Journal articles: 'Experiences in Close Relationships'

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Deveci Şirin, Hatice, and Rana Şen Doğan. "Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS)." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (2021): 215824402110060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006056.

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The aim of this study was to adapt the Turkish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire in a sample of Turkey. Study I was conducted to prove the reliability and validity of the results obtained as a result of the adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS) Questionnaire to Turkish culture. The study showed that the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire and its subscales were reliable and valid. The study showed that the ECR-RS subscales correlated with the Relationship Questionnaire, the Relationship Styles Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Subscale, the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale, the Contact with parents and the Relationship experience, denoting content validity of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire. According to the research results, the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire are a reliable and valid measurement tool that can be used for the purpose of evaluating attachment representation in Turkish culture. In addition, this study provides attachment researchers with a basis for reviewing the assumption that dimensional models overlap with categorical models. It is suggested that The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire be adapted to different relationship structures (e.g., therapist, god, ideological groups), retested on different age groups and its relationship with personality traits and psychological problems be investigated.

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McLaren, Rachel M., and Denise Haunani Solomon. "Contextualizing Experiences of Hurt Within Close Relationships." Communication Quarterly 62, no. 3 (2014): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2014.911766.

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Zhi Hong Li, Jennifer Connolly, Depeng Jiang, Debra Pepler, and Wendy Craig. "Adolescent romantic relationships in China and Canada: A cross-national comparison." International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 2 (2010): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409360292.

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This study compared the romantic involvements of Canadian and Chinese adolescents as well as linkages with friend and parental relationships. Participants were 496 Chinese adolescents and 395 Canadian adolescents, aged 16—17 years. Chinese adolescents were less likely to have any form of romantic involvement, including a romantic relationship, displayed lower levels of romantic experience, and had fewer close romantic relationships. Gender moderated cultural differences, with Chinese girls least involved in romantic experiences. Although friendships were more intimate in Canada and parent relationships were closer in China, the linkages of parental and friend relationships with romantic experience were quite consistent across the two cultures, with friends being positively linked to romantic experiences and parents indirectly linked through their connection to friends. Among Chinese adolescents, parents also directly connected with romantic experiences in a negative direction. Implications of the findings for understanding the interface between individual growth and cultural context are discussed.

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Chang, Jenny Hsiu-Ying, Honggang Yang, Kuang-Hui Yeh, and Shih-Chi Hsu. "Developing trust in close personal relationships: ethnic Chinese’s experiences." Journal of Trust Research 6, no. 2 (2016): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2016.1207543.

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Fraley, R. Chris, Marie E. Heffernan, Amanda M. Vicary, and Claudia Chloe Brumbaugh. "The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships." Psychological Assessment 23, no. 3 (2011): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022898.

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Laursen, Brett, and William M. Bukowski. "A Developmental Guide to the Organisation of Close Relationships." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 4 (1997): 747–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384659.

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A developmental guide to close relationships is presented. Parent-child, sibling, friend, and romantic relationships are described along dimensions that address permanence, power, and gender. These dimensions describe relationship differences in organisational principles that encompass internal representations, social understanding, and interpersonal experiences. The concept of domain specificity is borrowed from cognitive development to address the shifting developmental dynamics of close relationships. Distinct relationships are organised around distinct socialisation tasks, so each relationship requires its own organisational system. As a consequence, different principles guide different relationships, and these organisational principles change with development.

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Ináncsi, Tamás, András Láng, and Tamás Bereczkei. "Machiavellianism and Adult Attachment in General Interpersonal Relationships and Close Relationships." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, no. 1 (2015): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i1.801.

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Up to the present, the relationship between Machiavellianism and adult attachment has remained a question to be answered in the psychological literature. That is why this study focused on the relationship between Machiavellianism and attachment towards significant others in general interpersonal relationships and in intimate-close relationships. Two attachment tests (Relationship Questionnaire and long-form of Experiences in Close Relationship) and the Mach-IV test were conducted on a sample consisting of 185 subjects. Results have revealed that Machiavellian subjects show a dismissing-avoidant attachment style in their general interpersonal relationships, while avoidance is further accompanied by some characteristics of attachment anxiety in their intimate-close relationships. Our findings further refine the relationship between Machiavellianism and dismissing-avoidant attachment. Machiavellian individuals not only have a negative representation of significant others, but they also tend to seek symbiotic closeness in order to exploit their partners. This ambitendency in distance regulation might be particularly important in understanding the vulnerability of Machiavellian individuals.

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Stefanovic-Stanojevic, Tatjana. "Close partner relationships." Psihologija 35, no. 1-2 (2002): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0201081s.

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According to the theory of emotional attachment, specific emotional relationships are being established at an early age between a child and its parents. On the basis of the quality of these relationships the child creates the so-called internal working model ie the image of itself as well as others. The working model persists throughout one's lifetime, shaping in part the quality of adult relationships. Thus, a dominant adult relationship is a close, partner or love one. Within the indicated theoretical context, we were interested in finding out whether there is a statistically significant link between the emotional ties of parents and their children formed in early childhood. The investigation included 180 grown-ups of the same sex and age. For investigating close partner relationships the test Experience in Close Relationship by the American authors (Brenan K.A., Clark C.L., & Shaver P.R. 1998.) was used, while the early emotional relationships were investigated using a test which has been the only one so far to measure this quality in adults - Adult Attachment Interview, (Main M., Casidy J., & Kaplan N., 1985). The results show there is a statistically significant link between the observed variables.

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Girme, Yuthika U. "Step Out of Line: Modeling Nonlinear Effects and Dynamics in Close-Relationships Research." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (2020): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420920598.

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Despite widespread acknowledgment that close relationships frequently involve tumultuous and dynamic experiences, most models in relationship psychology focus on linear relationship processes. Modeling nonlinear patterns can, however, be an important way to assess and better understand the complexities inherent in close relationships. In this article, I draw on one of the most widely studied theories in relationship science—attachment theory—to illustrate how modeling nonlinear effects between variables (i.e., curvilinear effects) and nonlinear dynamics across time (i.e., within-person variation and within-dyad flexibility) can reconcile inconsistencies in the literature, reveal unique relationship experiences, and broaden our understanding of complex relationship processes.

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Rozvadský Gugová, Gabriela, and Anton Heretik. "Gender Differences in Attachment Styles Using Slovak Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised (ECR-R)." Acta Technologica Dubnicae 1, no. 2 (2011): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atd-2015-0043.

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AbstractThere is a vast amount of literature on similarities and differences of women and men experiencing (close) relationships and using different strategies for coping with daily stress and significant life events. Western folk psychology expects women to be generally more anxious and men to be more avoidant when solving close-relationship conflicts and experiences in long term relationships. We used the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire that is based on the Attachment-style theory distinguishing four distinct attachment styles - secure, anxious/ambivalent, disoriented/disorganized and avoidant.

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Murray, Atholl J., and Zoe J. Hazelwood. "Being Grateful: Does it Bring Us Closer? Gratitude, Attachment and Intimacy in Romantic Relationships." Journal of Relationships Research 2, no. 1 (2011): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrr.2.1.17.

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AbstractTo date, little is known about the function of gratitude in romantic relationships. Being grateful has been demonstrated to provide a number of positive benefits for individuals; however, few studies have explored how grateful experiences may be beneficial in enhancing romantic relationships. This study explored the extent to which adult attachment moderates the relationship between dispositional gratitude and the experience of intimacy within romantic relationships. A greater disposition toward gratitude was expected to result in more frequent experiences of gratitude. It was also anticipated that experiences of gratitude would be associated with feelings of closeness. Participants (n= 156) were required to be currently in a relationship of at least six months duration and completed a series of questionnaires assessing dispositional gratitude, attachment and emotional intimacy. Moderation analysis revealed that although a positive, weak correlation existed between dispositional gratitude and intimacy, attachment did not moderate this association. It was concluded that further investigation of the experience of gratitude is necessary to understand the function of gratitude in romantic relationships. Methods focusing on specific experiences of gratitude in romantic relationships, and the associated feelings of closeness experienced by each partner, may yield more conclusive findings and may provide support for therapeutic approaches focused on enhancing closeness between couples by increasing experiences of gratitude.

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Wilson, Stephen, and Katherine Wilson. "Close Encounters in General Practice: Experiences of a Psychotherapy Liaison Team." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 3 (1985): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.3.277.

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SummaryExperiences arising from the work of a multi-disciplinary psychotherapy liaison team in the primary care setting are described. Special emphasis is given to the difficulties encountered in working relationships. Attention is drawn to the complexity of the inter-professional relationship, its unconscious roots, and its influence on the quality of patient care.

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WEKERLE, CHRISTINE, and DAVID A. WOLFE. "The role of child maltreatment and attachment style in adolescent relationship violence." Development and Psychopathology 10, no. 3 (1998): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001758.

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Utilizing attachment theory as a basis for conceptualizing close relationships among adolescents, this study investigated two important relationship risk factors (child maltreatment, and adolescent self-perceived insecure attachment style) as predictors of “offender” and “victim” experiences in youth relationships. In addition to considering the influence of these risk factors, we further considered their interaction in predicting conflict in close relationships. Of interest was the extent to which attachment styles may function as a moderator of the relationship between childhood abuse and current abuse in teen close relationships. High school students (N = 321) in grades 9 and 10 completed questionnaires tapping their histories of maltreatment, currently viewed styles of attachment, and conflict in close relationships over the past 6 months. Maltreatment alone emerged as the most consistent predictor, accounting for 13–18% of the variance in male's physically, sexually, and verbally abusive behaviors; in contrast, it was not highly predictive of female's abusive behaviors. Maltreatment was predictive of victimization experiences for both males and females. Attachment style did not substantially add to the prediction of relationship conflict beyond maltreatment; however, avoidant attachment style emerged repeatedly as a significant predictor of female abusiveness and victimization. Attachment self-ratings were found to function as a moderator of child maltreatment in predicting primarily male coercive behavior towards a relationship partner as well as predicting male's experience of coercion from a partner. Thus, the presence of childhood maltreatment and adolescent self-perceived insecure attachment style applies predominantly to male youth. The implication of these gender differences for understanding relationship violence is discussed.

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Jerves, Elena, Lucia De Haene, Paul Enzlin, and Peter Rober. "Adolescents’ Lived Experiences of Close Relationships in the Context of Transnational Families: A Qualitative Study From Ecuador." Journal of Adolescent Research 33, no. 3 (2016): 363–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558416664027.

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Although transnational migration and its impact on families and society has received considerable attention from scholars, still little is known about its effects on the family members who stay in their home country. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore adolescents’ experiences of close relationships in the context of transnational migration. The study was based on in-depth interviews with male and female adolescents whose parents had migrated. For administration of these interviews, a tool consisting of 15 pieces of wood was developed in order to invite participants to represent family members in an expressive modality that could facilitate discussion and decrease tension provoked by parental migration. Thematic analysis showed that adolescents experienced growing up within tri-generational families whose structure and dynamics allow for a sense of stability. In these families, adolescents experience meaningful relationships that are important sources of support to cope with the delicate emotional situation inherent in transnational families. However, the present study also revealed that adolescents experience the relationship with their migrant parents as a recurrent source of distress and emotional ambivalence, leading to a potential perspective on the parent-child separation in the context of transnational migration as an experience of an ambiguous loss.

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Rocha, Glaucia Mitsuko Ataka da, Evandro Morais Peixoto, Tatiana de Cassia Nakano, Ivonise Fernandes da Motta, and Daniela Wiethaeuper. "The Experiences in Close Relationships - Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS): validity evidence and reliability." Psico-USF 22, no. 1 (2017): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712017220111.

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Abstract The ECR-RS assesses attachment in close relationships: father, mother, romantic partners and friends. Each relationship is assessed by a scale that theoretically comprises two factors: anxious and avoidant attachment. The main goals of this research was to estimate the first evidences of internal structure validity and reliability of the ECR-RS Brazilian version, and describe the item parameters and participants’ characteristics. The sample comprised 251 participants (mean age: 28.21 ± 10.29; 81.95% women). The categorical Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed two-dimensional structure of the scales, as theoretically hypothesized, with desirable internal consistency indexes. The Rasch-Masters Partial Credit Mode indicated that the instrument items have a level of difficulty close to the mean and suitable adjustments indexes (Infit/Outfit), and summarized description of participants’ theta levels. The results suggest that the instrument is an appropriate measure of attachment in adults.

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Allendorf, Keera. "Like Her Own: Ideals and Experiences of the Mother-In-Law/Daughter-In-Law Relationship." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 15 (2015): 2102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15590685.

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This article explores ideals and experiences of the mother-in-law/daughter-in-law relationship using semistructured interviews with 46 members of 22 families living in one Indian village. Ideally, the relationship is characterized by love and understanding, where one’s mother-in-law or daughter-in-law is like one’s own daughter or mother. In practice, the relationship varies in quality. Some women experienced affectionate, high-quality relationships, whereas others’ relationships were characterized by hurtful exchanges and not speaking. Previous literature portrays the relationship as negative, but these results point to the relevance of positive aspects as well. I also suggest that these ideals and experiences are shaped by the joint family system. The joint family system contributes to the strongly positive ideal, whereas the tensions that women experience arise from the contradictory family locations that they occupy within that system. Daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law are simultaneously strangers and close family members.

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Lapierre, Simon, Isabelle Côté, Amélie Lambert, et al. "Difficult but Close Relationships: Children’s Perspectives on Relationships With Their Mothers in the Context of Domestic Violence." Violence Against Women 24, no. 9 (2017): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217731541.

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This article reports findings from a participative and qualitative study conducted with children who had experienced domestic violence, focusing on their perspectives on their relationships with their mothers. Three focus groups and 46 individual interviews were conducted with children to gather their experiences. The research findings demonstrate that women’s and children’s victimizations are inextricably linked, and that domestic violence affects mother–child relationships. They also show that, despite the challenges and difficulties, children generally consider their mothers as very significant individuals in their lives, and have close relationships with them. The findings also reveal a dynamic of mutual protectiveness.

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Pedersen, Geir, Ingeborg Eikenaes, Øyvind Urnes, Guro Mikaelsen Skulberg, and Theresa Wilberg. "Experiences in Close Relationships - Psychometric properties among patients with personality disorders." Personality and Mental Health 9, no. 3 (2015): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1298.

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Fairchild, Amanda J., and Sara J. Finney. "Investigating Validity Evidence for the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire." Educational and Psychological Measurement 66, no. 1 (2006): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164405278564.

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Feddern Donbaek, Dagmar, and Ask Elklit. "A validation of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale (ECR-RS) in adolescents." Attachment & Human Development 16, no. 1 (2013): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.850103.

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Hicks, Lindsey L., and James K. McNulty. "The Unbearable Automaticity of Being . . . in a Close Relationship." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 3 (2019): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419827524.

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A recent surge in research on automatic processes in close relationships has revealed new insights into how people form and update relationship evaluations as well as the implications of these evaluations for their relationship outcomes. We begin by summarizing this research within the framework of interdependence theory—the predominant theory of how people evaluate and make decisions about their close relationships. In doing so, we review evidence that implicitly assessed automatic partner attitudes reflect pleasant and unpleasant experiences involving the partner and predict subsequent relationship outcomes, sometimes better than more deliberative judgments. Next, we describe several dual-process perspectives that suggest how and when these attitudes shape such outcomes, and we conclude by highlighting the potential benefits of examining automatic partner attitudes for theories of relationship science and beyond.

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Kosarkova, Alice, Klara Malinakova, Jitse P. van Dijk, and Peter Tavel. "Childhood Trauma and Experience in Close Relationships Are Associated with the God Image: Does Religiosity Make a Difference?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (2020): 8841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238841.

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Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) and some of their specific aspects are associated with health. A negatively perceived relationship with God, which has adverse health outcomes, can be formed by human attachment both in childhood and adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of childhood trauma (CT) and experience in close relationships (ECR) with the God image in a secular environment by religiosity. A national representative sample of Czech adults (n = 1800, 51.1 ± 17.2 years; 43.5% men) participated in a survey. We measured CT (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), ECR (Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire), image of God (questions from the 2005 Baylor Survey) and religiosity. Our results showed associations of CT and ECR with God images. Respondents who experienced CT were less likely to describe God as loving, always present and forgiving. Religious respondents were less likely to report positive God images with odds ratios (ORs) from 0.78 (0.66–0.94) to 0.95 (0.91–0.99), nonreligious respondents reported negative God images with ORs from 1.03 (1.00–1.06) to 1.22 (1.08–1.37). We found CT and problems in close relationships in adulthood are associated with a less positive God image, especially in nonreligious people. Understanding these associations may help prevent detrimental health outcomes.

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Sarkın Şahin, Bahar, and Simel Parlak. "EXAMINING THE PREDICTION OF LOVE ATTITUDE STYLES ON EXPERIENCES IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS." E-journal of New World Sciences Academy 15, no. 3 (2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.3.1c0699.

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Roos, Vera, Lizanlé van Biljon, and Ursula Carstens. "Young female adults’ experiences of their relationships with older people: The Mmogo-method®." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 2 (2017): 556–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517735913.

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Most of the intergenerational research in South Africa has been undertaken on African cultures. This study aims to cast light on the experiences of Afrikaans-speaking young female adults in relation to older people, using the Mmogo-method®, a visual projective data collection method. Eighteen young female adults (aged 21–30), all students, were purposefully selected and willingly participated. The four phases of the Mmogo-method were applied, for which participants used unstructured materials, and based on an open-ended prompt constructed visual representations of their interactional experiences in relation to significant older people. Visual representations were discussed individually as well as in a group setting, thereby obtaining personal and group experiences simultaneously. Visual data were analyzed using Roos and Redelinghuys’s proposed six steps, and textual data (verbatim transcriptions of personal and group discussions) were thematically analyzed. All participants were related to significant older people as grandparents. The relational interactions between young female adults and their grandparents emerged on a continuum of emotional closeness and distance: extremely and uncomfortably close, comfortably close, reasonably distant and inaccessible, and extremely distant and totally inaccessible. From the young adults’ perspective, relational interactions at the extremes of the continuum (too close or too distant) are experienced as ineffective, while comfortably close, as effective. Empathy as a relational characteristic created reciprocal feelings of closeness. Awarenessmaking of an empathic stance in intergenerational relationships might increase the support and care rendered through intergenerational relationships.

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Karataş, Savaş, and İlkay Demir. "Attachment Avoidance and Anxiety in Adolescence: Turkish Adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Scale." Psychological Reports 122, no. 4 (2018): 1372–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118785562.

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The aim of the present study is to test the factor structure and reliability of the Experience of Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Scale (ECR-RS) mother, father, romantic partner, close friend forms among Turkish adolescents. In order to test the structure validity of the ECR-RS, exploratory factor analysis is performed on a sample of 214 participants in Study 1, and to further investigate the structure validity, confirmatory factor analysis is performed on a second sample of 286 participants in Study 2. Within the scope of the reliability studies of the ECR-RS, internal reliability and test–retest reliability of the Turkish ECR-RS are also tested. The results of the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and test–retest reliability scores supported the original two-factor structure (attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety) for all forms of the ECR-RS among Turkish adolescents.

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ALONSO-ARBIOL, ITZIAR, NEKANE BALLUERKA, and PHILLIP R. SHAVER. "A Spanish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) adult attachment questionnaire." Personal Relationships 14, no. 1 (2007): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00141.x.

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Ehrenthal, Johannes, Ulrike Dinger, Anneke Lamla, Bastian Funken, and Henning Schauenburg. "Evaluation der deutschsprachigen Version des Bindungsfragebogens „Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised” (ECR-RD)." PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie 59, no. 06 (2008): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067425.

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Symons, Douglas K., Stephanie Adams, and Kathleen H. Smith. "Adult attachment style and caregiver attitudes after raising a virtual child." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 33, no. 8 (2016): 1054–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407515616710.

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Avoidance in adults is related to many negative aspects of caregiving and parenting. This was examined in a simulated parenting experience of 145 students who raised a virtual child from birth to age 19 using the website MyVirtualChild©. Avoidance and anxiety within adult relationships were assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire before and after this experience, and caregiver attitudes of positive feelings, perceptions of the child’s security, and willingness to serve as an attachment figure were assessed after the experience. As predicted, avoidance and anxiety were negatively related to caregiver attitudes, with avoidance accounting for these relations. These results support the negative impact of avoidance on caregiver attitudes, even when the child is raised in Cyberspace.

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Busonera, Alessandra, Pietro San Martini, Giulio Cesare Zavattini, and Alessandra Santona. "Psychometric Properties of an Italian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Scale." Psychological Reports 114, no. 3 (2014): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.21.pr0.114k23w9.

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This study examined the psychometric properties of a newly translated Italian version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR–R) Scale. The sample comprised 1,363 adults (906 women, 456 men, 1 unreported sex; ages 18–64 yr., M=33.4, SD=8.9; 84.4% reported being engaged in a romantic relationship, 9.4% declared being single), all living in Italy and speaking Italian as their first language. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed the expected bi-factorial (anxiety/avoidance) structure and a close correspondence between factors and scales. Test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities were adequate. Correlations with the Relationship Questionnaire, a categorical measure of attachment, and with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale were consistent with the theoretical relations among the constructs. The findings confirm the transcultural validity of the ECR–R.

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Wilkinson, Ross B. "Measuring Attachment Dimensions in Adolescents: Development and Validation of the Experiences in Close Relationships — Revised — General Short Form." Journal of Relationships Research 2, no. 1 (2011): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrr.2.1.53.

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AbstractThe assessment of attachment in adolescence remains problematic, with the most widely used measure, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), argued to have major short-comings. This article reports two studies examining the psychometric properties of a shortened and modified version of the Experiences in Close Relationships — Revised (ECR-R) (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000), the Experiences in Close Relationships — Revised — General Short Form (ECR-R-GSF), for the assessment of general relationship attachment anxiety and avoidance in adolescents and young adults. Confirmatory factor analyses in two independent samples of high school and university students (TotalN= 1187, 11 to 22 years) demonstrate support for the two-factor model of attachment anxiety and avoidance. The measurement model was supported across data sets and was not significantly different with respect to either age or sex. While the ECR-R-GSF demonstrated appropriate convergent and discriminant validity with the Relationships Questionnaire (RQ (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) it did not converge with specific, parental relationship attachment as assessed by the IPPA. The ECR-R-GSF is argued to be a reliable and psychometrically sound instrument for assessing general attachment dimensions across a wide age range.

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Kuftyak, E. V. "Interrelation of Attachment and Coping Behavior In Adults." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 29, no. 1 (2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290103.

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Attachment as the ability to form long-term close relationships provides protection and support at all ages, frees from anxiety and tension, and directly affects well-being and health. This study explored the relations between attachment and coping styles and hardiness in adults. The participants — 127 adults aged 18—77 — filled out the Relationships Questionnaire (Bartholomew, Horowitz, 1998), Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, Brennan, 2000), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler, Parker, 1990), and Hardiness Survey (Leontiev, Rasskazova, 2006; based on Maddi’s Personal Views Survey). The results showed that securely attached adults used coping aimed at problem solving and avoiding anxious thoughts less frequently. Fearful attachment style was related to the reduction of effort to change the situation, it increased the feeling of helplessness and disregard of vigorous activity. As for individuals with avoidant attachment anxiety they experienced in close relationships increased the feelings of rejection and the disposition to security.

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Zarzycka, Beata. "Parental Attachment Styles and Religious and Spiritual Struggle: A Mediating Effect of God Image." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 5 (2018): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18813186.

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The ideas that religion capitalizes on the operation of the attachment system and that believers’ perceived relationships with God can be characterized as symbolic attachment relationships have been well established in the psychology of religion. This study aims to explore the relationships between early caregiver experiences and religious and spiritual struggle and whether loving, distant, and cruel God images are mediators of these relationships. The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, God Image Scale, and Religious and Spiritual Struggle Scale were applied to the research. Correlations of parent–child attachment with religious and spiritual struggle measures support a correspondence between working models of parents and God. The study has shown that a distant God is a mediator of the relationship between avoidant attachment to one’s parents and divine, meaning making, and religious doubt struggle. A cruel God is a mediator in the relationship between avoidant attachment to one’s parents and interpersonal struggle.

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Paiva, Carla Alexandra, and Bárbara Figueiredo. "Study of validation of the Portuguese version of the inventory «Experiences in Close Relationships»." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 4, no. 2 (2010): 237–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v4i2.51.

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Shelton, Andrew J., and Chiachih D. C. Wang. "Adult attachment among U.S. Latinos: Validation of the Spanish Experiences in Close Relationships Scale." Journal of Latina/o Psychology 6, no. 1 (2018): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lat0000080.

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Merz, Eva-Maria, and Suzanne Jak. "The long reach of childhood. Childhood experiences influence close relationships and loneliness across life." Advances in Life Course Research 18, no. 3 (2013): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2013.05.002.

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Aslan, Sevda. "The Correlation Analysis between Bullying and Experiences in Close Relationships in High School Students." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research 1 (December 31, 2015): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2371-1655.2015.01.08.

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Samsudin, Mohd Bin. "Integrations of Nation Beyond the Maritime Borders: Effort and Experience Malaysia In Strengthening and Developing Relationships with Indonesia." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 3, no. 2 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v3i2.6309.

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Malaysia inherited the legacy of the famous maritime empire of Srivijaya and Malacca Sultanate. Before western imperialism come, the Malay community in the region, especially in the Strait of Malacca enjoy a close relationship, regardless of borders. Historical experience binds the role and importance of maritime as a priority in realizing the relations between the people of Malaysia and Indonesia before the independence of the two countries which established inter-community interdependence. In fact, this interdependence that has enriched people's lives in economics and culture. Western colonialism had broken the ties of society when the borders were set up by them. But after the two countries became independent, there was an effort to re-establish a relationship based on historical and cultural experiences. Despite the experience of love and sorrow, the fact is that the priority to strengthen relations with Indonesia has never been forgotten by Malaysian leaders. Various efforts have been made in the field of economic, social,and cultural cooperation including IMT-GT. Communication and cultural cooperation between the two countries. The economic difficulties encountered during the financial crisis of the late 1990s, by sharing common experiences have strengthened leaders' confidence to prioritize intergenerational integration. Using the Collective Memory method, this paper will examinehistorical and cultural experiences as the basis for closer relationships. Furthermore, it will discuss Malaysia's efforts to strengthen and prosper the people of both countries through various means, especially ASEAN, IMT-GT economic development cooperation, SIJORI, inter-governmental cooperation, and inter-community cooperation that took place during Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak's leadership and Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad.

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Nóblega, Magaly, Juan Núñez del Prado Murillo, Natali Alcántara Zapata, et al. "Propiedades psicométricas de una versión en español del Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R)." Revista de Psicología 27, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.52308.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las evidencias de validez de estructura interna y convergente, así como la confiabilidad de la escala Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Para ello, se realizó de manera secuencial del análisis factorial exploratorio y del análisis factorial confirmatorio en dos subgrupos aleatoriamente determinados (n = 289, n = 301). El análisis paralelo de Horn y los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio realizado con el primer subgrupo encontró una estructura de tres factores reproduciendo las dimensiones de ansiedad y evitación medida de manera directa y de manera inversa. El análisis factorial confirmatorio realizado con el segundo subgrupo confirmó la existencia de un modelo de tres factores con índices de ajuste aceptables. Cada una de las dimensiones demostró consistencia interna adecuada de acuerdo con el alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados apoyan parcialmente la validez convergente del ECR-R con el Relationship Questionnaire. Al final de los análisis realizados, se presenta una versión de 27 ítems con evidencias aceptables de validez de estructura interna y convergente.

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Saraf, Yasmine, Laureen Khalil, Jarryd Willis, et al. "Misery Implicitly Loves Company: Implicit Homophily and Bully Victimization." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (2021): 215824402110383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211038360.

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This study focuses on the formation of bullied individuals’ friendships and romantic relationships. Individuals bullied in their past may be more likely to form connections with those who share similar oppressive experiences. Thus, we investigated the possibility that implicit homophily underlies the formation of interpersonal relationships among previously bullied individuals. Moreover, we investigated whether these individuals were aware of their friends’ and romantic partners’ similarly oppressive experiences prior to initiating the relationship. Our findings suggest that the young adults in our sample bullied in grade school are significantly more likely to have a close friend and or significant other who also experienced bullying. The findings of this study contribute to the relatively small, yet growing, body of research on implicit homophily, add to research extending homophily processes to bullies and victims, and are in line with research suggesting that deselection (a form of induced homophily) can coexist with homophily by personal preference.

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Shear, M. Katherine. "Bereavement and the Dsm5." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 64, no. 2 (2012): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.64.2.a.

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Close personal relationships are very important in our lives. Our closest relationships help us regulate our bodies and minds and contribute importantly to our sense of wellbeing (Hofer, 1984; Mikulincer, Orbach, & Iavnieli, 1998; Sbarra & Hazan, 2008). Losing a close attachment is usually one of the most difficult experiences we ever have. Bereavement often leaves us dazed and confused about how to understand the loss and navigate the future. Acute grief takes us out of our ongoing life and focuses our attention on our deceased loved one. Grief is finely tuned to each loss situation with a pattern and course that is unique to each person and each relationship.

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Birditt, Kira S., Carey W. Sherman, Courtney A. Polenick, et al. "So Close and Yet So Irritating: Negative Relations and Implications for Well-being by Age and Closeness." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 2 (2018): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby038.

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Abstract Objectives Negative social relationships are associated with poor health, chronic illness, and mortality. Yet, we know little about the dynamics of negative aspects of relationships within individual’s closest relationships over time, how those experiences vary by age, and the implications of those relationships for well-being. Method A total of 592 participants (ages 25–97; M = 57.5; 63.3% women) from the Social Relations Study completed monthly web surveys for up to 12 months. Each month they reported negative relationship quality with their three closest network members and multiple dimensions of well-being (positive affect, negative affect, self-rated health, and sleep quality). Results Multilevel models revealed older individuals reported less negativity in their relationships than younger people, but fewer age differences in the closest tie. Greater negative relationship quality predicted poor well-being (i.e., greater negative affect, sleep problems). Links between negative relations and well-being were less strong among older individuals; especially in the closest ties. Discussion Results were partially consistent with the strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) model, which proposes fewer age-related improvements in emotion regulation when individuals are unable to avoid tensions. Despite feeling just as negative as younger individuals, older individuals may be more resilient to tensions in their closest relationships.

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Delelis, G., R. Kubiak, and K. Doba. "Version française de la Relationship Specific Experience in Close Relationships scale (RS-ECR)." Psychologie Française 65, no. 4 (2020): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2019.05.002.

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Bonassi, Andrea, Ilaria Cataldo, Giulio Gabrieli, Bruno Lepri, and Gianluca Esposito. "Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms and Maternal Overprotection Regulate Adult Social Expectations on Close Relationships." Brain Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091123.

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Humans are evolutionary-driven to adult mating and conceive social expectations on the quality of their affiliations. The genetic susceptibility to adverse environments in critical periods can alter close relationships. The current research investigates how the promoter region of the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR) and perceived caregiving behavior in childhood could influence the social expectations on close adult relationships. For this purpose, 5-HTTLPR data was collected from the buccal mucosa of 65 Italian individuals (33 males). The participants filled (a) the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to provide the levels of care and overprotection from mother and father, and (b) the Experience in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) to report the social expectations on the intimate relationship assessed in terms of anxiety and avoidance from the partner. An interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and PBI dimensions on the ECR-R scores was hypothesized. Results confirmed that the interplay between the genetic groups and history of maternal overprotection predicted avoidance experienced in romantic relationships in adulthood. Moreover, both adult anxiety and avoidance felt in an intimate relationship were found to covary as a function of maternal overprotection. The present work proposes further evidence of the genetic and parental mechanisms regulating social expectations involved in close relationships.

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Faure, Ruddy, James K. McNulty, Lindsey L. Hicks, and Francesca Righetti. "The Case for Studying Implicit Social Cognition in Close Relationships." Social Cognition 38, Supplement (2020): s98—s114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s98.

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This review offers close relationships as a fruitful avenue to address long-lasting questions and current controversies in implicit social cognition research. Close relationships provide a unique opportunity to study strong attitudes that are formed and updated through ongoing contact with significant others and appear to have important downstream consequences. Therefore, close relationship contexts enable researchers to apply fine-grained, dyadic, longitudinal methodologies to provide unique insights regarding whether and how automatic attitudes relate to personal experience, change meaningfully and reliably over time, and predict consequential judgments and behaviors. Further, given that close relationships are critical to people's well-being and health, applying implicit social cognition theories to close relationships may also offer practical benefits regarding real-world issues related to relationship decay. In this regard, we provide guidance for future research by highlighting how continuing to refine our understanding of implicit social cognition in close relationships can inform interventions and reliably benefit society

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Rotaru, Tudor-Ştefan, and Andrei Rusu. "Psychometric Properties of the Romanian Version of Experiences in Close Relationships-revised Questionnaire (ECR-R)." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 78 (May 2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.249.

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Lafontaine, Marie-France, Audrey Brassard, Yvan Lussier, Pierre Valois, Philip R. Shaver, and Susan M. Johnson. "Selecting the Best Items for a Short-Form of the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 32, no. 2 (2016): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000243.

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Abstract. Five studies were conducted to develop a short form of the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire with optimal psychometric properties. Study 1 involved Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses of the responses of 2,066 adults, resulting in a 12-item form of the ECR containing the most discriminating items. The psychometric properties of the ECR-12 were further demonstrated in two longitudinal studies of community samples of couples (Studies 2 and 3), in a sample of individuals in same-sex relationships (Study 4), and with couples seeking therapy (Study 5). The psychometric properties of the ECR-12 are as good as those of the original ECR and superior to those of an existing short form. The ECR-12 can confidently be used by researchers and mental health practitioners when a short measure of attachment anxiety and avoidance is required.

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Mastrotheodoros, Stefanos, Bin-Bin Chen, and Frosso Motti-Stefanidi. "Experiences in close relationships-revised (ECR-R): Measurement (non-) invariance across Chinese and Greek samples." European Journal of Developmental Psychology 12, no. 3 (2015): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1021327.

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Hanak, Natasa, and Aleksandar Dimitrijevic. "A Serbian Version of Modified and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (SM–ECR–R)." Journal of Personality Assessment 95, no. 5 (2013): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.778271.

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Kelley, Michelle L., Valarie M. Schroeder, Cathy G. Cooke, Leslie Gumienny, Amanda Jeffrey Platter, and William Fals-Stewart. "Mothers’ Versus Fathers’ Alcohol Abuse and Attachment in Adult Daughters of Alcoholics." Journal of Family Issues 31, no. 11 (2010): 1555–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10363985.

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Gender of the alcohol-abusing parent was examined in relation to general and romantic attachment (as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships—Revised and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire) in female adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs; as indicated by the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test) as compared to non-ACOAs. As compared to non-ACOAs, ACOAs reported more anxious and avoidant behaviors in their romantic relationships. Female participants who suspected their mother of alcohol abuse reported significantly greater avoidance within romantic relationships as compared to those who suspected neither parent of having an alcohol problem. No differences emerged in relation to general attachment.

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Tsagarakis, Michael, Konstantinos Kafetsios, and Anastassios Stalikas. "Reliability and Validity of the Greek Version of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships Measure of Adult Attachment." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 1 (2007): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.47.

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The present article examined the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal and test-retest reliability, convergent and criterion validity) of the Greek version of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (G-ECR-R) self-report inventory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the G-ECR-R is characterized by a clear two-factor structure consistent with adult attachment research and theory developed mainly in English-speaking countries. The results showed that the scale has adequate classical psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The G-ECR-R anxiety and avoidance dimensions showed convergent validity with the widely used Relationship Questionnaire ( Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ) as well as with theoretically relevant variables such as self-esteem and trait anxiety. The results also demonstrated criterion validity on measures of relationship satisfaction. The importance of using culturally validated dimensional measures of romantic attachment is discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Experiences in Close Relationships'

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