composites developed with different levels of wood flour density obtained was similar to theoretical density indicating that in accordance with the rule of mixtures. The use of coupling agent reduced the concentration of voids in the composites. The flexural modulus increases with the amount of wood flour and also approaches the behavior predicted by the rule of mixtures, however the composites without coupling agent showed reduction in flexural strength. The impact strength decreases with the addition of wood flour, but the composites with coupling agent showed better results than the composite without coupling agent for all levels of wood flour. There was an increase in the storage modulus, loss modulus and also the efficiency of filler with the addition of wood flour. There was a reduction in width and also in peak height of tan δ as the addition of wood particles, composite with coupling agent demonstrated greater reduction due to improved on interfacial adhesion. The theoretical model to predict the behavior of the storage modulus showed proximity with the experimental values for low levels of filler. Theoretical model for tan δ proved inadequate. The micrographs of composites without coupling agent indicated the presence of pulled-out traces and gaps between the wood flour and matrix, however the composites with coupling agent show the strong bonding and good wetting of the fillers by the matrix. The thermal stability of composites with coupling agent was reduced for all levels of wood flour when compared to composites without coupling agent.
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Neduchal, Zbyněk. "Modernizace bytového domu Vlhká 22, Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-410057.
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The diploma thesis processes project documentation in the stage of construction for modernization of an apartment house near the center on the street Vlhká 22 in Brno. The building is divided into four residential floors and nonresidential basement and attic. On the first floor there are two residential units and the other four residential units. The foundation structures are made of solid bricks. The vertical load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures are also made of solid bricks. Exceptionally drywall partitions. In the basement, the ceiling structures are made of brick barrel vaults, above the above-ground floors there are wooden beamed ceilings. The roof structure of the building is made of purlin system with standing stool and covering of ceramic roof tiles. Three additional housing units will be built in the attic. In the basement, the masonry will be undercut by a chain saw, partly by pressure grouting and partly by a new layer with a waterproofing layer. All wood-beamed ceilings will be replaced with prefabricated ceiling beams with aerated concrete inserts without overhead slab. The garden part of the building will be insulated with mineral wool. The roof structure will be constructed from the street side as a shed roof and in the garden part a flat roof with a gradient layer of expanded polystyrene thermal insulation and a waterproofing layer of thermoplastic poleolefin.
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Huang, Po-Hsiung, and 黃柏雄. "Development of elastic coating material for waterproof by waste expanded-polystyrene." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89419932636958383726.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
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With the rapid development of human civilization, a number of noncombustible wastes, if buried, will undoubtedly result in Earth''s environment problems and potential waste of resources. After decades’ utilization experience, a certain proportion of noncombustible wastes are commonly regarded as rubber and polystyrene. As a result, how to deal with the waste polystyrene and rubber became a key research topic. This research will attempt to process the waste rubber and polystyrene with chemical additives to produce the flexible coating material for concrete waterproofing. In order to find out the initial configuration of the coating constituents, the grid-point method was introduced to make up the first formulation; then, based on the best guess on the configuration of the coating constituents, the design experimental levels(3 levels)for different coating constituents could be decided by introducing the golden-section ratio. Then, the orthogonal experimental design method (L27(313)) was adopted by choosing pervious (absorbent) rate, viscosity, surface drying time, tensile strength, pull - elongation rate as orthogonal indicators. Through orthogonal experiment design method, the most influential coating constituents on different indicators could be pointed out by F-test in analysis of variance. According to the experimental results of the flexible coating material for concrete waterproofing, it could reach the acceptable level of CNS 10757 K6801 (Method of Test for Paints (Testing Methods Relating to Physical and Chemical Resistance of Coated Film) The achievement of this research can be applied to aging and deteriorating concrete for effectively improving water-proof performance within the service life of concrete structures. On the other hand, the waste expanded polystyrene and rubber can be effectively recycled, which can reduce waste pollution and resource consumption.
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Nguyen, Viet Anh. "A study on Textile Reinforced - and Expanded Polystyrene Concrete sandwich beams." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28489.
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Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) with a small thickness, high tensile and compressive strength has been combined with lightweight materials to create sandwich elements. Due to the low strength of the core materials in the sandwich elements, the additional shear connector devices were suggested to improve the load capacity. However, it raised an idea of using a higher strength material core, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC), without any connector devices to create a new type of lightweight sandwich element, which can be an answer for not only developing lightweight structures but also solving environmental problems. In this thesis, this novel idea was gradually realized with a study on TRC-EPC sandwich beams.
Firstly, experimental material tests on EPC showed the possibility to recycle EPS waste for EPC with a density of around 950 kg/m3. Thus, an EPC with a density of 920 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 5.2 N/mm2 was chosen for the core to realize the concept for TRC-EPC sandwich with 18 experimental beams. Bending tests of six series with shear-to-depth-ratio (a/d) from 1.5 to 5.2 were implemented to study load responses of this type of sandwich beam. The failure moments of all the specimens were smaller than the nominal moment strength of the cross section. The load capacities of the specimens depend strongly on the ratio a/d.
The calculations for the shear capacity according to standards as well as shear calculation approaches were implemented. Due to their generalized form, ACI 318-05 and EC2 offer conservative results for a/d<5.2. The dependence of the shear capacity on a/d could be better described with CEB-FIB Model Code 1990. For the beams with 1.52.1, ZINK’s model offered better results than the others. Besides, a new proposed equation for the shear capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams depending on the a/d was also suggested.
In order to model the load response of the six experimental series, FEM models with ATENA developed. The models with and without a consideration of the bond between the textile and fine HSC in the TRC layer underestimated the load capacity with tolerance 26% and 28 % respectively. The tolerances for the deflections in the models with a/d>2.5 were around 22 % and 23%.
Finally, an engineering model originally based on sandwich theory was developed to model the load-deflection response of this type of sandwich beams. The model could predict the displacement with tolerances from -24 % to 12 %. The load capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams was underestimated with a tolerance in the range of 15- 34 %.In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Sandwichkonstruktion untersucht, für die Textilbeton, ein Werkstoff mit geringer Dicke und gleichzeitig hoher Zug- und Druckfestigkeit, mit leichten Kernmaterialien kombiniert wurde. Aufgrund der geringen Festigkeit der Kernmaterialien werden in vielen Sandwichkonstruktionen zusätzliche Schubverbinder benötigt, um eine ausreichende Tragfähigkeit zu erreichen. Dies führte zu der Idee, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC) als höherfestes Kernmaterial zu verwenden, das keine zusätzlichen Verbindungsmittel benötigt. Damit entsteht eine neuartige Sandwichkonstruktion, die nicht nur eine Lösung für die Entwicklung neuer leichter Strukturen ist, sondern auch für Umweltprobleme. Diese Idee wurde in dieser Arbeit durch theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an Textilbeton-EPC-Sandwichbalken umgesetzt. Zunächst wurden Materialuntersuchungen an EPC durchgeführt, um nachzuweisen, dass es möglich ist, EPC mit einer Dichte von rund 950 kg/m³ mit recyceltem EPS herzustellen. Für die anschließenden Untersuchungen an 18 Sandwichbalken wurde dann ein EPC mit einer Dichte von 920 kg/m³ und einer Druckfestigkeit von 5,2 N/mm² ausgewählt. In 6 Serien von Sandwichbalken wurden 4-Punkt-Biegeversuche mit Schubschlankheiten von 1,5 bis 5,2 durchgeführt. Die Bruchmomente aller Balken waren geringer als die rechnerische Momententragfähigkeit des Querschnitts und die Tragfähigkeit war stark von der Schubschlankheit abhängig. Es wurden Berechnungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit nach den verschiedenen internationalen Normen durchgeführt. Aufgrund ihrer allgemeingültigen Form ergaben ACI 318-05 und EC2 sehr konservative Ergebnisse für Schubschlankheiten kleiner als 5,2. Die Formulierung des CEB-FIB Model Code 1990 war besser geeignet, die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit abzubilden. Für die Balken mit Schubschlankheiten a/d=1,5 bis 2,1 brachten Stabwerkmodelle ausreichend gute Ergebnisse. In Fällen mit a/d>2,1 ergab das Modell von Zink die besten Übereinstimmungen. Um die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit besser erfassen zu können, wurde eine neue Berechnungsgleichung für Textilbeton-EPC-Balken vorgeschlagen. Um das Last-Verformungsverhalten der experimentellen Untersuchungen beschreiben zu können, wurden FEM-Modelle mit der Software ATENA entwickelt. Es wurden verschiedene Modelle untersucht, die den Verbund zwischen dem textilen Gelege und dem Feinbeton unterschiedlich stark berücksichtigten. Die Tragfähigkeit der untersuchten Balken wurde mit den FEM-Modellen um ca. 26% bis 28% unterschätzt. Die Abweichungen in den berechneten Durchbiegungen betrugen für die Balken mit a/d>2,5 ca. 22% bis 23%. Abschließend wurde ein Ingenieurmodell auf Grundlage der Sandwichtheorie entwickelt, mit dem das Last-Verformungsverhalten dieser Sandwichkonstruktion gut beschrieben werden kann. Mit dem Modell ergaben sich Abweichungen von -24% bis +12% zwischen experimentellen und theoretisch ermittelten Verformungen. Die Tragfähigkeit wurde mit einer Abweichung von 15% bis 34% unterschätzt.
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Jacinto, Jéssica Beatriz Anastácio. "Zalerion maritimum and Nia vibrissa potential for expanded polystyrene (EPS) biodegradation." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/25624.
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Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is among the most demanded plastic commodities due to its attractive properties of lightness and durability. Such desirable characteristics present, however, an environmental threat, as it is easily transported until it reaches the ocean, where it is likely to be fragmented into microplastics. Despite the efforts for EPS waste management, sustainable and efficient solutions are needed. Biotechnology-based solutions have been investigated for their potential. Herein, Zalerion maritimum and Nia vibrissa were screened for their potential in the biodegradation of EPS, based on the quantified mass differences in both the fungus and the microplastic pellets. In a preliminary evaluation, the highest removal percentage obtained by Z. maritimum, in 28 days, was 66% and the lowest was 25%. In a second assay, the removal percentages were lower. An optimization assay, using Central composite design (CCD), was conducted to obtain optimum values for EPS concentration, pellet dimension and malt extract concentration. These were, respectively, 0.1458 g/L, 1-1.40mm and 20 g/L. Although Z. maritimum showed ability to degrade EPS, the process appeared to be variable and required high amounts of malt extract. Therefore, N. vibrissa was screened for its potential also. In a preliminary assay, N. vibrissa achieved higher microplastic removal percentages. Consequently, a biodegradation assay in optimized medium was conducted. However, the best removal percentage obtained was of 47±16%.A baixa densidade e durabilidade do poliestireno expandido (EPS) colocam-no entre os plásticos mais versáteis e com maior quota de mercado. Estas mesmas propriedades levantam preocupações ambientais, uma vez que o tornam facilmente transportável até aos oceanos, onde é suscetível à fragmentação, originando microplásticos. Apesar de existirem soluções convencionais para a reciclagem deste plástico, apresentam limitações, sendo necessária a procura de métodos alternativos eficientes e mais sustentáveis. Soluções biotecnológicas têm sido investigadas. No presente trabalho, o potencial de biodegradação do EPS pelos fungos marítimos Zalerion maritimum e Nia vibrissa foi avaliado através da quantificação de variações de massa apresentadas pelas amostras de partículas de plástico e biomassa de fungo usadas, durante ensaios de exposição ao plástico. Na avaliação preliminar, em 28 dias, a melhor % de remoção atingida pelo fungo Z. maritimum foi de 66.2%, sendo a mais baixa de 25.0%. Num segundo ensaio, as percentagens de remoção apresentaram-se inferiores. Assim, num seguinte ensaio de otimização, utilizando o modelo Central composto (CCD), pretendeu-se maximizar a resposta e avaliar a influência das variáveis – concentração de EPS, tamanho das partículas e concentração de extrato de malte, na resposta -percentagem de remoção de microplásticos. Obtiveram-se, respetivamente, os seguintes valores ótimos - 0.1458 g/L, 1-1.40mm e 20 g/L. Apesar de apresentar potencial para a biodegradação do EPS, o processo com o fungo Z. maritimum mostrou-se variável e exigindo elevadas quantidades de malte. Consequentemente, o fungo N. vibrissa foi também avaliado, sendo que, num primeiro ensaio, atingiu percentagens superiores de remoção de microplásticos. Um novo ensaio foi realizado com este fungo em meio otimizado, tendo-se obtido como melhor percentagem de remoção 47±16%.
CESAM (UID/AMB/50017); IF/00407/2013/CP1162/CT0023; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028740; SFRH/BPD/122538/2016
Mestrado em Biotecnologia
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JEN, SHUI-LIU, and 任水柳. "Studies on the Recycling Techniques and the Outlook for Expanded Polystyrene." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8akp3h.
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碩士中華科技大學
機電光工程研究所在職專班
107
The main purpose of this research is to find ways for expanded polystyrene(EPS) manufacturers in Taiwan to be able to remain prosperous under the condition of respecting and protecting the environment by reviewing the manufacturing processes, environmental issues caused by EPS, rate of EPS recycling in Taiwan, and the techniques for processing and recycling the EPS waste. Because of its excellent properties and its cheap price, EPS has been broadly used in almost every area. As a result of mass production and single-use, EPS has finally been accused as one of the major causes of environmental pollution. Plans to limit or to ban using EPS are adapted one by one by many authorities around the world. Finding new applications and effective ways to process or to recycle EPS are definitely the solutions to help the EPS manufacturers to break through these difficulties. To find a new application for EPS is not an easy task since it has already been on the market for a long time. But utilizing EPS as geofoam for constructions and buildings seems still has its space in Taiwan since this is an area touched by only a few people. Other application suggested from this research is to use the recycled EPS as the filler of light weight mortar. Ways to process or to eliminate the EPS waste include landfill, incineration, pyrolysis, and biodegradation. When incineration is used, EPS may save the fuel cost since it has high heating value. Its heating value is 19% higher than that of the petroleum coke. Pyrolysis is a good way to chemical recycle the unrecyclable or unclassified plastics waste, especially used in remote islands by the convenient recycling it provided and the economically return from its yields. Thermal decomposing EPS yields 89.5~97% of combustible oil and 2.5-9.9% of gas. Larva of the darkling beetles such as the yellow mealworm, super mealworm, and dark mealworm are EPS eating worms. However the consumption rates of these worms are redeemed as slow for large scale application to recycle EPS. Scientists have already find the bacteria inside the mealworm’s gut that digests the EPS. Furthermore, scientists are eager to find ways to utilize the enzyme found inside these worms to make fertilizer so that fast and vast biodegradation can be processed. Techniques to recycle EPS include thermal melting, mechanical methods, and dissolution. The machine to cut the large piece of EPS into small piece of EPS peanut has already on the market. The other way of using machine for recycling is motivated by that 90% of the non-load bearing wall of the newly built high rises in Taiwan are light weight wall. The light weight mortar consists 50% of EPS beads. If the recycled EPS is shredded into about the size of the bead, it would be more than appropriate to replace the EPS bead. Even the dissolution method is a more favorable way to recycle EPS waste, the solvents used are either hydrocarbons or organic solvents, which presents strong undesirable odor or be harmful to workers. Using the natural solvents extracted from plants for EPS recycling has been an important topic. Although Limonene was used to recycle EPS waste, its commercial application was impeded by its high cost. Researches about using natural extracts from wildly available plants are undergoing. The natural solvents from the leaf oils of Abies sachalinensis and Eucalyptus species were investigated and suggested that they are good alternatives for the petroleum based solvents. In Taiwan, camphor trees are fast growing and wildly available, I would highly recommend a further investigation.
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CHEN, CHUN TING, and 陳俊廷. "Analysis the properties of Expanded Polystyrene as Ion-exchange by sulfonation progress." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w9679v.
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碩士大漢技術學院
土木工程與環境資源管理研究所
105
Because of cushioning and insulating properties, Styrofoam is widely used in one-time packaging of a variety of goods. A considerable amount of waste is, as a result, produced, which makes it difficult to be recycled and transported. Recent studies have shown that up to 90% of floating oceanic debris is Styrofoam and it has posed a serious threat to the ecology. In this research, CH3COOSO3H is used as sulfonatingagent. After the Sulfonation of deserted Styrofoam, it then has highly economic ion exchange capacity. By comparing it with the same type of ion exchange resin on the market, an analysis of sulfonation of the deserted Styrofoam is conducted to see if Sulfonation could induce ion exchange capacity and thus increase the possibilities of recycling and reusing of Styrofoam. In the following is the research method. First, Divinylbenzene is used as the main solvent to dissolve Polystyrene and deserted Styrofoam. Next, different amounts of CH3COOSO3H (20ml, 50ml, and 80ml respectively) are added for Sulfonation in order for SO3H- to make bond with experimental materials. Finally, degree of Sulfonation and ion exchange capacity are adopted for criteria to see if there is a distinction between Polystyrene and Styrofoam and ion exchange resin on the market. The experiment aims to find out (1) The properties of absorption and regeneration of ion exchange resin on the market. (2) How Sulfonatingagent would affect degree of Sulfonation after the Sulfonation of Polystyrene and deserted Styrofoam (3) How grain size would affect ion exchange capacity after the Sulfonation of Polystyrene and deserted Styrofoam. (4) The properties of absorption and regeneration of the Sulfonation of Polystyrene and deserted Styrofoam. In the following are the results of the experiment. As for Polystyrene, the sulfonation of Polystyrene could induce ion exchange capacity. Degree of Sulfonation is approximately 90% of theoretical degree of Sulfonation, while its ion exchange capacity could barely have 58% of that of ion exchange resin on the market. As for the deserted Styrofoam, the Sulfonation of Styrofoam could induce ion exchange capacity. Degree of Sulfonation is 70% of theoretical degree of Sulfonation, whereas its ion exchange capacity could barely have 30% of that of ion exchange resin on the market. It is found that the foaming agent and dyes in the deserted Styrofoam are the factors in affecting the degree of Sulfonation. Also, because the Sulfonation of Polystyrene and Styrofoam does not cross link with Divinylbenzene, its structure is looser than that of ion exchange resin on the market. This property, however, turns out to help accelerate ion exchange.
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Chu, Yong-Lun, and 朱永倫. "Study of Cement Mortar Products Using Bottom Ash and Waste Expanded Polystyrene." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35163807101019115155.
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碩士中興大學
土木工程學系所
99
Due to lack of natural resources and waste disposal sites have gradually become rare in Taiwan, the recycling of bottom ash from coal-fired power plant and expanded polystyrene, is not only transformed into a resource but also reduces the load of domestic environment, by increases other solutions to reuse these two categories. Therefore, this research is based on reuse the two categories in cement products, improving the performance of the recycled building materials utilizing the characters of these recycled materials. We investigate the effects of physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar by adjusting the amount of the waste replacing fine aggregate, the addition of silica fume and the water-to-binder ratio(W/B). Then the unit weight, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength and thermal conductivity of the cement mortar are recorded. Experimental variables include different W/B(0.3, 0.35, 0.4, and 0.45), replacements of recycled fine aggregate (bottom ash and expanded polystyrene) (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the mortar’s volume) and replacements of silica fume(0%, 2.5%, and 5% of the weight of cement).Specimens are contained in polypropylene fiber to improve flexural strength and the curing period are 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The results showed that the specimens which contains 20% bottom ash can maintain or exceed the compressive strength comparing to control group. The strength reduced only 6% even with 40% replacement of bottom ash. It showed that cement mortar products can use bottom ash as fine aggregate. The strength reduced 22.8% when 10％ expanded polystyrene was used, but still sufficient to be used as manufacture cement products. When the replacement of expanded polystyrene is over 10%, the cement mortar can only be used in non-structural applications with lower demand of strength. Thermal conductivity and unit weight of cement mortar would decrease when W/B increased. The addition of silica fume didn’t reflect significantly between 2.5% and 5%.in strength. If necessary, it seemed that it would be more economy if 2.5% silica fume was added. When bottom ash and expanded polystyrene were used, thermal conductivity and unit weight of cement mortar decreased. Expanded polystyrene could decrease the unit weight 2.5 times than bottom ash, and the thermal conductivity decreased by 0.173 kcal/m.℃.hr if the replacement of expanded polystyrene lifts 10%.
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Waluyohadi, Indra, and 英達. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FRAME STRUCTURE ON SHALLOW FOUNDATION WITH EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE (EPS)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u557zz.
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碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系
102
For the past 30 years applications of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam has been proposed. Several studies have examined the behavior of geofoam and produced results beneficial in the evolution of its application such as: effectiveness of geofoam in reducing the lateral earth pressures (Horvath, 1996) and seismic vibration insulation (Murillo et al, 2009; Zarnani and Bathurst, 2009). One of application of expanded polystyrene can be used laid under the grade beam or slab. Meanwhile some of existing structure were suported by shallow foundation. Thus when EPS applied beneath shallow foundation to be alternative design, EPS supposed reduce the seismic response of structure. In this study, the D7S2 finite element program was adopted to investigate the seismic response of structure due to apllication of EPS applied beneath the shallow foundation subjected to the earthquake motion. Verification and validation of the program was done first by comparing with shaking table test results. A series of parametric study is conducted including the interface element and the variations of size of EPS. The use of EPS underneath shallow foundation do not show the correlation with the seismic response of structure if there is no interface element constructed. Variation of EPS size used were contributed to the acceleration and displacement of structure with shallow foundation. As the larger size of EPS applied, the larger reduction of seismic responses will be obtained.
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Sen, Indraneel. "Degradation Mechanism of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Foam in Lost Foam Casting, PIPS Approach for Synthesis and Novel Expansion Techniques for Cellular Foam." 2007. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/299.
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Lost Foam Casting (LFC) is a metal casting technology that facilitates fabrication of near-net shape metal castings using expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam patterns that are coated with refractory slurry and is effective for producing aluminum or iron castings of complicated geometry. However, the LFC process can produce considerable amount of scrap due to casting defects. Removing the EPS thermal decomposition products through the ceramic coating ahead of the advancing metal front during the liquid metal pour is a key factor in obtaining a defect free casting. Developing a fundamental understanding of foam degradation mechanism is essential in improving LFC process.
Modeling of the LFC process till date has completely neglected the effect of styrene on the overall thermal degradation of EPS foam. The dissolution effect of styrene is investigated by presenting the thermodynamic principles of polymer solution theory along with experiments to verify its impact on polystyrene degradation. By subjecting EPS Foam samples directly either to thermal radiation or to styrene vapor, it is demonstrated that styrene’s solubility of polystyrene significantly alters the degradation mechanism of EPS foam in LFC process and thus can control the metal fill process leading to reduction of defects in castings.
LFC process uses expanded polystyrene foam patterns in which isomers of pentane are used as blowing agents to achieve the expansion. In order to expand polystyrene, steam is used as a heat source and the expansion process takes place via conduction of heat from the surface of unexpanded polystyrene beads into the bulk. Pentane isomers are volatile organic compounds and green house gases that are either liberated directly into the atmosphere or combusted using expensive setup. The environmental impact of the current process using pentane as an expansion agent has been considered and a new method for manufacturing of EPS foam has been developed with benign expansion agent. Laboratory experiments are demonstrated where PS pellets are successfully expanded into foam. Novel heating technology using microwave radiation is proposed and implemented in order to achieve efficient volumetric heating for the manufacturing of foam with target density.
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Serrão, Tânia Luísa Vereda. "Aproveitamento de resíduos de poliestireno expandido como isolante de perfis de janela." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83257.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia do Ambiente apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaThe energy efficiency of buildings depends to a large extent on the thermal performance of windows and their components. The specific case of the aluminum frame has a high thermal conductivity, so that one of the solutions that improves substantially the thermal resistance is the application of insulating materials in the cavities, improving the thermal break.The core of this work is to explore the potential thermal insulation of a recycled material produced from expanded polystyrene waste when applied to aluminum window frames as a way to improve window frames thermal performance and window energy efficiency and, consequently, buildings thermal comfort.Therefore, some thermal properties of the recycled materials were evaluated and numerical simulations of the heat transfer through the frame were carried out.The results show that from the adaptation of techniques used in the EPS industry, it is possible to process the residues to obtain 100 % recycled insulation material with thermal and water absorption properties in the same order of magnitude as other insulating materials processed from primary raw materials.The numerical simulations revealed that the application of the recycled material in the thermal break cavities and between glazing and frame improved the thermal transmittance of the frame by 11.6 %, which resulted in a 1 % improvement in the overall thermal transmittance the window.To this extent this work is a small contribution so that EPS residues can assume a new identity of "secondary raw material".
A eficiência energética dos edifícios depende em grande medida do desempenho térmico das janelas e dos seus componentes. O caso específico da caixilharia em alumínio tem uma elevada condutividade térmica, pelo que uma das soluções que melhoram substancialmente a resistência térmica é a aplicação de materiais isolantes nas caixas de ar, reforçando a ruptura da ponte térmica.Este trabalho tem como objectivo explorar o potencial poder isolante térmico de um material reciclado, produzido a partir de resíduos de poliestireno expandido, quando aplicado em perfis de janela de alumínio, como forma de melhorar o desempenho térmico da caixilharia e da janela, contribuindo, em última análise, para a melhoria da eficiência energética e consequente conforto térmico dos edifícios.Para tal foram avaliadas algumas propriedades térmicas dos materiais reciclados e efectuadas simulações numéricas da transferência de calor através da caixilharia.Os resultados mostram que a partir da adaptação de técnicas utilizadas na indústria de EPS, é possível processar os resíduos para obter um material isolante 100 % reciclado, com características térmicas e de absorção de água na mesma ordem de grandeza que outros materiais isolantes processados a partir de matérias-primas primárias.As simulações numéricas revelaram que a aplicação do material reciclado nas cavidades do corte térmico e entre o vidro e a caixilharia melhorou 11,6 % o coeficiente de transmissão térmica da caixilharia, o que se traduziu em 1 % de melhoria do coeficiente de transmissão térmica global de uma janela.
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Amador, Diogo Alexandre Moreira. "Utilização de cortiça como isolante térmico para o transporte de alimentos." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32989.
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À medida que a perceção dos impactos ambientais das indústrias vai aumentando, torna-se cada vez mais necessária uma mudança para materiais convencionalmente designados por “materiais verdes”, contribuindo assim para uma economia mais sustentável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da possibilidade da utilização de aglomerados de cortiça no transporte alimentar, comparando com soluções de poliestireno expandido (EPS) atualmente existentes no mercado. Para isso, inicialmente, mediu-se a condutividade térmica das amostras de aglomerados de cortiça e de poliestireno expandido através do método “Hot Disk”, obtendo-se os valores de 0,07596 ± 1,52×10-4 (W/m.k) para o aglomerado de cortiça, relativamente superior do que os valores encontrado na literatura (entre 0,050 e 0,0595 W/m.k) e de 0,03182 ± 1.6×10-5 (W/m.k) para o poliestireno expandido, ligeiramente inferior do que o valor encontrado na literatura (0,040 W/m.k). De seguida, montaram-se duas caixas, uma com placas de aglomerados de cortiça e outra com placas de poliestireno expandido, e realizaram-se testes de estabilidade térmica na câmara de ensaios térmicos do laboratório da Advanced Products Portugal (LAECT) para comparar a performance do isolamento térmico dos dois materiais. Assim, verificou-se que, para testes sem produto (cenários A e B), a caixa de aglomerado de cortiça atingiu a temperatura exterior de teste (25 ºC) mais lentamente do que o interior da caixa de poliestireno expandido. Contudo, para testes com produto (cenário C), a temperatura no interior da caixa do aglomerado de cortiça apenas foi inferior do que a da caixa de poliestireno expandido durante os primeiros 45/70/290 minutos de cada teste, para a 1ª, 2ª e 3ª repetição, respetivamente. De seguida, calculou-se a energia necessária para subir a temperatura de cada caixa e do seu interior, para cada teste, até 25 ºC, com o objetivo de descobrir qual dos sistemas necessita de mais energia para elevar a sua temperatura até à temperatura exterior de teste. Deste modo, tornou-se possível concluir que não é apenas a condutividade térmica que influencia a performance de isolamento térmico das caixas. De facto, calor específico e a temperatura de estabilização devem ser tidas em consideração no transporte de alimentos, para que se tire o máximo de rendimento da utilização de aglomerados de cortiça para o transporte alimentar.As the perception of the environmental impacts of industries increases, a change to materials conventionally called “green materials” becomes increasingly necessary, thus contributing to a more sustainable economy. This work aimed to study the possibility of using cork agglomerates in food transport, comparing with expanded polystyrene (EPS) solutions currently on the market. For this, initially, the thermal conductivity of the samples of cork agglomerates and expanded polystyrene were measured using the “Hot Disk” method, obtaining the values of 0,07596 ± 1,52×10-4 (W/m.k) for cork agglomerate, higher than the ones found in literature (between 0,050 e 0,0595 W/m.k) and 0,03182 ± 1.6×10-5 (W/m.k) for expanded polystyrene, a little lower than the one found in literature (0,040 W/m.k). Then, two boxes were assembled (one with cork agglomerate plates and the other with expanded polystyrene plates) and thermal stability tests were carried out in the thermal test chamber laboratory of the Advanced Products Portugal (LAECT) to compare the thermal insulation performance of the two materials. Thus, it was found that, for tests without product (scenarios A and B), the interior of the cork agglomerate box reached the external test temperature (25 ºC) slower than the interior of the polystyrene box. However, for tests with product (scenario C), the temperature in the interior of the cork agglomerate box was only lower than the temperature in the expanded polystyrene box for the first 45/70/290 minutes of each test, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Then, the energy needed to raise the temperature of each box and its interior up to 25 ºC, for each test, was calculated, to find out which of the systems needs more energy to raise its temperature to the external test temperature. This way, it became possible to conclude that it is not only the thermal conductivity that influences the thermal insulation performance of the boxes. In fact, the specific heat and the stabilization temperature must be taken into account when transporting food, so that the maximum efficiency is obtained from the use of cork agglomerates for food transport.
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Σταθοπούλου, Βασιλική. "Σεισμική μόνωση τοίχων εδαφικής αντιστήριξης με Γεωαφρό Διογκωμένης Πολυστερίνης - Παραμετρική αριθμητική ανάλυση." 2005. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/101.
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Αντικείμενο της Διατριβής αποτελεί η διερεύνηση των δυνατοτήτων του Γεωαφρού Διογκωμένης Πολυστερίνης (ΓΔΠ) για τη χρησιμοποίησή του ως σεισμικό μονωτικό παρέμβλημα σε συμβατικούς τοίχους εδαφικής αντιστήριξης (τύπου βαρύτητας ή προβόλου) καθώς και σε ακρόβαθρα γεφυρών. Η παρούσα έρευνα βασίζεται στην αριθμητική ανάλυση της συμπεριφοράς συμβατικών τοίχων αντιστήριξης κάτω από τη δράση οριζόντιας σεισμικής διέγερσης βάσης. Οι αναλύσεις διεξάγονται τόσο για μη-μονωμένους τοίχους όσο και για τοίχους σεισμικά μονωμένους με παρέμβλημα ΓΔΠ. Το παρέμβλημα έχει τη μορφή κατακόρυφου φύλλου μικρού σχετικά πάχους που τοποθετείται σε επαφή με την πίσω όψη του τοίχου παρεμβαλλόμενο μεταξύ τοίχου και επιχώματος. Οι αναλύσεις διεξάγονται χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων (κώδικας PLAXIS v.8) με την παραδοχή ιξωδοελαστικής συμπεριφοράς εδαφικού επιχώματος και κατακόρυφου ελαστικού τοίχου δεδομένης ευκαμψίας και στροφικής αντίστασης της βάσης. Ως δυναμική διέγερση βάσης χρησιμοποιούνται αρμονικές χρονοϊστορίες επιτάχυνσης μεταβαλλόμενου εύρους και συχνότητας. Κατ’ αρχήν αξιολογείται η αξιοπιστία της χρησιμοποιούμενης μεθόδου ανάλυσης και τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων συγκρίνονται με ανάλογα δημοσιευμένα αποτελέσματα και διαπιστώνεται πολύ καλή συμφωνία όσον αφορά την τιμή της σεισμικής ώθησης και το ύψος εφαρμογής της από τη βάση του τοίχου. Για την περίπτωση των σεισμικά μονωμένων (με παρέμβλημα ΓΔΠ) τοίχων οι εξεταζόμενες παράμετροι περιλαμβάνουν το σχήμα του παρεμβλήματος, την πυκνότητα και το ποσοστιαίο (σε σχέση με το ύψος του τοίχου) πάχος του ΓΔΠ, tr, την ευκαμψία του τοίχου, την καθ’ ύψος μεταβολή του μέτρου ελαστικότητας του ΓΔΠ και τη συχνότητα διέγερσης της βάσης. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της σεισμικής μόνωσης περιγράφεται ποσοτικά με τον συντελεστή Ar που ορίζεται ως το επί τοις εκατό ποσοστό της μείωσης (λόγω μόνωσης) της σεισμικής ώθησης σε σχέση με την τιμή που προκύπτει χωρίς μόνωση. Σχετικά με το σχήμα του παρεμβλήματος (κατά την έννοια του ύψους του τοίχου) διεξήχθησαν αναλύσεις για ορθογωνικό σχήμα και τρία τριγωνικά σχήματα και τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι η βέλτιστη αποτελεσματικότητα επιτυγχάνεται με χρήση ορθογωνικού σχήματος. Επίσης διαπιστώθηκε ότι είναι δυνατή η επίτευξη τιμών της αποτελεσματικότητας σεισμικής μόνωσης Ar>50% για τιμές πάχους παρεμβλήματος tr 15%. Τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν επίσης ότι, επειδή η προκύπτουσα σχέση Ar - tr είναι μη γραμμική, απαιτούνται σχετικά μεγάλα πάχη παρεμβλήματος για τη μείωση της σεισμικής ώθησης σε ποσοστό μεγαλύτερο του 50%. Τέλος, για τον αντισεισμικό σχεδιασμό τοίχων αντιστήριξης προτείνεται δοκιμαστικά η εφαρμογή διαδικασίας που βασίζεται στον ΕΑΚ 2000, χρησιμοποιώντας όμως διπλάσια τιμή για το συντελεστή συμπεριφοράς, qw, εφόσον επιδιώκεται η επίτευξη αποτελεσματικότητας Ar=50%.The objective of the Thesis is the investigation of the possibility to use the Expanded Polystyrene Geofoam (EPS Geofoam) for the seismic isolation of earth retaining walls. The research is based on the results of numerical analyses (using the finite element method) for determining the response of vertical walls supporting horizontal backfill and subjected to horizontal harmonic base excitation. The seismic isolation is realized by placing a column of EPS geofoam (compressible inclusion) between the back-face of the wall and the backfill. The response is calculated by using elastic analysis (with viscous damping for the backfill material). The efficiency of seismic isolation is quantitavely described by the Isolation Efficiency, Ar, defined as the ratio (in percent) of the reduction of earthquake thrust (due to isolation) to the earthquake thrust without isolation. The parameters investigated are the shape of the inclusion, the density and the (percent) thickness, tr, of the EPS geofoam, the wall flexibility, the variation of EPS geofoam modulus of elasticity with depth as well as the amplitude and frequency of excitation. The results of the analyses indicate that the optimum shape of the inclusion is the orthogonal (i.e. constant thickness with depth) whereas the effect of the inhomogeneity of the EPS geofoam along the depth of the wall is negligible, as long as the analysis is conducted using a constant mean value for the Modulus of Elasticity of EPS. The results also indicate that an Isolation Efficiency of about 50% may be achieved by using an inclusion thickness of about 15% of the wall height. Due to the nonlinearity of the relation Ar – tr, further increase of the inclusion thickness has a minor effect on the isolation efficiency of the inclusion. Based on the results of all analyses a tentative procedure is proposed for the earthquake resistant design of earth retaining walls. According to the procedure, the wall is designed following the methodology of the Hellenic Seismic Code (2000) and using qw values twice as those indicated by the Code. The required thickness of the EPS inclusion, tr, is then selected from a diagram relating the tr value to the flexibility of the wall and the density of the inclusion.
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Малашок, Олексій Вікторович. "Аналіз іноземного досвіду вибору технологій та матеріалів утеплювання фасадів будівель." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/4210.
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Малашок О. В. Аналіз іноземного досвіду вибору технологій та матеріалів утеплювання фасадів будівель : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 192 "Будівництво та цивільна інженерія" / наук. керівник П. П. Бичевий. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 118 с.UA : В роботі проведено аналіз різновидів систем утеплювання фасадів та технологій виконання, на підґрунті дослідження теоретично-методологічних підходів стосовно технології утеплення фасадів житлових будівель ефективними будівельними матеріалами. Обґрунтовано удосконалення методів технології ефективного утеплення фасадів сучасними матеріалами, проведено порівняльний аналіз, відокремлені переваги та недоліки утеплюючих систем.
EN : The analysis of types of systems of warming of facades and technologies of performance is carried out in the work, on the basis of research of theoretical and methodological approaches concerning technology of warming of facades of inhabited buildings by effective building materials. The improvement of methods of technology of effective warming of facades by modern materials is substantiated, the comparative analysis is carried out, advantages and lacks of warming systems are allocated.