Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expectation (Psychologie)'

Les interactions sociales se trouvent au cœur des activités économiques. Pourtant en sciences économiques, elles ne sont traitées que d'une manière limitée en se concentrant uniquement aux rapports de qu'elles entretiennent avec le marché (Mankiw and Reis, 2002). Le rôle que jouent les interactions sociales vis-à-vis des comportements des agents, ainsi que la formation de leurs attentes sont souvent négligé. Cette négligence reste d'actualité malgré que les premières contributions dans la littérature économique les ont depuis longtemps déjà identifiées comme étant de déterminants importants pour la prise des décisions des agents économiques, comme par exemple Sherif (l936), Hyman (1942), Asch (1951), Jahoda (1959) ou Merlon (1968). En revanche, dans les études de consommation (une spécialité au croisement entre les sciences économiques, de la sociologie et de la psychologie), les interactions sociales (influences sociales) sont con­sidérées comme les " ... déterminants dominants[ ... ] du comportement de l'individu ... " (Burnkrant and Cousineau, 1975). Le but de cette thèse est de construire un pont entre les interactions sociales et leur influence sur la formation des anticipations et le comportement des agents
Social interactions are in the core of economic activities. Their treatment in Economies is however often limited to a focus on the market (Manski, 2000). The role social interactions themselves play for the behavior of agents as well as the formation of their attitudes is often neglected. This is despite the fact that already early contributions in economic literature have identified them as important determinants for the decision making of economic agents as for example Sherif (I936), Hyman (1942), Asch (1951 ), Jahoda (I 959) or Merton (1968). ln consumer research, a field on the intersection between Economies, Sociology and Psychology, on the other hand social interactions (social influences) are considered to be the" ... most pervasive determinants [ ... ] of individual 's behaviour. .. " (Bumkrant and Cousineau, 1975). The thesis at hand bridges the gap between social interactions and their influence on agents expectation formation and behavior

En psychologie du sport, les capacités perceptivo-cognitives des athlètes ont surtout été étudiées selon le paradigme experts-novices (Wrisberg, 2001). Selon le contexte à l’étude (p. ex. expertise, représentativité des tâches), le nombre et la durée des éléments visuels fixés varient (Broadbent et al., 2015). Toutefois, une constante demeure : les athlètes experts anticipent plus efficacement la suite de l’action que des novices (McRobert et al., 2011). Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des chercheurs ont comparé les capacités perceptivo-cognitives d’experts entre eux parmi plusieurs sports (p. ex.soccer, taekwondo, volley-ball). Ces études vérifient si de subtils facteurs permettent de mieux comprendre la performance experte en sport (p. ex. Milazzo et al., 2015). Un facteur ne semble toutefois pas avoir été étudié, soit la responsabilité décisionnelle. Dans une perspective d’expertise, le volley-ball est intéressant car la spécialisation à une position y est marquée. Plus important encore, l’une des positions au volley-ball, celle du passeur, comporte une plus grande responsabilité décisionnelle que les autres. En effet, ces joueurs doivent fréquemment décider à quel attaquant envoyer le ballon pour maximiser les chances de marquer le point. L’objectif général de la thèse est de vérifier si des différences perceptivo-cognitives existent entre des experts ayant une grande responsabilité décisionnelle en raison de la position occupée et d’autres experts issus du même domaine. Deux études ayant des buts spécifiques sont incluses dans la thèse pour répondre à cet objectif. La première étude est basée sur le Recognition-Primed decision model (RPDM). Ce modèle explique comment des experts prennent des décisions lors de situations issues de leur domaine d’expertise. Le but de l’étude est de comparer, sur la base du modèle, le processus d’anticipation des passeurs avec celui d’autres experts et de non-experts. Vingt-cinq passeurs, 36 autres experts et 19 contrôles ont visionné 50 séquences vidéo de volley-ball : 10 services, 10 réceptions, 10 passes, 10 attaques et 10 contres. Les séquences s’arrêtaient 120 ms avant lecontact du joueur avec le ballon et les participants devaient expliquer verbalement leur processus d’anticipation en répondant à quatre questions : « Que feriez-vous face à cette situation? », « Que regardiez-vous ? », « À quoi pensiez-vous ? » et« Qu’est-ce qui vous a mené à prendre cette décision? ». Les réponses ont été transcrites verbatim et transformées en score de ressemblance avec le modèle, où des points étaient attribués en fonction du nombre et de la pertinence des verbalisations en lien avec le modèle. Les résultats révèlent que les scores des passeurs étaient plus élevés que ceux des autres experts et que ceux des contrôles. Les autres experts ont aussi obtenu de meilleurs scores que les contrôles. Les résultats valident le RPDM et montrent son utilité pour identifier des décideurs clés. La seconde étude présente des résultats obtenus à l’aide de mesures plus fréquemment utilisées en psychologie du sport, soit le suivi des mouvements oculaires et l’efficacité d’anticipation. Les mêmes participants que ceux de la première étude (en plus d’un passeur et d’un contrôle supplémentaire) ont visionné les mêmes séquences vidéo. Lors de l’occlusion des séquences, les participants devaient prédire la direction du ballon. De plus, leurs mouvements oculaires sur l’écran d’ordinateur étaient enregistrés. Les résultats révèlent que les passeurs et les contrôles fixent plus souvent, mais en moyenne moins longtemps, que les autres experts. Toutefois, les deux groupes d’experts anticipent mieux la direction du ballon que les contrôles. Une analyse dynamique des mouvements des yeux indique que le haut du corps du joueur adverse juste avant le contact est un indice visuel important dans toutes les situations de jeu. Les résultats montrent que les passeurs forment un sous-groupe d’experts qui se distinguent par la façon avec laquelle ils lisent le jeu, sans pour autant être meilleurs pour l’anticiper. Considérés dans leur globalité, les résultats des deux études indiquent que les passeurs ont une façon spécifique de chercher des informations visuelles et d’expliquer leurs décisions. Ces résultats suggèrent que la responsabilité décisionnelle peut être un facteur à considérer pour diversifier les capacités perceptivo-cognitives des athlètes. Il est recommandé que des études sur le terrain soient menées, tant en volley-ball que dans d’autres sports où une position ayant une responsabilité décisionnelle peut être identifiée (p. ex. quart-arrière au football).
In sports psychology, researchers mostly analyzed athletes’ perceptual cognitive skills using the “experts-novices” paradigm (Wrisberg, 2001). Depending on the research context (e.g., expertise, task representativeness), the number and duration of ocular fixations vary (Broadbent et al., 2015). However, one result seems consistent from one study to the next: expert athletes anticipate better the follow-up action than novices do (McRobert et al., 2011). In the last two decades, an observable trend in sports psychology invites researchers to clarify the notion of perceptual-cognitive expertise by comparing expert athletes among themselves. These studies aim at isolating subtle factors involved in expert performance (e.g., Milazzo et al., 2015). A factor yet to be studied in this perspective concern decisional responsibilities. From an expertise perspective, volleyball is quite interesting: it is one of the sports where specialization in a specific position is the most marked. Most importantly, one position, namely the setter, involves greater decisional responsibility than other positions. They frequently have to decide to which hitter they need to set the ball to in order to maximize the chances of scoring. Therefore, the general goal of the thesis is to compare experts with important decisional responsibility with experts from the same domain having less responsibility. Two studies with specific goals address this question. The first study is based on the Recognition-primed decision model (RPDM). The RPDM explains how experts make decisions when facing situations from their area of expertise. The aim of the study is to analyze, with respect to the model, how setters differ regarding anticipation process compared to other experts and non experts. Twenty-five setters, 36 other players and 19 controls viewed 50 volleyball video sequences: 10 services, 10 receptions, 10 sets, 10 attacks and 10 blocks. Sequences stopped 120 ms before ball contact and participants had to explain their anticipation process by answering four questions verbally: “What would you do facing this situation?”, “What were you looking at?”, “What were you thinking of?” and “What led you to this decision?”. Answers were transcribed verbatim. Scores were computed, where points were awarded depending on verbalization number and relevance with the model. Results revealed that setters scored generally higher than other players and controls. Other players also had higher scores than controls. Results support the validity of the RPDM to explain how volleyball players with different levels of decision-making responsibilities differ. Discussion suggests the validity of the RPDM and to use it as a tool to identify key decision-makers. The second study considers more frequent perceptual-cognitive measures, namely eye movement and anticipation efficacy. The same participants as in the first study (in addition to a supplementary setter and a control) watched the same video sequences. Sequences stopped 120 ms before ball contact and participants, whose eye movements were recorded, had to predict the ball direction. Results revealed that setters and controls made more but shorter fixations than other players. However, both expert groups made better predictions than controls. Dynamic analysis of eye movement over time shows that players’ upper body is a most relevant attentional cue right before all types of ball contact, as both expert groups attend this specific area of interest more than controls. Results are discussed in terms of decision-making responsibilities to identify key decision-makers in volleyball and in general. Results point towards specific perceptual-cognitive abilities found in setters and support the idea that setters constitute a subgroup of experts, although they are not better than other players in anticipating the game.Taken altogether, the results from both studies indicate that setters can be considered a subgroup of expert volleyball players, as they present with a different way of gathering visual information and explaining their anticipation process. These results suggest that decisional responsibility could be considered as a factor indiversifying athletes’ perceptual-cognitive skills. It is recommended that in-situ studies be carried out, both in volleyball and in other sports where a position with decision-making responsibility can be identified (e.g., quarterback in American football).

Cette recherche a pour objet l’étude de la gestion de l’autonomie du VE et explore les comportements et expériences vécues des utilisateurs de véhicules thermiques (VT) et électriques (VE). Elle a permis l’acquisition de connaissances sur les usages situés du véhicule électrique et sur les besoins informationnels associés. Dans la première phase de notre étude, un cadre de référence a été établi à travers l’étude de la gestion de l’autonomie du VT. Quatre « styles de gestion de l’autonomie » ont été identifiés sur la base d’entretiens puis quantifiés grâce à un questionnaire. Ces styles correspondent au rapport cognitivo-affectif et au comportement lié au risque de panne automobile : certains en sont inquiets et anticipent leur recharge pour maîtriser l’incertitude et le risque, tandis que d’autres ne s’en inquiètent pas et attendent de recharger beaucoup plus tardivement. Trois classes de déterminants (individuels, artefactuels et contextuels), influençant l’adoption d’une pratique anticipative ou réactive, ont été précisées. La deuxième phase de l’étude a permis d’identifier les pratiques de gestion de l’autonomie mises en œuvre avec le VE au travers de deux semaines de prêts à neuf conducteurs. Les résultats, issus de journaux de bord et d’entretiens « resituant », ont mis en évidence le transfert des styles de gestion de l’autonomie du VT au VE et leur influence sur la prise de risque. Les résultats ont aussi mis en évidence une fréquence de rechargement quasi quotidienne pour beaucoup de conducteurs, une planification plus importante permettant la maîtrise de l’autonomie du VE, le contexte dans lequel apparaissent quelques trajets problématiques, et les sources de confort et inconfort émotionnel. L’étude des artefacts de la gestion de l’autonomie a permis d’établir une typologie des instruments pour gérer l’autonomie: les instruments prospectifs, réflexifs, réflexifs synthétiques et pragmatiques. Leurs rôles et modes d’appropriation ont été précisés, selon le contexte d’utilisation et les styles. L’élaboration de « systèmes d’instruments » par les conducteurs ainsi que des pratiques de tests leur permettent de maîtriser leur autonomie. L’étude de l’évolution temporelle des pratiques et des vécus a montré une évolution des risques pris avec le VE qui coïncide avec les styles de gestion de l’autonomie et un sentiment global de maitrise. Que ce soit sur le VT ou le VE, on observe que les styles peuvent évoluer vers une anticipation qui s’amoindrie avec le temps. Les tests effectués et l’appropriation des instruments participent à la diminution de cette anticipation. La troisième phase de l’étude s’est appuyée sur l’expérience vécue des neuf conducteurs qui ont participé individuellement à des séances de créativité projective, basée sur deux prototypes et permettant l’expression d’attentes en termes d’instruments et services à développer. Les résultats ont montré un nombre d’attentes plus élevé pour les instruments prospectifs et une influence positive des maquettes sur le nombre de besoins exprimés. Enfin, ces résultats et méthodes ont été discutés au regard des apports théoriques et pratiques qu’ils fournissent et des perspectives de recherche qu’ils préfigurent
This research aims to study the electric vehicle range management and to explore the behavior and the lived experience of users of thermal vehicle (TV) and electric vehicle (EV). It has allowed the acquisition of knowledge about the situated use of electric vehicle and associated informational needs. In the first phase of our study, a framework has been established through the study of the thermal vehicle range management. We identified four styles of "range management" on the basis of interviews and quantified using a questionnaire. These styles fit the cognitive-affective relationship and the behavior related to the risk of breakdown: some drivers are worried and anticipate their recharge to control uncertainty and risk, while others does not care and expect to reload much later. Three classes of determinants (individual, artefactual and contextual), influencing the adoption of a proactive or reactive practice, were identified. The second phase of our study was dedicated to the identification of the range management practices through a two weeks EV loan to nine drivers. The results, based on diaries and resituated interviews, highlighted the transfer of range management styles from TV to EV and their influence on risk-taking. The results also revealed the establishment of an almost daily refueling frequency for most drivers, a greater anticipation to control the electric vehicle range, the context in which some problematic routes appear, and sources of emotional comfort and discomfort. The study of artefacts proposed for range management resulted in a typology of instruments: they were classified in prospective, reflective, reflective synthetic and pragmatic instruments. Their roles and appropriation have been specified according to the context of use and styles. The development of “instruments system” by drivers and practical tests allow them to control their autonomy. The study of temporal evolution of practices and experiences showed an evolution of the risks taken with the VE which coincides with range management styles and an overall feeling of control. With both TV and EV, we note that styles may evolve to a lower anticipation with time. The tests and appropriation of instruments contribute to reduce this anticipation. The third phase of our study was based on the experience of the nine drivers who participated individually in sessions of projective creativity, based on two prototypes and allowing the expression of expectations in terms of instruments and services development. Participants expressed more expectations for prospective instruments and the results showed a positive influence of prototypes models for the requirements expressed. These methods and results were finally discussed in terms of theoretical and practical contributions and research opportunities they foreshadow

Le lancement d'un nouveau produit sur le marché est une étape à risque pour l'entreprise qui peut se conclure par un échec. Une raison partielle de cet échec est que le produit ne correspond pas aux attentes des consommateurs. L'enjeu consiste donc à mieux comprendre et intégrer dans le design de produits les attentes des consommateurs. Les théories contemporaines en psychologie cognitive nous permettent d'améliorer les méthodologies actuelles de tests consommateurs et à concevoir les produits sur la base des connaissances des consommateurs. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre l'influence d'une adéquation entre les attentes des consommateurs et leurs perceptions sur leurs jugements affectifs dans le contexte de consommation alimentaire. Dans le champ de la cognition incarnée et située, nous avons utilisé la théorie du Perceptual Symbol System qui suppose une forte relation entre les concepts et les propriétés sensorielles. Trois études ont été menées sur des gammes de produits familiers et non familiers. Les résultats nous permettent de conclure que les attentes des consommateurs sont des catégories ad-hoc dépendantes d'une situation de consommation, c'est-à-dire une motivation à consommer le produit dans un contexte de consommation donné. Les propriétés de la catégorie définissent les attentes de type concepts et les propriétés sensorielles attendues du produit. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence que les concepts et les propriétés sensorielles sont associées à travers les catégories réactivées en mémoire. Les résultats de cette thèse ont aussi permis de proposer des améliorations aux méthodologies de tests consommateurs. Plus particulièrement, ces méthodologies permettent d'une part d'expliciter les attentes des consommateurs à travers une tâche de catégorisation et d'autre part de sélectionner les produits les plus adéquats aux attentes des consommateurs à travers l'évaluation de leurs jugements affectifs
One challenge when dealing with the launching of new products is to understand consumers’ expectations towards the product experience. Many innovations fail because they do not address the right expectations, for the right consumers, and for the right product.Theories in cognitive psychology allow us to improve current methodologies of consumer tests and to design food products based on the knowledge of consumers. The objective of this research is to better understand the influence of the discrepancy between consumers’ expectations and perceptions on the affective judgment in the context of food consumption. Within the framework of Grounded and Embodied cognition, we use theories developed on Perceptual Symbol System assuming a strong relationship between conceptual knowledge and sensory properties. Three studies were conducted on familiar and non-familiar product ranges. Results allow us to conclude that consumers’ expectations are defined as ad-hoc categories dependent on a situation of consumption, i.e. a motivation to consume the product in a determined context of consumption.Properties of the category define conceptual expectations and expected sensory properties of the product. Thus, we provide evidence that concepts and sensory properties are strongly related through retrieval of categories.The results of this thesis also provide methodological improvements to elicit consumers’ expectations through categorization tasks and to screen samples fitting the best with consumers’ expectations through affective judgment

Erwartungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der menschlichen Handlungssteuerung. Trotz ihrer Rolle in verschiedenen psychologischen Theorien, werden Erwartungen unterschiedlich operationalisiert (was zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen führt) und dabei oft nur indirekt über Hinweisreize(Cues) gemessen bzw. induziert. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich selbst-generierte und cue-induzierte Erwartungen qualitativ unterscheiden, wie die beiden Erwartungsformen interagieren und welche Art der Operationalisierung zur Messung von Erwartungen zielführender ist. In den beschriebenen Experimenten hatten Proband_innen die Aufgabe, eine Erwartung zu verbalisieren und so schnell und akkurat wie möglich auf einen Stimulus zu reagieren, der diese Erwartung entweder erfüllt(match) oder davon abweicht(mismatch). Die Erwartung konnte dabei durch Vorlesen eines Cues oder die Benennung einer selbst-generierten Erwartung verbalisiert werden. Dabei wurden das Abstraktionslevel der Erwartung, die Art der Reaktion und der Vergleich der beiden Erwartungsformen (innerhalb vs. zwischen verschiedenen Trials) variiert. Bei einem Experiment, das einen genaueren Vergleich von cue-induzierten zu selbst-generierten Erwartungen erlaubt, konnte der größere Effekt von selbst-generierten Erwartungen bestätigt werden. Es wird gezeigt und diskutiert, dass und wie sich selbst-generierte Erwartungseffekte qualitativ von cue-induzierten Effekten unterscheiden. Am konkreten Beispiel von Konflikterwartungen können verbalisierte selbst-generierte Erwartungen eine zuvor widersprüchliche Forschungslage zum Einfluss von Erwartungen auf sequentielle Konflikteffekte konsolidieren. Die Effekte von selbst-generierten und cue-induzierten Erwartungen sind nicht additiv und der Effekt eines Cues wird nicht durch eine abweichende selbst-generierte Erwartung zunichte gemacht. In Anbetracht dieser Ergebnisse diskutiere ich kritisch die Operationalisierung von Erwartungen als Cues.
Expectations help to guide human behavior. For example, responses to expected events/stimuli are faster and less error prone than to unexpected events. In spite of their role in different psychological theories and corresponding experiments the operationalization of expectations is heterogeneous (which can lead to contradictory results) and very often conducted indirectly via cues. The research summarized in this dissertation dealt with the question how cue-induced and self-generated expectations differ qualitatively, how both types of expectations interact and which operationalization of measuring expectations is more adequate. In the summarized experiments participants had the task to verbalize an expectation and then respond accurately as fast as possible to a presented stimulus which could match or mismatch the expectation. The verbalization could either consist of reading aloud a cue or verbalize a self-generated expectation. In the different studies the features/abstraction of the expectations (and stimuli), the type of response, and the way how the effects of the two types of expectation were measured (within or between trials) were varied. In a setting that allows a stricter comparison of cue-induced and self-generated expectations than in previous studies the larger effect of self-generated expectations could be replicated. I confirm and discuss that and how verbalized self-generated expectation effects differ qualitatively from cue-induced effects. On the specific example of conflict expectations, the use of verbalized self-generated expectations can consolidate previous contradictory findings, e.g. about the influence of expectations on the sequential congruency effect. The effects of self-generated and cue-induced expectations are not additive and the effect of a cue is not cancelled if a diverging self-generated expectation is verbalized. In view of these results I critically discuss the operationalization of expectations as cues.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2016-2017
Le présent mémoire a pour objectif de développer un questionnaire qui permettra éventuellement de comparer l'influence respective des pensées négatives, positives et réalistes sur l'adaptation psychologique au cancer du sein, et ce, durant et après les traitements de chimiothérapie. Ce questionnaire a été développé de manière à avoir une structure similaire à celle du Orientation to Motherhood scale (OM; Churchill & Davis, 2010), lequel quantifie la fréquence d'occurrence de pensées anticipatoires à valence positive et négative afin de déterminer si l'orientation de pensée des répondants est davantage négative, positive ou réaliste. Ce mémoire vise également à récolter de l'information sur la nature des pensées des patientes avant la chimiothérapie. Deux étapes ont été nécessaires afin de rencontrer ces objectifs. Dans un premier temps, vingt-cinq femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein ont pris part à une première série d'entrevues individuelles visant à générer une banque d'items potentiels pour le questionnaire (N = 15). Par la suite, une deuxième série d'entrevues a été menée afin de permettre la tenue d'une étude pilote (N = 10) et de raffiner la forme et le contenu du questionnaire. Le Questionnaire des pensées et anticipations au sujet du cancer (PAC) est un questionnaire auto-rapporté de 51 items permettant de documenter la fréquence de diverses pensées anticipatoires à valence positive et négative chez les femmes s'apprêtant à commencer des traitements de chimiothérapie pour un cancer du sein. Les résultats de l'étude pilote sont encourageants quant à la capacité du PAC à discriminer les participantes entre elles sur la fréquence de leurs pensées à valence positive et négative. De plus, les différents profils observés chez les participantes de l'étude pilote supportent l'existence d'une relation entre les réponses au PAC et la détresse psychologique. Les données préliminaires mettent également en lumière la plus forte fréquence de pensées à valence positive que négative.

Ce mémoire vise à analyser les liens entre le type d’incapacité et les anticipations subjectives d’employabilité. Nous établissons d’abord un cadre conceptuel avec une revue exhaustive des concepts et de la littérature. On présente ensuite l’enquête du DEPPI sur les anticipations subjectives en matière d’emploi qui collige les perceptions ex ante des personnes ayant une incapacité quant à leur avenir à court terme. En s’appuyant sur des modèles théoriques, on estime des régressions linéaires multiples des moindres carrées ordinaires des anticipations subjectives brutes et de celles calculées en utilisant une méthode d’approximation flexible avec SplineBBK. Ce mémoire s’insère parmi les travaux du DEPPI qui est un projet de cinq ans visant à produire des politiques publiques favorisant l’employabilité des personnes ayant une incapacité. Les résultats présentés concernent la première année de collecte durant laquelle nous avons interrogé 94 personnes ayant une incapacité. Les résultats principaux suggèrent que les personnes ayant une incapacité ont des anticipations subjectives pessimistes quant à leur employabilité. Dans l’ensemble, l’incapacité visuelle serait liée à des anticipations faibles. À l’opposé, l’incapacité épisodique serait liée à de meilleures anticipations subjectives d’employabilité. L’incapacité épisodique diminuerait significativement l’incertitude quant au salaire espéré anticipé. Les hommes auraient des anticipations plus optimistes que les femmes. Les résultats confirment que les données d’anticipations subjectives sont utiles pour des modèles économiques. Ce mémoire contribue à la littérature qui exploite des données d’anticipations subjectives. L’objectif est d’analyser l’effet de différents types d’incapacités. Le cadre conceptuel établit les bases pour les chercheurs qui exploiteront des données d’anticipations subjectives d’employabilité.
This thesis aims to study the relationship between disabilities and subjective employability expectations. We first establish a theoretical framework with an investigation of relevant concepts and a comprehensive literature review. We then present the DEPPI’s survey of subjective employment expectations which collects the ex-ante perceptions of people with a disability concerning their short-term future. Based on theoretical models, we estimate ordinary least squares multiple linear regressions of raw subjective expectations and those calculated using a flexible approximation with SplineBBK. This thesis contributes to the DEPPI which is a five-year project aimed at offering public policy solutions to foster the employment of people with disabilities. The results presented relate to the first year of data collection during which we interviewed 94 people with disabilities. The main results suggest that people with disabilities have pessimistic subjective employability expectations. Overall, visual disabilities seem to be linked to lower expectations. In contrast, episodic disabilities are linked to better subjective employability expectations. An episodic disability significantly decreases the uncertainty as to the anticipated expected salary. Men seem to have more optimistic expectations than women. The results confirm that subjective expectations data are useful for economic models. This thesis contributes to the literature that uses subjective expectations data. The aim is to analyze the effect of various disabilities. The theoretical framework lays the foundation for future research using subjective employability expectations data.

Orientador: Jônatas Manzolli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: A interação de um indivíduo com os estímulos sonoros que o cercam é um estudo relevante, o qual dialoga com a pesquisa contemporânea sobre Cognição Musical. Esta dissertação foca esse campo temático a partir do estudo da percepção sonora, mais especificamente da noção de Antecipação vinculada ao aporte teórico da Psicologia da Expectativa, fundamentada por David Huron [2]. A partir desse recorte, desenvolvemos um estudo teórico e experimental sobre a relação entre Familiaridade [42] e Expectativa [2]. No nosso estudo os sujeitos foram submetidos à audição de estímulos/amostras sonoras apresentadas simultaneamente a um ruído mascarante. Nosso intuito foi verificar de que maneira a Expectativa sonora age no processo de escuta de sons com espectro sonoro complexo. Partimos do pressuposto de que há uma relação de proporção direta, ou seja, quanto mais familiar é um som, melhor o antecipamos. Para medir essa relação, utilizamos dois parâmetros psicoacústicos: loudness e tempo de resposta por ação reflexa. De acordo com nossa hipótese experimental, esperávamos que o quão mais familiar fosse o som, menores seriam o loudness e o tempo necessário para que houvesse uma resposta reflexa do indivíduo ao estímulo. Assim, a Familiaridade acarretaria uma melhor acuidade perceptiva e, como consequência, haveria uma melhora significativa na Antecipação. Após realizar um experimento piloto e um estudo final, obtivemos dados que, por análise estatística, forneceram suporte para confirmar a hipótese
Abstract: The interaction of an individual with sound stimuli that surround him is a relevant study, which dialogues with the contemporary research on Musical Cognition. This dissertation focuses this subject field as from the study of sound perception, specifically the notion of Anticipation linked to the theory of the Psychology of Expectation, supported by David Huron (2006). From this point of view, we developed a theoretical and experimental study on the relationship between Familiarity (Yonelinas, 2002) and Expectation (Huron, 2006). In our study the subjects underwent hearing sound stimuli/samples presented simultaneously with a masking noise. Our objective was to verify in which manner the sound Expectation would behave in the process of listening to sounds with complex sound spectrum. We assumed that there is a relationship of direct proportion, i. e., the more familiar a sound is, the better we anticipate it. In order to measure this relationship, we used two psychoacoustic parameters: loudness and response time by reflex action. According to our experimental hypothesis, we expected that the more familiar the sound was, the smaller the loudness and time needed to cause a reflex response of the individual to the stimulus should be. Thus, the Familiarity would entail a better perceptual accuracy, and consequently, there would be a significant improvement in the Anticipation. After conducting a pilot experiment and a final study, we obtained data, which with the necessary statistical analysis provided support to confirm the hypothesis
Mestrado
Fundamentos Teoricos
Mestre em Música

Cette thèse doctorale démontre que la difficulté pour un consommateur de se rappeler ses expériences passées de consommation d’un produit préféré influence son désir. Plus particulièrement, ce travail étudie comment le désir est influencé par le type d’information, sémantique ou épisodique, que l’individu se rappelle sur ses expériences passées de consommation pendant une tâche de rappel difficile, ainsi que par la difficulté attendue de la tâche de rappel et par la pression du temps. Nous avons utilisé une méthode expérimentale et avons conduit trois études empiriques. Les hypothèses ont été testées à partir de données collectées de trois échantillons différents : des consommateurs Péruviens, Chinois et Français. Les participants sont principalement des étudiants universitaires. Un total d’onze scénarios expérimentaux ont été présentés aux participants, incluant divers types de produits (boissons rafraîchissantes, produits hédoniques et activités de loisir). Notre contribution peut aider les professionnels en marketing à agir en prenant en compte le rappel des consommations gratifiantes passées. Afin d’évoquer davantage de désir chez le consommateur, les conditions devraient rendre difficile le fait pour celui-ci de se rappeler ses expériences gratifiantes de consommation passées ; les marketeurs devraient se focaliser notamment sur l’information sémantique des expériences passées et soumettre le consommateur à une pression temporelle. Cette recherche se focalise sur un rappel holistique d’expériences passées et sur le processus de récupération d’information à partir de la mémoire, et confirme la théorie du processus dual de Chaiken et Trope (1998)
This thesis demonstrates that difficulty in recalling past consumption of a preferred product influences the desire to consume that product. More specifically, this research evaluate how desire is influenced by what kind of information from past consumption experience is recalled (semantic or episodic information) during a difficult recall task, by the expected difficulty of recall task, and by time pressure. An experimental method was adopted and three empirical studies were conducted. Hypotheses were tested on data collected across different samples: Peruvian, Chinese, and French consumers. Participants were principally university students. A total of eleven experimental scenarios were presented to participants including different types of products (soft drinks, hedonic products, and leisure activities). Questionnaires were administrated by web and face-to-face. Our contribution has the potential to help marketers take action regarding the recall of past rewarding consumptions. To evoke more desire, consumers must be conditioned to difficult recalls of past consumptions of preferred products; marketers must specially focus on semantic information of past experiences and condition consumers with a time pressure. The results suggest that the type of information processed (semantic versus episodic) and time pressure influence the effect of the difficult recall of past consumption on desire. This research focuses on a holistic recall of past experiences and the retrieval process of information from memory, and confirms the Chaiken and Trope (1998)’s Dual-Process Theory

Ce travail a pour objectif de mettre en evidence certaines variables et processus qui affectent la motivation a l'accomplissement, dans les activites motrices. Il s'appuie sur des donnees issues du paradigme expectation-valence (vroom, 1964), et des theories socio-cognitives contemporaines sur les buts (nicholls, 1989). La premiere partie presente les concepts et theories de la motivation en generale, et de la motivation a l'accomplissement en particulier. Les notions d'expectation, de valence et de motivation a l'accomplissement y sont particulierement developpees. La deuxieme est un approfondissement theorique des deux variables independantes principales (l'orientation motivationnelle vers la maitrise et vers la competition, et l'habilete percue en escalade), assorti de la validation d'outils destines a les mesurer. La troisieme partie propose 1 etude et 7 experimentations regroupees selon 4 themes: les croyances relatives a la nature de l'habilete motrice, le choix d'un niveau de difficulte de la tache, l'effort et la perseverance dans la tache, et la performance. Dans ce qu'ils ont d'essentiel, nos resultats montrent qu'avec un but de competition, la motivation est tributaire d'une perception favorable de son habilete par rapport a autrui. Ce processus peut entrainer des pis-aller quand l'habilete percue est faible: la selection de difficultes extremes, l'adoption de strategies de moindre effort ou le rejet de la situation. Par contraste, quelle que soit l'habilete percue, un but de maitrise entraine la selection d'une tache de defi personnel, et un investissement important et durable, particulierement pour ce type de difficulte. La consistance des resultats valide dans un contexte ecologique et avec une tache motrice d'escalade les hypotheses avancees par certaines theories socio-cognitives contemporaines, celles de nicholls (1989) en particulier, et consacre la valeur du paradigme expectation-valence pour expliquer le fonctionnement de la motivation humaine

Research in the area of academic writing has demonstrated that writing varies significantly across disciplines and among genres within disciplines. Two important approaches to studying diversity in disciplinary academic writing have been the genre-based approach and the corpus-based approach. Genre studies have considered the situatedness of writing tasks, including the larger sociocultural context of the discourse community (e.g., Berkenkotter & Huckin, 1995; Bhatia, 2004) as well as the move structure in specific genres like the research article (e.g., Swales, 1990, 2004). Corpus- based studies of disciplinary writing have focused more closely on the linguistic variation across registers, with the re-search article being the most widely studied register (e.g., Cortes, 2004; Gray, 2011). Studies of under-graduate writing in the disciplines have tended to focus on task classification (e.g., Braine, 1989; Horowitz, 1986a), literacy demands (e.g.,Carson, Chase, Gibson, & Hargrove, 1992), or student development (e.g., Carroll, 2002; Leki, 2007). The purpose of the present study is to build on these previous lines of research to explore undergraduate disciplinary writing from multiple perspectives in order to better prepare English language learners for the writing tasks they might encounter in their majors at a US university. Specifically, this exploratory study examines two disciplines: psychology and chemistry. Through writing task classification (following Horowitz, 1986), qualitative interviews with faculty and students in each discipline, and a corpus-based text analysis of course readings and upper-division student writing, the study yielded several important findings. With regard to writing tasks, psychology writing tasks showed more variety than chemistry. In addition, lower division classes had fewer writing assignments than upper division courses, particularly in psychology. The findings also showed a mismatch between the expectations of instructors in each discipline and students’ understanding of such writing expectations. The linguistic analysis of course readings and student writing demonstrated differences in language use both between registers and across disciplines.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Em produtos como o café solúvel, que requerem preparo antes do consumo, o consumidor pode ter sua expectativa prévia influenciada pelos estímulos sensoriais advindos do produto, através da manipulação e contato gradativo que ocorrem durante o processo de preparação. Por sua vez, a Análise Sensorial ainda carece de trabalhos que estudem a validação de análises estatísticas que analisem os dados gerados em estudos com consumidores segmentando-os em função de suas percepções individuais e não em função da média aritmética obtida para o grupo de indivíduos que participou do teste. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: i) verificar, especificamente em café solúvel, como os estímulos sensoriais observados durante a preparação, influenciaram a aceitação e percepção dos atributos gosto amargo e riqueza de sabor da bebida pronta e; ii) comparar as metodologias estatísticas tradicionais ANOVA e Teste de Tukey com a Mapa de Preferência, na exploração de dados sensoriais gerados por consumidores. Para atingir este objetivo dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento o desempenho do Mapa de Preferência foi estudado e comparado ao desempenho da ANOVA seguida de teste de Tukey, na análise dos dados de aceitação e de intensidade dos atributos gosto amargo e riqueza de sabor de 9 amostras comerciais de café solúvel do mercado inglês, gerados por 178 consumidores ingleses. Para avaliar as amostras, os consumidores utilizaram escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos e escalas de categoria. Os cafés foram preparados a 17% com adição de 17% de leite pasteurizado semidesnatado. A ordem de apresentação das amostras foi realizada segundo um delineamento de blocos completos balanceados. Os escores gerados pelos consumidores foram submetidos a ANOVA, Teste de Tukey e Mapa de Preferência - modelo vetorial. O Mapa de Preferência demonstrou ser uma técnica útil na análise dos dados, mostrando a segmentação dos consumidores em relação às suas preferências e ainda fornecendo informações que não puderam ser concluídas a partir das análises estatísticas tradicionais, ao identificar a existência de dois grupos de consumidores: i) um grupo menor (23%), que discriminou fortemente as amostras quanto à aceitação e, ii) um grupo maior, constituído pela maioria dos participantes (77%) que a despeito de terem demonstrado preferências similares ao primeiro grupo, utilizaram porção menor da escala hedônica para se expressarem, discriminando menos as amostras em relação à aceitação, comparativamente ao primeiro grupo.o segundo experimento foram avaliados os efeitos do contato com os estímulos sensoriais do café solúvel na expectativa, aceitação e percepção do atributo gosto amargo dos consumidores. Para isso, inicialmente foram formados três diferentes conjuntos embalagem + amostra de café, de forma a confirmar, desconfirmar positivamente e desconfirmar negativamente a expectativa dos consumidores. As avaliações realizadas ocorreram em três etapas: i) avaliação cega, onde os consumidores avaliaram as amostras de café em recipientes codificados; ii) avaliação da expectativa, onde os consumidores avaliaram a expectativa a partir das embalagens e/ou estímulos sensoriais do produto e iii) avaliação informada, onde os consumidores avaliaram as amostras de café na presença das respectivas embalagens. Na avaliação da expectativa os consumidores foram separados em três grupos e cada grupo avaliou a expectativa após adotarem um dos três diferentes procedimentos: 1) manipular a embalagem; 2) manipular a embalagem, abri-Ia e avaliar o aroma do produto e 3) manipular a embalagem, abri-Ia, avaliar o aroma e dosar o produto para o preparo. As amostras e embalagens utilizadas foram adquiridas nos supermercados ingleses. Participaram deste estudo 96 consumidores com perfil similar de preferência de café solúvel. Para gerar os escores de aceitação e intensidade de gosto amargo nas avaliações cega e informada, e aceitação esperada e intensidade de gosto amargo esperada na avaliação da expectativa, os consumidores utilizaram escala hedônica estruturada de 9 pontos e escalas de categoria. A ordem de apresentação das amostras nas três avaliações foi realizada segundo um delineamento de blocos completos balanceados. Os efeitos individuais da expectativa foram identificados através da análise de gráficos (EX - CE) x (IN - CE) plotados para cada amostra, por grupo de consumidores, onde EX representa os escores gerados na avaliação da expectativa, CE na avaliação cega e IN na avaliação informada e das regressões lineares calculadas para cada gráfico. Para avaliar os efeitos da expectativa na aceitação e na percepção de gosto amargo, em cada grupo de consumidores, os escores CE, EX e IN, obtidos para cada grupo, foram expressos como valores de médias e submetidos à ANOVA seguida de Teste de Tukey. Adicionalmente, os dados obtidos para cada grupo nos avaliações cega (CE) e informada (IN) foram submetidos à ANOVA, considerando-se as seguintes fontes de variação: tipo de avaliação (cega ou informada), consumidor e amostra. Para comparação entre as médias CE e IN, obtidas para cada conjunto, nos 3 diferentes procedimentos, foi aplicado o Teste t. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que diferentes formas de contato dos consumidores com os estímulos sensoriais do café solúvel, antes da degustação, influenciaram fortemente, e de maneira distinta, a aceitação dos consumidores. O modelo assimilação da expectativa foi predominantemente identificado, sendo significativa (p=0,05) sua ocorrência tanto após desconfirmação negativa da expectativa (produto pior do que o esperado) como após desconfirmação positiva da expectativa (produto melhor do que o esperado). Estes resultados reforçam a importância da embalagem na aceitação e decisão de recompra do produto pelos consumidores
Abstract: In products such as instant coffee, which require preparation before consumption, the expectations of the consumer may be influenced by the sensory stimuli emanating from the product during the manipulation and gradual contact occurring during the preparation process. On the other hand, sensory analysis still lacks research studying the validation of statistical analyses of the data produced in consumer studies in which the consumers are segmented as a function of their individual perceptions and not as a function of the arithmetic mean obtained with the group of individuals who participated in the test. Thus the objectives of this study were: i) verify, specifically with instant coffee, how the sensory stimuli observed during preparation influenced liking and the perception of the attributes bitterness and richness in the final beverage and; ii) compare the traditional statistical methodologies of ANOVA and Tukey with Preference Mapping, in order to explore sensory data generated by consumers. Two experiments were carried out to achieve these objectives. In the first experiment, the performance of Internal Preference Mapping (IPM) was studied and compared with that of ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, in the analysis of the data generated by 178 English consumers for liking and the intensity of bitterness and richness, in 9 commercial instant coffee samples acquired on the English market. The consumers used a 9 point structured hedonic scale and category scales to evaluate the samples. The coffee samples were prepared with a concentration of 17% plus 17% pasteurized semi-skimmed milk. The order of presentation was according to a balanced complete block design. The scores attributed by the consumers were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey's test and the vector model of Internal Preference Mapping (IPM). IPM was shown to be a useful technique in the data analysis, showing the segmentation of the consumers according to their preferences and providing information not available from the traditional statistical analyses, that of identifying two groups of consumers: i) a smaller group (23%), which strongly discriminated the samples with respect to their liking and, ii) a larger group constituted by the majority of the participants (77%), which, despite showing similar preferences to the first group, used a smaller portion of the hedonic scale, discriminating the samples less with respect to their liking as compared to the first group. In the second experiment the effect of contact with the sensory stimulus of the instant coffee was evaluated, with respect to consumer expectation, liking and bitterness perception. Thus initially three different sets of package + coffee sample were prepared, so as to confirm, positively disconfirm and negatively disconfirm consumer expectation. The evaluations occurred in three steps: i) blind evaluation, in which the consumers evaluated the samples from codified containers; ii) expectation evaluation in which the consumers evaluated their expectation from the package and/or sensory product stimulus and iii) informed evaluation, where the consumers evaluated the coffee samples in the presence of their respective packages. In the expectation evaluation, the consumers were divided into three groups, and each group evaluated the expectation after adopting one of three different procedures: 1) manipulate the package; 2) manipulate the package, open it and evaluate product aroma and 3) manipulate the package, open it, evaluate the aroma and dose the product for preparation. The samples and packages used were acquired from English supermarkets. Ninety-six consumers took part in this study, each with a similar preference profile for instant coffee. To evaluate the samples they used a nine point structured hedonic scale and a category scale. In all three evaluations, the samples were presented according to a balanced complete block design. Individual effects of expectation were identified: i) by way of an analysis of the graphs (EX - SE) x (IN - SE), plotted for each sample for each group of consumers, where EX represents the scores generated in the expectation evaluation, SE in the blind evaluation and IN in the informed evaluation and ii) by way of the linear regressions calculated for each graph. To evaluate the effects of expectation on liking and bitterness perception in each consumer group, the scores for SE, EX and IN obtained for each group were expressed as mean values and submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. In addition, the data obtained for each group in the blind (SE) and informed (IN) evaluations, were submitted to ANOV A, considering the following sources of variation: type of evaluation (blind or informed), consumer and sample. The t test was applied to compare the means for SE and IN, obtained for each set in the 3 different procedures. The results obtained in the present study suggest that different forms of consumer contact with the sensory stimuli of instant coffee before tasting, strongly influence consumer liking, each in a distinct way. The effect assimilation was predominantly identified, its occurrence being significant (p=0,05) after both negative disconfirmation (product worse than expected) and positive disconfirmation (product better than expected). These results reinforce the importance of the package in the acceptance and decision to buy of the product by the consumers
Doutorado
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
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The purpose of this study was to investigate expectations of collegiate head coaches about sport psychology consulting. There were two null hypotheses in this study: first, there will be no difference in expectations of sport psychology consulting between male and female collegiate head coaches of NCAA Division I, II, and III athletic programs; second, there will be no difference in expectations of sport psychology consulting between head coaches of male and female athletic programs at Division I, II, and III level. Items from the Expectations About Spmt Psychology Consulting (EASPC) questionnaire (Martinet al, 2001) were revised to reflect a head coaches' perspective. The revised instrument, Coaches' Expectations About Sport Psychology Consulting (CESPC) questionnaire, was administered to 404 collegiate head coaches (244 male coaches and 160 female coaches) of both male and female team sports (248 female teams and 156 male teams) from NCAA Division I, II, and III athletic teams. Results of a 2 (Gender of the Sport) X 3 (NCAA Level of Competition) MANOVA indicated a significant main effect for gender of the sport. Univariate ANOVAs indicated a significant effect for personal commitment. In addition, results of the 2 (Gender of the Coach) X 3 (NCAA Level of Competition) MANOV A indicated a significant main effect for gender of the head coach. Univariate ANOV As indicated a significant effect for personal commitment. Subsequent univariate A VOV As also revealed a significant interaction between the level of sport (e.g. , CAA Division I, Division II, and Division III) and gender with respect to SPC expertise. Results indicated that the CESPC instrument might be a valuable tool for determining head coaches ' expectations about sport psychology consulting. Interpretations of the results for each hypothesis are included and implications for sport psychology consultants are discussed based on these findings. Finally, study limitations are identified and suggestions for future research are made.
2031-01-01

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates and describes palliative care patients’ expectations of their homebased caregivers. This paper attempts to expand on the findings of a previous study by Armenis (2006b) that reported a need to determine the occupational responsibilities of home-based caregivers within the Stellenbosch Hospice organization. Three palliative care patients were interviewed individually in unstructured interviews whereby expectations were discussed and recorded. Respondents were from the rural town of Klapmuts which is located within the broader Stellenbosch area. Responses were analyzed by means of the phenomenological methodology approach developed by Giorgi (1997). The findings indicate that patients expect physical and psychosocial care which can be divided into six sub-themes: i) hygiene; ii) feeding; iii) physical assistance; iv) communicate care; v) support; vi) need for community. This study revealed in excess of forty caring activities that study participants expect from their home-based caregivers that may be utilized as future focus areas of home-based caregiver training initiatives. Recommendations for future research include the enquiry into the role of patient relatives’ and members of the community, as essential components of the unit of care. In addition, further investigation is required to determine the specific psychosocial needs of palliative patients, their relatives, and communities located in the outlying regions of South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie doen ondersoek na en beskryf pasiënte wat palliatief (sorg van pasiënte met ongeneeslike siektes) versorg word se rolverwagtinge van hul gemeenskapsgebaseerde oppassers. Hierdie werkstuk brei uit op ‘n voorafgaande studie deur Armenis (2006b) wat ‘n behoefte geraporteer het dat duidelike beroepspesifikasies vir gemeenskapsgebaseerde oppassers wat in diens van die Stellenbosch Hospice is, bepaal behoort te word. Drie ongestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met pasiënte wat palliatief versorg word. Pasiënte se verwagtinge is bespreek en op ‘n oudioband vasgelê. Deelnemers aan die studie is van die dorp Klapmuts wat binne die Stellenboschdistrik geleë is. Antwoorde is geanaliseer deur die gebruikmaking van die fenomenologiese metode soos deur Giorgi ontwikkel (1997). Die bevindings toon aan dat pasiënte ‘n dringende behoefte het aan fisieke en psigo-sosiale sorg. Laasgenoemde kan in ses sub-temas verdeel word: i) higiëne ii) voeding iii) fisiese bystand iv) die komunikasie van sorg v) ondersteuning vi) behoefte aan gemeenskapsbetrokkendheid. Hierdie studie het meer as veertig aktiwiteite vasgestel wat palliatiewe pasiënte van hul gemeenskapsgebaseerde oppassers verwag. Die vasgestelde aktiwiteite mag bydra tot die bevordering van toekomstige navorsing en die opleiding van gemeenskapsgebaseerde oppassers. Hierdie studie het ‘n dringende behoefte vir die opleiding van gemeenskapsgebaseerde oppassers, wat in die Stellenboschdistrik werksaam is geïdentifiseer. Daar is ‘n behoefte aan studies wat die rol van gesinslede en die gemeenskap se verantwoordelikhede uiteensit met betrekking tot die uitvoer van palliatiewe sorg. Die behoefte aan navorsing om die spesifieke psigososiale nood van palliatiewe pasiënte, hulle gesinne, en betrokke gemeenskappe wat in die landelike dele van Suid Afrika gelëe is, vas te stel.

The implementation of telecommunication technologies has allowed traditionally underserved populations to receive healthcare, including those who lack access to mental health treatment. While previous literature has found videoconference therapy (VCP) as a viable alternative to traditional face-to-face therapy for specific disorders, common therapeutic factors, such as, expectations for therapy, has been largely overlooked. Vignettes depicting either VCP or traditional therapy and a scale for expectations of the therapy provider were given to 192 mechanicalTurk participants. Significant, yet clinically insignificant results indicated lower expectations for VCP psychotherapists in their ability to establish a working relationship and respond to an emergency. While a significant difference was identified, participants rated both modalities similar and relatively high. Analysis of a qualitative statement further indicates VCP providers may have an inability to establish a human connection. Future research should identify working relationship expectancy interventions for VCP therapy.

When someone hears regular, periodic sounds, such as drum beats, footsteps, or stressed syllables in speech, these individual stimuli tend to be grouped into a perceived rhythm. One of the hallmarks of rhythm perception is that the listener generates expectations for the timing of upcoming stimuli, which theorists have described as endogenous periodic modulations of attention around the time of anticipated sounds. By constructing an internal representation of a rhythm, perceptual processes can be augmented by proactively deploying attention at the expected moment of an upcoming stressed syllable, the next step in an observed stride, or during the stroke of a co-speech hand gesture. A hypothetical benefit of this anticipatory allocation of attention is that it might facilitate temporal integration across the senses, binding multisensory aspects of our experiences into a unified “now,” anchored by temporally-precise auditory expectations. The current dissertation examines this hypothesis, exploring the effects of auditory singletons, and auditory rhythms, on electrophysiological indices of perception and attention to a visual stimulus, using the flash-lag paradigm. An electroencephalography study was conducted, where sounds, either isolated or presented rhythmically, occurred in alignment with a task-relevant visual flash. Results suggest a novel dissociation between the multisensory effects of discrete and rhythmic sounds on visual event perception, as assessed by the N1 component of the event-related potential, and by oscillatory power in the beta (15–20 Hz) frequency range. This dissociation is discussed in the context of classic and contemporary research on rhythm perception, temporal orienting, and temporal binding across the senses, and contributes to a more refined understanding of rhythmically-deployed attention.

Orientador: Angela Fatima Soligo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a representação social que licenciandos têm da adolescência e do adolescente e sua influência nas expectativas de prática pedagógica do futuro professor. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionário e analisados sob os referenciais da Análise de Conteúdo. Identificamos que para os futuros professores a adolescência parece ser representada como um período de transição para a idade adulta, um período em que a identidade está em formação. Vivendo esse período, considerado especial, pelos participantes, o adolescente é representado como rebelde, agressivo, instável, dependente, com grande necessidade de auto-afirmação, com tendência grupal e identidade em formação. Diante dessas representações, vimos que as expectativas de prática pedagógica apontam caminhos concretizados em alguns tipos de professor: o professor ¿bonzinho¿, o esperto, o super-competente e o autoritário, todos com o objetivo de controlar a adolescência e o comportamento adolescente. Um quinto tipo de professor apareceu muito discretamente: aquele que considera a adolescência como uma condição imposta pela sociedade e que foi e é construída histórica, cultural e socialmente, que nos indica uma mudança na prática docente. O quadro formado apresenta-nos expectativas bastante positivas de prática, mas, apesar disso, percebemos que estão profundamente marcadas por aquelas representações sociais de adolescência e adolescente, que são negativas
Abstract: The present research had as objective to investigate the social representation that professors in initial formation has of the adolescence and of adolescent and the influence that in the expectations of practical pedagogical of the future professor. The data had been gotten through questionnaire and analyzed on the basis of the Analysis of Content. The research indict that for the futures professors the adolescence seems to be represented as a period of transistion for the adult age, a period when the identity is in formation. Living this period, considered special, for the participants, the adolescent is represented as rebellious, aggressive, unstable, dependent, with great auto-affirmation necessity, with group trend and identity in formation. Faced with of these representations, we saw that the expectations of practical pedagogical point ways materialize in some types of professor: the professor "well-disposed", the bad, super-competent and the authoritarian, all with the objective to control adolescence and the adolescent behavior. A fifth type of professor it appeared very discrete: that one that considers the adolescence as one condition imposed for society and that it was and it is constructed historical, cultural e socially, that in them it indicates a change in the practical professor. The formed picture it presents us sufficiently positive expectations of practical, but, despite this, we perceive that deeply they are marked by those social representations of adolescence and adolescent, that are negative
Mestrado
Psicologia Educacional
Mestre em Educação

Purpose: Women’s experiences of depression following childbirth have received increased attention within the research base over the past two decades. However, depression that occurs during pregnancy, or antenatal depression, remains poorly understood and often unrecognised. The aim of the present study was to explore women’s experiences of pregnancy and antenatal depression in order to construct a psychological understanding of antenatal depression. Method: Nine women who had, or currently, experienced depression during pregnancy were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data was analysed using a social constructionist grounded theory approach. Findings: An over-arching theory emerged of antenatal depression as an interpersonal, transactional process, which was reflected in the themes, including ‘the construction of meaning – developing an understanding of antenatal depression’, ‘recognising and managing transitions’, ‘the interpersonal environment’ and ‘reflections on the past and hopes for the future’. Contradictions, struggles and unresolved aspects of experiences within the women’s narratives highlighted the complex interpersonal processes negotiated by participants, who suffered from antenatal depression. Conclusion: The importance of an individual’s interpersonal world in shaping experiences is emphasised. In light of the findings, psychotherapeutic implications are discussed.

The notion that unconscious Bayesian inference underlies perception is gaining ground. Predictive coding approaches posit that the state of the world is inferred by integrating, at each level of the perceptual hierarchy, top-down prior beliefs about sensory causes and bottom-up prediction errors. In this framework, percepts correspond to a top-down stream of beliefs that best 'explain away' sensory signals. Although such frameworks are gathering empirical support, subjective facets of perception remain unexplained from these perspectives. This thesis combines behavioural, computational and neuroimaging methods to examine how subjective visual confidence can be accounted for in a predictive coding framework. Experiment one shows that, behaviourally, perceptual expectations about target presence or absence both liberalise confidence thresholds and increase metacognitive accuracy. These results are modelled in a signal detectiontheoretic framework as low-level priors shifting the posterior odds of being correct. Using EEG, experiment two reveals that influence of expectations on decision and confidence oscillates with the phase of pre-stimulus alpha oscillations. This means that prior to target onset, both objective and subjective decisions have been rhythmically biased by the periodic recruitment of expectations to visual areas. Using fMRI, experiment three shows that in the post-stimulus period, expectations and sensory signals are integrated into confidence judgements in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Furthermore, this process recruits orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral frontal pole, which represent top-down influences, and occipital lobe, which represents bottom-up signals. Together, these results suggest that expectations shape subjective confidence by biasing the posterior probability of the perceptual belief.

As increasing emphasis is being placed on student college and career readiness, instructional approaches seek to develop content and skill proficiency. I gathered student perspectives on teacher expectations and instructional opportunities in core content classes in order to determine if expectation bias influences college readiness preparation in the classroom. Student academic self-concept and college readiness were examined alongside beliefs about teacher expectations and instructional opportunities in a conceptual framework for student perceptions. In this qualitative study, I utilized four focus groups of high school students from two cohorts to analyze perceptions across students from mostly on-level core classes and those from mostly advanced core classes. Findings showed students held high expectations of their own current and future performance, as well as perceived teachers generally hold high expectations, though this was shown through the development of relational capacity rather than instructional opportunities to develop college readiness skills or connect to students' future ambitions. The results of the study provide insight to educators seeking to create stronger connections for students between current educational experiences and future postsecondary opportunities.

Wie sich die Sprachwahrnehmung an ständig eingehende Informationen anpasst, ist eine Schlüsselfrage in der Gedanken- und Gehirnforschung. Die vorliegende Dissertation zielt darauf ab, zum Verständnis von Anpassungen an die Sprecheridentität und Sprachfehler während der Sprachverarbeitung beizutragen und unser Wissen über die Rolle der kognitiven Kontrolle bei der Sprachverarbeitung zu erweitern. Zu diesem Zweck wurden ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKPs, englisch: event-related potentials, ERPs) N400 und P600 in der Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) analysiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasste sich insbesondere mit der Frage nach der Anpassung an die Sprecheridentität bei der Verarbeitung von zwei Arten von Sprachfehlern (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2019), und untersuchte die proaktive Anpassungen, die durch die Erkennung von Sprachfehlern (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2021) und durch die Sprecher(dis)kontinuität über aufeinanderfolgende Sätze in Situationen mit mehreren Sprechern ausgelöst wurden (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2021, in press). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass unterschiedliche Sprachverarbeitungsstrategien entsprechend der Sprecheridentität von Muttersprachlern oder Nicht-Muttersprachlern und zwei verschiedenen Arten von Sprachfehlern angepasst wurden, was sich in unterschiedlichen N400- und P600-Effekten widerspiegelte. Darüber hinaus kann die Erkennung von Konflikten (Sprachfehler) und Sprecher(dis)kontinuität über aufeinanderfolgende Sätze hinweg eine proaktive kognitive Kontrolle erfordern, die die Verarbeitungsstrategien für den folgenden Satz schnell anpasst, was sich in bisher nicht gemeldeten sequentiellen Anpassungseffekten in der P600-Amplitude manifestierte. Basierend auf dem DMC Modell (Braver, 2012; Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007) und dem Überwachungsmodell der Sprachverarbeitung (van de Meerendonk, Indefrey, Chwilla, & Kolk, 2011) schlage ich vor, dass die P600-Amplitude nicht nur reaktive Anpassungen manifestiert, die durch Konflikterkennung ausgelöst werden, nämlich die klassischen P600-Effekte, die eine erneute Analyse der Sprachverarbeitung widerspiegeln, sondern auch proaktive Anpassungen in der Überwachung der Sprachverarbeitung, die Mechanismen der kognitiven Kontrolle von Aufmerksamkeit und Gedächtnis beinhalten.
How language perception adapts to constantly incoming information is a key question in mind and brain research. This doctoral thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of adaptation to speaker identity and speech error during speech processing, and to enhance our knowledge about the role of cognitive control in speech processing. For this purpose, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) N400 and P600 in the electroencephalography (EEG) were analyzed. Specifically, the present work addressed the question about adaptation to the speaker’s identity in processing two types of speech errors (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2019), and explored proactive adaptation initiated by the detection of speech errors (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2021) and by speaker (dis-)continuity across consecutive sentences in multi-speaker situations (Xu, Abdel Rahman, & Sommer, 2021, in press). Results showed that different speech processing strategies were adapted according to native or non-native speaker identity and two different types of speech errors, reflected in different N400 and P600 effects. In addition, detection of conflict (speech error) and speaker (dis-)continuity across consecutive sentences engage cognitive control to rapidly adapt processing strategies for the following sentence, manifested in hitherto unreported sequential adaptation effects in the P600 amplitude. Based on the DMC model (Braver, 2012; Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007) and the monitoring theory of language perception (van de Meerendonk, Indefrey, Chwilla, & Kolk, 2011), I propose that the P600 amplitude manifests not only reactive adaptations triggered by conflict detection, i.e., the classic P600 effect, reflecting reanalysis of speech processing, but also proactive adaptations in monitoring the speech processing, engaging cognitive control mechanisms of attention and memory.

The purpose of the present study is to extend past outcome-dependent models of Sport Competition Anxiety (SCA) to include attribution theory as an appraisal process of past performance outcome. It was hypothesized that unstable causal attributions for past unexpected performances would lead to uncertain expectations of future performance and subsequent SCA. Sixty-three male subjects were assessed for initial expectations of how they would perform in a cycling task, i.e., high and low, in which each subject received false feedback about his performance (success or failure). After completing the task, subjects completed questionnaires assessing the discrepancy between expected and actual outcome, attributions for past performance (Causal Dimension Scale), expectation for future performance, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which measures state cognitive and somatic anxiety and state self-confidence. Contrary to predictions, results indicated that attribution did not mediate SCA, but rather attributions were made systematically in response to success and failure and not unexpected outcome. However, path analysis carried out on a modified model of SCA that includes outcome and expectations of future performance, indicated that somatic anxiety and state self-confidence are mediated by expectation of future success. The findings are discussed in terms of attribution theory and other cognitive constructs (e.g., self-schemata and efficacy expectations) that might have an impact on attributional patterns that lead to performance expectations and SCA. It is noted that because only male subjects were used, generalizability to female competitors may not be appropriate due to differences in sport socialization.
Department of Psychological Science

The present study was conducted to examine the self-reported social standards of socially efficacious and non-efficacious individuals. Converging evidence from different research domains, including studies on self-attentional processes and standard-setting in performance motivation, suggests that the socially anxious person may have standards for him or herself that are beyond that person's perceived abilities; alternatively, standards may be so high that they are beyond the reach of even the most socially confident person. Ninety-six male undergraduate students were dichotomized into low and high social-efficacy groups on the basis of their response to a measure of self-efficacy and anxiety in social situations. The subjects were told they would be interacting with a female research assistant in order to practice before meeting another subject. The success of the practice interaction was manipulated by varying the assistant's behavior and feedback by the experimenter so that subjects believed they handled the conversation well or not well; a third condition was included with no feedback. Subjects were asked to rate their standards using a visual scale that displayed different levels of social interaction. The standards rated were: (1) the level of interaction that they consider successful, (2) the level of interaction that they would be happy with, (3) the level of interaction they think the experimenter wants, and (4) the level of a typical interaction. Additional measures were included to assess other aspects of standard and to determine the success of the manipulations. The results revealed that there is a consensus among high and low social-efficacy persons of what constitutes a successful interaction. The distinguishing feature appeared to be what level of interaction high and low efficacy persons are happy with and the level of interaction they felt capable of achieving. Low efficacy subjects had lower expectations and lower minimum goals of satisfaction whereas high efficacy subjects expected to achieve a level of interaction at least as high as their personal standard and beyond the level that they thought most others achieve. Further, when the interaction was successful, high efficacy subjects thought the situation demanded a lower level of interaction than they were capable of; low efficacy subjects, given the same successful experience, reported the demands of the situation to be higher than they felt capable of. The results hint at a dysfunctional standard-setting process in socially anxious persons whereby success is interpreted in a manner that may maintain anxiety. The implications that these results have for the treatment of shyness, and future directions for research on standard-setting are discussed.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

The present study examined college graduation expectations of adolescents and young adults. A model to predict college graduation expectations of 10th grade students was developed based on Eccles' (1983) expectancy-value model. Both individual predictors (gender, school grades, self-concept of ability) and maternal predictors (maternal education; parental divorce; maternal standards, expectations, and encouragement; adolescents' perceptions of maternal advice and involvement) were included. A separate model was developed to describe and predict pathways of college graduation expectations over time, at 10th grade, at 12th grade, and at age 21. Individual predictors (early adolescent expectations, gender, school grades, self-concept of ability) and maternal predictors (maternal education, parental divorce) were examined. Data from seven waves (6th grade through age 21) of the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions (MSALT) were utilized. For the prediction of 10th grade expectations, 1352 adolescents and 784 mothers participated in at least one wave; for the prediction of expectation pathways, 868 adolescents provided data. A structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used for the prediction of 10th grade expectations; a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) technique was used for the prediction of pathways of expectations. The results of the SEM analyses suggested that self-concept of ability was positively related to 10th grade college graduation expectations, school grades were negatively related to expectations, and males tended to have higher expectations than girls when all variables in the model were taken into account. Maternal standards, expectations, and encouragement as well as adolescents' perceptions of maternal advice and support were positively related to expectations. The results of the HLM analyses suggested that in general, adolescents have stable pathways of college graduation expectations as they enter young adulthood. Gender, 7th grade college expectations, school grades, self-concept of ability, and maternal education level were associated with intercepts (10th grade) of college graduation expectations. The relation of gender to expectation slopes approached significance. Boys' slopes were more positive than girls' slopes. The importance of examining interindividual differences in intraindividual change is discussed.

This thesis examines the effect of ethnicity on assessments of achievement outcomes, and presents a theoretical explanation using Foschi's reformulation. The reformulation integrates aspects of attribution theory and status generalization theory. It proposes that when a higher status performer and a lower status performer are equally successful at a task, the success of the former will tend to be attributed to ability more than the success of the latter. Also, when the two performers are equally unsuccessful at a task, the performance of the lower status person will tend to be attributed to lack of ability more than the performance of the higher status person. The propositions are tested for ethnicity by collecting evidence from attribution studies dealing with ethnicity and assessment of performance outcomes. The findings indicate that there is substantial support for the propositions. Since these have not been directly tested, an experiment is proposed. In the final section of the thesis a standardized experimental format such as the one used in expectation states research is presented.
Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate

This study tested a conceptual model of adolescents’ feelings of privacy invasion derived from CPM. Specifically, goals were to describe adolescents’ expectations of privacy, to describe how often adolescents are exposed to behaviors that threaten privacy, and to test privacy beliefs, potentially invasive behaviors, and having things to hide as predictors of individual differences in feelings of privacy invasion. Furthermore, each question and hypothesis was examined across four privacy domains and four relationships to determine whether privacy functions similarly or uniquely across domains and relationships. Participants were 118 adolescents (59% female), ranging from age 15 to 18 years of age (M age = 16.4 years, SD = .78). Results indicate that adolescents expect more privacy around their personal information than they expect around domains more aligned with parental monitoring. Sharing personal information elicited the greatest feelings of privacy invasion. The present study found some support the CPM based conceptual model. Adolescents expect information contained within the boundaries to remain private and intrusions into these boundaries elicit feelings of privacy invasion. Additionally, the current study found evidence to support the alternative model that the threat of discovery also elicits feelings of privacy invasion.

Anxiety is known to run in families and evidence suggests there is a high correlation between parent anxious cognitions and child anxious cognitions. It has been suggested that parental expectations of their child‟s anxiety may mediate this relationship. This systematic literature review aimed to investigate the relationship between parental expectations about their child‟s anxious cognitions and child anxiety. PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. The review found support for the relationship between parent expectations of their child‟s anxious cognitions and child anxiety. Parental expectations also appeared to develop over time and within a reciprocal relationship with child cognitions. However, due to the limited data, methodological flaws, and heterogenity of the studies, firm conclusions could not be made. This area warrants further research. The limitations of the review are discussed.

Researchers have increasingly directed attention to the importance of emotions in decision making. Recent theories have focused on the interpersonal effects of emotions--the influence of the decision maker's expressed emotions on observers' decisions and judgments. In the current research, we examine people's expectations of how incidental, discrete emotions affect behavior. We also study how these expectations affect decisions in interactive settings, and contrast them with how emotions actually impact other people's behavior.These ideas were tested in four studies. In Study 1a, participants (N = 58) answered a questionnaire asking their perceptions of how different emotions affect behavior. In Study 1b, participants (N = 203) read a number of hypothetical scenarios in which different interactions between them and another person took place. Studies 2 (N = 98) and 3 (N = 132) were two economic games -- a Stag-Hunt game and a Trust Game -- involving decisions with non-trivial financial consequences.Across these four studies, I found that people do have strong beliefs about how incidental emotions affect behaviors. Because of these beliefs, when told about their counterparts' emotional state, people in interactive settings modify their behavior. The impact of people's beliefs on behavior, however, was more consistent for negative emotions such as anger and fear, than for positive emotions such as happiness and gratitude. These findings also indicate that people are sensitive to the different effects of different emotions: different negative emotions such as guilt and anger have different effects on their expectations. Finally, I found that people's expectations about how their counterparts' emotions affect behavior can be inaccurate in specific settings.

The aim of this study was to contribute to the literature on the relationship between client pretreatment expectations and psychotherapy attendance. It investigated the construct validity of the Milwaukee Psychotherapy Expectancy Questionnaire - Brief (MPEQ-B; Marsden, 2014) and the value of Therapeutic Relationship Expectations and Change Expectations as predictors of intake attendance and the number of therapy sessions attended. Adult clients (n = 102) calling to schedule an intake appointment at a local community mental health center completed a survey of pre-treatment expectations (MPEQ-B) and psychological distress (Outcome Rating Scale, Miller & Duncan, 2000). Other variables (e.g., wait-time, previous therapy experience, number of sessions attended, and demographic variables) were collected from the clients' electronic medical record (EMR). Confirmatory factor analysis of the MPEQ-B supported a two-factor model, which was consistent with previous research (Marsden, 2013; 2014). Logistic regression revealed that client Change Expectations was the only variable to uniquely predict intake attendance. Pre-therapy attrition was more likely for clients with higher ratings of Change Expectations. Multiple regression results indicated that only previous therapy attendance was a statistically significant predictor of number of sessions attended. Overall, these findings advance the literature on client expectations as a multidimensional common factor related to client therapy attendance (intake session and total number of sessions attended). These results also highlight the need for programmatic research using the Milwaukee Psychotherapy Expectancy Questionnaire (MPEQ; Norberg, Wetterneck, Sass, & Kanter, 2011) and MPEQ-B, as well as measures of other types of client expectations, to better understand the influence of client expectations on a range of clinical variables.