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Zhang, Xuan. "Adaptive Robust Stochastic Transmission Expansion Planning." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1542811409691546.
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GONZALEZ, JUAN PABLO LEAL. "TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING CONSIDERING ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36061@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>O planejamento da expansão da transmissão (PET) visa identificar novos reforços para a rede, permitindo uma conexão tecnicamente adequada entre demanda e geração de energia elétrica, ambas previstas para um determinado horizonte de planejamento. Um bom plano de expansão deve garantir o equilíbrio entre os custos de investimento e operação, mantendo um nível satisfatório de segurança no fornecimento de energia elétrica. Entretanto, a identificação de bons planos de expansão para o PET tem se tornado uma tarefa cada vez mais difícil. Isso se deve, principalmente, às características e dimensões dos sistemas atuais, a não linearidade e natureza combinatória do problema de otimização e às incertezas presentes nos dados. Os erros de previsão, a indisponibilidade de equipamentos e a disponibilidade dos recursos naturais são parâmetros que variam de forma aleatória e inserem um alto grau de incerteza nos sistemas elétricos, o qual aumenta proporcionalmente com o horizonte de planejamento. Uma das incertezas mais relevantes a ser gerenciada nas próximas décadas será a capacidade de geração oriunda de fontes renováveis, em particular as eólicas, devido à sua grande variabilidade. A utilização de dispositivos de armazenamento permitirá melhor aproveitamento dessas fontes e, portanto, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais capazes de considerar tais dispositivos no problema PET. Esta dissertação apresenta uma nova metodologia de apoio ao problema PET inserindo armazenadores de energia elétrica para aumentar o aproveitamento de fontes renováveis no sistema. Isso, respeitando as restrições de segurança da rede, acompanhando à curva de demanda e levando em consideração as variáveis operativas destes dispositivos. A possibilidade de incluir sistemas de armazenamento de energia elétrica é avaliada através de uma análise custo-benefício. A metodologia proposta é aplicada a um sistema teste, submetido a diversas condições operativas, e os resultados obtidos são amplamente discutidos.<br>The transmission expansion planning (TEP) aims at identifying new reinforcements for the network, allowing a technically adequate connection between demand and generation of electric energy, both foreseen for a given planning horizon. A good expansion plan must ensure a balance between investment and operating costs, while maintaining a satisfactory level of security of the electric energy supply. However, identifying good expansion plans for TEP has become an increasingly difficult task. This is mainly due to the characteristics and dimensions of the current systems, the nonlinearity and combinatorial nature of the optimization problem, and the uncertainties present in the data. Forecasting errors, equipment unavailability, and the availability of natural resources are parameters that vary in a random way and insert a high degree of uncertainty in the electrical system, which proportionally increases with the planning horizon. One of the most relevant uncertainties to be managed in the upcoming decades will be the generation capacity from renewable sources, particularly wind power, due to its great variability. Storage devices will allow better use of these sources and, therefore, it becomes necessary to develop computational tools capable of considering such devices in the TEP problem. This dissertation presents a new methodology to support the TEP problem by inserting electric energy storage to increase the use of renewable energy in the system, while respecting the security restrictions of the network, following the demand curve and taking into account the operational variables of these devices. The possibility of including electric energy storage systems is evaluated through a costbenefit analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to a test system, subject to various operating conditions, and the obtained results are widely discussed.
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Gadzanku, Sika. "Evaluating electricity generation expansion planning in Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122096.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 157-166).<br>Ghana, a West African nation of 28 million people, provides an interesting case study on the interaction between power supply and politics in emerging economies. From 2012-2016, due to security of supply issues around hydro and fuel supplies, Ghana experienced the worst power crisis in its history with regular rolling blackouts. Rural and low-income urban areas and businesses were especially affected, and public discontent was palpable. The government's response was a reactive approach to generation expansion planning, focused on increasing supply. Power generation was opened up to the private sector and emergency power plants were procured. 93 percent of capacity installed during this post-crisis period was thermal generation, which increased dependence on natural gas and crude oil. Overall, this power crisis highlighted the cost of overlooking reliability and an undiversified generation mix.<br>I adapted a modeling framework to study Ghana's power generation system and I use a bottom-up capacity expansion and economic dispatch model to explore generation expansion pathways in the country under different settings, with the goal of providing insights into Ghana's capacity expansion decisions and identifying strategies that can help ensure better reliability and resiliency. Secondly, I use qualitative methods to evaluate Ghana's electricity infrastructure project financing framework to discuss how project financing shapes technology choices. I then explore potential policy and legal instruments that could support more robust systems planning in Ghana's electricity generation sector. Results reveal that a future power crisis is very likely given the high sensitivity of system reliability and resilience to natural gas and crude oil supply, global energy prices and transmission constraints.<br>Strategies that could help avoid a future crisis include diversifying the generation mix, adding flexible generation (such as pumped hydro) to the mix, increasing transmission, and increasing the stability of fuel supply. This requires a holistic and coordinated approach to electricity planning between financial, technical, technological and political actors in the power generation sector.<br>by Sika Gadzanku.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy<br>S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
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Lee, Cheuk-wing. "Transmission expansion planning in a restructured electricity market." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38959410.
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Lee, Cheuk-wing, and 李卓穎. "Transmission expansion planning in a restructured electricity market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38959410.
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Esmaeelnezhad, Ali. "Stochastic long-term transmission expansion planning with HVDC links." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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The ever-increasing load demand all across the world has led to increasing the demand for energy. The major part of this demand is supplied through conventional power plants with fossil fuels. Recently, the concern on environmental emissions has increased, which in turn put pressure on power systems as one of the main sectors in contributing to environmental emissions. Accordingly, different countries have started installing renewable energies to alleviate these concerns and mitigate environmental emissions. These green technologies have been being installed either as centralized plants, for example, wind farms, or as distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution networks. If such huge wind farms connect to the transmission system, they may bring severe challenges to the system, such as transmission network congestion. On the other hand, in some cases, these wind sites are located far from the main power system. Thus, it is required to expand the existing power system by constructing new corridors to connect them to the transmission system. High voltage DC technologies have also been introduced as efficient systems with numerous merits. In this regard, this dissertation seeks to address the long-term AC/DC transmission expansion planning to connect distant wind farms to the power system. The problem has been modeled both deterministically and stochastically within a multi-objective mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming framework, aimed at minimizing the total cost and transmission line loading. The total cost is comprised of the total investment cost and the total operating cost. Then, the problem is solved by using the normal boundary intersection method as an efficient mathematical multi-objective optimization technique, and the most preferred solution has been selected by utilizing the VIKOR decision maker. Different case studies have also been evaluated by simulating the problem using the Garver test system and IEEE reliability test system.
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Brovold, Sondre Heen. "Implementing Hydropower Scheduling in a European Expansion Planning Model." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27243.
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This Master’s thesis proposes a method for implementing an enhanced hydropower planning formulation in a long-term expansion planning model. The motivation for this work is the important role that hydropower plays in a generation investment environment. In a time where penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar power is heavily increasing, new challenges in the continuous balancing of supply and demand are also introduced. Hydropower and its use of reservoirs as power batteries can respond more or less immediately to such fluctuations. As such, a detailed framework for hydropower scheduling is highly relevant.The presented implementation is carried out in an already-existing expansion planning model for Europe called EMPIRE, which is written in Mosel Xpress. This is a two-stage stochastic optimization model whose objective function is to minimize the total net present value of expected operational costs and investment costs for generation and transmission capacities.The main feature of the proposed framework involves penalization of hydropower through water values. This necessitates a complete hydropower scheduling representation where each reservoir is divided into segments which are assigned a fictitious marginal cost. The inclusion of water values enables comparability with the short-run marginal cost for competitive technologies and introduces the important aspect of conserving water for other periods of the year. Data from SINTEF Energy Research has been used for this purpose.Results from optimization runs in the time span from 2010 to 2060 for an EU 20-20-20 like policy scenario show that the original hydropower availability is too relaxed, thereby causing an overvaluation of this technology. The revamped cost representation by means of water values leads to a lower utilization of hydropower relative to the original model. An earlier deployment of solar power is carried out to replace the lower generation, with a capacity difference between the final and original models peaking at 45% in 2040. Total costs in the system are therefore increased. For both models extensive investments in intermittent renewables are taking place, amounting to 47% of the total capacity in 2060.
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ALMEIDA, JERSON ERASMO LEON. "TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING CONSIDERING THE INTERMITTENCY OF WIND GENERATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32774@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O planejamento da expansão da transmissão (PET) visa identificar os novos reforços a serem implementados na rede do sistema elétrico de potência, necessá-rios para assegurar uma adequada interligação entre a demanda e a geração do sistema, ambas previstas para o horizonte de planejamento. Um bom plano de expansão deve garantir o equilíbrio entre os custos de investimento e operação, mantendo um nível satisfatório de continuidade no fornecimento de energia. En-tretanto, a identificação de boas soluções para o PET tem se tornado uma tarefa cada vez mais difícil. Isso se deve, principalmente, às características e dimensões dos sistemas atuais, incluindo o aumento na dependência de fontes renováveis, e à não linearidade e natureza combinatória do problema de otimização.
Nesta dissertação é proposta uma nova metodologia para resolver o proble-ma PET com alta penetração de energia renovável, em particular a eólica. A me-todologia é baseada na aplicação de uma nova ferramenta de otimização para so-lução do PET estático, a qual é classificada como metaheurística construtiva, onde soluções viáveis de boa qualidade são paralelamente construídas a partir da topo-logia inicial, por meio de adições graduais de reforços mais atrativos para a rede. Outras heurísticas são também utilizadas. Ênfase é dada à modelagem de cenários de geração eólica, que representam a energia renovável da rede a ser planejada, a qual deverá permitir uma operação flexível e adaptada à intermitência destas fon-tes. São utilizados o critério de segurança N-1 e o modelo linear DC de rede, com a consideração de perdas ôhmicas. Uma variante do sistema IEEE RTS, com inserção de fontes eólicas, é utilizada para testar a metodologia proposta.<br>Transmission expansion planning (TEP) aims to identify the new reinforce-ments to be installed in the electric power system, necessary to ensure an adequate interconnection between demand and generation of the system, both foreseen for the planning horizon. A good expansion plan should ensure a balance between investment and operating costs, while maintaining a satisfactory level of continui-ty in the energy supply. However, identifying good expansion solutions for TEP has become an increasingly difficult task. This is mainly due to the characteristics and dimensions of the current systems, including the increase in the dependence of renewable sources, and the nonlinearity and combinatorial nature of the optimi-zation problem. In this dissertation, a new methodology is proposed to solve the TEP prob-lem with high penetration of renewable energy, in particular wind power. The methodology is based on the application of a new optimization tool for static TEP solution, which is classified as a constructive metaheuristic, where feasible solu-tions of good quality are simultaneously constructed from the initial topology of the network, through incremental additions of reinforcements more attractive to the grid. Other heuristics are also used. Emphasis is given to the modeling of wind power scenarios, which represent the renewable energy of the network to be planned, which should allow a flexible operation and adapted to the intermittency of these sources. The security criterion N-1 and the linear DC network model are used, with the consideration of ohmic losses. A variant of the IEEE RTS sys-tem, with insertion of wind sources, is used to test the proposed methodology.
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ASSIS, FERNANDO APARECIDO DE. "CONSTRUCTIVE METAHEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING PROBLEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35771@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>O planejamento da expansão da transmissão (PET) visa identificar reforços para a rede a fim de permitir uma adequada interligação entre a demanda e a geração de energia elétrica, ambas previstas para um determinado horizonte futuro de planejamento. Um bom plano de expansão deve garantir o adequado equilíbrio entre o custo de investimento e o custo de operação, mantendo ainda um nível satisfatório de confiabilidade no fornecimento da energia. Entretanto, a identificação de bons planos de expansão para a rede de transmissão tem se tornado uma tarefa cada vez mais difícil. Isso se deve, principalmente, às características e dimensões dos sistemas atuais e, ainda, às incertezas inerentes ao problema. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de ferramentas cada vez mais ela-boradas para auxílio dos planejadores. Neste sentido, é proposto nesta tese de dou-torado um algoritmo metaheurístico construtivo, denominado AMC-PET, o qual realiza um processo gradual e concomitante de construção de soluções viáveis (planos de expansão). Por meio de mecanismos baseados principalmente em índices de sensibilidade para avaliação dos reforços candidatos e na troca de informações entre as soluções correntes, o processo construtivo proposto é conduzido, parcimoniosamente, na direção de planos de excelente qualidade. Para validação da metodologia proposta, é utilizado o problema PET estático de longo prazo, considerando o critério de segurança N-1 para a rede de transmissão. Um mode-lo linearizado de rede com a inclusão de perdas ôhmicas é utilizado para análise das configurações obtidas. Dois sistemas teste, comumente utilizados neste tópico de pesquisa e, também, um sistema real de grande porte, que corresponde à rede elétrica do sul do Brasil, são empregados na validação.<br>The transmission expansion planning (TEP) aims to identify reinforcements for the network in order to allow an adequate interconnection between load and electric power generation, both foreseen for a given future planning horizon. A good expansion plan must ensure the proper balance between investment and operating costs, while preserving a satisfactory reliability level in the energy supply. However, identifying good expansion plans for the transmission network has become an increasingly difficult task. This is mainly due to the characteristics and dimensions of current power systems and also to the uncertainties inherent to the problem. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop even more elaborate tools to assist system planners. This doctoral thesis proposes a new optimization tool named constructive metaheuristic algorithm (CMA-TEP). The proposed CMA-TEP tool performs a gradual and parallel process of building feasible solutions (expansion plans). By means of mechanisms mainly based on sensitivity indices for the evaluation of candidate reinforcements and on the information exchange among current solutions, the proposed constructive process is parsimoniously conducted towards high quality plans. To verify the performance of the proposed methodology, the long-term static PET problem considering the N-1 security criterion for the transmission network is solved. A linearized network model with the inclusion of ohmic losses is used to analyze the obtained configurations. Two test systems, commonly utilized in this research area, and also a real large network, which corresponds to the electric grid of Southern Brazil, are used to validate the proposed method.
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Yuan, Chenchen. "Optimal generation expansion planning for a low carbon future." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604882.
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Due to energy scarcity coupled with environment issues, it is likely to see the biggest shift in generation portfolio in the UK and world wide, stimulated by various governmental incentives policies for promoting renewable generation and reducing emission. The generation expansion in the future will be driven by not only peak demand growth but also emission reduction target. Thus, the traditional generation expansion planning (GEP) model has to be improved to reflect this change against the new environment. The policy makers need a better assessment tool to facilitate the new environment, so they can make appropriate policies for promoting renewable generation and emission reduction, and guide the generation mix to evolve appropriately over time. Since the expansion of new generation capacities is highly capital intensive, it makes the improvement of GEP quite urgent and important. The thesis proposes the GEP modelling improvement works from the following aspects: • Integrating short-term emission cost, unit commitment constraints in an emission target constrained GEP model. • Including the network transmission constraints and generation location optimization in an emission constrained GEP. • Investigating the impacts of multi-stage emission targets setting on an emission constrained GEP problem and its overall expansion cost. • Incorporating the uncertain renewable generation expansion and short-term DSR into the GEP problem and find out its potential contributions to the GEP problem. A real case study is made to determine the optimal generation mix of the Great Britain in 2020 in order to meet the 2020 emission reduction target. Different optimal generation mixes of the UK in 2020 are identified under a series of scenarios. The scenarios are constructed according to different GB network transmission capacity hypotheses and demand side response (DSR) level scenarios.
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Zhao, Bining Zhao. "Electricity-Gas Systems: Operations and Expansion Planning Under Uncertainty." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152398462190157.
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Holmes, Jane Hope. "Least-cost expansion planning in the electricity supply industry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14089.
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Formerly, to meet increases in electricity demand or to replace obsolete stations, the decision to build a new power station of a particular fuel type was not based wholly on economic grounds. Often political pressure (e.g. using coal to keep mines open), national strategy (e.g. building of nuclear reactors) or government policy (e.g. introduction of hydro generation in Scotland to counter population drift) dominated the expansion planning process. With the advent of the availability of inexpensive computing power, planning based solely on economics, with calculations that are mathematically complex, repetitive and time consuming, can be applied more readily to such decision making. In addition, a wider range of factors can be taken into account. Sensitivity analysis and comparative assessments can be made easily, allowing the Planning Engineer to consider more options and to arrive at decisions with more confidence. Occasionally, however, the preferred options indicated by such planning (termed least-cost expansion planning) may be overruled through influence of externalities such as those mentioned above, e.g. political pressure. Thus, although least-cost expansion planning software will never replace totally the human involvement in the process, such software has the considerable advantage that it can be used to rank a range of options in order of economic cost. The Planner can then quantify in economic terms the effects of overriding indicated minimum-cost options by making decisions on the basis of some other grounds, e.g. governmental policy. This thesis examines the factors and techniques which are used in least-cost expansion planning. Their integration into a decision support system is described and suitable software is developed. Using realistic data a typical run of this software demonstrates ranking of minimum-cost candidates that successfully meet expected future electricity demands and planning criteria set before a run is executed. The merits of using the software in a practical application are then discussed.
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Sozer, Sevin Park Chan S. "Transmission expansion planning to alleviate congestion in deregulated power markets." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%206-15-07/SOZER_SEVIN_35.pdf.
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Sum-Im, Thanathip. "A novel differential evolution algorithmic approach to transmission expansion planning." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3219.
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Nowadays modern electric power systems consist of large-scale and highly complex interconnected transmission systems, thus transmission expansion planning (TEP) is now a significant power system optimisation problem. The TEP problem is a large-scale, complex and nonlinear combinatorial problem of mixed integer nature where the number of candidate solutions to be evaluated increases exponentially with system size. The accurate solution of the TEP problem is essential in order to plan power systems in both an economic and efficient manner. Therefore, applied optimisation methods should be sufficiently efficient when solving such problems. In recent years a number of computational techniques have been proposed to solve this efficiency issue. Such methods include algorithms inspired by observations of natural phenomena for solving complex combinatorial optimisation problems. These algorithms have been successfully applied to a wide variety of electrical power system optimisation problems. In recent years differential evolution algorithm (DEA) procedures have been attracting significant attention from the researchers as such procedures have been found to be extremely effective in solving power system optimisation problems. The aim of this research is to develop and apply a novel DEA procedure directly to a DC power flow based model in order to efficiently solve the TEP problem. In this thesis, the TEP problem has been investigated in both static and dynamic form. In addition, two cases of the static TEP problem, with and without generation resizing, have also been investigated. The proposed method has achieved solutions with good accuracy, stable convergence characteristics, simple implementation and satisfactory computation time. The analyses have been performed within the mathematical programming environment of MATLAB using both DEA and conventional genetic algorithm (CGA) procedures and a detailed comparison has also been presented. Finally, the sensitivity of DEA control parameters has also been investigated.
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Wagner, Glenn. "Subdimensional Expansion: A Framework for Computationally Tractable Multirobot Path Planning." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/611.
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Planning optimal paths for large numbers of robots is computationally expensive. In this thesis, we present a new framework for multirobot path planning called subdimensional expansion, which initially plans for each robot individually, and then coordinates motion among the robots as needed. More specifically subdimensional expansion initially creates a one-dimensional search space embedded in the joint configuration space of the multirobot system. When the search space is found to be blocked during planning by a robot-robot collision, the dimensionality of the search space is locally increased to ensure that an alternative path can be found. As a result, robots are only coordinated when necessary, which reduces the computational cost of finding a path. Subdimensional expansion is a exible framework that can be used with multiple planning algorithms. For discrete planning problems, subdimensional expansion can be combined with A* to produce the M* algorithm, a complete and optimal multirobot path planning problem. When the configuration space of individual robots is too large to be explored effectively with A*, subdimensional expansion can be combined with probabilistic planning algorithms to produce sRRT and sPRM. M* is then extended to solve variants of the multirobot path planning algorithm. We present the Constraint Manifold Subsearch (CMS) algorithm to solve problems where robots must dynamically form and dissolve teams with other robots to perform cooperative tasks. Uncertainty M* (UM*) is a variant of M* that handles systems with probabilistic dynamics. Finally, we apply M* to multirobot sequential composition. Results are validated with extensive simulations and experiments on multiple physical robots.
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Van, Oudtshoorn Clive Niel. "Elements in global hospitality expansion." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019970.
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This study reflects an investigation into four elements that could affect global expansion strategies within the hotel industry. In both emerging and developed economies, the increased growth within the services sector has become more apparent. There is considerable knowledge and literature available on the process of internationalisation, globalisation and expansion within the services sector and as this information is important to understand the internationalisation process itself, the decision to expand (cross border) presents a number of opportunities and challenges to the hotel industry. Hotels are comprised of a number of divisions and departments, which collectively offer unique services and facilities to various markets. Within this context, careful consideration is required with respect to an organisation‟s overall strategic objectives, the internal structure and how government and cultural influences and differences affect global expansion. Organisational matters such as strategic objectives as well as operational functions such as financial, marketing and sales, human resources and organisational design must also be considered as hotels require synergy within each of these various components in order to function optimally. When international or globalisation opportunities present themselves or are proactively sought, organisations need to ensure that various factors are clearly understood, analysed and identified. These include the most appropriate strategy required, the organisations own internal capacity levels, governmental influences and cultural dynamics. An in-depth literature review regarding the internationalisation process was conducted where-after a review was compiled and interviews set up with directors of hotel groups who are responsible for global expansion within their respective organisations. The sample included three local South African and two international hotel groups who either were contemplating or who had already expanded internationally. It is evident that hotel companies have a preference to non-equity based expansion either through management contracts or joint ventures. In addition, expansion into emerging markets required a different approach to that of developed markets and a unique understanding of the government and cultural influences of the host country was required.
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Evetts, Robin Dennis Alexander. "Architectural expansion and redevelopment in St Andrews, 1810-c1894 /." St Andrews, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/528.
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Fayad, Marwan Abdallah. "Planning capacity expansion under oligopoly : the case of the petrochemical industry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12010.
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Jia, Jundi. "Transmission Expansion Planning in Large Power SystemsUsing Power System Equivalencing Techniques." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149679.
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With an increasing demand for electric power, new transmission lines should be constructed with a rational plan in the long run to guarantee a reliable and economic operation. The transmission expansion planning (TEP) is a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization problem in nature, which requires tremendous computational efforts especially when it comes to a large-scale power system. Although a diversity of simplifications and computational techniques has been applied to TEP, it is still challenging to derive an optimal plan within little simulation time. Since equivalencing technique is able to reduce the size of a large-scale power system and help achieve remarkable computational performance, it is possibly effective and efficient to handle the intrinsic complexity of TEP problem. In this thesis, based on a detailed literature review, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach in DC model is firstly formulated for a dynamic TEP problem considering N – 1 security criterion. Then, two traditional power flow based equivalencing techniques that are appropriate for simplifying TEP, REI and WARD, with necessary modifications, are respectively implemented in the initial TEP problem. The proposed algorithms are simulated on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS) to compare optimal plans between the original and equivalent system. Further assumptions and adjustments are searched and tested to get more accurate optimal plans. The results show that both modified equivalencing techniques can significantly decrease the simulation time. Regarding IEEE 24-bus RTS, the proposed algorithm for modified REI method can achieve relatively precise optimal plan with few errors while modified WARD method is not as good as modified REI method. Therefore, the modified REI method has a potential to be implemented in TEP problem to reduce the complexity and computational effort for large power system without jeopardizing accuracy. Further studies are needed to tune the modified REI method and revise the obtained optimal plan.
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RIBEIRO, SOLANGE MARIA PINTO. "APPLICATION OF PROBABILISTIC LOAD FLOW THE EXPANSION PLANNING OF POWER SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1990. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9468@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Esta dissertação apresenta uma aplicação das técnicas de
Fluxo de Potência Probabilístico (FPP) no planejamento da
expansão de sistemas de potência. Um breve resumo da
formulação e solução do problema de FPP é incluído para
identificar as diferenças entre esta técnica e outras
ferramentas disponíveis tais como os algoritmos de
avaliação da confiabilidade composta - geração e
transmissão. O potencial das técnicas de FPP será
demonstrado através de um estudo utilizando o Sistema
Norte/Nordeste brasileiro. O planejamento da expansão da
rede elétrica de uma área deste sistema, obtido através de
um algoritmo convencional de fluxo de potência, é
comparado com aquele obtido por um programa de FPP que
modela as indisponibilidades de capacidade de geração, bem
como as incertezas existentes nos picos de cargas. As
diferenças significativas demonstram os benefícios das
técnicas de FPP. Uma ênfase especial é dada à modelagem de
curto e longo prazos das incertezas das cargas.<br>This dissertation presents an application of Probabilistic
Load Flow (PFL) techniques to the expansion planning of
power systems. A brief review of the PFL formulation and
solution is included to identify differences between this
technique and other available tools such as composite
generation and transmission reliability evaluation
algorithms. The potencial of the PLF technique is
demonstrated by a case study using the Brazilian
North/Northeastern system. The network expansion planning
of an area of this system is studied using a conventional
load flow program and the results compared with those
obtained from a PLF program that models generation
capacity unavailabilities and peak load uncertainties. The
significant diffrences demonstrate the benefits of the PLF
technique. Special emphasis is given to short and long
term modeling using analyses of real system load data.
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Escobar, Vargas Laura Mónica. "Specialized models for the long-term transmission network expansion planning problem /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180548.
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Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro<br>Resumo: A análise de sistemas altamente complexos quando e analizado o problema de planejamento de expansão de redes de transmissão de longo prazo, é o foco principal deste trabalho. Os modelos e metodos propostos são aplicados ao problema de planejamento estático tradicional, que é um problema de otimização matemática classificado como NP-completo, não-linear inteiro misto. O qual envolve no investimento, variáveis operacionais contínuas e variáveis inteiras. O comportamento normal de cada sistema pode conter informação essencial para a criação de novos métodos, como os planos de corte baseados em cortes de diferença de ângulos para problemas de grande escala, o que é a base é o ponto de partida deste trabalho, derivando em desigualdades válidas é ciclos críticos. Os cortes angulares básicos reduzem o espaço de busca do problema e o tempo total de cálculo deste problema, enquanto ao método de inequações válidas que pode ser usado para fornecer limites inferiores sólidos no investimento ótimo do planejamento de transmissão, já que a diferença entre o modelo DC (modelo exato) e o modelo de transporte (modelo mais relaxado) são as restrições angulares. Os ciclos críticos têm sido desenvolvidos para melhoraralguns dos modelos tradicionais do problemas de planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de longo prazo. A razão por trás disso é a ausência da segunda lei de Kirchhoff, que completa a representação do sistema, mas aumenta a complexidade. Para resolver os problemas resultantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The analysis of highly complex systems when solving the long-term transmission network expansion planning problem is the main focus of this work. The proposed improved models and methodology are applied to the traditionalstatic planning problem, which is a mathematical optimization problem classified as NP-complete and mixed-integer nonlinear problem. It involves continuousoperating variables and integer investment variables. The normal behavior of each system can be shown essential information to the creation of new methods, as the cutting-planes based in bus-angle difference cuts for large-scale problems which were the starting point of this work, deriving in valid inequalities and critic cycles. The angular cuts aim to reduce the search space of the problem and the total computation time of this NP-hard problem as for the valid inequalities methodthat can be used to provide strong lower bounds on the optimal investment of the transmissionplanning, since the difference between the DC model (exact model) and the transport model (more relaxed model) are the angular constraints. Critic cycles has been develop in order to improve some of the traditional long-term transmission network expansion planning problem models. The reason behind it is the absence of second Kirchhoff’s law which completes the representationof the system, but increase the complexity. In order to solve the resulting problems, this work uses the modeling language AMPL with the solver CPLEX. In test systems w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Solheim, Karla Nyreen. "Institutional expansion, community relations, and the hospital next door." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33038.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-119).<br>Hospitals play many roles in a city: alternately, they may be caretakers of the sick, economic engines, intellectual hubs, major employers, and neighbors. This last role has evolved greatly over the last 45 years. The relationship between hospitals and the communities in which they are located has been affected by constantly changing economic, political, and social factors. During the early days of urban renewal in the 1950s and early 1960s, large teaching hospitals in Boston experienced a surge of political and economic power that allowed them to expand with few constraints, often to the detriment of their residential neighbors. Today, the same hospitals must broker complex deals with their neighbors if they wish to expand, offering up a host of community benefits. The process by which the hospital-community power dynamic has evolved has been shaped by the mediating entity of the Boston Redevelopment Agency, which is in turn influenced by the Mayor's Office in Boston. Despite their many roles in the city, it is their sheer physical presence that drives hospitals' relationships with their neighbors. The health care and employment benefits they can provide are not major bargaining chips in disputes over expansion; the important considerations are the tangible elements of power - money and land. The primacy of physical presence as a relationship driver can be illustrated by the differences in the negotiation process that hospitals directly bordering residential communities and extending into them experience, as opposed to hospitals that are not directly on the residential fringe.<br>by Karla Nyreen Solheim.<br>M.C.P.
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Song, Fei. "Deregulated power transmission analysis and planning in congested networks." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4819.
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In this thesis, methods of charging for the transmission system and optimising the expansion of the transmission network under the competitive power market are described. The first part of this thesis considers transmission tariff design. In the proposed approach, not only is all the necessary investment in the transmission system recovered, but also an absolute economic signal is offered which is very useful in the competitive power market. A fair power market opportunity is given to every participant by the new nodal-use method. The second part of this thesis considers transmission system expansion. All the tests are based on the Three Gorges Project in China. In this thesis, to optimally expand the transmission system, the LMP (Locational Marginal Price) selection method and the CBEP (Congestion-Based transmission system Expansion Planning) method are introduced. The LMP selection method is used to select optional plans for transmission system expansion. It is especially suitable for large transmission systems. The outstanding advantages of the LMP selection method are simplicity and computational efficiency. The CBEP method produces the optimal system expansion plan. For the first time, generation congestion and transmission congestion are separated within the system expansion problem. For this reason the CBEP method can be used in a supply-side power market and is suitable for the Chinese power market. In this thesis, the issue of how to relax the congestion in the transmission system have been solved. The transmission system can obtain enough income to recover the total required cost. For this reason more and more investment will come into the transmission system from investors. The risk for the independent generators is also under control in the CBEP method. Even when the system is congested, the uncertainty of LMP is taken into consideration.
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Yanes, Luciani Juan Andres. "The expansion of the alumina industry : the case of Venezuela." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70635.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1990.<br>Title as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1990: The expansion of domestic alumina production.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-143).<br>by Juan Andres Yanes Luciani.<br>M.C.P.
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Lawson, Antony Steven. "Bayesian framework for multi-stage transmission expansion planning under uncertainty via emulation." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12587/.
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Effective transmission expansion planning is necessary to ensure a power system can satisfy all demand both reliably and economically. However, at the time reinforcement decisions are made many elements of the future power system background are uncertain, such as demand level, type and location of installed generators, and plant availability statistics. In the current power system planning literature, making decisions which account for such uncertainties is usually done by considering a small set of plausible scenarios, and the resulting limited coverage of parameter space limits confidence that the resulting decision will be a good one with respect to the real world. This thesis will consider a Bayesian approach to transmission expansion planning under uncertainty, which uses statistical emulators to approximate how input affects output of expensive simulators using a small number of training runs (evaluations from the simulator), as well as quantifying uncertainty in the simulator output for all points at which it has not been evaluated. In addition, expert judgement is used to formulate probability density functions to describe the uncertainties which exist in the power system, which can then be used alongside the emulator to estimate expected costs under uncertainty whilst also giving credible intervals for the resulting estimate. Further, the methodology will be expanded to consider multi-stage transmission expansion problems under uncertainty, where uncertainty can be reduced in various aspects of the power system between decisions. In the existing power system planning literature, multi-stage decisions under uncertainty are handled by considering a small number of possible projections of the future power system, which gives a very limited coverage of the space of all possible projections of the future power system. This thesis will consider how emulation can be used alongside backwards induction to calculate costs across all stages as a function of the first stage decision only, whilst also accounting for the uncertainties which exists in the future power system. As part of this, the future state of the power system is modelled using continuous variables which effectively allows for an infinite number of possible projections to be considered. Throughout this thesis, the methodology used is detailed in quite general terms, which should allow for the methodology to be applied to problems of interest other than the transmission expansion planning problem considered in this thesis with relative ease.
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Almenar, Molina Irene. "Planning the future expansion of solar installations in a distribution power grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-427190.
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This thesis provides a tool to determine the maximum capacity, of a given power grid, when connecting distributed photovoltaic parks including the optimal allocation of the parks taking the power grid configuration into account. This tool is based on a computational model that evaluates the hosting capacity of the given grid through power flow simulations. The tool also integrates a geographic information system that links suitable land areas to nearby substations that can host photovoltaic parks. The mathematical model was tested on different cases in the municipality of Herrljunga, Sweden, where it was determined to be possible to connect 47 photovoltaic parks of 1MWp to the power grid as well as the most appropriate substations to allocate them to without the need for grid reinforcements. Additionally, the concept of grid cost allocation is presented and briefly discussed while analysing the results in relation to national energy targets.
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Castro, Amulfo de. "A technique for multi-attribute utility expansion planning under uncertainty : with focus on incorporating environmental factors into the planning process /." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-162223/.
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Garza, E. L. de la. "Planning, development and evaluation issues in the expansion of university provision in Mexico." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235212.
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Wu, Zhi. "Transmission expansion planning and unit commitment with large-scale integration of wind power." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6738/.
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The large-scale integration of wind generation into the power system brings great challenges to transmission expansion planning (TEP) and unit commitment (UC). The intermittence nature of wind generation needs to be fully considered in these two problems, which stimulates the research of this thesis. The selection of candidate lines is the prerequisite for the TEP problem. Considering the limitations of manual selection approach, a method to select candidate lines automatically is proposed, which consists of five stages to reinforce existing corridors and new corridors. Results of the two test systems illustrate that the locational marginal price difference is neither sufficient nor necessary condition for candidate lines. The uncertainty of load demand and wind power is studied both in the TEP and UC problems. In the term of TEP, a two-stage stochastic formulation of TEP is proposed. The stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) approach is applied to consider the uncertainty, and the whole model is solved by Benders decomposition (BD) technique. In the term of UC, the chance-constrained two-stage programming formulation is proposed for the day-ahead UC problem. The chance-constrained stochastic programming formulation is converted into an equivalent deterministic formulation by a sequence of approximation and verification.
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Alyahmadi, Hamad H. "The development and expansion of higher education in Oman : planning for the future." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14666/.
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In common with many other developing countries, particularly in the Gulf region, Oman has been experienced on educational renaissance over the last 35 years. This renaissance put substantial pressure on HE, and created considerable disquiet within Omani society, as the majority of young secondary school graduates are unable to be accommodated in the one state university and other colleges. Consequently, the country's mission to 'Omanise' its workforce (and thereby rely less on expatriates and migrant workers) is far from being achieved, particularly in the private sector agencies. Questions naturally follow regarding the adequacy of state planning for HE and the implementation of the vision whereby Oman's younger generations can fully contribute towards Omani life in all respects - economically, socially, and culturally. This study takes the HE context in Oman as its focus, considering issues relating to its development and expansion, and concentrating specifically on the provision for, and progression of, Secondary School Graduates (SSGs) to HE. In this regard, the study aims also to investigate different demands for HE, socially and economically, and to identify the vision, aims, policies, and implementation plans of HE as currently articulated in the country's published Development Plans, with particular reference to the Vision of Oman Economy 'Oman 2020', and the 5th and 6th FYDPs. It explores the funding, administration and management of HEIs, and considers in detail, the contribution made to the country's HE sector by private institutions. Using two research techniques of documentary analysis and an exclusive interview with fifty key figures, senior and influential personnel and stakeholders in Omani HE, HRD organisations, industry and society at large, the study reveals the challenges currently facing HE system. It demonstrates the limitations of HE provision and the serious mismatch between the nature and level of the system's outputs, and the country's development requirements. It proceeds to offer suggestions regarding the need to enhance the future vision and plans of HE, the state role in the administration and financing of HE and the benefits that might accrue from public-private partnership and cost-sharing measures. It considers, in particular, re-structuring the sector in order to make more effective use of resources, remedy the current various difficulties and to promote the future plans and provisions this extremely vital aspect of the nation's development.
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Rivas-Davalos, Francisco. "A genetic algorithm for power distribution system planning." Thesis, Brunel University, 2004. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7891.
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The planning of distribution systems consists in determining the optimum site and size of new substations and feeders in order to satisfy the future power demand with minimum investment and operational costs and an acceptable level of reliability. This problem is a combinatorial, non-linear and constrained optimization problem. Several solution methods based on genetic algorithms have been reported in the literature; however, some of these methods have been reported with applications to small systems while others have long solution time. In addition, the vast majority of the developed methods handle planning problems simplifying them as single-objective problems but, there are some planning aspects that can not be combined into a single scalar objective; therefore, they require to be treated separately. The cause of these shortcomings is the poor representation of the potential solutions and their genetic operators This thesis presents the design of a genetic algorithm using a direct representation technique and specialized genetic operators for power distribution system expansion planning problems. These operators effectively preserve and exploit critical configurations that contribute to the optimization of the objective function. The constraints of the problems are efficiently handle with new strategies. The genetic algorithm was tested on several theoretical and real large-scale power distribution systems. Problems of network reconfiguration for loss reduction were also included in order to show the potential of the algorithm to resolve operational problems. Both single-objective and multi-objective formulations were considered in the tests. The results were compared with results from other heuristic methods such as ant colony system algorithms, evolutionary programming, differential evolution and other genetic algorithms reported in the literature. From these comparisons it was concluded that the proposed genetic algorithm is suitable to resolve problems of largescale power distribution system planning. Moreover, the algorithm proved to be effective, efficient and robust with better performance than other previous methods.
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Zhang, Heng. "Breaking the boundary towards a spatial integration of new urban expansion and old city in Dapeng, Shenzhen /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41668935.
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Hu, Zhouxing. "Optimal generation expansion planning with integration of variable renewables and bulk energy storage systems." Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6724.
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Wind and solar energy are clean, free of fuel cost and likely to have great potential in the future. However, besides the technical difficulties associated with integrating variable sources of generation with the electric grid, high capital cost and other indirect costs to power system operations, such as ancillary service requirements, delay more widespread investment in wind and solar power plants. Current energy policies, especially renewable incentives and CO2 emission regulations, remain controversial and uncertain.
Pumped-hydroelectric energy storage has proven to be valuable as bulk energy storage for energy arbitrage coordinating with conventional thermal generators. In the future grid, there are uncertainties, in terms of modeling and optimization, of assessing the value of bulk energy storage coordinating less with thermal generators and more with wind and solar. Moreover, the price of natural gas is predicted to have large variations in the next several decades. It is therefore necessary to construct a generation planning model with comprehensive modeling of wind, solar and energy storage under multiple scenarios of energy policies and natural gas prices.
This dissertation presents such an optimal planning model using a multi-period optimization formulation and its implementation in the MATPOWER's extensible optimal power flow structure. A 3-bus test system is constructed to test the sensitivity of the planning model. This model is further applied to the reduced 240-bus Western Electric Coordinating Council (WECC) system to study more practical planning results.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Rinaldy. "A technique to incorporate the impacts of demand side management on generation expansion planning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40021.
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Mitchell-Colgan, Elliott. "Modeling Considerations for the Long-Term Generation and Transmission Expansion Power System Planning Problem." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78068.
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Judicious Power System Planning ensures the adequacy of infrastructure to support continuous reliability and economy of power system operations. Planning processes have a long and rather successful history in the United States, but the recent infl‚ux of unpredictable, nondispatchable generation such as Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) necessitates the re-evaluation of the merit of planning methodologies in the changing power system context. Traditionally, planning has followed a logical progression through generation, transmission, reactive power, and finally auxiliary system planning using expertise and ranking schemes. However, it is challenging to incorporate all of the inherent dependencies between expansion candidates' system impacts using these schemes. Simulation based optimization provides a systematic way to explore acceptable expansion plans and choose one or several "best" plans while considering those complex dependencies.
Using optimization to solve the minimum-cost, reliability-constrained Generation and Transmission Expansion Problem (GTEP) is not a new concept, but the technology is not mature. This work inspects: load uncertainty modeling; sequential (GEP then TEP) versus unified (GTEP) models; and analyzes the impact on the methodologies achieved near-optimal plan. A sensitivity simulation on the original system and final, upgraded system is performed.<br>Master of Science
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Williams, Bruce Andrew. "Office expansion in Fort Point--a case study of adaptive reuse in an industrial district." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70620.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies, 1987.<br>Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List June 1987: The re-use of industrial districts to accommodate office expansion : the conversion process in Fort Point Channel.<br>Bibliography: leaves 80-81.<br>by Bruce Andrew Williams.<br>M.C.P.
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Sham, Chun-wai Sammy, and 岑振威. "Towards legitimate housing expansion." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31986791.
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Qian, Jing. "Analyzing and modelling the spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion in China's arid zone." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1396.
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FALEYE, OMOBOBOLA. "Modelling Demand Uncertainties in Generation-Transmission Expansion planning : A case study of the Nigerian Power System." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91523.
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The Nigerian power system is one plagued with incessant load shedding due to inadequate generation and transmission capacities. Currently, less than 40% of the population is connected to the national grid and less than 50% of the available installed capacity is actively used in meeting demand. A new wave of energy reforms is on-going in the nation. There are proposed generation and expansion plans. These reforms have only fully taken into consideration present demands and not future energy demands. This means that even with new plants and transmission lines being constructed; there may still be inefficient generation and transmission capacities due to demand increase. This thesis models the uncertain future demands in the integrated generation-transmission planning model. An optimal investment plan is found using the deterministic optimization model of integrated generationtransmission planning. A decision analysis method was initially used to study the introduction of uncertain demand into the deterministic model. Then, a two-stage stochastic model of the generation-transmission planning taking into account uncertainties in energy demand is developed using scenario-wise decomposition method. The demand was modelled as taking discrete values with certain probabilities. These models are mixed-integer linear programming problems. They are implemented in the GAMS platform and solved using the CPLEX solver. A stylized version of the Nigerian power system is developed and tested. A thorough analysis and comparison of results from the models were carried out using the developed version of the Nigerian transmission grid.
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Fitiwi, Desta Zahlay. "Strategies, Methods and Tools for Solving Long-term Transmission Expansion Planning in Large-scale Power Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192363.
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Driven by a number of factors, the electric power industry is expected to undergo a paradigm shift with a considerably increased level of variable energy sources. A significant integration of such sources requires heavy transmission investments over geographically wide and large-scale networks. However, the stochastic nature of such sources, along with the sheer size of network systems, results in problems that may become intractable. Thus, the challenge addressed in this work is to design efficient and reasonably accurate models, strategies and tools that can solve large-scale TEP problems under uncertainty. A long-term stochastic network planning tool is developed, considering a multi-stage decision framework and a high level integration of renewables. Such a tool combines the need for short-term decisions with the evaluation of long-term scenarios, which is the practical essence of a real-world planning. Furthermore, in order to significantly reduce the combinatorial solution search space, a specific heuristic solution strategy is devised. This works by decomposing the original problem into successive optimization phases.One of the modeling challenges addressed in this work is to select the right network model for power flow and congestion evaluation: complex enough to capture the relevant features but simple enough to be computationally fast. Another relevant contribution is a domain-driven clustering process of snapshots which is based on a “moments” technique. Finally, the developed models, methods and solution strategies have been tested on standard and real-life systems. This thesis also presents numerical results of an aggregated 1060-node European network system considering multiple RES development scenarios. Generally, test results show the effectiveness of the proposed TEP model, since—as originally intended—it contributes to a significant reduction in computational effort while fairly maintaining optimality of the solutions.<br>Driven by several techno-economic, environmental and structural factors, the electric energy industry is expected to undergo a paradigm shift with a considerably increased level of renewables (mainly variable energy sources such as wind and solar), gradually replacing conventional power production sources. The scale and the speed of integrating such sources of energy are of paramount importance to effectively address a multitude of global and local concerns such as climate change, sustainability and energy security. In recent years, wind and solar power have been attracting large-scale investments in many countries, especially in Europe. The favorable agreements of states to curb greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change, along with other driving factors, will further accelerate the renewable integration in power systems. Renewable energy sources (RESs), wind and solar in particular, are abundant almost everywhere, although their energy intensities differ very much from one place to another. Because of this, a significant integration of such energy sources requires heavy investments in transmission infrastructures. In other words, transmission expansion planning (TEP) has to be carried out in geographically wide and large-scale networks. This helps to effectively accommodate the RESs and optimally exploit their benefits while minimizing their side effects. However, the uncertain nature of most of the renewable sources, along with the size of the network systems, results in optimization problems that may become intractable in practice or require a huge computational effort. Thus, the challenge addressed in this work is to design models, strategies and tools that may solve large-scale and uncertain TEP problems, being computationally efficient and reasonably accurate. Of course, the specific definition of the term “reasonably accurate” is the key issue of the thesis work, since it requires a deep understanding of the main cost and technical drivers of adequate TEP investment decisions. A new formulation is proposed in this dissertation for a long-term planning of transmission investments under uncertainty, with a multi-stage decision framework and considering a high level of renewable sources integration. This multi-stage strategy combines the need for short-term decisions with the evaluation of long-term scenarios, which is the practical essence of a real-world planning. The TEP problem is defined as a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (S-MILP) optimization, an exact solution method. This allows the use of effective off-the-shelf solvers to obtain solutions within a reasonable computational time, enhancing overall problem tractability. Furthermore, in order to significantly reduce the combinatorial solution search (CSS) space, a specific heuristic solution strategy is devised. In this global heuristic strategy, the problem is decomposed into successive optimization phases. Each phase uses more complex optimization models than the previous one, and uses the results of the previous phase so that the combinatorial solution search space is reduced after each phase. Moreover, each optimization phase is defined and solved as an independent problem; thus, allowing the use of specific decomposition techniques, or parallel computation when possible. A relevant feature of the solution strategy is that it combines deterministic and stochastic modeling techniques on a multi-stage modeling framework with a rolling-window planning concept. The planning horizon is divided into two sub-horizons: medium- and long-term, both having multiple decision stages. The first sub-horizon is characterized by a set of investments, which are good enough for all scenarios, in each stage while scenario-dependent decisions are made in the second sub-horizon. One of the first modeling challenges of this work is to select the right network model for power flow and congestion evaluation: complex enough to capture the relevant features but simple enough to be computationally fast. The thesis includes extensive analysis of existing and improved network models such as AC, linearized AC, “DC”, hybrid and pipeline models, both for the existing and the candidate lines. Finally, a DC network model is proposed as the most suitable option. This work also analyzes alternative losses models. Some of them are already available and others are proposed as original contributions of the thesis. These models are evaluated in the context of the target problem, i.e., in finding the right balance between accuracy and computational effort in a large-scale TEP problem subject to significant RES integration. It has to be pointed out that, although losses are usually neglected in TEP studies because of computational limitations, they are critical in network expansion decisions. In fact, using inadequate models may lead not only to cost-estimation errors, but also to technical errors such as the so-called “artificial losses”. Another relevant contribution of this work is a domain-driven clustering process to handle operational states. This allows a more compact and efficient representation of uncertainty with little loss of accuracy. This is relevant because, together with electricity demand and other traditional sources of uncertainty, the integration of variable energy sources introduces an additional operational variability and uncertainty. A substantial part of this uncertainty and variability is often handled by a set of operational states, here referred to as “snapshots”, which are generation-demand patterns of power systems that lead to optimal power flow (OPF) patterns in the transmission network. A large set of snapshots, each one with an estimated probability, is then used to evaluate and optimize the network expansion. In a long-term TEP problem of large networks, the number of operational states must be reduced. Hence, from a methodological perspective, this thesis shows how the snapshot reduction can be achieved by means of clustering, without relevant loss of accuracy, provided that a good selection of classification variables is used in the clustering process. The proposed method relies on two ideas. First, the snapshots are characterized by their OPF patterns (the effects) instead of the generation-demand patterns (the causes). This is simply because the network expansion is the target problem, and losses and congestions are the drivers to network investments. Second, the OPF patterns are classified using a “moments” technique, a well-known approach in Optical Pattern Recognition problems. The developed models, methods and solution strategies have been tested on small-, medium- and large-scale network systems. This thesis also presents numerical results of an aggregated 1060-node European network system obtained considering multiple RES development scenarios. Generally, test results show the effectiveness of the proposed TEP model, since—as originally intended—it contributes to a significant reduction in computational effort while fairly maintaining optimality of the solutions.<br><p>QC 20160919</p>
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Ivarsson, Olof. "Expansion of photovoltaics in Stockholm : Consequences on local power balance and on Fortum Värmes production planning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-311351.
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The focus of this study is to determine what consequences a hypothetical large photovoltaic system in Stockholm could have on how Fortum Värme plans the production of heating, cooling and electricity. A literature study about the technical possibilities to combine the production from photovoltaics with the production in a district heating system is done. By analysing the potential for photovoltaics in Stockholm, calculating the possible production of electricity from a larger photovoltaic system and comparing it to the load in the electrical grid, the possibilities to use Fortum Värmes production of electricity as balancing power to the photovoltaic system are determined. An electricity market model is used to create price profiles of the price ofelectricity, which changes with larger amounts of electricity from photovoltaics in the energy system, during certain periods of time. A linear optimisation model is created to optimise the production costs of a simplified system containing Fortum Värmes production units. The production costs are optimised using the price profiles from the electricity market model, in order to understand if and how the planning of Fortum Värmes production of heating, cooling and electricity changes when large amounts of photovoltaics are introduced in the energy system.
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Zhang, Heng, and 張恒. "Breaking the boundary: towards a spatial integration of new urban expansion and old city in Dapeng, Shenzhen." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41668935.
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Nanduri, Vishnuteja. "Generation capacity expansion in restructured energy markets." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003031.
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Acevedo, Echeverría Giancarlo Andrés. "Dealing with the risk of a policy change: a multi-stage expansion planning for the energy sector." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137406.
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Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta el 25/9/2020.<br>Ingeniero Civil Matemático<br>Se presenta un modelo para diseñar un plan de acción para la generación eléctrica que incorpora futuro riesgo de cambio en la política de energía renovable. El modelo permite un plan en múltiples etapas, en donde algunas decisiones pueden ser tomadas hoy y otras pospuestas al futuro, cuando la incerteza de un cambio de política es revelada. El modelo es lo suficientemente flexible para considerar diversas potenciales medidas de energías renovables, las cuales pueden ser implementadas por medio de penaltis, impuestos a la emisión de carbono, subsidios u otros. El modelo es resuelto por medio de una descomposición tipo Benders para poder lidiar con un problema de altas dimensiones como la planificación eléctrica de un país. Se muestra que la planificación en múltiples etapas muestras mejorías substanciales en términos de costos y reducción de riesgo.
El modelo es implementado para el SIC (Sistema Interconectado Central de Chile), para 2 etapas o años objetivos, 2025 y 2035, en que se elaboraron 3 casos, el primero en el cual no hay cambios en políticas de energía renovable, el segundo en el cual desde el año 2035 hay un chance de que se imponga una política de impuesto a las emisiones de carbono y finalmente, el último caso en que en el año 2035 se impone una política de 33% de generación mínima renovable no convencional.
Para los 3 casos mencionados anteriormente se tienen distintos portafolios energéticos, donde se puede apreciar el efecto que tiene cada cambio de política para el sistema de generación eléctrica de un país.
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Evetts, Robin Dennis Alexander. "Architectural expansion and redevelopment in St. Andrews, 1810-c1894." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/528.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis documents the five principal areas of architectural development in St Andrews from 1810 to c1894. The Overview examines the factors for change and pattern of expansion, and identifies education, recreation and retirement as the three main pillars of the expanding economy. Part One comprises a detailed examination of the circumstances surrounding the rebuilding of the United College, and extension to the University Library from 1810 to 1854. Part Two examines in equal detail the establishment and erection of the Madras College during the 1830s. Parts Three and Four are concerned with the development of two completely new areas of middle class housing; the 'new town' to the west, and 'Queen's Park' to the south. The stylistic shift from classicism to romanticism implicit in these schemes is highlighted by the new baronial Town Hall. The development of the Scores on the town's northern boundary constitutes Part Five. This is divided on a thematic and chronological basis into four sections, identifying issues relevant to changes of style and building type. The final section re-examines the reasons for the town's expansion and redevelopment, and concludes with observations on the relationship between (a), local and non-local architectural practices; (b), developments within the building community; and (c), the sometimes contradictory attitudes inherent in the creation of nineteenth century St Andrews, particularly in relation to surviving mediaeval remains.
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Algharib, Saad M. "Spatial Patterns of Urban Expansion in Kuwait City Between 1989 and 2001." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1216982582.
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Ng, Kwok-kei Simon, and 吳國基. "A game-theoretic study of the strategic interaction between transmission and generation expansion planning in a restructuredelectricity market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39343534.
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IUNG, ANDERSON MITTERHOFER. "APPLICATION OF FUZZY LINEAR PROGRAMMING TO THE PROBLEM OF PLANNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY THE EXPANSIUM OF THE TRANSMITION SYSTEM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2000. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7459@1.
Full textAbstract:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>CENTRO DE PESQUISA DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA<br>Esta dissertação apresenta um aplicação de programação
linear fuzzy para o problema de planejamento da expansão
de redes de transmissão de potência sob considerações de
incertezas. A partir da modelagem dos conceitos vagos e
imprecisos, inerentes ao problema de planejamento, com a
utilização da teoria da lógica fuzzy é possível incorporar
as incertezas dentro do modelo do problema. Os conceitos
de programação linear fuzzy são utilizados para
transformar tanto a função objetivo como as restrições
fuzzy em funções crisp, que podem ser tradadas por métodos
tradicionais de programação matemática. Uma aplicação
desta teoria é realizada utilizando uma versão modificada
do sistema teste de Garver , onde as incertezas em relação
a previsão de demanda futura é considerada. Os resultados
obtidos mostram a capacidade da utilização dessa
metodologia para metodologia para problemas de
planejamento sob incertezas.<br>This thesis describes an application of fuzzy linear
programming in power transmission network expansion
planning under uncertainty. The utilization of fuzzy logic
theory, considering the modeling of vagueness and
imprecision (inherent in the planning problem), makes it
possible to incorporate the uncertainty within the model.
Fuzzy linear programming is used to transform both the
objective function and constraints (Fuzzy) into crisp
functions, which can be modeled by traditional methods of
mathematical programming. An application of this approach
is built by using a modified version of the Garver test
system which also takes into account the uncertainty in
the forecasted demand. The results obtained show the
capability of this methodology in planning problems under
uncertainty.
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ZIMMERMANN, MARCIO PEREIRA. "TECHNICAL E LEGAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE EXPANSION PLANNING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN THE BRAZILIAN NEW INSTITUTIONALONAL FRAMEWORK." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11489@1.
Full textAbstract:
Até meados da década de 90 o setor elétrico brasileiro era
constituído predominantemente por empresas verticalmente
integradas, com controle estatal, federal ou estadual. A
partir do ano de 1995, seguindo uma tendência
internacional, começou a ser implantada uma reforma do
modelo então vigente, com a promulgação da Lei n. 9.074.
Com essa lei, foram dados os primeiros passos na direção de
introduzir a competição na geração e na comercialização de
energia elétrica, bem como iniciou-se o processo de
privatização da distribuição. No ano seguinte foi criada a
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. Em 1998, como
resultado do Projeto de Restruturação do Setor Elétrica (RE-
SEB), a Lei n. 9.648 instituiu o Mercado Atacadista de
Energia, e fez surgir um novo tipo de agente - os
comercializadores. Além disso, esta lei estabeleceu o
Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS. Assim, sem
entrar no mérito de se analisar a eficiência, pode-se
afirmar que no marco regulatório anterior (oriundo do
projeto RESEB) as questões da operação eletro-energética,
bem como da comercialização de energia elétrica, ficaram
bem delineadas. Entretanto, a função planejamento ficou
para ser discutida e detalhada em uma segunda etapa, que
não aconteceu. Na realidade, ocorreu uma mudança da
estrutura que dava suporte ao planejamento setorial. Foi
extinto o Grupo Coordenador do Planejamento dos Sistemas
Elétricos (GCPS), coordenado pela ELETROBRÁS, e em seu
lugar, instituiu-se o Comitê Coordenador do Planejamento da
Expansão dos Sistemas Elétricos (CCPE), na esfera do MME.
Também, conferiu-se ao planejamento da expansão da geração
e da transmissão um caráter indicativo. Essas mudanças,
associadas à instabilidade que se verificou nas equipes
responsáveis pela elaboração do planejamento, nos últimos
anos, reduziram, na prática, a eficácia dessa função. Com o
novo marco regulatório, consubstanciado pelas Leis no.
10.847 (criação da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética - EPE) e
10.848 (Nova Lei de Comercialização de Energia), de 15 de
março de 2004, ocorreu o resgate dessa importante função
integradora, atualmente em fase de consolidação e por meio
do Decreto n. 5.267 houve a reestruturação do Ministério
de Minas e Energia, com a criação de uma Secretaria de
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Energético que coordenasse
este processo, a qual veio instrumentar o MME, para que o
art. 174º da Constituição Federal efetivamente fosse
implementado, já que planejamento é função indelegável do
Governo. Este trabalho tem dois objetivos básicos: (i)
descrever os principais aspectos do ordenamento regulatório
vigente para o setor elétrico brasileiro, analisando as
diversas leis e decretos e suas sucessivas atualizações,
destacando o papel das instituições criadas e
contextualizando a importante função do planejamento
setorial; e (ii) analisar a questão do planejamento
energético no marco regulatório mais recente, com ênfase no
setor elétrico, destacando as responsabilidades pela
condução do processo de planejamento, as etapas de
implementação, a inter-relação do setor elétrico com os
demais setores energéticos, bem como os aspectos técnicos,
econômicos e metodológicos associados nos horizontes de
curto (10 anos) e longo (30 anos) prazos.<br>From the Law nº 9,074, issued in 1995, the Brazilian
electrical sector experienced the starting of a reform in
its institutional framework. Following an international
trend, this law introduced the competition in the
generation and commercialization areas, as well as started
the privatization process of the distribution companies. In
the following year, the electrical sector regulatory agency
was created. In 1998, as a result of the Electrical Sector
Restructuring Project (RE-SEB), the Law nº 9,648 set the
Wholesale Energy Market, e a new type of agent emerged -
the trading companies. Besides that, this law created the
Independent System Operator. Therefore, without analyzing
how efficient it was, one can state that in the
institutional framework introduced by the RE-SEB Project,
the issues related with system operation and energy trading
were well defined. On the other hand, the expansion
planning aspects were neglected and left to be discussed
and detailed in a second phase, which did not take place.
Actually, a change on the institutional arrangement that
supported the expansion planning activities was introduced:
The Electrical System Planning Coordination Group (GCPS),
chaired by ELETROBRÁS, was replaced by the Electrical
System Expansion Planning Coordination Council (CCPE), now
under the MME. Also, the generation expansion planning
became indicative. These changes, associated to the
irregularity of the staff in charge of the planning
studies, led to the decrease of the effectiveness of this
important function in the last years. However, the new
institutional framework put in place in 2004 with the Laws
no. 10,847 (establishment of Empresa de Pesquisa
Energética - EPE) and 10,848 (New Energy Trading Law)
promoted the renovation of this very import integrating
function, which is now in a consolidation phase. This work
has two basic objectives: describe the main aspects of the
electrical sector legal framework, analyzing the several
laws and decrees and their updating, highlighting the new
institutions and the important function of the expansion
planning; and (ii) analyze the issue of the energy planning
in the new institutional framework, with emphasis in the
electrical sector, stressing the roles of the institutions
involved in the planning process, the implementing phases,
the interface between the electrical sector and the other
energy sectors, as well as the technical, economic and
methodological aspects associated to the short (10 years)
and long (30 years) term planning horizons.
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Ouzineb, Mohamed. "Heuristiques efficaces pour l'optimisation de la performance des systèmes séries-parallèles." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6457.
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