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1
Kazakova, Nataliya. Internal audit of estimated reserves and liabilities as a method for diagnosing corporate risks. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1089678.
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The monograph is devoted to the study of methods of diagnostics and control of corporate risks associated with the formation and use of estimated reserves and liabilities in commercial organizations. The research results are aimed at creating a corporate system for identifying and controlling corporate risks using estimated reserves and estimated liabilities. The methodological recommendations offered by the authors on verification of accrued expenses allow us to identify the risks of inefficient use of expenses, including fraudulent actions. The methodological tools are supplemented with empirical materials obtained during testing of the internal audit methodology in industrial organizations, audit companies, as well as when performing research work. It will be useful for researchers, researchers, teachers, applicants for scientific degrees, and can also be used in the system of additional professional education, advanced training, for self-development of management personnel of financial and economic services in business and government structures.
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Kravchenko, Igor', Maksim Glinskiy, Sergey Karcev, Viktor Korneev, and Diana Abdumuminova. Resource-saving plasma technology in the repair of processing equipment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083289.
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In the monograph methodological bases of selection of method of coating, design of technological processes of hardening and recovery of the wearing surfaces of parts using a systems engineering analysis and information support technologist. The mathematical model of plasma spraying of materials with different thermal conductivity and methods criteria for evaluation of technical and technological opportunities of a plasma coating method. Describes the methods and results of experimental studies, the analysis of the conditions and causes of loss of efficiency of processing equipment APK. The proposed scientific and methodical approach to the justification of expediency of the recovery and strengthening of the working bodies and parts expensive imported technological equipment. The proposed mathematical model describing the physical processes in plasma coating for various applications. The structure of the algorithm for solving the task of hardening and recovery of worn parts plasma methods on the basis of the integrated CAE system.
This monograph is intended for employees of scientific research institutions, specialists of machine-building production and enterprises of technical service, as well as teachers, postgraduates and students of agricultural engineering areas of training.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: HCFA can improve methods for revising physician practice expense payments : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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H, Sunshine Jonathan, and National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), eds. Determinants of financially burdensome family health expenses: United States, 1980. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, 1988.
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Mistrorigo, Alessandro. Phonodia. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-236-9.
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This essay focuses on the ‘voice’ as it sounds in a specific type of recordings. This recordings always reproduce a poet performing a poem of his/her by reading it aloud. Nowadays this kind of recordings are quite common on Internet, while before the ’90 digital turn it was possible to find them only in specific collection of poetry books that came with a music cassette or a CD. These cultural objects, as other and more ancient analogic sources, were quite expensive to produce and acquire. However, all of them contain this same type of recoding which share the same characteristic: the author’s voice reading aloud a poem of his/her. By bearing in mind this specific cultural objet and its characteristics, this study aims to analyse the «intermedial relation» that occur between a poetic text and its recorded version with the author’s voice. This «intermedial relation» occurs especially when these two elements (text and voice) are juxtaposed and experienced simultaneously. In fact, some online archives dedicated to this type of recording present this configuration forcing the user to receive both text and voice in the same space and at the same time This specific configuration not just activates the intermedial relation, but also hybridises the status of both the reader, who become a «reader-listener», and the author, who become a «author-reader». By using an interdisciplinary approach that combines philosophy, psychology, anthropology, linguistics and cognitive sciences, the essay propose a method to «critically listening» some Spanish poets’ way of vocalising their poems. In addition, the book present Phonodia web archive built at the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice as a paradigmatic answer to editorial problems related to online multimedia archives dedicated to these specific recordings. An extent part of the book is dedicated to the twenty-eight interviews made to the Spanish contemporary poets who became part of Phonodia and agreed in discussing about their personal relation to ‘voice’ and how this element works in their creative practice.
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Boote, Richard. An historical treatise of an action or suit at law: And of the proceedings used in the King's Bench and Common Pleas, from the original processes to the judgments in both courts : wherein the reason and usage of the old obscure and formal parts of our writs and pleadings, such especially as have reference, or relate to the ancient method of practice, as well before the Statute of nisi prius as afterwards, are duly considered, in order to shew from whence they arose : also an account of the alterations that have been made from time to time for regulating the course of practice in the several courts : with such remarks and observations, as tend to explain and illustrate the present mode of practice : and pointing out such particulars as would contract the proceedings, and render them more concise, plain, and significant, and less expensive to the suitors. London: Printed for W. Johnston ... [and 4 others], 1992.
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Tull, Jethro. The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, or a Treatise on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation: Wherein Is Taught a Method of Introducing a Sort of Vineyard ... Their Product and Diminish the Common Expense. Forgotten Books, 2018.
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Arras, John D., James Childress, and Matthew Adams. Nice Story, but So What? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665982.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the recent shift that has occurred in bioethics away from the pursuit of objectivity or truth. Instead, the emphasis has increasingly been on narrative ethics, an approach that argues for a view of ethics as being primarily local and contingent. The chapter begins by outlining the central features of narrative ethics, explaining both the conception of narrative as the grounds for moral principles and the connections between narrative ethics and postmodernism. The chapter then outlines some problems that arise for the method of narrative ethics, such as the threat of subjectivism and the dangers of fetishizing “little narratives” at the expense of broader social understanding and critique.
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Scanlon, William J. Medicare: Hcfa Can Improve Methods for Revising Physician Practice Expense Payments. Diane Pub Co, 1998.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Haematology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0011.
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One of the great British contributions to medicine has been the development of the prospective randomized clinical trial as a method of assessing whether novel treatments demonstrate superiority over established therapy. This replacement of clinician preference, clinical impression, and anecdote by the design and rigorous evaluation of the results of well-designed studies has been enthusiastically embraced by haematologists the world over. The training of haematologists has always involved an understanding of the pathological and scientific processes that underlie blood disorders, engendering a rational clinical approach, and treatments used in the management of haematological disorders are toxic and difficult to use, involving considerable clinical expertise and expense. The widespread use of randomized clinical trials is therefore extremely beneficial to haematologists. The studies summarized within this chapter are examples of how research has influenced day-to-day clinical practice with immense and progressive benefit to patients.
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Yang, Xin-She, Slawomir Koziel, and Leifur Leifsson. Solving Computationally Expensive Engineering Problems: Methods and Applications. Springer, 2016.
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Yang, Xin-She, Slawomir Koziel, and Leifur Leifsson. Solving Computationally Expensive Engineering Problems: Methods and Applications. Springer, 2014.
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Wang, Changlu, Chow-Yang Lee, and Michael Rust, eds. Biology and Management of the German Cockroach. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486312078.
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As a species, the German cockroach is one of the most widespread indoor urban pests worldwide. While numerous products have been developed to control their spread, German cockroaches continue to contaminate food, transmit disease and cause significant, long-term economic expense to homes, restaurants, hospitals and more.
Biology and Management of the German Cockroach summarises the many advances in management technology, products, delivery systems, and basic and applied research over the past 25 years. Leading researchers explain why the German cockroach is a medically important pest and how its microbiome can provide new insights on cockroach physiology and potential novel targets for control. The authors also address the research from a practical standpoint, detailing why baits have replaced sprays as the primary method of control and how population genetic studies allow for better understanding of cockroach dispersal and population structure. Leading experts on integrated pest management (IPM) explore how studies on German cockroach control programs demonstrate the value and feasibility of IPM in urban environments.
This book provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the German cockroach and will be a valuable reference for researchers, graduate students, pest management professionals, health workers and government agencies dealing with urban pests and pesticides.
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Shankland, Gillian S. Microscopy and culture of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0039.
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The clinical mycological laboratory strives to provide an accurate and rapid diagnosis of suspected fungal disease, or exclude its possibility. The most common and most traditional methods for demonstrating fungi in tissue and body fluids are microscopy and culture. The techniques discussed in this chapter are not exhaustive but have proved to be efficient for the visualization and recovery of fungi from clinical samples. In general, these methods do not require expensive or specialist equipment. The clinician’s presumptive diagnosis may help with the selection of the most appropriate specimen and aid the laboratory in the method of processing and selection of the primary culture media. However, all too often there is scant clinical information provided to the laboratory, and indeed a fungal infection may initially not have been suspected.
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Zerubavel, Eviatar. Generally Speaking. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519271.001.0001.
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Defying the conventional split between “theory” and “methodology,” this book introduces a yet unarticulated and thus far never systematized method of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. Insisting that such methodology can actually be taught, it tries to make the mental processes underlying the practice of a “concept-driven sociology” more explicit. Many sociologists tend to study the specific, often at the expense of also studying the generic. To correct this imbalance, the book examines the theoretico-methodological process by which we can “distill” generic social patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a “generic sociology” that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, data need to be collected in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi-culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross-contextual commonality, generic sociology tries to reveal formal “parallels” across seemingly disparate contexts. This book features the four main types of cross-contextual analogies generic sociologists tend to use (cross-cultural, cross-historical, cross-domain, and cross-level), disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences.
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Karakoç, Ekrem. Inequality After the Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.001.0001.
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This book provides empirical evidence showing that most new democracies either maintain the level of income inequality they inherited or even increase it over time. It then asks why new democracies do not generate income equality. Unlike previous studies, it directly analyzes the relationship between inequality and democracy by focusing on the trajectory of inequality after the transition to democracy. It challenges basic premises in the democratization–inequality studies and offers a new theory. It investigates the roots of change in social policy programs in Poland and the Czech Republic in Postcommunist Europe and Turkey and Spain in Southern Europe. It traces the origins and development of social policy, from the formation of nation-states to the present, and considers how different political regimes, whether totalitarian; post-totalitarian; or authoritarian, designed welfare policies to prioritize civil servants and the working classes in formal sectors at the expense of the majority poor, including the working poor in informal sectors. It then demonstrates how these legacies perpetuate and widen disparities in access to welfare policies, and thus income inequality in countries where low mobilization by the poor and unstable party systems prevail. It adopts a multimethod approach in which it uses large-N multivariate analysis, paired case studies, and process-tracing method. It employs interviews with Polish, Czech, Turkish, and Spanish union leaders; bureaucrats and business people while also conducting an original survey in Turkey to dissect the linkage between organized groups and parties.
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Kalinichenko, Evgeny. Theory and methods for calculating the inertial-braking characteristics of a ship. «Scientific Route» OÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/978-617-7319-30-5.
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One of the most serious problems of modern navigation is the accident rate that occurs due to inept or belated maneuvering of ships. As a result of accidents in the world, more than 200 ships die every year and every fourth receives significant damage. Full-scale tests show that the stopping distance of large-tonnage ships turn out to be much less permissible, and shipbuilders are able to significantly reduce the astern power of such ships, making them cheaper at the expense of safety. The low accuracy of inertial-braking characteristics is mainly due to unqualified field tests. Analysis of graphs and tables based on the results of such tests show that the spread in the values of inertial-braking characteristics for ships of the same type reaches 30%, and in some cases even more. In many tables and graphs, inertial-braking characteristics are expressed in relative values and are not suitable for direct use when maneuvering a ship. Finally, even when graphical and/or tabular maneuvering information is available on the navigating bridge, it is difficult to use it when maneuvering a ship at night. The research carried out by the author results in: - creation of an alternative computational method for determining the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship, suitable for use on any on-board computer; - development of an improved methodology for calculating the path and time of acceleration and braking of the ship in various ahead motion modes; - development of a methodology for taking into account the influence of a passing and opponent current on the length of the stopping distance of the ship; - development of methods for solving applied problems, ensuring a decrease in the accident rate of ships during maneuvering. The obtained methods include the development of theoretical foundations, mathematical models and comparison of the calculated inertial-braking characteristics of ships with the data of a full-scale experiment. For the first time, to derive the calculated formulas for the time and stopping distance, theorems are used on the change in the momentum and kinetic energy during accelerated and decelerated motion of the ship. In the course of the study, the problems of calculating and formalizing the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship are being comprehensively solved. For the first time, the hypothesis that the nature of the change in the thrust force of the propeller during reverse can be approximated by linear equations has been substantiated and confirmed. The general results are used to calculate the inertial-braking characteristics of specific ships.
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Holland, Charles W., and David Cochran. Breakthrough Business Results With MVT: A Fast, Cost-Free, "Secret Weapon" for Boosting Sales, Cutting Expenses, and Improving Any Business Process. Wiley, 2005.
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Marshall, Herbert Camp. Retail Marketing of Meats: Agencies of Distribution, Methods of Merchandising, and Operating Expenses and Profits (Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2018.
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Pattison, James. Non-violent Resistance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755203.003.0006.
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This chapter considers non-violent methods. The first part of the chapter largely defends the case for civilian peacekeeping and, in doing so, delineates how this measure can be effective despite being unarmed. The chapter also highlights the limitations of civilian peacekeeping, including its small scale. The second part of this chapter considers civilian defence against an external aggressor. Although the chapter argues that this may sometimes work, it also highlights one central limitation: it is unlikely to be effective against an aggressor that does not wish to occupy. Overall, the chapter argues that non-violence can play some role in tackling conflict, human rights abuses, and mass atrocities. Notwithstanding, the chapter also makes it clear that these non-violent options should not generally be undertaken at the expense of more coercive ones, such as traditional peacekeeping and military defence, but instead sometimes used in addition to these methods.
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Mirza-Babaei, Pejman, and Thomas Galati. Affordable and data-driven user research for indie studios. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0021.
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User testing games does not have to be expensive and time-consuming. In this chapter we focus on the specific situation where the resources, expertise, and time available for user testing is limited, as is usually the case for indie studios. This means adapting affordable and accessible user testing processes for indie studios. We emphasize the contribution of analytics techniques in this adaptation process, and describe different methods of how to incorporate analytics into other Games User Research methods.
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Schweitzer, Brian. Where Does the Money Go?: Introducing a simple method for real-time, adaptable management of cash flow, expenses, savings, and debt. iUniverse, Inc., 2007.
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Schweitzer, Brian. Where Does the Money Go?: Introducing a simple method for real-time, adaptable management of cash flow, expenses, savings, and debt. iUniverse, Inc., 2007.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. The “Evils” of Long Response Times (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0010.
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The “evils” of long response times, similar to the “evils” of excess work in process, are responsible for diminished quality and customer satisfaction. There is also an effect of diminishing throughput, control, and cash flow. Long response times (or high level of work in process) add to increase in operating expenses. Shortening response times and reducing the level of work in process are attainable and serve as leverage for significant improvement in organizational performance. Excess work in process can be caused by the efficiencies syndrome, viewing inventory as assets, and ignorance. The methods for reducing the level of work in process and shortening response times are detailed in the chapter 11.
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Johnson, James Turner. Victory Though the Heavens Fall? Unlimited Warfare as Theme and Phenomenon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0005.
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While recent moral discourse on war focuses on limiting the conduct of war even at the expense of unclear outcomes, the idea of unlimited war has paralleled the idea of delimited war, recurring in various contexts. Historically, this has often been associated with religious war, which appeals to a divinely ordained cause so overwhelming in its claims that enemies become enemies of God and no limits can be tolerated in fighting them. But appeal to national survival can serve a similar purpose, as in the RAF and US military’s counter-population bombing tactics during World War II. The idea of unlimited warfare as necessary for victory seems destined to endure. This chapter examines this idea through selected historical cases of unlimited warfare. Doing so sharpens the definition of unlimited war and explores what circumstances, if any, might provide justification for use of unlimited methods in the effort to achieve victory.
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Birk, Megan. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039249.003.0007.
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This epilogue examines how changes in child welfare policy were affected by the decline of the farm home as a symbol of American prosperity, the appropriate levels of work and education for children, the expense of placement, the problems with supervision, and efforts at family preservation. It explains how the decisions made during the Progressive Era to rationalize, study, centralize, and professionalize institutionalization and placement permanently altered the methods of care for dependent children throughout the country. It suggests that the farm placement system changed in part because the farm itself was in transition, and that foster care was also unsuccessful in ways similar to the practice it was purported to replace. Finally, it considers problems with dependent child care policy that persist until today, in which foster children are trapped in a web of bureaucracy that undermines conscientious foster parents from being able to parent.
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Zhang, L., GR Walker, and M. Fleming. Surface Water Balance for Recharge Estimation - Part 9. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105416.
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This addition to The Basics of Recharge and Discharge series deals with the surface water balance approaches that form the traditional basis of hydrological investigations. It explores both field methods and modelling methods for measuring or estimating the different parts of the water balance, including rainfall, evaporation, run-off and soil water storage.
The authors discuss the concepts required to understand a surface water balance result or to set up an experiment. As water balance studies can be both time-consuming and expensive, this report will give readers a better understanding of water balance approaches and the considerations before going into a water balance study for the purpose of deep drainage.
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Eileen, Denza. Jurisdiction of the Sending State and other Remedies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0035.
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This chapter examines Article 31.4 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which deals with the jurisdiction of the sending State and other remedies. Under Article 31.4, the immunity of a diplomatic agent from the jurisdiction of the receiving State does not exempt him from the jurisdiction of the sending State. Civil proceedings against a diplomat before the courts of the sending State do not usually provide a satisfactory remedy for a claimant in the receiving State. The first difficulty is that of serving process on the diplomat. While he remains at his post this cannot be done by the authorities of the receiving State because of his inviolability (as explained above under Article 29), and other methods of service such as letter or advertisement may not be adequate under the law of the sending State. The second difficulty is that of expense as the plaintiff will bear the costs instituting legal proceedings in a foreign country.
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Rapid Relief from Emotional Distress: A New, Clinically Proven Method for Getting Over Depression & Other Emotional Problems Without Prolonged or Expensive Therapy. Ballantine Books, 1987.
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Dostál, Petr, and Chia-Yang Lin. Business Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.14.
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The chapter focuses on the use of fuzzy logic, or soft computing, among the different methods used as supports for decision making in business applications. The processes are focused on private corporate attempts at making money or decreasing expenses; therefore, the details of applications, successful or not, are not published very often. Fuzzy logic helps in decentralization of decisionmaking processes that are to be standardized, reproduced, and documented. Fuzzy logic plays very important roles, especially in business, because it helps reduce costs. It differs from conventional (hard) computing in that it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for fuzzy logic is the human mind. The guiding principle of fuzzy logic is to exploit this tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost.
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Best 100 Juices For Kids Totally Yummy Awesomely Healthy Naturally Sweetened Homemade Alternatives To Soda Pop Sports Drinks Expensive Bottled Juices. Harvard Common Press,U.S., 2014.
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Makela, Susanna, Yajuan Si, and Andrew Gelman. Graphical Visualization of Polling Results. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.12.
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This chapter argues that it is wasteful to do a large, expensive poll and then just report a few percentages. Statistical modeling allows researchers to make the most effective use of available data, and graphs make it possible to convey more information more directly, both to general audiences and to specialists. Graphs are an invaluable tool at each step of the modeling process: exploring raw data, building and refining the model, and understanding and communicating the results are all made easier with graphs. In addition, graphical methods can be useful to survey researchers to understand weighting and other aspects of survey construction and analysis. The chapter includes several examples.
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Hoppit, Julian. Reformed and Unreformed Britain, 1689–180. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0029.
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Political society in Britain changed subtly yet profoundly from 1689 to 1801. But there was not much method to this. This gave Britain's regime a somewhat unsettled and uncertain disposition. Power could also be exercised very capriciously, while the high level of inequality made many feel oppressed and excluded. But a revolutionary moment akin to France in 1789 was avoided, despite the tremendous stresses and strains experienced in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, caused by dramatic population growth, mushrooming towns and cities, an infant industrial revolution, class formation, challenging new ideas, and two bloody, long, and expensive wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France. As has been seen, British political society was far from poorly prepared to deal with those new challenges. And so the story of change continued.
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Slater, Leigh Ann, and Pamela A. Lipsett. Environmental decontamination and isolation strategies in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0285.
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Potential avenues for infection transmission range from the initial hospital construction itself to unit and room layout, design materials, disinfection materials and methods, isolation equipment, and staff ratios and training. Better understanding of these avenues for transmission will suggest the means to decrease the burden of environmental contamination. There is a limited evidence base for many currently employed cleaning and isolation techniques. Many are simply intuitive or based on non-controlled observations, and rigorous studies may be prohibitively expensive. In addition, reduced colonization does not always translate to reduced infection rates. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the current understanding of the environment of care and its impact on infection control practices.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Fracking, Warming, and Systemic Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0011.
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In the past, states with access to cheap and abundant sources of energy were able to develop radical new technology that paired core innovations with new fuels. Given the strong relationship between global warming and fossil fuels, in this chapter we ask whether the emergence of unconventional fuels and extraction methods are likely to make a significant difference for the relative international standing of the United States now and China perhaps later. Should the expansion of less expensive but older sources of energy, thanks to fracking technologies, help states maintain or regain systemic leadership? Our answer is that fracking will be advantageous in the short term but much less so when it comes to longer-term considerations such as global warming and systemic leadership. More likely, this innovation will only protract the transition away from fossil fuels.
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Speeckaert, Marijn, and Jopis Delanghe. Assessment of renal function. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0007.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be measured as the clearance of exogenous or endogenous filtration markers. Practical formulas permit estimation of creatinine clearance or GFR without timed urine collections in many stable patients with CKD. Standardization of serum creatinine is important for all of these estimation methods and implementing traceability of the assays to the new global SRM 967 standard has led to changes in clinical decision-making criteria. Calibration to an IDMS reference produces a lowering of serum creatinine values by 10–30% for most methods. Serum creatinine concentration depends on age, gender and muscle mass. Cystatin C is an alternative marker of GFR, but estimation is more expensive and it is not clear that it has a useful place in routine practice. The MDRD Study equation was validated in the framework of the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases study. It is superior to the Cockcroft and Gault formula for estimating Creatinine Clearance in most people. In 2009, the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula was introduced, which provides a more accurate estimation for patients with GFR values between 60 and 90 mL/min. In children, the Schwartz formula is frequently used. Some urinary markers of kidney disease are also discussed.
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Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.
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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
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Fye, W. Bruce. The Expansion of Open-Heart Surgery and Cardiac Catheterization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0011.
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Several groups began performing open-heart surgery during the late 1950s as simpler and less expensive heart-lung machines were marketed. Some surgeons attempted to develop operations to treat obstructed or leaking heart valves. Doctors who hoped to invent operations to treat diseased aortic and mitral valves (on the left side of the heart) stimulated the invention of new cardiac catheterization techniques. Until the mid-1950s, catheterization was limited to the right side of the heart. Catheterizing the left side of the heart presented several problems that were eventually solved. This procedure improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis, which contributed to better surgical outcomes. Cardiac catheters that were used to withdraw blood samples or measure intracardiac pressures could also be used to inject radiopaque contrast into the heart. This technique, angiocardiography, produced shadow pictures of the heart’s chambers that complemented data derived from catheterization and traditional clinical methods.
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Malik, Tariq M. Back Pain: It’s Not Always Arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0029.
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Back pain is prevalent in adults, and most often its cause is nonspecific and benign. Imaging and interventions are not always helpful and they are generally expensive and low yield. However, in about 10% or fewer cases, a specific etiology is found. A patient history, physical examination, and testing are the methods for finding the cause. Back pain from malignancy must also be considered. Prolonged survival from better chemotherapy has increased the incidence of metastases to bone, especially the spine. Common sources of spinal metastases are cancers of the prostate, kidneys, thyroid, breast, and lungs. The primary treatment is to address the malignancy. Pain from spinal tumors can be treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radiofrequency, or vertebral augmentation therapy. The chapter reviews the epidemiology of spinal cancer pain, evaluation of malignant spinal pain, and what the interventional pain physician can offer patients to alleviate their pain.
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HHJ Jonathan, Russen QC, and Kingham Robin. Financial Services Litigation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198846512.001.0001.
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The material covered in this book is both broad and highly focused. It is broad in that it covers matters of civil, criminal, administrative, and public law. It is highly focused in that it is intended to act as a practical handbook for litigators; detailed explanations are given of practice, procedure, evidence, and remedies at the expense of general commentary on the non-contentious aspects of financial regulation. The book begins with an overview of the UK financial regulators whilst paying particular attention to the relationships between them and the ways in which those interactions can pose problems for litigators and the firms they represent. It summarizes the authorisation process and its procedures, and considers the authorisation of EEA firms following Brexit with a focus on procedure and the steps necessary for EEA firms to retain their authorisation following the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. The book then deals with the increasingly important topic of investigations and information gathering. The heart of the book covers the various forums in which firms can be challenged for failing to adhere to regulatory standards. Criminal liability is covered in detail across two chapters, as is civil liability, which is followed by a review of individual action by investors and consumers. The book continues with redress, complaints, the Financial Ombudsman Service, and relevant procedure are analysed, with a final chapter providing an overview of the independent methods of challenging regulators, including judicial review and the Financial Services Complaints Commissioner.
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Lichtblau, Albert. Case Study: Opening Up Memory Space: The Challenges of Audiovisual History. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0020.
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The emergence of oral history was connected with a technical development—namely the possibility of recording human voices. The recording techniques developed rapidly. This article discusses the challenges faced while recording audiovisual history. In the 1980s expensive filmmaking began to be replaced by more affordable video formats, which took the technical development of oral history to a new audiovisual level. The paradigm shift generated by oral history in which historians began to generate their own primary sources announced another transformation of the way historians worked: taking leave of the written form and communicating scholarly results in audiovisual form. This article seeks to describe what the integration of the visual aspect means for oral historians in generating documents of remembrance. It elaborates on a few concrete examples of how integrating the camera's eye has shaped audiovisual history. A discussion on negotiation of remembrance followed by new methods and issues of videohistory concludes this article.
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van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.
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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging. However, specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation are still required. Doppler methods interrogating tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision-making. This chapter addresses the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess the RV and pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
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United States. General Accounting Office. and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Health., eds. Medicare: HCFA can improve methods for revising physician practice expense payments : statement of William J. Scanlon, Director, Health Financing and Systems Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.
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Norwood, F. Bailey, Michelle S. Calvo-Lorenzo, Sarah Lancaster, and Pascal A. Oltenacu. Agricultural and Food Controversies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199368433.001.0001.
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The public is more interested in agricultural and food issues than ever before, as is evident in the many agricultural controversies debated in the media. Why is it that some people embrace new agricultural technologies while others steadfastly defend traditional farming methods? Why do some prefer to buy food grown around the world while others patronize small, local farmers? In the debates about organic food, genetically modified organisms, and farm animal welfare, it is not always clear what the scientific literature actually says. To understand these controversies, the authors encourage readers to develop first an appreciation for why two equally intelligent and well-intentioned people can form radically different notions about food. Sometimes the disputes are scientific in nature, and sometimes they arise from conflicting ethical views. This book confronts the most controversial issues in agriculture by first explaining the principles of both sides of the debate, and then guiding readers through the scientific literature so that they may form their own educated opinions. Is food safe if the farm used pesticides, or are organic foods truly better for your health? Are chemical fertilizers sustainable, or are we producing cheap food today at the expense of future generations? What foods should we eat to have a smaller carbon footprint? Is genetically-modified food the key to global food security, and does it give corporations too much market power? Is the prevalence of corn throughout the food system the result of farm subsidies? Does buying local food stimulate the local economy? Why are so many farm animals raised indoors, and should antibiotics be given to livestock? These are the issues addressed in Agricultural and Food Controversies: What Everyone Needs to Know. While it doesn't claim to have all the answers, it provides a synthesis of research and popular opinions on both sides of these important issues, allowing readers to decide what they value and believe for themselves.
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Scott, Peter. The Market Makers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783817.001.0001.
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During the twentieth century ‘affluence’ (both at the level of the individual household and society as a whole) became intimately linked with access to a range of prestige consumer durables. This book charts the inter-war origins of a process that would eventually transform these features of modern life from being ‘luxuries’ to ‘necessities’ for most British families. It examines how producers and retailers succeeded in creating mass (though not universal) markets for new suites of furniture, radios, modern housing, and some electrical and gas appliances, while also exploring why some other goods, such as refrigerators, telephones, and automobiles, failed to reach the mass market in Britain before the 1950s. Creating mass markets presented a formidable challenge for manufacturers and retailers. Consumer durables required large markets. Most involved significant research and development costs. Some, such as the telephone, radio, and car, were dependent on complementary investments in infrastructure. All required intensive marketing—usually including expensive advertising in national newspapers and magazines—while some also needed mass production methods (and output volumes) to make them affordable to a mass market. This study charts the pioneering efforts of entrepreneurs (many of whom are now largely forgotten) to provide consumer durables at prices affordable to a mass market and to persuade a sometimes reluctant public to embrace the new products and the consumer credit that their purchase required. The author shows that, contrary to much received wisdom, there was a ‘consumer durables revolution’ in inter-war Britain—at least for certain highly prioritized goods.
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Kibbe, Jennifer D. Covert Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.135.
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Covert action presents a potential policy for decision makers who want something quicker or more muscular than diplomacy but less expensive and obtrusive than military force. In contrast with intelligence, which entails collecting and analyzing information, covert action is an active instrument of foreign policy. The three main categories of covert action include propaganda, political action, and paramilitary action. Another separate category is economic action, which involves destabilizing the target state’s economy in some way. Because of the inherent secrecy of covert action, outside scholars have no way of knowing how much they do or do not know about the topic at hand and it also makes it hard to verify the information, since the information comes from a variety of sources. Covert action literature is particularly strong in case studies of particular operations. There is also a well-developed subsection within the field that focuses on covert action since the end of the Cold War, the role that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) played during World War II, and covert actions undertaken by other states. However, there are several issues in the covert action literature. These issues include the assessment of the success or failure of particular operations and of the policy instrument as a whole, the tangible and intangible costs incurred by covert action, the ethical questions raised by conducting covert actions as well as the particular methods used and its impact on democracy, the oversight of covert action, and the evolution of US law covering covert action.