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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Expansive soils

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Academic literature on the topic 'Expansive soils'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Expansive soils"

1

Yu, Yiting, Huimin Peng, and Jiangu Qian. "Numerical modeling bearing capacity in wetting unsaturated expansive soils." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1330, no. 1 (2024): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1330/1/012055.

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Abstract To address the load-bearing deterioration of expansive soils uplift pile foundation after moisture absorption, a coupled seepage-soil deformation model for unsaturated expansive soils is implemented into ABAQUS. This modeling work consists primarily of two aspects: (1) The total strain of expansive soils has been decoupled into two parts, i.e., one caused by external loads and calculated by using Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model, and the other induced by wetting swelling and modeled by defining the moisture-swelling relation curve of expansive soils; (2) User-defined field subroutine (US

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Yang, He-Ping, Jian-Long Zheng, and Rui Zhang. "Addressing Expansive Soils." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 77, no. 3 (2007): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000112.

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A Putri, Christy, Widjojo A Prakoso, and Wiwik Rahayu. "Review of classification methods to determine expansion degree of expansive soils in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234703006.

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Expansive soils are one of the problematic soils that can cause damage to structures, such as buildings and roads. In Indonesia, the geographical distribution of expansive soils is quite widespread, in many regions including Java, Sumatera, and Papua. This study was conducted by reviewing previous research on the expansion degree of expansive soils. The suitability of the expansion degree indicated by the activity method, Van der Merwe’s criteria, and Chen’s criteria were evaluated by comparing a series of laboratory test results to these criteria. It was observed that the expansion degree ind

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Wang, Ming Wu, Shuai Qin, and Peng Hua. "Risk Analysis of Shrink and Expansion for Expansive Soils and Improved Expansive Soils in the Xinqiao Airport Runway of Hefei." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1307.

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Risk analysis of shrinking and swelling of expansive soils and improved expansive soils with lime (IESL) for airport runway projection is a complex uncertainty problem. To select the rational foundation treatment plan and ensure the safe operation of runway, herein combined with the features of expansive soils in the runway area of Xinqiao international airport of Hefei, a novel risk analysis method was proposed to classify shrinkage and swell of expansive soils and IESLs by means of coupling set pair analysis with stochastic simulation of triangular fuzzy numbers. A function of six elements c

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Samidurai, V. "Influence of Flyash on expansive Soils." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 03, no. 03 (2017): 4998–5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i3.03.

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Yang, Hai Ying, and Yun Liu. "Methods of Support Vector Machine on Classification of Expansive Soils." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.562.

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The classification of the grade of shrink and expansion for the expansive soils was the initial and essential work for engineering construction in expansive soil area. Based on the principle of support vector machine analysis, a classification model of expansive was established in this paper, including five indexes reflecting the shrink and expansion of expansive soil, liquid limit, swell-shrink total ratio, plasticity index, water contents and free expansive ratio and functions were obtained through training a large set of expansive samples. It was shown that the classification model of SVM a

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Neethu, John, Nihal N. Mohamed, KS Niveditha, Das Renil, and Prakash J. Ridhick. "Alkali Interaction with Expansive and Non Expansive Soils." Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research 4, no. 2 (2025): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15107823.

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This research examines the interaction of alkali contaminants with both expansive and non-expansive soils, specifically black cotton soil and red soil, while assessing the effectiveness of sulphur and gypsum in restoring soil pH for geotechnical stability. Alkaline contamination, commonly caused by industrial effluents, construction activities, and agricultural practices, alters soil behavior by influencing its strength, swelling-shrinkage properties, and overall suitability for construction and infrastructure development. Laboratory experiments are conducted to evaluate the impact of alkalini

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Ho, David Y. F. "Foundations on expansive soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 4 (1989): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-099.

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Houston, Sandra L., Heather B. Dye, Claudia E. Zapata, Kenneth D. Walsh, and William N. Houston. "Study of Expansive Soils and Residential Foundations on Expansive Soils in Arizona." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 25, no. 1 (2011): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000077.

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You, Qi Yong. "Numerical Simulation of the Stability of Added Lime Expansive Soils Embankment." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.821.

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The main reason of expansive soil embankment slope landslide is the infiltration of rainwater. Analyzing engineering characteristics and failure mechanism of expansive soil embankment slope, considering the force of expansion under the infiltration of rainwater, and choosing the appropriate constitutive model, simulate expansive soil embankment slope under humidification state. According different conditions of the expansive soil and different depth of infiltration, and simplifying the swelling force, establish a simple and reasonable model of expansion force changes. Expansive soil embankment

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Hamadto, Mohammed El Fatih Mukhtar. "Expansive soil behaviour and the development of a knowledge based system associated with foundations in expansive soils." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/526.

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Srinivasamurthy, Lakshmikanth. "Initial Swelling Mechanism of Expansive Clays: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26647.

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Expansive soils are widely found in many parts of the world. Highly active smectite clay mineral Montmorillonite is the major constituent in these clays and can expand or contract up to 15 times of their original volume. Constrained swelling exert large amount of stress causing damage to structures, pavements etc. These clays are also used as barrier materials, Nano-materials in polymer clay Nano composites and drug delivery systems. Several factors influence the swelling potential such as water content, density, voids, electrolyte content and cation exchange capacity. However, molecular scale

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Udukumburage, Rajitha Shehan. "Investigation of climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/198195/1/Rajitha%20Shehan_Udukumburage_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents a practical approach for geotechnical practitioners to investigate the climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils. The method is based on a novel long-term operable instrumented soil column (ISC). This research investigated the applicability of the current displacement models to the Australian context. As a result, the structural damages and maintenance costs due to cracking of light-weight structures founded on such soils can be minimised, and more importantly, the hazards to human lives can be prevented by improved decisions.

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Thomas, Pamela J. "Quantifying Properties and Variability of Expansive Soils in Selected Map Units." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30441.

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A study of 12 expansive soils in four major physiographic provinces in Virginia was initiated to examine and quantify the relationship between shrink-swell potential, shrink-swell indices, and soil properties. The mineralogy classes, soil series, and (physiographic provinces, parent materials) examined include smectitic -- Jackland and Waxpool (Triassic, diabase), Iredell (Piedmont, hornblende); vermiculitic -- Kelly (Triassic, thermal shale); kaolinitic -- Cecil (Piedmont, granite gneiss), Davidson (Triassic, diabase); and mixed -- Carbo and Frederick (Valley and Ridge, limestone), Craven and

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Sapaz, Burak. "Lateral Versus Vertical Swell Pressures In Expansive Soils." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu/upload/1053040/index.pdf.

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Expansive or swelling soils, exist in many part of the world, show excessive volume changes with increasing water content. As a result of this volume increase, expansive soils apply vertical and lateral pressures to the structures located or buried in these regions. Many researchs have been carried out on vertical swelling pressures helping to the engineers to design structures withstanding on these stresses. However, lateral swell behaviour of swelling soils have not been fully understood yet. Structures such as<br>basement walls, water tanks, canals, tunnels, underground conduits and swimmin

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Baser, Onur. "Stabilization Of Expansive Soils Using Waste Marble Dust." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610339/index.pdf.

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Expansive soils occurring in arid and semi-arid climate regions of the world cause serious problems on civil engineering structures. Such soils swell when given an access to water and shrink when they dry out. Several attempts are being made to control the swell-shrink behavior of these soils. Soil stabilization using chemical admixtures is the oldest and most widespread method of ground improvement. In this study, waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble dust, by-products of marble industry, were used for stabilization of expansive soils. The expansive soil is prepared in laboratory as

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Shuai, Fangsheng. "Simulation of swelling pressure measurements on expansive soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24015.pdf.

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De, Sousa Vinagre Tiberio J. V., and Sousa Vinagre Tiberio J. V. De. "Expansive and collapsing behaviour of volume change soils." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23594.

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This thesis is designed to achieve three goals: Goal One - to introduce the reader to soils exhibiting expansive and/or collapsing behaviour; Goal Two - to provide an in depth understanding of aspects of this behaviour, obtained from an extensive study of these soil types; and, Goal Three - to serve as a reference for future research work (a recommendation for further research proposed in Chapter Ten of this thesis). The thesis is divided in two main parts. In the first part representative soil types were selected on the basis of their properties and expected engineering behaviour. The soil st

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Habibbeygi, Farzad. "Experimental Study on the Behaviour of Expansive Soils." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75688.

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In this research, laboratory-based experiments were conducted to investigate the volumetric and mechanical behaviour of expansive soils. The effects of clay mineralogy, initial water content and preconsolidation stress on the compressibility and shear strength of expansive clays were investigated. Predictive models based on regression analysis and artificial neural networks are proposed to estimate the compression and shear behaviour of expansive soils. Additionally, a green stabiliser was introduced to reduce the swell potential of expansive clays.

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Byiringiro, Alfred. "Effect of paper mill ash on properties of expansive soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86287.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expansive soils, one of the problematic soils, are encountered on all continents with exception of polar continents. Problems caused by their heaving and shrinking behaviour, particularly to light structures, have been reported from different countries to place large financial burden on developers. For this reason, many techniques have been developed and applied to prevent and/or remediate the damage caused by these soils. Soil stabilization with traditional chemical additives has been applied successfully since ancient times.

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Books on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Chen, F. H. Foundations on expansive soils. Elsevier, 1988.

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International Conference on Expansive Soils. Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Expansive Soils. Balkema, 1988.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., ed. Evaluation and control of expansive soils. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1985.

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Ali, Al-Rawas Amer, and Goosen Mattheus F. A, eds. Expansive soils: Recent advances in characterization and treatment. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Sorochan, E. A. Construction of buildings on expansive soils. Balkema, 1991.

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McCartney, John S., and Laureano R. Hoyos, eds. Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3.

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Nelson, John D., Kuo Chieh Geoff Chao, Daniel D. Overton, and Erik J. Nelson. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118996096.

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N.S.W.) Asia Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils (4th 2009 Newcastle. Unsaturated soils: Experimental studies in unsaturated soils and expansive soils. CRC Press, 2009.

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Ali, Al-Rawas Amer, and Goosen Mattheus F. A, eds. Expansive soil: Recent advances in characterization and treatment. Taylor & Francis / Balkema, 2006.

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International Conference on Expansive Soils. (6th 1987 New Delhi, India). Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Expansive Soils =: 6 ème Conferénce Internationale des Sols Expansifs. Balkema, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Expansive soils"

1

Jones, Lee. "Expansive Soils." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_118-1.

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Osman, Khan Towhid. "Expansive Soils." In Management of Soil Problems. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75527-4_6.

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Jones, Lee. "Expansive Soils." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_118.

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Look, Burt G. "Expansive soils." In Earthworks. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003215486-10.

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Jones, Lee D., and Ian Jefferson. "Expansive soils." In ICE Manual of Geotechnical Engineering, Second edition, Volume I. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icemge.66816.0447.

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Dasog, Ghulappa S., and Ahmet R. Mermut. "Expansive Soils and Clays." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_124.

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Duncan, Chester I. "Expansive Clay." In Soils and Foundations for Architects and Engineers. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5417-2_13.

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Duncan, Chester I. "Expansive Clay." In Soils and Foundations for Architects and Engineers. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6545-8_11.

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Gonawala, Radha J., Rakesh Kumar, and Krupesh A. Chauhan. "Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Corex Slag and Lime for Road Subgrade." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_1.

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Al-Khafaji, Amir. "Explicit Model for Excess Porewater Pressure Computation in Fine-Grained Soils with Arbitrary Initial Conditions." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Reed, Ronald F. "Alternative Earthwork Procedure for Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)21.

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Hong, G. T., C. P. Aubeny, R. Bulut, and R. L. Lytton. "Design of Pavements on Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)31.

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Miao, Linchang, Fei Jing, and Sandra L. Houston. "Soil-Water Characteristic Curve of Remolded Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)80.

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Madhyannapu, Raja Sekhar, Anand J. Puppala, Venkat Bhadriraju, and Soheil Nazarian. "Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) Treatment of Expansive Soils." In U.S.-China Workshop on Ground Improvement Technologies 2009. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41025(338)14.

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Arega Yitagesu, Fekerte, F. D. van der Meer, Harald van der Werff, and Wolter Zigterman. "Spectroscopy to characterize expansive soils." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423033.

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Kurup, G. Surya Narayana, Sona P. S., Luthfa U, Varsha Manu, and Amal Azad Sahib. "Undrained Strength Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Expansive Soils." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.19.

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Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This be

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Garcia, Elizabeth Silva, and Eduardo Rojas. "Estimation of soil-water retention curve for expansive soils." In 2021 XVII International Engineering Congress (CONIIN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coniin54356.2021.9634707.

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Thushyanthan, S., and U. P. Nawagamuwa. "Identifying potential geo-hazards in Hingurakgoda area linked to damaged houses." In Civil Engineering Research Symposium 2024. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/cers.2024.36.

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Expansive soils pose significant challenges for construction projects worldwide due to their dynamic response to changes in moisture levels. This study focuses on identifying and categorizing expansive soils in the Hingurakgoda region, using data from the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) alongside advanced analytical techniques. By examining key soil parameters such as Atterberg limits, clay content, moisture content, and swell pressure, the research aims to understand the underlying causes of structural issues affecting buildings in the area. Spatial analysis tools like ArcGIS a

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Hong, G. T., R. Bulut, C. P. Aubeny, R. Jayatilaka, and R. L. Lytton. "Prediction of Roughness of Pavements on Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)30.

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Khan, Md Adnan, Jay X. Wang, and William B. Patterson. "Swelling–Shrinkage Properties of Expansive Moreland Clay." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481707.011.

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Reports on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Jung, Sochan, and Maria Santagata. Mitigating the Expansive Behavior of Chemically Treated Soils. Purdue University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314303.

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Keller, Stephen, and Emily Perman. OF-23-06 Geologic Map of the Wiggins Quadrangle, Morgan County, Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58783/cgs.of2306.zluy3701.

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Located within the northern Colorado Piedmont, the Wiggins 7.5-minute quadrangle consists of gently sloping topography comprised of eolian-mantled uplands paired with alluvial valleys occupied by ephemeral streams. Kiowa Creek and Bijou Creek, both north-flowing tributaries to the South Platte River, are the dominant fluvial courses in the quadrangle and exhibit seasonal flow corresponding with regional rainfall events. Alluvial deposits ranging from Upper Pleistocene to Upper Holocene in age cover most of the quadrangle, filling the modern fluvial drainages as well as multiple north-south-tre

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Marr, Alexander. OF-23-04 Geologic Map of the Milton Reservoir Quadrangle, Weld County, Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58783/cgs.of2304.mcgn8961.

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The Milton Reservoir 7.5-minute quadrangle is located in Weld County within the northern part of the Colorado Piedmont. The subdued landscape consists of gentle sloping uplands and the shallow valley of Beebe Draw, a north-south trending alluvial paleovalley where the ancestral South Platte River once flowed. The dominant surficial sediments in the quadrangle are Upper Pleistocene to Holocene eolian deposits where the sandier units form longitudinal and parabolic dune landforms, and the fine clay to silt rich units occur in interdunal valleys. Multiple alluvial deposits of different ages are s

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Cheng, Yin, Jun Shen, Daoxin Wei, et al. Analysis of thermal insulation performance of foamed mixture soil for frozen soil foundation: a case study. International Permafrost Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52381/icop2024.224.1.

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Frozen soil foundations are prone to frost heave and thawing under freeze-thaw cycles, which can cause substantial damage to road structures in permafrost areas. The performance of the thermal insulation of the foamed mixture soil subgrade of the S301 highway in Xinjiang was examined as a case study, and the temporal and spatial variation in temperature and strain of the foamed mixture soil subgrade analyzed and compared with those of the original gravel subgrade. The results show that (1) the thermal insulation performance of the foamed mixture soil subgrade is excellent, temperatures tend to

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D. D. Romero, P. R. Fresquez. Baseline Radionuclide and Nonradionuclide Concentrations in Soils, Vegetation, and Small Mammals at the Proposed Expansion Area at TA-54 Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921278.

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Michalopoulos, C. D. PR-175-420-R01 Submarine Pipeline Analysis - Theoretical Manual. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012171.

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Describes the computer program SPAN which computes the nonlinear transient response of a submarine pipeline, in contact with the ocean floor, to wave and current excitation. The dynamic response of a pipeline to impact loads, such as loads from trawl gear of fishing vessels, may also be computed. In addition, thermal expansion problems for submarine pipelines may be solved using SPAN. Beam finite element theory is used for spatial discretization of the partial differential equations governing the motion of a submarine pipeline. Large-deflection, small-strain theory is employed. The formulation

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Zhou. L52284 Upheaval Buckling Limit State Function for Onshore Gas Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010669.

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For buried pipelines a well established problem has been that of upheaval buckling. This occurs because the fluid is usually pumped through the pipes at elevated temperatures causing the pipeline to experience thermal expansion which, if restrained, leads to an increase in the axial stress in the pipeline possibly resulting in a buckling failure. A secondary phenomenon that has also been identified, particularly in loose sands and silts, involves floatation of pipelines through the backfill material, usually shortly after burial. The upheaval buckling limit state function developed in this pro

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Briones, Roehlano, Helena Luz Pastolero, and Ivory Myka Galang. Prospects for Widespread Adoption of Organic-Based Fertilizers in the Philippines: A Rapid Appraisal. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.30.

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Modern conventional agriculture has relied heavily on inorganic fertilizers to achieve higher crop yields. However, concerns have arisen regarding its ecological and economic sustainability due to its impact on soil health, pollutants off-site, and recent surges in fertilizer prices. This paper reports on a rapid appraisal of the current state and potential expansion of organic fertilizer utilization and availability in the Philippines. The study finds that combining inorganic and organic-based fertilizers allows for a balanced realization of the advantages of each type. Government policies an

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M. J. Appel. Cleanup Verification Package for the 118-H-6:2, 105-H Reactor Ancillary Support Areas, Below-Grade Structures, and Underlying Soils; the 118-H-6:3, 105-H Reactor Fuel Storage Basin and Underlying Soils; The 118-H-6:3 Fuel Storage Basin Deep Zone Side Slope Soils; the 100-H-9, 100-H-10, and 100-H-13 French Drains; the 100-H-11 and 100-H-12 Expansion Box French Drains; and the 100-H-14 and 100-H-31 Surface Contamination Zones. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945302.

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Mohr. L52241 Strain-Based Design - Strain Concentration at Girth Welds. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010386.

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Abstract:

Strain-based design is used for many situations for pipelines where the loadings from forces other than the internal pressure can be the largest generators of stress and strain in the pipe wall. Such loadings can be generated by soil subsidence, frost heave, thermal expansion and contraction, landslides, pipe reeling, pipe laying, and several other types of environmental loading. Designing based on strain for these cases has an advantage over designing based on stress because these loadings tend to apply a given displacement rather than a given force to the pipe. Standards are much better deve

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