Journal articles: 'Expectation theory'

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Oh, Joon-Hee, and Judy Ma. "Multi-stage expectation-confirmation framework for salespeople expectation management." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 8 (October 1, 2018): 1165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-01-2018-0027.

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Purpose Despite its significance in salespeople management, salespeople expectation management has received little attention in the literature, especially in the industrial marketing literature. In response, the purpose of this study is to leverage the expectation confirmation theory to present a conceptual framework that provides an effective tool for salespeople expectation management. Design/methodology/approach This study first explores the application and strategic implications of expectation-confirmation theory in salespeople expectation management and theorizes that salespeople establish pre-expectations (expectations that are developed before joining the firm), experience multiple stages of the expectation-confirmation process throughout their sales career with a firm and – in each stage – establish either a longer-term commitment to or permanent disengagement from the firm. Findings A winning strategy for sales organizations is to recognize salespeople expectations and to meet or beat these expectations. Salespeople expectation management is particularly important in sales organizations that frequently find aligning sales force management strategies with organizational imperatives to be challenging. Research limitations/implications This study extends expectation-confirmation theory by presenting a conceptual framework that: identifies the existence of pre-expectations of salespeople and their outcomes; recognizes that the expectation-confirmation process occurs across multiple stages in the salespeople’s career cycle; recognizes that the level of expectations in previous stages of one’s career cycle influences the level of expectations in subsequent stages; and conceptualizes the non-linear relationship between expectations, tenure and turnover intentions. Originality/value The multiple expectation-confirmation framework can be used for effective salespeople expectation and turnover management and may also serve as a general model of organizational interventions.

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Colyvan, Mark. "Relative Expectation Theory." Journal of Philosophy 105, no. 1 (2008): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil200810519.

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Liao, Kuo Hsun. "Institutional Theory, Expectation Theory and Self-Determination Theory." International Journal of Service and Knowledge Management 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52731/ijskm.v5.i2.579.

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Balkwell, James W. "From Expectations to Behavior: An Improved Postulate for Expectation States Theory." American Sociological Review 56, no. 3 (June 1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096109.

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Zhu, Jun Tao, Chang Yu Sun, and Yuan Yuan Jiao. "Estimation Based on Expectation Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4868.

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The theory of expectation estimation is put forward to discuss the estimation quality of the expectation domain. It is demonstrated that the “validity” criterion of the estimation theory in mathematical statistics (named classic estimate later) isn’t right and arithmetical average value x isn’t the best estimate. The means of characteristic value estimate (N (0, 1) estimate) is suggested to demonstrate the expectation estimate domain.

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Kalkhoff, Will, and Shane R. Thye. "Expectation States Theory and Research." Sociological Methods & Research 35, no. 2 (November 2006): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124106290311.

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Baturina, Danijel. "IN EXPECTATION OF THE THEORY: GROUNDED THEORY METHOD." Metodički obzori/Methodological Horizons 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2015): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/mo.10.1.2015.07.

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ShiGe, PENG. "Theory, methods and meaning of nonlinear expectation theory." SCIENTIA SINICA Mathematica 47, no. 10 (July 19, 2017): 1223–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n012016-00209.

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Vangkilde, Signe, Anders Petersen, and Claus Bundesen. "Temporal expectancy in the context of a theory of visual attention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1628 (October 19, 2013): 20130054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0054.

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Temporal expectation is expectation with respect to the timing of an event such as the appearance of a certain stimulus. In this paper, temporal expectancy is investigated in the context of the theory of visual attention (TVA), and we begin by summarizing the foundations of this theoretical framework. Next, we present a parametric experiment exploring the effects of temporal expectation on perceptual processing speed in cued single-stimulus letter recognition with unspeeded motor responses. The length of the cue–stimulus foreperiod was exponentially distributed with one of six hazard rates varying between blocks. We hypothesized that this manipulation would result in a distinct temporal expectation in each hazard rate condition. Stimulus exposures were varied such that both the temporal threshold of conscious perception ( t 0 ms) and the perceptual processing speed ( v letters s −1 ) could be estimated using TVA. We found that the temporal threshold t 0 was unaffected by temporal expectation, but the perceptual processing speed v was a strikingly linear function of the logarithm of the hazard rate of the stimulus presentation. We argue that the effects on the v values were generated by changes in perceptual biases, suggesting that our perceptual biases are directly related to our temporal expectations.

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Huy, Phuong Tran, Ngan Hoang Vu, Hue Thi Hoang, and Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen. "Procedural Justice in Selection from the Lens of Psychological Contract Theory." Organizacija 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2020-0018.

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AbstractBackground and purpose: In recruitment and selection, job applicants do not only base their justice judgment on the actual experience but also compare what happens and what they expect. This study, therefore, investigates applicants’ reaction to procedural justice in recruitment selection through the lens of psychological contract framework. Psychological contract theory highlights the role of expectations, discrepancies between perception and expectation, and perceived contract breach on individual outcomes.Methodology: Two surveys were conducted with job seekers in Vietnam, one before and one after the selection process. Printed questionnaires were administered to job seekers in the first survey, while the second used online survey. Structural Equation Modeling technique was adopted to analyze the data.Results: Data from a sample of 232 job seekers indicated that previous job experience and source of candidates were significantly related to justice expectations. In addition, perceived unmet expectations were found to predict procedural contract breach, which in turn negatively influenced job acceptance intention and recommendation intention.Conclusion: The research highlights the role of unmet justice expectation, the perceived discrepancy between what happened and what was supposed to be, in predicting intention to accept offer and to recommend others. The results suggest that firms should provide updated and official information regarding the selection process to all parties such as internal employees, recruitment agency and job search website to reduce over-expectation.

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Duch, Raymond M., and Randolph T. Stevenson. "Context and Economic Expectations: When Do Voters Get It Right?" British Journal of Political Science 41, no. 1 (September 28, 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000323.

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This article discusses the accuracy and sources of economic assessments in three ways. First, following the rational expectations literature in economics, a large sample of countries over a long time period permits tests of the unbiasedness implication of the rational expectations hypotheses (REH), revealing much variation in the accuracy of expectations and the nature of the biases in expectations. Secondly, a theory of expectation formation encompassing the unbiasedness prediction of the REH and setting out the conditions under which economic expectations should be too optimistic or too pessimistic is elucidated. Zaller’s theory of political attitude formation allows the identification of variables conditioning the accuracy of expectations across contexts, drawing a link between the thinking of political scientists and economists about expectation formation. Finally, the theoretical argument that political context impacts the accuracy of average expectations is tested.

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Whitmeyer, Joseph M. "The Mathematics of Expectation States Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 66, no. 3 (September 2003): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519824.

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Wiley, Mary Glenn, Joseph Berger, and Morris Zelditch. "How Expectation States Organize Theory Construction." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 3 (May 1986): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069990.

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Tang, Li. "Lament or Expectation: After Theory Revisited." Comparative Literature: East & West 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2017.1339511.

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Knottnerus, J. David. "A Critique of Expectation States Theory." Sociological Perspectives 31, no. 4 (October 1988): 420–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388969.

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Expectation states theory and one of its major branches, status characteristics theory, have been some of the most active research programs within sociological social psychology in recent years. Unfortunately, little attention has been given to the theoretical assumptions underlying these programs and the way social cognition and status generalization are depicted. It is argued that structural functionalist theory and the information processing perspective, especially attribution theory, have exerted major influences on expectation states/status characteristics theory. This has resulted in unique conceptualizations of cognition, generalization, and status stereotypes colored by mechanistic and, in certain cases, rationalistic assumptions concerning the ways actors process information. Consideration of alternative ways of conceptualizing these issues reveals certain limitations in the theory's formulations. The need for further research and theory development is discussed.

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STARK, J. "Reader Expectation Theory and Legislative Drafting." Statute Law Review 17, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/17.3.210.

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Brimer, Jack T. "A theory of business expectation formulation." Engineering Costs and Production Economics 15 (May 1989): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(89)90096-7.

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Yang, Aime, Adam Saffer, and Yigi Li. "Managing Stakeholder Expectations in a Politically Polarized Society: An Expectation Violation Theory Approach." Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.3.2.6.

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In a polarized society, organizations are increasingly forced to take sides on controversial corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues. In recent years organizations have been challenged for their wrongdoings, inactions, or misinterpretations of societal expectations, which have drawn questions about their CSR efforts. The current study draws upon expectation violation theory to examine how stakeholders’ expectations for an organization’s CSR efforts and their observed accountability for those CSR efforts influence two aspects of expectancy violations—violation importance and violation expectedness—while controlling for stakeholders’ perceived reputation of an organization and political ideologies. Survey findings indicate that stakeholders’ perceptions of an organization’s reputation and accountability indeed lead to favorable evaluations of an organization’s crisis response. Furthermore, the effect of stakeholders’ expectations for an organization’s CSR efforts is moderated by stakeholders political ideologies. These findings broaden expectation violation theory to include new variables in the context of CSR efforts that become closely associated with political issues.

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Heit, Evan. "Modeling the Effects of Expectations on Recognition Memory." Psychological Science 4, no. 4 (July 1993): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00268.x.

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Expectations have consistent effects on recognition memory, but prior research has not explained these results. Three theories of how expectations affect recognition were compared. According to integration theory, the probability of recognizing a test item increases with its similarity to memory traces both for expected items and for studied items. In weighting theory and in distortion theory, recognition judgments are determined by similarity to memory traces solely for studied items. Weighting theory additionally assumes that expectation-congruent items and expectation-incongruent items have differently weighted influences. Distortion theory additionally assumes that memory traces for studied items are distorted to be more like what is expected. Predictions for the three theories were obtained by implementing them within a mathematical model of memory. These predictions were compared with the results obtained in a meta-analysis of stereotype effects on recognition (Stangor & McMillan, 1992). The conclusion was that only integration theory predicted these results.

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Cenkerová, Zuzana, and Richard Parncutt. "Style-Dependency of Melodic Expectation." Music Perception 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.33.1.110.

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In theories of auditory scene analysis and melodic implication/realization, melodic expectation results from an interaction between top-down processes (assumed to be learned and schema-based) and bottom-up processes (assumed innate, based on Gestalt principles). If principles of melodic expectation are partly acquired, it should be possible to manipulate them – to condition listeners' expectations. In this study, the resistance of three bottom-up expectation principles to learning was tested experimentally. In Experiment 1, expectations for stepwise motion (pitch proximity) were manipulated by conditioning listeners to large melodic leaps; preference for small intervals was reduced after a brief exposure. In Experiment 2, expectations for leaps to rise and steps to fall (step declination) were manipulated by exposing listeners to melodies comprising rising steps and falling leaps; this reduced preferences for descending seconds and thirds. Experiment 3 did not find and hence failed to alter the expectation for small intervals to be followed by an interval in the same direction (step inertia). The results support the theory that bottom-up principles of melodic perception are partly learned from exposure to pitch patterns in music. The long-term learning process could be reinforced by exposure to speech based on similar organization principles.

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Herzog, Bodo. "Dynamic Expectation Theory: Insights for Market Participants." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020077.

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This paper develops a new methodology in order to study the role of dynamic expectations. Neither reference-point theories nor feedback models are sufficient to describe human expectations in a dynamic market environment. We use an interdisciplinary approach and demonstrate that expectations of non-learning agents are time-invariant and isotropic. On the contrary, learning enhances expectations. We uncover the “yardstick of expectations” in order to assess the impact of market developments on expectations. For the first time in the literature, we reveal new insights about the motion of dynamic expectations. Finally, the model is suitable for an AI approach and has major implications on the behaviour of market participants.

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Lee, Jinha, and Youn-Kyung Kim. "Online Reviews of Restaurants: Expectation-Confirmation Theory." Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 21, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 582–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2020.1712308.

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Karle, Heiko, Georg Kirchsteiger, and Martin Peitz. "Loss Aversion and Consumption Choice: Theory and Experimental Evidence." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130104.

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We analyze a consumer-choice model with price uncertainty, loss aversion, and expectation-based reference points. The implications of this model are tested in an experiment in which participants have to make a consumption choice between two sandwiches. Participants differ in their reported taste for the two sandwiches and in their degree of loss aversion, which we measure separately. We find that more-loss-averse participants are more likely to opt for the cheaper sandwich, in line with theoretical predictions. The estimates in the model with rational expectations are slightly more significant than those with naïve expectations. (JEL D11, D12, D84, M31)

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Hye Jin, Kang, and Park Eun Hyung. "Effects of Expectation-Disconfirmation regarding the Role of Government on Trust in Government and the Moderating Effect of Citizen Participation." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 33, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps33301.

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This study draws on expectation-disconfirmation theory to explore differences between what is expected of the government and perceptions of what the government in fact does and to determine the influence of these differences on trust in government. Confirming the applicability of contact theory, this study also reveals the moderating effect of citizen participation. The results show that the more citizens’ expectations regarding the role of government are not met, the less trust they have in government. The relation between these two variables is consistently observed, regardless of ways of measuring trust in government. However, the negative relation between expectation-disconfirmation and trust in government was moderated by citizens’ political participation.

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Tian, Hui Zhu, Zhong Qi Dong, Wei Qing Huang, Wen Xin Li, and Ying Yang. "Possibility Theory on Economic Problems." Advanced Materials Research 1037 (October 2014): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.490.

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A random phenomenon is so common in human economic activities, during the process of researching and revealing the random phenomena, as a theory of probability, Mathematical expectation has been widely used in the field of social economy. Based on the analysis of the specific case in the actual business decision-making, this article lists the average in the prediction, reducing work load and the gross profit maximum problems; through the establishment of random variable model, using the theory of mathematical expectation for data measured to choose the best scheme, method and procedure to provide policy makers who make the best choice the best theoretical basis; aiming to make the operators more scientific and rational when choosing investment and catching investment opportunity, Mathematical expectation plays an important role in economic activities.

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Cooksey, Ray W., Peter Freebody, and Graham R. Davidson. "Teachers’ Predictions of Children’s Early Reading Achievement: An Application of Social Judgment Theory." American Educational Research Journal 23, no. 1 (March 1986): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00028312023001041.

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We present and implement a framework for studying teachers’ informal expectations in the context of reading education. The framework is called Social Judgment Theory (SJT) and it entails an idiographic analysis of various aspects of cues used to form policies and make judgments. Major attention focuses on the relative importance attached to each cue and the overall relationship between the pattern used by the teacher and the pattern that actually obtains in the reading ecology. Preliminary work is described that examines the expectation policies of novice teachers when considering potential achievements in vocabulary development and reading comprehension. A multivariate application of SJT revealed that the novice teachers studied held generally accurate expectation policies with respect to the ecology, but showed large individual differences in the importance they placed on various cues. Subsequent cluster analysis of the expectation policies revealed several different types of policy weighting schemes. We draw implications of the general application of SJT for the study of informal classroom policies, and we point to the next step—the provision of policy feedback to teachers for the purposes of heightening awareness and improving policy accuracy.

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Kari, Tuomas, Markus Makkonen, Lauri Frank, and Eeva Kettunen. "Expectations and Experiences of Implementing a Mobile Secure Communication Application." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2020010105.

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The privacy and security of communication in corporations and governmental organizations has increased enormously over the years. At the same time, a growing amount of technological solutions to support this have emerged. This study examines user expectations before and use experiences during the implementation phase of a mobile secure communication application. These are investigated from the expectation–confirmation perspective and its influence on continued adoption. The study has an exploratory approach for this investigation. To guide the investigation, the study draws from the expectation–confirmation theory (ECT) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). Empirically, the study is qualitative and conducted in a governmental organization in Finland. The findings reveal the key user expectations and use experiences and their importance for users in terms of implementation and continued adoption of a mobile secure communication application.

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Audenaert, Mieke, Adelien Decramer, Thomas Lange, and Alex Vanderstraeten. "Setting high expectations is not enough." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 6 (September 5, 2016): 1024–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2015-0201.

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Purpose Drawing on climate theory and social exchange theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether and how the strength of the expectation climate, defined as the degree of agreement among job incumbents on what is expected from them, affects their job performance. To explain this relationship, the authors utilize mediating trust-in-the organization effects as an explanatory avenue. Design/methodology/approach In a time-lagged data sample of 568 public service employees, whose job performance is rated by their 242 line managers, the authors apply multilevel modeling. The authors employed stratified random sampling techniques across 75 job categories in a large, public sector organization in Belgium. Findings The analysis provides support for the argument that expectation climate strength via mediating trust-in-the organization effects impacts positively on the relationship between employee expectations and performance. Specifically, the significant association of the expectation climate strength with trust suggests that the perceived consensus about the expectations among different job incumbents demonstrates an organization’s trustworthiness and reliability to pursue intentions that are deemed favorable for employees. The authors conjecture that expectation climate strength breeds trust which strengthens employees’ job performance. Practical implications HRM professionals in general, and line managers in particular, should heed the advice and carefully manage their tools and practices in an effort to signal compatible expectancies to different job incumbents in the same or similar roles. Originality/value The results shed new light on the mechanisms through which the strength of collective expectations impacts employee outcomes.

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Santillan Pashma, Antonio Ruben. "Steadiness of expectation theory measured by swaption curve." AlfaPublicaciones 3, no. 2.1 (May 4, 2021): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/ap.v3i2.1.46.

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The financial crisis that broke out in mid-2007 has spread in the existing financial system with great instability favoring the devaluation of currencies with the fall in market interest rates. This has caused potential investors to become more risk-averse and therefore, look for financial products, although lower profitability, also poses less risk. Following this line, it is the Fixed Income assets that have acquired greater prominence in these times of crisis. This article highlights the strength of the expectation theory in different tranches, using EURIBOR rate to determine implicit forwards, and estimate the price of a one-year swap contract with 3 months of maturity, and comparing in every moment with the real prices of swap as a benchmark. SWAP is the bigger derivative inside of the group of Fixed Income Assets. After the quantitative analyst, it has been observed how the theory prevails of sceneries of low volatility but falls on sceneries when the volatility starts to increase. Introduction. One of the basic assumptions about financial theory is talking about the expectations theory. Since the middle of the eighties, this theory has been used as the unbiased estimator to calculate the swap interest rate in the base of the spot bank interest rate. Aim. Quantitativa analyst of the steadiness of expectations theory in differents economical cycles, using the European Central bank as the source to get hold of the EURIBOR spot rates for 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12months from 2004 to 2016. Results. During the periods before the crisis 2007, the prices of the IRSWAP are almost adjusted between the market and what the financial theory says. The situation starts to change after the financial crisis when the volatility of the market starts to increase due to the instability of the banking sector and traders started with speculations strategies forgetting the aim of hedging, operating, new positions the majority in the short term. Conclusion. Whether for speculative reason or interventions actions of the monetary authority, the theory e “EXPECTATIONS THEORY”, it is not an efficient predictor with out using a premium risk, during the periods of high volatility.

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Stoljar, Samuel. "Promise, Expectation and Agreement." Cambridge Law Journal 47, no. 2 (July 1988): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300117994.

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What is it to make a promise? What its conceptual ingredients? How do promises compare with other statements? How exactly do they relate to agreements or basic contract theory? These, broadly, are the major, if not quite the only, questions we shall here try to elucidate.

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Roldán Bravo, María Isabel, Francisco Javier Lloréns Montes, and Antonia Ruiz Moreno. "Open innovation in supply networks: an expectation disconfirmation theory perspective." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2016-0150.

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Purpose This study aims to use expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) to investigate how an organization’s satisfaction with its supply network’s behavior influences its intention to open innovation with that network. This paper proposes that an organization’s orientation to open innovation is influenced by confirmation of previously held expectations of trust and commitment and level of perceived procedural justice in its open innovation partner. This paper also examines the effect of this orientation on the organization’s supply chain competence. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a survey of 286 European firms, the study proposes and evaluates a structural equation model. Findings The results show that a positive disconfirmation of trust (where perceived trust exceeds expectations) plays a crucial role in shaping organizations’ intentions to continue open innovation with their supply networks. These results show that disconfirmation is a good predictor of overall satisfaction with open innovation. This paper also confirms the positive effect of orientation to open innovation on supply chain competence. Finally, this paper obtained evidence for the positive effect of supply chain competence on firm performance. Originality/value This study shows the importance of managing expectations in open innovation under the EDT. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous research has analyzed the consistency between the trust and commitment an organization expects from its open innovation partner and the trust and commitment it ultimately perceives as a factor explaining its degree of orientation to open innovation. Therefore, this research contributes to a better understanding of open innovation enablers and also its consequences.

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Pearce, Marcus T., and Geraint A. Wiggins. "Expectation in Melody: The Influence of Context and Learning." Music Perception 23, no. 5 (June 2006): 377–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2006.23.5.377.

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The Implication-Realization (IR) theory (Narmour, 1990) posits two cognitive systems involved in the generation of melodic expectations: The first consists of a limited number of symbolic rules that are held to be innate and universal; the second reflects the top-down influences of acquired stylistic knowledge. Aspects of both systems have been implemented as quantitative models in research which has yielded empirical support for both components of the theory (Cuddy & Lunny, 1995; Krumhansl, 1995a, 1995b; Schellenberg, 1996, 1997). However, there is also evidence that the implemented bottom-up rules constitute too inflexible a model to account for the influence of the musical experience of the listener and the melodic context in which expectations are elicited. A theory is presented, according to which both bottom-up and top-down descriptions of observed patterns of melodic expectation may be accounted for in terms of the induction of statistical regularities in existing musical repertoires. A computational model that embodies this theory is developed and used to reanalyze existing experimental data on melodic expectancy. The results of three experiments with increasingly complex melodic stimuli demonstrate that this model is capable of accounting for listeners’ expectations as well as or better than the two-factor model of Schellenberg (1997).

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Johnston, Olivia, Helen Wildy, and Jennifer Shand. "‘Believe in me, and I will too’: a study of how teachers’ expectations instilled confidence in Grade 10 students." Social Psychology of Education 24, no. 6 (October 20, 2021): 1535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09668-1.

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AbstractTeacher expectation research has continued to establish an association between what teachers expect of their students and what students accomplish academically. These expectations affect students when they are communicated by teachers through differential treatment in the class, but no qualitative research has sought adolescent students’ points of view about how they experience teacher expectation effects. This paper presents new research findings that explain how Grade 10 students experienced their teachers’ expectations in ways that they reflected impacted their academic outcomes. Classic grounded theory methods were used to develop this new knowledge, which has implications for how teachers are educated for, and practice, interacting with secondary school students. The findings are grounded in data from more than 100 interviews with students and 175 classroom observations in three Western Australian metropolitan public secondary schools. Students’ voices are projected, explaining how their teachers convey high academic expectations through classroom interactions that instil confidence in students. The discussion invokes a connection to Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and its enduring tenants of self-efficacy beliefs and mastery learning experiences.

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Lankton, Nancy, D. Harrison McKnight, and Jason Bennett Thatcher. "Incorporating trust-in-technology into Expectation Disconfirmation Theory." Journal of Strategic Information Systems 23, no. 2 (June 2014): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2013.09.001.

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刘, 飞. "Review of Incentive Time Based on Expectation Theory." Advances in Psychology 07, no. 03 (2017): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2017.73050.

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Alonso, F., J. Julve, and A. Tiemblo. "Vacuum expectation values in a scalar constrained theory." Physics Letters B 151, no. 5-6 (February 1985): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)91666-1.

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Lawrence, John Y. "Toward a Predictive Theory of Theme Types." Journal of Music Theory 64, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00222909-8033408.

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Listener expectations are a fundamental consideration in formal analysis, common to cognitive and hermeneutic approaches alike. Such approaches maintain that listeners use statistical regularities of musical style to predict where a piece of music is going and then assess what actually happens in terms of what they expected to happen. Although expectation is frequently invoked when considering very local phenomena (e.g., step-by-step progressions) or very global ones (e.g., the action spaces of a sonata), it has not played a systematic role in the analysis of basic theme types as formulated by William Caplin. This article proposes a framework for modeling expectation at the theme and phrase level. This is premised on the idea that conventional beginning-ending pairs condition listeners to expect certain endings when they hear certain beginnings. An expansion of Caplin’s categories is provided to classify such pairs. This reframing of phrase-structural analysis in predictive terms opens it up to the hermeneutic strategies of dialogic analysis, by allowing for the exploration of the rhetorical and expressive effects of failed predictions. This article further proposes a way to use corpus studies to identify theme types in later musical styles in which Caplin’s definitions do not necessarily apply. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in analyses of waltzes by Johann Strauss II.

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Gupta, Adarsh, and Pratap Chandra Mandal. "Consumer Expectations From Brands During COVID-19." International Journal of Applied Management Theory and Research 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamtr.2022010101.

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Consumer expectation is a crucial factor that leads to consumer satisfaction. In this competitive environment, brands must be aware of consumer expectations. The coronavirus pandemic is a worldwide crisis that has changed the lifestyle, has increased health concerns, and has made economies moribund leading to a change in consumer expectations. This research aims at understanding the consumer expectations from brands amid COVID-19 from a qualitative perspective. The researchers applied Grounded Theory for the analysis. The researchers conducted depth interviews to collect the data. The analysis used open coding of data, development of memos, generation of concepts, categories and subcategories identification, axial coding to identify relationships among the categories, and selective coding to ascertain the core category. The study generates concepts of consumer expectation amid pandemic, which will form the dimensions to evaluate consumer satisfaction. The study provides insights to brands based on which they can work to satisfy consumer expectations.

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Ranneva, N. A. "Inflation expectations: An overview of modern approaches." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-2-54-80.

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Modern economic theory considers expectations as a key determinant of actual inflation. How agents form those expectations therefore plays a central role in macroeconomic dynamics and policy-making. The understanding of the expectation formation process and the real-time estimation of expectations are especially important for central banks because they need to be sure that longer-term inflation expectations are anchored at the target of inflation, set by the central bank. When expectations are anchored — it is a clear sign that the monetary policy is effective and that markets trust the central bank. However, it is not easy to assess the expected inflation: it is not observable and cannot be directly measured. Central banks can only use the indirect estimates of this variable. For many years the main theoretical framework for modeling and analysis of inflation expectations was Phillips curve with rational expectations which substituted the adaptive expectations. Today many alternative models of expectation formation are available. The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of theoretical approaches to inflation expectation formation and their impact on the monetary policy. Besides, using the experience of the U.S., the article addresses two main ways to gauge inflation expectations empirically — survey-based measures (for different groups of respondents) and measures based on the data from American financial markets. Shortcomings and merits of both approaches are discussed, as well as the importance of highly developed financial markets, which can become the source of more precise information on inflation expectations.

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Baranowska, Wanda. "Teoria umysłu, oczekiwania społeczne a sytuacja osób z zaburzeniami w spektrum autyzmu, w tym z Zespołem Aspergera." Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN, no. 2(14) (2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/parezja.2020.14.05.

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The author attempted to analyse the state of research on the Theory of Mind and its deficit in people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), especially those with Asperger Syndrome (AS). This analysis also searched for connections between the Theory of Mind and expectations which set the rules of social interdependence. In the aspect of the analysed research, it can be concluded that the Theory of Mind is connected – through a common expectation of empathy – with the need and the rules of acceptance and respect. The biologically conditioned deficit of the Theory of Mind of people with ASD causes a high risk of rejecting these people because they do not meet social expectations.

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Kim, Namjin, and Ahreum Hong. "Conceptualizing Blockchain Technology in Utilization of Social Welfare Service for the Disabled." Sustainable Development Research (ISSN 2690-9898 e-ISSN 2690-9901) 1, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): p35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v1n1p35.

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This study analyzed factors influencing acceptance intention for blockchain technology in social welfare services for the disabled. Security and economics were the leading variables related to blockchain technology acceptance. Willingness to pay, fairness, and regulation were the leading variables reflecting characteristics of public services. UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) was used as a research model, and performance expectations, effort expectations, and social impact were considered. Based on the blockchain-based virtual disabled voucher process, this study utilized prior knowledge based on the use of rehabilitation center. The STATA / SE 12.0 statistical program was used to analyze demographic frequency, factor analysis, reliability, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Pay-out and fairness have the greatest influence on acceptance intention, and economic and regulatory factors are the next influential factors. Only economic performance has been identified as a leading variable influencing the expectations of effort, and security has been shown to affect only social impact. Economic performance influenced performance expectation, effort expectation, and social influence. Expectation of effort did not affect acceptance intention. This study provides useful information for establishing a practical strategy when introducing blockchain technology to the public service called disabled welfare.

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WU, YONG-SHI, and KENGO YAMAGISHI. "CHERN-SIMONS THEORY AND KAUFFMAN POLYNOMIALS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, no. 06 (March 20, 1990): 1165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90000556.

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We report on a study of the expectation values of Wilson loops in D=3 Chern-Simons theory. The general skein relations (of higher orders) are derived for these expectation values. We show that the skein relations for the Wilson loops carrying the fundamental representations of the simple Lie algebras SO(n) and Sp(n) are sufficient to determine invariants for all knots and links and that the resulting link invariants agree with Kauffman polynomials. The polynomial for an unknotted circle is identified to the formal characters of the fundamental representations of these Lie algebras.

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Xuefeng, Yang, Gao Zhenggang, Ma Li, Wang Qiang, Liu Xusheng, and Xu Shuo. "The Influence of Travel Expectation Theory on RV Travel Consumption Decision." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101094.

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With the improvement of people’s quality of life, driven by consumer demand such as “self-drive tour” and “RV travel”, the RV market in China is growing rapidly. The development of RV camp service is related to the satisfaction and development degree of RV travel. Based on expectancy theory, this paper uses the questionnaire survey in Inner Mongolia ordos RV tourism development. For tourists on the tourism products, tourism facilities, tourism environment, tourism publicity tourist expectation theory analysis, consumers’ motivation of RV travel under the influence of tourism expectations and titer, SPSS statistical methods are used to find the main factors of RV camp consumption decisions. Finally, improvement strategy is put forward to improve the tourism infrastructure, tourist convenience and satisfaction, promoting the development of ordos RV tourism.

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Chiappori, Pierre-André. "AN INTERVIEW WITH ROGER GUESNERIE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no. 3 (May 17, 2010): 388–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509990782.

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Roger Guesnerie is a prominent economic theorist. Among his many honors and distinctions, he is a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Science and an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Economic Association; he has been a President of the European Economic Association and of the Econometric Society. Currently a Professor at the College de France, he has made fundamental contributions to second-best theory and public economics, information economics, and rational expectation theory.Guesnerie was one of the founding fathers of second-best theory. His contributions to public economics, addressing issues such as nonconvex economies and especially taxation in a second-best context, remain absolute references on these topics; more recently, he has provided an in-depth analysis of issues related to climate change and global warming from a public economics perspective. Regarding contract theory, his work with Jean Jacques Laffont has considerably extended our understanding of the properties of the basic models, as well as the set of tools that economists can use to address these problems. Finally, Guesnerie's work has been influential in the critical reassessment of rational expectation theory that took place over the last decades. On one hand, he has been a prominent figure in the development of so-called “sunspot” models, which reconcile the Keynesian notion of “animal spirits” with the formal requirements of rational expectations. On the other hand, he has provided path-breaking discussions of the theoretical relevance of rational expectation theory, based on a detailed assessment of the coordination between individual expectations that is implicit in the concept. In some classes of models, Guesnerie argues, rational expectation equilibria constitute a natural outcome, because coordination can be achieved either through “eductive” reasoning (for which common knowledge of individual rationality is sufficient) or as the product of simple evolutionary or learning dynamics (and in general in both ways). In other cases, however, such arguments do not appear to support the rational expectations solution, and its relevance is therefore much less obvious. On a more institutional side, Guesnerie has created the doctoral program “Analyse et Politique Economique” at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales; besides this program, in 1989, several related research centers in Paris merged into Delta, which Guesnerie chaired between 1992 and 2000, and then into the Paris School of Economics (PSE), at which Guesnerie is Chairman of the Board.This interview with Roger Guesnerie gives an opportunity to discuss further the current situation of economic theory and economics in general, as well as to compare the European and American traditions in economics.

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Agahi, Hamzeh, and Radko Mesiar. "On Choquet-Pettis Expectation of Banach-Valued Functions: A Counter Example." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 26, no. 02 (April 2018): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488518500137.

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In probability theory, mathematical expectation of a random variable is very important. Choquet expectation (integral), as a generalization of mathematical expectation, is a powerful tool in various areas, mainly in generalized probability theory and decision theory. In vector spaces, combining Choquet expectation and Pettis integral has led to a challenging and an interesting subject for researchers. In this paper, we indicate and discuss a failure in the previous definition of Choquet-Pettis integral of Banach space-valued functions. To obtain a correct definition of Choquet-Pettis integral, an open problem concerning the linearity of the Choquet integral is stated.

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Herron, John David. "Weighted conditional expectation operators." Operators and Matrices, no. 1 (2011): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7153/oam-05-07.

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Thomas, Manoj, and Geeta Menon. "When Internal Reference Prices and Price Expectations Diverge: The Role of Confidence." Journal of Marketing Research 44, no. 3 (August 2007): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.3.401.

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When do internal reference prices differ from articulated price expectations? The authors propose that the internal reference price depends not only on the magnitude of the expected price but also on the confidence associated with this expectation. Four experiments delineate the effects of price expectation and confidence on the internal reference price. In Experiments 1 and 2, the authors manipulate repetition and examine the effects of repetition-induced confidence on price judgments. In Experiments 3 and 4, they manipulate confidence directly to investigate its effects on judgments. The results from all four experiments suggest that consumers with less confidence have higher internal reference prices than more confident consumers, even when they do not differ in their articulated price expectations. The authors discuss the implications of these results for pricing theory.

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Eckstein, Harry. "A Culturalist Theory of Political Change." American Political Science Review 82, no. 3 (September 1988): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962491.

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The most telling criticism of political culture theory is that it has coped very inadequately with political change. There is a good reason for this: the assumptions of the political culture approach in fact lead to the expectation of continuity. But continuity can be reconciled with changes, though only changes of particular kinds. The nature of political changes consistent with culturalist assumptions and with the culturalist expectation of continuity are here specified by hypotheses about (1) the effects of changes in social context, whether “normal” or involving abrupt discontinuity, and (2) the effects of attempted revolutionary transformation.

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Trkman, Peter, Marcos Paulo Valadares de Oliveira, and Kevin McCormack. "Value-oriented supply chain risk management: you get what you expect." Industrial Management & Data Systems 116, no. 5 (June 13, 2016): 1061–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-09-2015-0368.

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Purpose – With the globalisation of supply chains the importance of supply chain risk management (SCRM) has grown considerably. Still, although both researchers and practitioners fully agree on its importance, most companies pay very limited attention to SCRM. The purpose of this paper is to use expectation confirmation theory to investigate the reasons for that. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a combination of six mini case studies and a survey of 89 companies to show how a different attitude towards SCRM can lead to greater value from SCRM efforts. Findings – In line with the expectation confirmation theory the authors stipulate that the primary reason is in companies’ attitudes towards SCRM. Their main expectation is risk avoidance and not value generation. In such a case, even “successful” SCRM programmes merely confirm such an expectation (e.g. no risk materialised or with a limited impact) and the company continues to avoid risk while limiting the resources for SCRM. It is only when the expected benefit of SCRM is not solely risk avoidance but mainly value generation that increased attention can be expected over time. Research limitations/implications – The paper is exploratory in nature. Some of the stipulations in the theoretical part were not fully investigated in the quantitative part. The survey had a relatively small sample and a low-response rate. The constructs used in the survey did not use previously validated questionnaires. Practical implications – Companies should focus on changing expectations of their managers and employees regarding SCRM and emphasise the value potentially generated by SCRM. Originality/value – Use of expectation confirmation theory to investigate the reasons for limited attention to SCRM, to improve the understanding of attitude towards SCRM and to open many important areas for further research.

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Iheanyichukwu Joachim, Onuoha, Godwin Uche Aliagha, Norhaya Kamarudin, and Kalu Joseph Ufere. "Application of Social Cognitive Theory on the Motivations and Expectations of Developers’ and Investors’ to Commit to Green Building Construction and Supply." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2890.

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While Social cognitive theory has received wide applications in the health communication and education, it has gained little attention in green building market despites its relevance and applicability. The study builds upon social cognitive theory major attributes such as intention, forethought, motivation and expectation to conceptualize a motivation and expectation model for commitment of developers and investors to green building construction and supply. Based on the conceptualized model we infer that motivational expectations of developers and investors in green building construction and supply are rooted in the quest for profit maximization, financial viability of green construction, expected rate of return, monetary incentives, green certification and awards, public image, social and ethical responsibility. However, it is predicted that the nature and strength of relationships among some of these factors will be moderated by available green building skills.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Expectation theory'

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