Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expédition scientifique'
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Daugeron, Bertrand. "Apparition-Disparition des Nouveaux mondes en histoire naturelle : Enregistrement-Epuisement des collections scientifiques (1763-1830)." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0071.
Full textThe comprehension of the relegation of the human artifacts from the collections of the Museum d'Histoire naturelle (1797) requires connecting objects and knowledge. This issue understands better how the conditions of political production of scientific objects, revealed during the maritime expeditions and the revolutionary seizures, affect classifications. Two series will be connected : on the one hand the cognitive dimension of the collections raised by methodological problems, from a naturalist point of view which classifies through objects and, on the other hand, from the loss of the American possessions until the catch of Algiers, a colonial interval, which explores the Pacific and colonize it. The exclusion of the man-made objects would structure the deep time of the history of nature, while relegating the primitive in the margins of History, condemned to vanish or to be colonized. Behind this relegation, the vision of the Other changes turning from the savage into the primitive
Kury, Lorelai Brilhante. "Civiliser la nature : histoire naturelle et voyages (France, fin du XVIIIe siècle - début du XIXe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0085.
Full textStarting with the enlightenment, the histoire naturelle was characterized by the emphasis on the utility of nature. Within this context, botany, zoology and agriculture were seen as crucial disciplines in the development of civilization as well immediately relevant to the happiness of mankind. The search for exotic natural products thus mobilized considerable individual and institutional efforts. The parisian museum d'histoire naturelle played a key role in the studies of nature carried on in france : there, exotic natural products became part of a universal system of knowledge, thanks to their orderly disposition and the acknowledgement of their utility. Often carrying with them detailed instructions, naturalists left their country with the hope of finding extraordinary plants living in privileged countries. Voyages did however constitute a highly heterogenous enterprise, differing in motivation, execution and outcome. The voyage, as perceived by contemporaries, represented the intellectual and physical conquest of the world involving science, utopia, personal gain, public utility and adventure. Back to france, the chimera of the acclimatisation of exotic plants indicated the hope of overcoming the geographical limitations imposed upon living beings, thus submitting nature to civilization
Solignac, Amaury. "Enjeux psychologiques du retour de missions isolées : le cas des hivernants polaires français." Reims, 2010. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/droit_lettres/2010REIML006.pdf.
Full textStudies in polar psychology oiten focus on adaptation and performance during the mission, or before : prevention through selection and training, or psychological followup by the station's physician. The mission ending and the homecoming are less known, and often less studied, phases of missions in the so-called extreme environments. This exploratory research aims at better defining the homecoming after a long duration polar mission, in its individual and collective aspects. Various theoretical perspectives are invoked to shed light on the return period, and the sources used are diverse: a retrospective survey questionnaire sent to polar veterans. First-hand interviews, transcripts of debriefing interviews performed by psychologists at the end of some winterovers, and also autobiographical accounts and winterers websites. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis indicates that transient difficulties are cornmonplace in the first weeks of the homecoming. These difficulties can show in various areas such as partnership, tamily relations, professional, social relations, or in the somatic field. Beyond this first stage of homecoming, the values and representations of the winterer may be recast by the experience of a whole year in an unusual context, or even by the homecoming experience itself. Additionally, this research provides an opportunity to better define the winter-over as it is experienced by the participants. Based on their own recounting
Monnier, Jehanne-Emmanuelle. "Du voyageur naturaliste à l'explorateur scientifique colonial. Itinéraires et stratégies d'Alfred Grandidier (1836-1921)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0015/document.
Full textOur aim is to study the evolution of scientific exploration in France during the 19th century, dealing with the history of sciences, colonial history and cultural history. Alfred Grandidier's path is characteristic of a transitionnal period in wich former scientific tradition of Enlightenment is still tangible while principles of colonial science of the 1930's are already emerging. Alfred Grandidier's scientific itinerary is also interesting in itself. Our puprose is to analyse the building process of the scientific career and the personnal undergoing of Alfred Grandidier, from his training during chilhood to his intellectual legacy. This thesis insists on material aspects and everyday life on exploration, bearing in mind involvement of the scientist in various networks including the construction of his own image
Hafid-Martin, Nicole. "Voyage et connaissance au tournant des Lumières 1780-1820." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100070.
Full textFrom the angle of the history of ideas, we analyse a series of study trips made between 1780 and 1820 by european scholars-wri ters (Volney, Jan Potocki, Alexander von Humboldt, Mungo park, Chamisso) in various regions of the world, little or no well-known at the time. The first part deals with the characteristics of these expeditions in foreign parts (portraits of travelers, material conditions of the journeys) and their consequences (travelling relations, intellectual and political commitments of the travelers). The second part puts forward a scientific, philosophical and aesthetic evaluation of the works written by the travelers in continuity of the enlightment, while stating their contribution to the blossoming or the emergence of some disciplines (notably history, linguistics and ethnology) as well as their influence on the organization of knowledge between rationalism and romanticism
Bourquin, Jean-Christophe. "L'État et les voyageurs savants : légitimités individuelles et volontés politiques : les missions du ministère de l'Instruction publique, 1842-1914." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010526.
Full textBetween 1842 and 1914, the French ministère de l'instruction publique disposes of a financial resource that allows numbers of savants to make scientific, or literary travels abroad. The study of the 1205 files containing details about these travels makes the scientific and political goals of these missions scientifiques et litteraires clear. A closer approach of a few selected travels shows how financial help is asked and given. An historical sociology of those who benefit from the states money shows that this population changes greatly over the years. From a larger point of view, we can see, on one hand, that scientific travelling occupy a low grade on the hierarchical, and ideological, ladder of scientific activities. On the other hand, the study of the administrative surroundings of the missions scientifiques, sh ows that the traditionnal regal distribution of money, which has been carried on for decades by the kings of france, doe s not completely disappear during the 19th century, even under republican law. Both these elements explain the great div ersity of the scientific goals of the travels, and the heterogeneity of the population of the charges de mission. The monographical approach of the use made of state money gives an original point of view on the relations, so specific to France, between state and scientists. A dictionnary of the 796 charges de mission containing details about their live s and travels, constitutes the second volume of the work
Mainterot, Philippe. "Une contribution à la naissance de l'égyptologie : voyages et collections du Nantais Frédéric Cailliaud (1787-1869)." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT5007.
Full textThis work aims at studying the grasping how the knowledge were grasped in France during the first part of the XIXth century through the example of the work of the traveller Frédéric Cailliaud, from Nantes (1787-1869). First the purpose of this work is to retrace the journey and the discoveries of Cailliaud in Egypt and Nubia by rereading his travel books and to highlight the contribution of his work to the birth of egyptology. This epistemological research allowed to define the actors of the french scientific society between 1819 and 1869 and to expalin the support of the State to research by national institutions like The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Secondly, through a museographical inquiry, the archaeological collections brough back to France by the traveller have been found in a lot of museums. These have been spread since the XIXth century
Ferrière, Hervé. "Bory de Saint-Vincent (1778-1846) : naturaliste, voyageur et militaire, entre Révolution et Monarchie de Juillet : essai biographique." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010618.
Full textRiottot, Alain. "Claude Granger, voyageur-naturaliste, 1730-1737." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070020.
Full textClaude Granger's recently exhumed letters, memoirs and notes to Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, Secretary of State for the Navy, as well as his correspondance with the Académiciens René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, Sauveur-François Morand, Antoine de Bernard de Jussieu, will allow historians and specialists of "Voyages" to discover a circumspect arab speaking traveller and a learned naturalist, well-informed of the Mediterranean area in the first part of the XVIIIth century. After five years in Tunis as surgeon at the Slave's hospital and a year residence at the Jardin du Roi, Claude Granger was first sent to Egypt as "chargé d'histoire naturelle". Later he went on a plant collecting mission in Lybia, where Joseph Piton de Tournefort had not been. There he collected plants, discovered the ruins of Guerzé (today Ghirza), the legendary petrified city, reported on Apollonia, Cyrène and studied the coast of Barbary for the Navy. He returned for a year in Egypt. Then he stayed in Cyprus, in the Levant, and Mesopotamia. .
Blais, Hélène. "Les voyages français dans le Pacifique : pratique de l'espace, savoirs géographiques et expansion coloniale : (1815-1845)." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0049.
Full textFredj, Claire. "Médecins en campagne, médecine des lointains : le service de santé des armées en campagne dans les expéditions lointaines du Second Empire (Crimée, Chine-Cochinchine, Mexique)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0127.
Full textThe dual nature of army doctors leads us to enquire into this profession as well as the scientific knowledge it engenders within the specific context of military campaigns of the French Second Empire, when both Army and Navy operate on very different grounds getting further and further away. Juxtaposing military history, history of medicine and the history of ideas, this research is done in the context of the relations between war and medicine and between extra-European and colonial medicines, not from a colonial history point of view, as -with the exception of Cochinchina -such expeditions were not planned as permanent features. How do French military medical doctors use their scientific knowledge to deal with a "medical unknown" and how their work was affected by local conditions in the dangerous context of military operations, thousands of miles away from their administrative HQ? The study of several such operations leads us to question the impact of the "here and know" campaign both on the formation of a professional team and on the acquisition of new scientific knowledge especially in the field of epidemiology. In what measure does the specification of a given terrain contribute to a totally new profession and where does this new profession fit in when it is by definition geographically periphery to metropolitan France in the same way that it is in the margins of the scientific standards of the time? How does it inform French medical knowledge in the 19th century? Because they operate within a specific military context, the work of medical officers is done within a written-word system, which gives them an identity as a professional, political and scientific group. Because they are both officers and medical doctors, their social-profession al group is often characterised in the outside world by social and intellectual mediocrity, something which should be qualified. Dispatched to far-away lands they contribute to the setting up of healthcare structures where they can administer medical care. The expertise gained away from home in contact with varied populations enables them to contribute in a very unique way to the advancing of medical science and, later, to earn the recognition of their profession by the medical establishment
Faure, Marie-Rose. "Elaboration du concept de vie lors du voyage aux terres australes (1801-1804)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHESA013.
Full textBoumediene, Samir. "Avoir et savoir. L'appropriation des plantes médicinales de l'Amérique espagnole par les Européens (1570-1750)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0345.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to study how, in the aftermath of the Conquest of America, Europeans have appropriated medicinal plants from Mexican, Caribbean, Andean, or Amazonian origin. 18th century European practitioners frequently used substances such as Peruvian bark, ipecacuanha, gaiacum wood, or chocolate – which reveals the extent of the phenomena, yet masks its complexity. Using an American remedy in Europe indeed implied many processes. Crucial to this research are: the sampling and growing of plants; the transmission of indigenous knowledge and its translation by allogenous; the drug trade across the Atlantic; experiences carried out on remedies; and expeditions conducted in America between the 16th and the 18th centuries. More than a “contribution” of America to Europe, this phenomenon of appropriation must be understood as a modality of colonialism. As natural object, and at the same time as naturalistic and medical knowledge, medicinal plants took on a political stake after the Conquest of America. For instance, while in 1570 they had been the target of one of the first scientific expeditions in history, in the middle of the 18th century they also led the Spanish crown to undertake various monopolistic projects. On the other side of the Atlantic, it was at the heart of conflicts between the “Indian” and the Spaniard, when the latter forbade the former from using abortive or hallucinogenic plants, and when the former refused to transmit his pharmacological knowledge to the latter
Marcil, Yasmine. "Récits de voyage et presse périodique au XVIIIe siècle, de l'extrait à la critique." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0029.
Full textBarrere, Mathieu. "Evolution couplée de la neige, du pergélisol et de la végétation arctique et subarctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU008/document.
Full textPermafrost is a major component of the Earth climatic system. Global warming provokes the degradation of permafrost which favors biogeochemical activity in Arctic soils. The decomposition of organic matter increases and results in the release of high amounts of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere. By amplifying the greenhouse effect induced by human activities, this phenomenon may constitute one of the strongest positive feedbacks on global warming. Predicting these effects requires to study the evolution of the permafrost thermal regime and the factors governing it. The snowpack, because of its insulating effect, modulates the heat fluxes between permafrost and atmosphere most of the year. The snow insulating capacity depends on snow height and thermal conductivity. These two variables are highly dependent on climatic conditions and on the presence of vegetation. Here we monitor the snow and soil physical properties at a high Arctic site typical of herbaceous tundra (Bylot Island, 73°N), and at a low Arctic site situated at the limit between shrub and forest tundra (Umiujaq, 56°N). We use data from automatic measurement stations and manual measurements. A special attention is given to the snow thermal conductivity because very few data are available for Arctic regions. Results are interpreted in relation to vegetation type and atmospheric conditions. The numerical coupled model ISBA-Crocus is then used to simulate snow and soil properties at our sites. Results are compared to field data in order to evaluate the model capacity to accurately simulate the permafrost thermal regime.We managed to describe atmosphere-snow-vegetation interactions that shape the structure of Arctic snowpacks. Wind and the snow redistribution it induces are fundamental parameters governing snow height and thermal conductivity. A high vegetation cover (i.e. shrubs and forest) traps blowing snow and shields it from wind compaction. Vegetation growth thus favors the formation of an insulating snowpack which slows down or even prevents soil freezing. Furthermore, the shrubs woody structure supports the snow mass and prevents the resulting compaction of bottom snow layers. Thus sheltered, snow in shrubs develops a high insulating capacity which delays soil freezing. Continued atmospheric cooling increases the thermal gradient in the snow, maintaining large water vapor transfers from the soil and the snow basal layers to upper layers and atmosphere. The growth of depth hoar, enhanced by the large thermal gradient and the low snow density, results in the formation of highly insulating snow layers thus constituting a positive feedback loop between soil temperature and snow insulation. As long as the soil stays relatively warm, depth hoar growth persists. Finally, if warm spells occur in autumn, they can trigger the partial melting of the early snowpack which can cancel or temporarily reverse the insulating effect of snow-vegetation interactions. A frozen snow surface prevents snow drifting and its redistribution. The presence of highly conductive refrozen layers facilitates soil cooling and reduces the thermal gradient. An early snowpack affected by melting is thus less insulative which could hamper Arctic soil warming. Simulation results show that these different effects are not correctly represented in snow models. Errors in the estimated snow thermal conductivities are particularly problematic as they highly affect the simulation of soil freezing. Given the area of permafrost-affected regions, these errors on Arctic snow modelling could significantly impact climate simulations and the global warming projections
Trouvilliez, Alexandre. "Observations et modélisation de la neige soufflée en Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01072241.
Full textKinda, Gnouregma Bazile. "Acoustic remote sensing of Arctic sea ice from long term soundscape measurements." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU032/document.
Full textThe Arctic sea ice melting, in the global warming context, has become a major scientific topic during the last 30 years. The Arctic Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global climate balance and requires a particular attention. The Arctic Regions are then monitored by satellite observations and in-situ measurements. The climatic impact of the total melting of the Arctic sea ice is not yet understood and researches are still needed for long term monitoring of Arctic Ocean, particularly the dynamics of the ice cover and its consequences on the ecosystems. Our work focused on the natural soundscapes of these Polar Regions prior to their possible industrialization. So, we first examined the impact of climate warming alone on polar soundscapes by studying the seasonal variability of ambient noise and its environmental drivers. We then developed an ambient noise estimation algorithm for automatic extraction of this noise component from long term measurements. In second, we examined the acoustic transients generated by the mechanical behavior of the ice cover at its maximum extent. This aims to better understanding of the physical processes involved in under-ice noise production and their potential use for sea ice monitoring