Relevant bibliographies by topics / Experimental Archaeology

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Experimental Archaeology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Shillito, Lisa-Marie, Eva Fairnell, and Helen S. Williams. "Experimental archaeology." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-013-0174-z.

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Magnani, Matthew, Dalyn Grindle, Sarah Loomis, Alexander M. Kim, Vera Egbers, Jon Clindaniel, Alexis Hartford, Eric Johnson, Sadie Weber, and Wade Campbell. "Experimental futures in archaeology." Antiquity 93, no. 369 (June 2019): 808–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.76.

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Carrell, Toni L. "Replication and experimental archaeology." Historical Archaeology 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374508.

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Woolford, Kirk, and Stuart Dunn. "Experimental archaeology and games." Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 6, no. 4 (November 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2532630.2532632.

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Nancke‐Krogh, S⊘ren. "Experimental archaeology in Denmark." Norwegian Archaeological Review 23, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1990.9965521.

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Outram, Alan K. "Introduction to experimental archaeology." World Archaeology 40, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438240801889456.

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Allsworth-Jones, Phillip. "Experimental archaeology in the Tropics." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 39, no. 1 (January 2004): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672700409480393.

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Whitley, Thomas G. "Geospatial analysis as experimental archaeology." Journal of Archaeological Science 84 (August 2017): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.008.

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Lin, Sam C., Zeljko Rezek, and Harold L. Dibble. "Experimental Design and Experimental Inference in Stone Artifact Archaeology." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 663–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9351-1.

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Mulder-Heymans, Noor. "Archaeology, experimental archaeology and ethnoarchaeology on bread ovens in Syria." Civilisations, no. 49 (June 3, 2002): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.1470.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Lindmark, Gudrun. "Ska vi bygga forntid? : arkeologers åsikter om experimentell arkeologi och möjlighet till förmedling." Thesis, Gotland University, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-580.

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This essay discusses different opinions about experimental archaeology. To start with literature was examined and a questionnaire was sent out to students and working archaeologists. The possibility for experiments to mediate archaeology to people without an education in archaeology is lifted and is also mentioned in the questionnaire. In the discussion part of the essay the results from the questionnaire and the literature are used to see what opinions are the strongest. The mediating is also discussed and the result is compiled in the conclusion. There are different opinions about experimental archaeology, but no prominent difference between what students and archaeologists answered. It is possible to see different opinions in the literature, but concerning the mediating most of the writers agree that the experimental archaeology is a good method to communicate with the laymen.

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Schenck, Tine. "Accessing intangible technologies through experimental archaeology : a methodological analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22018.

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This thesis concerns the relationship between research in experimental archaeology and the intangible of the past. Only a quarter of technological experiments in a sample of 100 studies addresses the intangible of technological practice, and this project sets out to explore if there are conceptual or practical obstacles for this low rate. The thesis begins with an in-depth examination of experimental archaeology and the criteria, paradigms and theories that determine its practice. Through this study, elements of the dichotomy positivism/postmodernism are uncovered and discussed. To resolve this dualism, a third paradigm – philosophical pragmatism – is introduced as an alternative. This conceptual debate represents Part I, and is subsequently collated into a methodological framework for the creation of a typified experiment. Part II consists of the experimental segment of this study, in search for practical obstacles for the exploration of the intangible. Through experimenting with Iron Age Bucket-shaped pots, Mesolithic faceted pebbles and Middle Palaeolithic birch bark tar production, different components of an experiment are highlighted for investigation. An element that comes forward as problematic is the relationship between experimental archaeologists and science ideals that is underscored by experimental tradition. Conclusively, the final discussion leaves the conceptual and practical barriers that may prevent archaeologists from studying the intangible aspects of technology overturned. In sum, this may enable experimental archaeologists to take a fuller view of their own practice and that of the people of the past.
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Boomgarden, Shannon Arnold. "Experimental maize farming in Range Creek Canyon, Utah." Thesis, The University of Utah, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10001033.

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Water is arguably the most important resource for successful crop production in the Southwest. In this dissertation, I examine the economic tradeoffs involved in dry farming maize vs. maize farming using simple surface irrigation for the Fremont farmers who occupied Range Creek Canyon, east-central Utah from AD 900 to 1200. To understand the costs and benefits of irrigation in the past, maize farming experiments are conducted. The experiments focus on the differences in edible grain yield as the amount of irrigation water is varied between farm plots. The temperature and precipitation were tracked along with the growth stages of the experimental crop. The weight of experimental harvest increased in each plot as the number of irrigations increased. The benefits of irrigation are clear, higher yields. The modern environmental constraints on farming in the canyon (precipitation, temperature, soils, and amount of arable land) were reconstructed to empirically scale variability in current maize farming productivity along the valley floor based on the results of the experimental crop. The results of farming productivity under modern environmental constraints are compared to the past using a tree-ring sequence to reconstruct water availability during the Fremont occupation of Range Creek Canyon. The reconstruction of past precipitation using tree ring data show that dry farming would have been extremely difficult during the period AD 900-1200 in Range Creek Canyon. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Fremont people were farming during this period suggesting irrigation was used to supplement precipitation shortfalls. Large amounts of contiguous arable land, highly suitable for irrigation farming, are identified along the valley bottom. The distribution of residential sites and associated surface rock alignment features are analyzed to determine whether the Fremont located themselves in close proximity to these areas identified as highly suitable for irrigation farming. Seventy-five percent of the residential sites in Range Creek Canyon are located near the five loci identified as highly suitable for irrigation farming.

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Bohush, Tatiana Joanna. "The Reduction of Experimental Paleoindian Trianguloid End Scrapers." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1374874516.

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Walker, David James Clement. "Understanding Pottery Kilns: Interpretmg structure and process through experimental archaeology." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491127.

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This thesis is concerned with the understanding and interpretation of archaeological pottery kilns through experimental archaeology. It argues that the experimental reconstruction and firing of pottery kilns is not merely useful but essential if the production of ceramics in pre-industrial contexts is to be fully understood. The first. part of this work covers some fundamentals of pottery kilns. The constituent parts of pottery kilns are illustrated and a standard nomenclature for describing the pottery kiln is proposed. Following this the theory of ceramic firing is described, covering both well-understood principles like the ceramic change and more esoteric factors such as low-temperature reduction. The differences between open and kiln firing are also considered. The second part looks closely at the experimental approach. The history of experimental firing in Britain is appraised, as are the author's own experimental firing projects. The potential of experimental archaeology for one case study is also explored. The concluding chapter of this thesis provides an analysis of experimental firing as a technique. It discusses social aspects, judging success and failure, the achievements of past work and the necessity for future work in some areas. Finally the potential and limitations of experimental archaeology as a technique for understanding past societies is scrutinised. The attached CD Appendix contains a reVIew of published classifications of pottery kilns and a proposed overarching classification. It also contains case studies ofpottery kilns excavated in Britain with appraisals of their interpretation. Understanding Pottery Kilns: interpreting structure and process through eXjJerimental archaeology. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University ofNottingham, june 2007. DavidjC Walker
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Susino, George James. "Microdebitage and the Archaeology of Rock Art: an experimental approach." University of Sydney. School of Geosciences, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/606.

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The search for a reliable and non-invasive technique for the dating of rock art has produced an array of different, localised, and limited techniques. This is one of them. Still in its experimental stage, the recognition of quartz microdebitage produced by the pecking of engravings is the aim of this project. This investigation aims to establish whether microdebitage from rock engravings can be distinguished from other sediments. Analysis of microdebitage from rock engraving experiments was used to determine the difference between experimental and naturally derived particles. This research discusses methodology, and applications for the recognition of quartz grain features, derived from experimental and natural material from Mutawintji National Park (Broken Hill, NSW, Australia) and the Sydney region (NSW Australia). A three-step process was devised for this research: What features occur on non-cultural quartz grains? What features occur on rock engraving quartz grains? Are they different? Can rock engraving quartz microdebitage be identified under natural conditions? Microdebitage from rock engravings was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy to identify diagnostic attributes, with the objective of assessing the potential of microdebitage for spatial and temporal archaeological investigation. Characteristics of the quartz grains in the microdebitage were compared with quartz from differing environments. The observation of diagnostic features on quartz grains made it possible to discriminate between microdebitage from rock engravings and the natural soil background. This knowledge may be applied to excavated material from archaeological sites, for identifying episodes of rock engraving and other lithic activity in temporal relation to other evidence of cultural activity.
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Schofield, Aimee Ellen Margaret. "Experimental archaeology and siege warfare : analysing ancient sources through experimentation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/experimental-archaeology-and-siege-warfare-analysing-ancient-sources-through-experimentation(f0ea0229-7b24-4b67-92ac-46bdc30d8993).html.

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This thesis seeks to show that by using the principles of experimental archaeology it is possible to reconsider the extent to which the ancient writers understood the use of artillery in the field and under siege conditions. A combination of philological and experimental approaches has been taken to determine not only how catapults could be used by Hellenistic armies, but also why certain actions were taken when artillery was brought into the field. The experimental approach is discussed throughout the thesis, with attention drawn to its merits and disadvantages, and how these can be used to improve the methodologies through which we can further develop our understanding of Hellenistic military history and technology. There are three main sections to the thesis. The first takes a philological approach to considering the ancient artillery treatises by Philon, Heron, and Biton, with reference to Vitruvius' work on catapults. Each treatise is assessed with regard to its level of technicality and the extent to which it can be used for the purpose of constructing catapults. The treatises are then used in the second part of the thesis to construct functional replicas of the Hellenistic stone-thrower and the Hellenistic bolt-shooter. In the third part of the thesis, the catapults are tested against the ancient writers' descriptions of their use in the field. The findings of this thesis show that the ancient writers were broadly accurate in their descriptions of catapult use, but that they appear to be largely unaware of the reasoning behind their deployment. The thesis also highlights problematic parts of the technical treatises which previous scholars have ignored, in particular gaps in the descriptions of some components necessary for the catapults to function. Moreover, solutions are offered to complete the gaps left by the technical writers, especially where none are offered by the commentaries on these works. This thesis also demonstrates that catapults had a specific function in Hellenistic warfare which focused largely on sieges and static engagements. Most importantly, however, this thesis shows that not only can practical experimental methods successfully be applied to otherwise text-based research, but that it produces significant results which can aid in our understanding of military history, ancient technology, and the reliability of the ancient writers.
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Susino, George J. "Microdebitage and the archaeology of rock art an experimental approach /." Connect to full text, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/606.

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Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Sydney, 2000.
Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 21, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science to the Division of Geography, School of Geosciences. Degree awarded 2000; thesis submitted 1999. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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O'Brien, Patrick Kevin 1963. "An experimental study of ground stone use-wear." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291977.

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This thesis is a study of some factors that influence ground stone use-wear. Experiments in ground stone technology provide valuable information that may strengthen behavioral inference. To understand ground stone use-wear, basic principles are borrowed from tribology, the science and technology of friction, lubrication, and wear. Four wear mechanisms relevant to ground stone wear are identified: adhesive, abrasive, surface fatigue, and tribochemical. Previous experiments tested the hypothesis that use-wear on experimental grinding implements varies with the material being ground. This study further tests the same hypothesis. Six identical mano/metate sets were manufactured and used by the author to grind five different substances: dried chokecherries, wheat, crickets, dried meat, and salt. The sixth tool set was used without an intermediate substance. Results tentatively validate the hypothesis. Several factors influencing ground stone use-wear are discussed and suggestions for future experimental research in ground stone technology are offered.
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Mullen, Damon Anthony. "COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM FORCES REQUIRED TO PENETRATE TEN AND TWENTY PERCENT BALLISTICS GELATIN, MEAT, AND CLAY TO ASSESS VARIATION BETWEEN TARGET MEDIAIN ARROW PENETRATION STUDIES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619013100008557.

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Books on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Outram, A. K. Experimental archaeology. London: Routledge, 2008.

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Lunds universitet. Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens historia, ed. Experimental archaeology: Between enlightenment and experience. Lund: Lund University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2011.

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Roque, Ruben Sergio Mamani. Los verdaderos constructores de Tiwanaku: Aproximaciones desde la arqueología experimental. La Paz, Bolivia: Grafic-Printer impresores, 2020.

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Penny, Cunningham, Heeb Julia, and Paardekooper Roeland, eds. Experiencing archaeology by experiment: Proceedings of the Experimental Archaeology Conference, Exeter 2007. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, 2008.

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R, Mathieu James, and Society for American Archaeology. Meeting, eds. Experimental archaeology: Replicating past objects, behaviors, and processes. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2002.

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Saraydar, Stephen C. Replicating the past: The art and science of the archaelogical experiment. Long Grove, Ill: Waveland Press, 2008.

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Institut arkheologii i ėtnografii (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk. Sibirskoe otdelenie) and Sankt-Peterburgskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet. Filologicheskiĭ fakulʹtet (2010- ), eds. Opyt ėksperimenta v arkheologii: Experience in experimental archaeology. Sankt-Peterburg: Nestor-Istorii︠a︡, 2013.

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1957-, Stone Peter G., Planel Philippe G. 1948-, and World Archaeological Congress (3rd : 1994 : New Delhi, India), eds. The constructed past: Experimental archaeology, education, and the public. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Spain) Congreso Internacional de Arqueología Experimental (3rd 2011 Bañolas. Experimentación en arqueología: Estudio y difusión del pasado. Girona: Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya, 2013.

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Belgium) International Conference on Non-Ferrous Metal Metallurgy and Experimental Archaeology (1st 2015 Brussels. Studies in experimental archaeometallurgy: Methodological approaches from non-ferrous metallurgies. Drémil Lafage: Éditions Mergoil, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Hranicky, Wm Jack. "Experimental Archaeology." In Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia, 252–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0615-7_11.

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Schöbel, Gunter. "Experimental archaeology." In The Routledge Handbook of Reenactment Studies, 67–73. First edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429445637-14.

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Burningham, Nicholas. "Experimental Maritime Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 4151–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_614.

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Burningham, Nicholas. "Experimental Maritime Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2716–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_614.

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Lee, Daniel. "Experimental mapping in archaeology." In Re-Mapping Archaeology, 143–76. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351267724-7.

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Schiffer, Michael Brian. "Contributions of Experimental Archaeology." In The Archaeology of Science, 43–52. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_4.

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Hauptmann, Andreas. "Experimental Archaeometallurgy." In Natural Science in Archaeology, 459–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50367-3_10.

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Skibo, James M. "Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology Defined." In Pottery Function, 9–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1179-7_2.

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Cardoso Llach, Daniel, and Scott Donaldson. "An Experimental Archaeology of CAD." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 105–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8410-3_8.

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L’Hour, Michel, and Vincent Creuze. "French Archaeology’s Long March to the Deep—The Lune Project: Building the Underwater Archaeology of the Future." In Experimental Robotics, 911–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23778-7_60.

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Conference papers on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Coates, J. "Experimental Ship Archaeology." In Historic Ships Design, Restoration & Maintenance. RINA, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.hist.1996.2.

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Dunn, Stuart S., and Kirk Woolford. "Reconfiguring Experimental Archaeology using 3D Reconstruction." In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2012). BCS Learning & Development, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2012.26.

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Malatesta, Saverio Giulio, and Paolo Rosati. "ArcheoBot Experimental Tools for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage." In ArcheoFOSS 2019. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2021010008.

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Grekhov, Sergey. "Comparative results of experimental drilling of minerals hollow bone with a drill and a wooden rotor with a load." In Actual Archaeology 5. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-04-0-2020-21-23.

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Ovčarić, Franka, and Branka Tomić. "An experimental approach to reconstruction of wool dyeing in archaeology." In Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry. University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/metarh.2019.7.

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Latti, Priit. "Testing the experimental underwater robots for archaeology in the Baltic sea." In 2016 International Workshop on Computational Intelligence for Multimedia Understanding (IWCIM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcim.2016.7801183.

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Mulliez, Maud, Philippe Jockey, and Mauro Vincitore. "Virtual reconstruction and experimental attempt in archaeology: The Massalian Treasury in Delphi." In 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2013.6743799.

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Холошин, П. Р. "EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF VESSEL SHAPES IN WEST EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGY." In Вестник "История керамики". Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2022.978-5-94375-369-5.189-200.

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Больше десяти лет международная группа исследователей-археологов и представителей смежных наук (Энора Гэндон, Валентина Ру, Тельма Койл, Рейнауд Ботсма и др.) активно развивают экспериментальное направление в изучении навыков труда гончаров в области придания сосудам определенной формы. Серии продуманных научных экспериментов с гончарами Франции, Индии, Непала и Палестины позволили выяснить ряд важных особенностей ручного труда по вытягиванию сосудов на гончарном круге. Экспериментальная задача состояла преимущественно в воспроизведении гончарами-профессионалами привычных форм и форм-подражаний. Исследователи анализировали как формы готовых изделий, так и сами приемы работы гончаров. В результате удалось получить новые данные о величинах случайных колебаний при изготовлении разных форм в разных условиях, особенностях адаптации трудовых навыков для решения новых задач, составе и устойчивости отдельных трудовых операций, применяемых при вытягивании сосудов. Данные статья имеет своей целью ознакомить российского читателя с результатами этих исследований. For more than ten years, an international group of researchers in archaeology and related sciences (Enora Gandon, Valentina Roux, Šelma Coyle, Reinoud Bootsma and others) have been actively developing an experimental trend in the study of potters’ work skills in giving vessels a certain shape. A series of elaborate scientic experiments involving potters from France, India, Nepal and Palestine allowed them to find out a number of important features of throwing vessels on a potter’s wheel. Experimental task was mainly the reproduction of familiar and unfamiliar shapes by professional potters. the researchers analyzed both the shapes of the tnished vessels and the potters’ motor skills. As a result, they obtained new data on the random variations when making different shapes under di¨erent conditions, the mechanism of adapting labor skills to perform new tasks, the composition and stability of individual sequences of gestures used for throwing vessels. This article aims at presenting the results of this research to the Russian reader.
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Stella, Federica, Margherita Bongiovanni, and Mauro Borri-Brunetto. "Curioni and the experimental measurements on the strength of materials in the Scuola di applicazione per gli ingegneri of Turin." In 2018 Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroarchaeo43810.2018.13588.

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Orlic, Mandi. "ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT METAL COIN USING DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s9.041.

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Reports on the topic "Experimental Archaeology"

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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2

Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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Abstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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