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1

Derbridge, Jonathan, and Jonathan Derbridge. "Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Territorial Species Under Invasion." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626655.

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Biological invasions threaten biodiversity globally, and degraded ecosystems increase the potential for invaders to compete with threatened native populations. In natural systems, niche partitioning minimizes interspecific competition, but introduced species may alter expected outcomes by competing with ecologically similar species for scarce resources. Where food production is highly variable, coexistence of native and invasive competitors may depend on dietary niche flexibility. Territorial species under invasion face additional challenges to maintain economically defendable territories. From 2011-2016, we conducted removal and behavior experiments to determine effects of non-territorial introduced Abert’s squirrels (Sciurus aberti) on diet, space use, and territoriality of endangered Mount Graham red squirrels (MGRS; Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis) in their declining habitat in the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona. We collected comparative data from Arizona sites of natural syntopy between Abert’s and Fremont’s squirrels (T. fremonti). Stable isotope analysis revealed similar dietary partitioning among populations. Experimental removals did not appear to affect MGRS diet. Space use by MGRS responded inconsistently to removals; territory sizes increased after the first removal, but did not change following the second removal. Territory sizes and body mass of MGRS were sensitive to conspecific population density and food production. Behavioral experiments showed MGRS were more aggressive than other Fremont’s squirrels (hereafter, red squirrels). Dietary flexibility of Abert’s squirrels may have facilitated coexistence with MGRS, possibly due to coevolved resource partitioning with red squirrels. However, aggressive territoriality toward Abert’s squirrels may incur fitness costs for MGRS especially during poor food production years. Climate change may reduce the advantage of ecological specialist species globally, and where introduced species are better-adapted to novel environmental conditions, native species may ultimately be replaced.
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Anable, Michael Edward 1965. "Alien plant invasion in relation to site characteristics and disturbance: Eragrostic lehmanniana on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona, 1937-1989." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277285.

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Presence and composition of Eragrostis Lehmanniana was measured on 75 permanent transects every 3-8 years between 1958-1989 on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona. The number of transects occupied and average composition increased rapidly over this period. A repeated measures analysis of two soil groups with different water holding capacity and permeability revealed that the rate of increase of E. Lehmanniana was different between the groups. Repeated measures analysis of five grazing intensities revealed that the rate of E. Lehmanniana increase was different among intensities. It appears that the highest intensity had the highest rate of increase. The influence of grazing on E. Lehmanniana spread was also expressed by the lack of difference in relative composition measured in 1989 between ten livestock enclosures and adjacent grazed areas. This research suggests that E. Lehmanniana will spread and dominate with an average of 89 mm of summer precipitation in 40 days; a lower regime than estimated by other research.
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McKinney, Amy Marie. "Pollinator-mediated interactions between the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii and native herbs: The roles of shade, flowering phenology, spatial scale, and floral density." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276309342.

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4

Palik, Destiny J. "The Invasive Potential of Perennial Biofuel Crops." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503309520467401.

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5

Canelles, Trabal Quim. "Incorporating insect pest outbreaks to landscape modelling: the case of Cydalima perspectalis invasion in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673842.

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Les plagues d’insectes són elements integrats a la dinàmica del paisatge forestal. Tot i això, durant les últimes dècades, han experimentat un augment en nombre i impacte, implicant conseqüències severes pels ecosistemes i la societat. Els motius d’aquesta dinàmica són principalment els canvis en l’ús del sòl, els canvis en el clima i la introducció d’espècies invasores degut al comerç internacional i a la mobilitat humana. L’objectiu central d’aquesta tesi és avançar en el coneixement de l’impacte de les plagues d’insectes al paisatge forestal i integrar-lo en eines de modelització que ajuden a la predicció de conseqüències en un futur canviant. Hem basat l’aproximació en definir els efectes directes i indirectes de les plagues d’insectes mitjançant la descripció de les interaccions amb altres pertorbacions del paisatge forestal (el foc, la sequera, les tempestes, la contaminació, etc.) i descriure els mecanismes que hi influeixen. Hem exemplificat el paper de les plagues forestals amb el cas d’estudi de la papallona del boix (Cydalima perspectalis), un lepidòpter originari d’Àsia i invasor a Europa des de 2007. Hem descrit el nínxol ecològic de l’espècie així com la seva distribució i impacte potencial a l’àrea d’invasió. Finalment hem anticipat els impactes d’aquesta plaga i les seves interaccions amb altres pertorbacions a la vessant sud dels Pirineus en un futur regit pel canvi climàtic. Aquesta tesi proposa diferents metodologies per a l’estudi de les plagues forestals i el seu impacte al paisatge. Primer es demostra que per una correcta aplicació dels Species Distribution Models (SDM) en espècies invasores és necessària la combinació d’informació de la zona nativa i la zona d’invasió. Segon, s’ha evidenciat que els models de simulació espacialment explícits són eines adequades per descriure les pertorbacions forestals, identificar els paràmetres clau de la seva dinàmica, analitzar les seves interaccions i anticipar els seus impactes davant la incertesa del canvi global. Finalment, es constata que per tal de fer una aplicació eficaç de les metodologies descrites és necessari diferenciar l’ocurrència d’una pertorbació de la severitat del seu impacte. Els resultats aquí exposats proporcionen noves evidències dels processos que regeixen la dinàmica de plagues forestals i, en concret, de C. perspectalis. Es demostra que la distribució de C. perspectalis al sud dels Pirineus depèn de la presencia de la planta hoste (Buxus sempervirens) i la capacitat d’expansió de l’insecte (que es veu normalment alterada per introduccions antropocòries involuntàries), mentre que no és limitada per la composició de l’habitat. Tot i això, la defoliació severa només es troba en llocs d’alta adequació climàtica, definida per un rang de temperatures diürnes petit i una baixa estacionalitat de la precipitació i la temperatura. Aquestes condicions defineixen un cert patró de continentalitat on els boixos més susceptibles de ser atacats són aquells que es troben a prop de la costa i a baixa elevació (a les províncies de Girona, Barcelona i Navarra) i excloent zones del Pirineu central (Lleida, Huesca). Les projeccions futures de l’impacte causat per C. perspectalis descriuen una relació de consumidor-recurs cíclica amb l’estat dels boixos. A més el canvi climàtic podria reduir l’àrea d’impacte sever causat per l’insecte concentrant-lo només a algunes localitats. La interacció entre C. perspectalis i altres pertorbacions com el foc i la sequera extrema no ha resultat significativa. Tot i això, tal com he descrit en altres espècies d’insectes forestals, les interaccions amb altres pertorbacions són complexes i es produeixen en diverses direccions, efectes (antagònic i sinèrgic) i escales espacials i temporals. Tota aquesta informació ofereix una base de gran valor per a la futura recerca i pel disseny d’estratègies de gestió de boscos i plagues.<br>Las plagas de insectos son elementos integrados en la dinámica del paisaje forestal. Sin embargo, durante las últimas décadas, han experimentado un aumento en número e impacto, implicando consecuencias severas para los ecosistemas y la sociedad. Los motivos de esta dinámica son principalmente los cambios en el uso del suelo, los cambios en el clima y la introducción de especies invasoras debido al comercio internacional y la movilidad humana. El objetivo de esta tesis es avanzar en el conocimiento del impacto de las plagas de insectos en el paisaje forestal y integrarlo en herramientas de modelización que ayudan a la predicción de consecuencias en un futuro cambiante. Hemos basado la aproximación al definir los efectos directos e indirectos de las plagas de insectos mediante la descripción de las interacciones con otras perturbaciones del paisaje forestal y describir los mecanismos que influyen. Hemos ejemplificado el papel de las plagas forestales con el caso de estudio de la mariposa del boj (Cydalima perspectalis), un lepidóptero originario de Asia e invasor en Europa desde 2007. Hemos descrito el nicho ecológico de la especie así como la su distribución e impacto potencial en el área de invasión. Finalmente hemos anticipado los impactos de esta plaga y sus interacciones con otras perturbaciones en la vertiente sur de los Pirineos en un futuro regido por el cambio climático. Esta tesis propone diferentes metodologías para el estudio de las plagas forestales y su impacto en el paisaje. Primero se demuestra que para una correcta aplicación de los Species Distribution Modelos (SDM) en especies invasoras es necesaria la combinación de información de la zona nativa y la zona de invasión. Segundo, se ha evidenciado que los modelos de simulación espacialmente explícitos son herramientas adecuadas para describir las perturbaciones forestales, identificar los parámetros clave de su dinámica, analizar sus interacciones y anticipar sus impactos ante la incertidumbre del cambio global. Finalmente, se constata que para hacer una aplicación eficaz de las metodologías descritas es necesario diferenciar la ocurrencia de una perturbación de la severidad de su impacto. Los resultados aquí expuestos proporcionan nuevas evidencias de los procesos que rigen la dinámica de plagas forestales y, en concreto, de C. perspectalis. Se demuestra que la distribución de C. perspectalis al sur de los Pirineos depende de la presencia de la planta huésped (Buxus sempervirens) y la capacidad de expansión del insecto, mientras que no es limitada por la composición del habitat. Sin embargo, la defoliación severa sólo se encuentra en lugares de alta adecuación climática, definida por un rango de temperaturas diurnas pequeño y una baja estacionalidad de la precipitación y la temperatura. Estas condiciones definen un cierto patrón de continentalidad donde los bojes más susceptibles de ser atacados son aquellos que se encuentran cerca de la costa ya baja elevación (en las provincias de Girona, Barcelona y Navarra) y excluyendo zonas del Pirineo central (Lleida, Huesca ). Las proyecciones futuras del impacto causado por C. perspectalis describen una relación de consumidor-recurso cíclica con el estado de los bojes. Además el cambio climático podría reducir el área de impacto severo causado por el insecto concentrándolo sólo a algunas localidades. La interacción entre C. perspectalis y otras perturbaciones como el fuego y la sequía extrema no ha resultado significativa. Sin embargo, tal como he descrito en otras especies de insectos forestales, las interacciones con otras perturbaciones son complejas y se producen en varias direcciones, efectos (antagónico y sinérgico) y escalas espaciales y temporales. Toda esta información ofrece una base de gran valor para la futura investigación y el diseño de estrategias de gestión de bosques y plagas.<br>Insect pests are integrated elements of forest landscape dynamics. However, an increase in the number of pest outbreaks and in their impact has been experienced in recent decades, causing severe consequences for ecosystems and society. The reasons behind these changing dynamics are mainly related to changes in land-use, climate, and the introduction of invasive species due to international trades and human mobility. The central goals of this thesis are to advance in the understanding of insect pest impacts on forest landscapes and to integrate them in modelling tools that help the prediction of consequences in a global change future. To face these goals, I defined the direct and indirect effects of insect pests and their interactions with other forest landscape disturbances (fire, drought, storms, pollution, etc.), and described the mechanisms underlying these responses. Aiming at working on a specific actual concerning pest, I examined the case of boxwood moth (Cydalima perspectalis), a Lepidoptera native to Asia and invasive in Europe since 2007. I described the ecologic niche of the species as well as its distribution and potential impact on the invaded area. Finally, I anticipated impacts of this pest and its interactions with other disturbances in the Southern Pyrenees under future climatic conditions. In this thesis, I proposed different methodologies to study the impact of forest pests. First, I demonstrated that a combination of information from the native and invaded areas is required for a correct application of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) in invasive species. Second, I evidenced that spatially explicit simulation models are appropriate tools for the study of forest disturbances, identifying key parameters in determining their dynamics, analyzing their interactions, and anticipating their impacts in the face of global change uncertainty. Finally, I highlighted the adequacy of differentiating the presence versus the severity of a disturbance in order to effectively apply the methodologies described. The results presented in this thesis provide new evidence of the processes governing pest dynamics – and their associated impacts – on forest functioning, in particular, the case of C. perspectalis. I demonstrated that the distribution of C. perspectalis in the Southern Pyrenees depended on the presence of the host plant (Buxus sempervirens) and the insect spread capacity (which is usually altered by involuntary anthropochory), while it was not limited by the fragmentation or heterogeneity of the habitat. However, severe defoliation was only found in places with high climatic suitability, defined by low seasonal precipitation and temperature, and low temperature diurnal range. These conditions define a continentality pattern where the most endangered boxwoods were those located near the coast and at low elevation (in the provinces of Girona, Barcelona, and Navarra) and excluding areas of the central Pyrenees (Lleida, Huesca). Future projections of C. perspectalis impact describe a cyclic consumer-resource relationship with the host plant. In addition, climate change may reduce the area of severe impact being concentrated only in few locations. The interaction between C. perspectalis and extreme drought was not significant. However, as I reported for other forest pest species, interactions with other disturbances are complex and occur in various directions, effects (antagonistic and synergistic) and spatial and temporal scales. For instance, trees that are damaged by fire or drought can synthesize ethanol, monoterpenes, and pheromones that attract insects; trees killed by an insect pest result in an accumulation of fuel that facilitates the spread of fires; trees weakened by drought have a lower response capacity (resin synthesis, regrowth capacity, etc.) and are therefore more susceptible to insect attacks. All this information offers a valuable basis for future research and for designing forest and pest management actions.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ecologia Terrestre
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Cano, Rocabayera Oriol. "La invasió de Gambusia holbrooki en ecosistemes eutrofitzats. Dels mecanismes ecològics a la seva gestió." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668318.

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La introducció d’espècies invasores, juntament amb altres pertorbacions com l’augment dels nutrients, amenacen la biodiversitat nativa globalment. Les invasions biològiques d’espècies exòtiques es troben íntimament lligades a l’activitat humana, des de l’etapa inicial d’introducció en el nou hàbitat fins a l’establiment i l’expansió. La cerca dels factors ecològics i socioeconòmics que fan que una espècie introduïda esdevingui invasora i provoqui un impacte és l’objectiu fonamental de la ciència d’invasions biològiques. Aquesta tesi s’emmarca en el context d’una invasió d’un petit peix, la gambúsia (Gambusia holbrooki) en ecosistemes subjectes a degradació ambiental a causa d’una excessiva fertilització amb nitrats. Mitjançant estudis experimentals en laboratori i en mesocosmos, però també amb estudis de camp, s’explora la hipòtesi de si l’eutrofització té una influència significativa sobre l’èxit invasor de G. holbrooki. Concretament, el primer objectiu és comprendre els mecanismes ecològics resultat de la introducció d’aquests peixos i la contaminació per nitrats i com aquests alteren la comunitat biòtica nativa i certs processos ecològics com la producció primària i la descomposició de matèria orgànica. També es vol avaluar la toxicitat directa dels nitrats sobre la salut de mascles, femelles i juvenils de G. holbrooki mitjançant l’ús de diferents biomarcadors. L’augment de la concentració de nutrients, però també la qualitat de l’habitat físic, l’abundància de depredadors i la prevalença de paràsits, podrien influir en els trets d’història de vida i l’èxit invasor de G. holbrooki. Si la seva condició física estigués influenciada per qualsevol d’aquests factors, els gestors del medi natural podrien dur a terme un control de les poblacions invasores de G. holbrooki mitjançant un enfocament que tingués en compte el conjunt de l'ecosistema, afavorint certes condicions ambientals que reduïssin el seu èxit invasor. Tanmateix, fos per eliminació directa o mitjançant aquest enfocament ecosistèmic, la reducció de l’abundància de G. holbrooki hauria de ser compensada amb la recuperació d’altres espècies natives, com ara el fartet (Aphanius iberus) i proporcionar una eficiència similar en el servei ecosistèmic del control biològic de mosquits, tant en aigües netes com eutròfiques. Els resultats indicaren una interacció insignificant entre els impactes exercits tant per la introducció del peix com per la contaminació per nitrats en l’ecosistema receptor, sent per tant els seus efectes de tipus additiu. La pèrdua de biomassa de peixos observada en concentracions altes de nitrats s'atribuiria a efectes indirectes, com ara una disminució de l'abundància de preses, i no pas per una alteració directa en la fisiologia dels peixos. Aquesta hipòtesi es confirmà en els tests de laboratori, on només els mascles i juvenils patiren alteracions lleus en l’alimentació i l’emmagatzematge de reserves. Aquesta baixa susceptibilitat de G. holbrooki als nitrats, especialment en femelles, confirma la seva alta tolerància a un ampli gradient de condicions ambientals descrita anteriorment. A més, la baixa prevalença de paràsits i l'alta variabilitat en els trets d’història de vida, aquesta última atribuïda principalment a la pròpia densitat de G. holbrooki per sobre d’altres factors ambientals, ofereix poques esperances als gestors per tal de controlar aquesta espècie invasora, a part de la completa eradicació en localitats concretes. Atesa la similar eficiència, però amb una major lentitud, de les espècies autòctones, inclús en absència de peixos, per reduir les abundàncies de mosquits en aigües eutròfiques i netes, presenta una prova evident que la introducció de G. holbrooki representa una amenaça innecessària per al servei ecosistèmic natural. La superioritat competitiva de G. holbrooki sobre les espècies natives, juntament amb la dificultat d’eradicar-la una vegada establerta, fa que siguin prioritaris la prevenció de noves introduccions de G. holbrooki per al control biològic de mosquits, però també la restauració de les poblacions de competidors natius.<br>Invasive species, together with other perturbations like nutrient enrichment, threaten native biodiversity worldwide. This thesis is framed within the context of the invasion of a small fish, the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) in ecosystems subject to environmental degradation due to excessive fertilisation with nitrates. By means of experimental and field observational studies, the hypothesis of whether eutrophication mediates the invasive success of G. holbrooki is explored. Specifically, the initial aim is to understand the ecological mechanisms exerted by fish introduction and nitrate pollution in altering the native communities, the ecological processes and their interaction. Nutrient enrichment causing eutrophication, but also physical habitat quality, abundance of predators and parasites prevalence could influence the life history and the invasive success of G. holbrooki. Should the invader fitness be mediated by any factor, managers could carry out an ecosystem approach by favouring such desired conditions against the invader success. Either by direct elimination or through an ecosystemic approach, the loss of G. holbrooki populations should be substituted by other native species, such as Aphanius iberus and provide a similar mosquito control efficiency in clean and eutrophic waters. Results indicate a negligible interaction between the impacts exerted by both fish introduction and nitrate pollution on the recipient ecosystem. The loss of fish biomass in high nitrate concentration would be attributed to indirect effects such as a decline in prey abundance, rather than a direct alteration on fish physiology. This low susceptibility of G. holbrooki to nitrates, especially in females, confirms its high tolerance to a wide gradient of environmental conditions reported by previous authors. Moreover, the low prevalence of parasites and the high variability of life history traits, mainly attributed to G. holbrooki density in the pond over other environmental factors leave managers with low chances of controlling the invader apart from its eradication. Given the similar but slower efficiency of the native community both in eutrophic and clean waters in reducing mosquito abundances and the difficulty of eradicating G. holbrooki once established, favouring the presence of native competitors and preventing further introductions of G. holbrooki for biological control seems a priority.
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Ordóñez, Sánchez Víctor. "Ecología y genética de ascidias invasoras en el Mediterráneo occidental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128963.

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Las invasiones biológicas son un tema de especial importancia para los biólogos marinos. Estas invasiones pueden causar daños tanto ecológicos como económicos. El Mar Mediterráneo es uno de los ecosistemas marinos con más biodiversidad de todo el globo. No obstante, es uno de los mares más castigados y contaminados por la gran actividad humana costera y por la explotación de sus recursos. En consecuencia, es una región altamente vulnerable para la introducción de especies de diferentes orígenes. Siguiendo la introducción a una nueva área (dispersión pre-frontera), los procesos post-frontera determinan el éxito en el establecimiento de las especies no indígenas. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre cómo estos procesos post-frontera dan forma a la composición genética de las especies no indígenas a escalas regionales. Además, las introducciones recurrentes de especies no indígenas generan interacciones nuevas entre especies residentes que varían con las condiciones locales y la composición de la comunidad receptora. Por otro lado, el estudio de especies invasoras es a menudo confundido por cuestiones taxonómicas y por lo tanto estas especies pueden no ser reconocidas como introducidas en nuevas áreas colonizadas. De entre los organismos marinos invasores, las ascidias se han convertido en un problema global. Puertos, marinas, instalaciones de acuacultura y otras estructuras artificiales suelen ser los hábitats donde son introducidas y proliferan. Concretamente, las ascidias no indígenas son una especial preocupación para la industria de acuacultura y, paradójicamente, el stock de bivalvos representa una importante vía para transportar estas ascidias por todo el mundo. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar ciertos aspectos ecológicos y genéticos de la biología de cuatro ascidias invasoras en el Mediterráneo occidental. En el primer capítulo profundizamos en los procesos post-frontera de Microcosmus squamiger estudiando su estructura genética poblacional. Esta ascidia presenta una capacidad relativamente alta de dispersión post-frontera que le permite un flujo genético entre diferentes poblaciones a pequeña escala, además, presenta dos grupos genéticos relacionados con las dos fuentes originarias (Australia) de las poblaciones introducidas mundialmente. Estos acervos genéticos están mezclados a nivel poblacional pero no a nivel de individuo. En el segundo capítulo evaluamos los interacciones biológicas en los primeros estadios del desarrollo de Microcosmus squamiger y Styela plicata entre ellas y con mejillones, otros dominantes en las comunidades bentónicas. Parece que las dos ascidias no presentan interacciones a nivel espermático y tampoco a nivel de asentamiento larvario. En cambio, los mejillones juveniles presentan altos niveles de depredación de las larvas de estas dos ascidias, además de influenciar en su comportamiento larvario. Esto nos demuestra la importancia de la comunidad residente para el establecimiento de especies introducidas. En el tercer capítulo estudiamos el ciclo de vida y la estructura genética poblacional del invasor Didemnum. vexillum. Esta ascidia presenta un ciclo de crecimiento y reproductor claramente estacional, afectado negativamente por las temperaturas cálidas del verano. Además, las poblaciones introducidas en el Mediterráneo muestran una diversidad baja, sugiriendo un proceso de cuello de botella en el proceso de introducción. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo estudiamos el ciclo de vida de Clavelina oblonga. Veremos que esta ascidia es una especie introducida en el Mediterráneo desde hace más de 80 años pero que fue erróneamente identificada como C. phlegraea, nativa de la región. Su ciclo reproductor y de crecimiento es marcadamente estacional, favorecido por las temperaturas altas del verano, presentando hibernación en los meses más fríos.<br>Biological invasions are of special concern to marine biologists. The Mediterranean is one of the most harmed seas by human activities. Among invasive marine organisms, ascidians have become a global problem. The main goal of this PhD thesis is to study ecological and genetic aspects of the biology of four invasive ascidians in the western Mediterranean. In the first chapter, we delve into the post-border processes of the ascidian Microcosmus squamiger studying its population genetic structure. This ascidian has a relatively high capacity of post-border dispersion, which allows gene flow between populations on a small scale. Moreover there are two genetic clusters related to the two original sources of the introduced worldwide populations. These genetic pools are mixed at the population level but not at the individual level. In the second chapter, we evaluate biological interactions in early-life history stages of Microcosmus squamiger and Styelaplicata, among themselves and with mussels. No interactions between the two ascidians were found in fertilization or larval settlement and metamorphosis processes. In contrast, larvae of both ascidians were consumed by the juvenile mussels, and the ascidians also presented shifts in larval behavior in the presence of the mussels. This highlights the importance of the resident community for the establishment of introduced species. In the third chapter, we study the life cycle and population genetic structure of the invasive Didemnum vexillum. The ascidian showed a marked seasonal growth and reproductive cycle, negatively influenced by warm summer temperatures. Additionally, introduced populations in the Mediterranean showed low diversity, suggesting a bottleneck process in the introduction. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we study the life cycle of Clavelina oblonga. This ascidian is in fact an introduced species in the Mediterranean for more than 80 years ago but was erroneously identified as C. phlegraea, native to the region. Their reproductive and growth cycle was markedly seasonal, favored by warm summer temperatures, hibernating in colder months.
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Vall-llosera, Camps Miquel. "Avian invasions: from basic to applied research." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96891.

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La preocupació pels greus problemes ambientals i econòmics causats per les invasions biològiques ha provocat un enorme interès en tractar de comprendre els factors que influeixen en el procés invasiu. Aquesta informació és essencial per prevenir, avaluar i mitigar els impactes de les espècies invasores. En aquest context, aquesta tesi té dos objectius principals. El primer és descobrir què fa que una espècie tingui èxit en la invasió, i el segon investigar si aquests descobriments poden ser útils per prevenir els impactes dels invasors. Aquesta tesi explora aquestes qüestions utilitzant les aus com a objecte d'estudi. Per entendre per què hi ha espècies exòtiques que, tot i començar amb poblacions sovint petites i genèticament empobrides, arriben a vegades a establir-se en ambients on no havien tingut oportunitat d’adaptar-se, sovint s’invoca que les espècies bones invasores tenen adaptacions que els permeten superar aquests problemes. La teoria ecològica proposa que una d’aquestes adaptacions haurien de ser les històries de vida. Les característiques de les espècies relacionades amb la reproducció i la supervivència haurien de jugar un paper destacat en disminuir el risc d’extinció per factors estocàstics just després de la introducció. Els resultats indiquen que els bons invasors es caracteritzen per donar prioritat a la reproducció futura en lloc de la actual, segurament perquè un gran èxit en la reproducció en el futur redueix els costos d'un fracàs reproductiu en condicions d'incertesa i augmenta les oportunitats per explorar i respondre a les pressions ambientals noves. A més, les espècies exòtiques haurien de tenir adaptacions que els permetin trobar un nínxol ecològic apropiat on sobreviure i prosperar, per evitar l’extinció per creixement poblacional negatiu. Aquest nínxol no només ha d’incloure els recursos necessaris, però també pocs competidors i enemics. La teoria suggereix dues formes de trobar aquest nínxol: o les espècies invasores són capaces de desplaçar competitivament les espècies natives dels seus nínxols, o bé els invasors són oportunistes i troben nínxols ecològics desaprofitats. En aquesta tesi la importància relativa d’aquestes dues hipòtesis s’ha contrastat mitjançant l’estudi de l’invasió del Rossinyol del Japó (Leiothrix lutea) a la serra de Collserola. L'invasor s'ha establit amb relativament poca resistència de les espècies natives, el que reflecteix la seva naturalesa oportunista i generalista i que els seus requeriments ecològics estaven poc representats en la comunitat nativa. No obstant, durant el període d’expansió de l’invasor s’ha detectat la disminució d’una espècie nativa ecològicament similar, presumiblement deguda a desplaçament competitiu. Aquests resultats mostren que les dues hipòtesis no són mútuament exclusives, sinó que conjuntament poden ajudar a millorar la comprensió de les invasions. Finalment, aquesta tesi planteja si és possible utilitzar les característiques proposades d’estar relacionades amb l’èxit invasor per desenvolupar una metodologia per detectar les espècies potencialment invasores i així poder evitar futurs problemes. Els resultats indiquen que l’èxit invasor pot ser predit per la mida de la població fundadora, l'ús de l'hàbitat, la mida del cervell i la capacitat de les espècies de prioritzar la reproducció futura. Tot i que són poques característiques, els models generats van predir la probabilitat d'èxit de l'establiment de les aus a Europa i Austràlia, amb una precisió molt alta. Així doncs, es demostra que fer avaluacions de risc basades en les característiques relacionades amb l'èxit de l'establiment és difícil, però possible, i proporcionen una eina útil per orientar les estratègies de prevenció destinades a mitigar els impactes d'espècies invasores. Tot i així, aquesta tesi també demostra que per ser del tot efectives cal que aquestes metodologies siguin implementades realment en les polítiques de gestió ambiental si de debò volem evitar un futur dominat per les espècies invasores.<br>Serious concern for environmental and economic problems caused by biological invasions has caused a huge interest in trying to understand the factors that influence the invasive process. This information is essential to prevent, assess, and mitigate the impacts of invasive species. In this context, this thesis has two main goals. The first is to ask what makes a species a successful invader, and second to investigate whether this information can be useful for preventing the impact of the invaders. This thesis explores these questions using birds as the object of study. To understand why exotic species, whose initial populations are generally small and genetically depleted, can sometimes succeed to establish themselves in environments to which they have had no opportunity to adapt it has often been invoked that successful invaders have adaptations that allow them to overcome these problems. Ecological theory suggests that life histories should be part of these adaptations. The characteristics of the species related to reproduction and survival should play an important role in reducing the risk of extinction by stochastic factors at the initial stages of the invasion process. The results indicate that successful invaders are characterized by prioritizing future over current reproduction, probably because a great success in reproducing in the future reduces the cost of reproductive failure under conditions of uncertainty and increases the opportunities to explore and respond to new environmental pressures. In addition, alien species should have adaptations to find an appropriate niche to survive in and prosper, to avoid extinction by negative population growth. This niche should include not only necessary resources, but also few competitors and enemies. Theory suggests two ways to achieve this niche: or invasive species are competitively superior and displace native species from their current niches, or invaders are opportunistic and have the ability to find unused ecological niches. In this thesis the relative importance of these two hypotheses has been contrasted trough the study of the invasion of the Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) in the Collserola forest reserve. The invader established with relatively little resistance from the native species, reflecting its generalist and opportunistic nature and that its ecological requirements were underrepresented in the native community. However, there has been a decline of a native species ecologically similar to the invader during the period of expansion, presumably due to competitive displacement. These results show that both hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, but taken together can help to better understand of the establishment process. Finally, this thesis asks whether it is possible to use the species features proposed to be related to the invasive success to develop a methodology to detect potentially invasive species and, thus, to be able avoid future problems. The results show that invasive success can be predicted by the founder population size, habitat use, brain size, and the ability of species to prioritize future reproduction. Although there are few traits, the models predicted the probability of successful establishment for birds in Europe and Australia with high accuracy. Therefore, it is demonstrated that risk assessments based on characteristics related to the success of the establishment are difficult but feasible and provide a useful tool for guiding preventive polices aimed at mitigating the impact of invasive species. However, this thesis also shows that, to be fully effective, these methods have indeed to be applied in the environmental management policies if we really want to avoid a future dominated by invasive species.
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Rey, i. Planellas Sònia. "Biologia, ecologia i efectes de la formiga invasora Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en comunitats d'artròpodes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3681.

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Aquest treball de tesis doctoral tracta sobre la formiga invasora Lasius neglectus i els seus efectes sobre altres artròpodes en comunitats envaïdes al Nord-est de la Península Ibèrica. S'han estudiat: a) trets de la seva biologia reproductiva i ecologia b) els efectes que la invasió provoca sobre altres espècies de formigues natives i sobre els altres artròpodes que coexisteixen amb la colònia de L. neglectus; aquest darrer aspecte s'ha estudiat en tres poblacions. També es va fer un assaig de control de la plaga amb un tractament clàssic amb insecticides de contacte i una elevada persistència. <br/>Pels estudis sobre la seva biologia reproductiva es va constatar el seu caràcter poligínic en tota la supercòlonia, amb una gran densitat de reines per supercolònia que es trobaven isolades o bé en grups de 2 o més reines dins de cada niu i sempre amb obreres. Per les dades en increment en pes sec i contingut de greixos des del naixement fins al moment de l'aparellament es va demostrar que les reines de L. neglectus es poden reproduir mitjançant fundació dependent tot i que el valor obtingut de la proporció del mesosoma de reines i obreres (relació entre el volum del tòrax de reines i obreres=23.83±0.15) coincideix amb el de les espècies que fan fundacions independents. Al laboratori també es van obtenir obreres a partir de reines joves acabades de fecundar (fundacions independents, haplo i pleometrótiques). Per les dades en contingut de carbohidrats es demostra que les reines tenen valors entremitjos entre les reines d'espècies que fan vols nupcials i les que no són capaces de volar, tot i que per l'àrea relativa de les ales les reines de L. neglectus han de ser capaces de volar. Tanmateix mai s'ha documentat cap vol nupcial en L. neglectus fins ara. Les reines joves alades fan fecundació intranidal i aquestes reines joves fecundades són adoptades per les reines velles i les obreres dins del mateix niu. Aquesta estratègia evita la depredació de reines joves fecundades després del vol nupcial, moment crític per a l'expansió de la colònia o la dispersió de l'espècie. Per tant aquesta expansió és per gemmació o bé a través de transport passiu, normalment afavorit per l'home. Les taxes de posta de reines velles són el doble que les de reines joves, amb un temps mitjà de desenvolupament de les obreres, però, el doble de llarg. <br/>L'efecte més significatiu de la invasió de L. neglectus, tant a nivell d'abundància com de riquesa d'espècies, es va trobar sobre la resta de formigues natives. En totes les poblacions estudiades la presència de L. neglectus reduïa significativament la probabilitat de trobar espècies de formigues natives tant al sòl com als arbres. En el cas de l'efecte sobre altres artròpodes els resultats eren més variables: alguns artròpodes com ara els àfids es veien afavorits per la seva presència i en canvi altres ordres com ara Aràcnids, Himenòpters i Dípters es veien afectats negativament per la presència de la formiga invasora. Tanmateix aquests efectes, tant en formigues natives com en altres artròpodes, variaven en funció de la població estudiada i depenent de l'hàbitat mostrejat: capçades dels arbres o bé sòl.<br/>En quan a les mesures per controlar aquesta invasió, es va fer un assaig amb insecticides d'una colònia de L. neglectus. Es van atacar tots els fronts possibles d'expansió de la invasió: a) l'interior de cases ocupades amb esquers, b) el perímetre de les cases ocupades amb injeccions amb un insecticida de contacte amb gran persistència al igual que c) els troncs dels arbres i finalment, d) es van tractar totes les capçades dels arbres de la zona ocupada per tal de matar els àfids, que són el principal aliment de L. neglectus. Gràcies al coneixement de les dades biològiques i ecològiques de la supercolònia de L. neglectus el resultat d'aquests tractaments integrats va ser satisfactori ja que disminuïa dràsticament la probabilitat de trobar formigues després del tractament i, a l'any següent al tractament, els nivells inicials de formigues eren molt menors als de l'any abans de tractar. Els tractaments es van fer dos anys seguits amb resultats prometedors i gran satisfacció per part dels habitants de les cases ocupades.<br>The aim of this work is to study: a) the reproductive biology and ecology of the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and b) its effects over other native arthropod communities in invaded communities from Northeast Spain; this last aspect has been studied on three populations. A large scale insecticide treatment of the plague was also made with contact and high persistence insecticides. <br/>Its polygynic character was ascertained by the studies about its reproductive biology, with a great density of queens that were found isolated or in groups of 2 or more queens per nest, always with workers. From data obtained in increase in dry weight and fat contents from eclosion until mating time, it was demonstrated that L. neglectus queens can reproduce through dependent colony founding even though the value obtained from the proportion of the mesosome ratio from queens and workers (queen/worker thorax volume=23.83±0.15) coincides with the independent colony founding species. Workers were also obtained, at the laboratory, from newly mated queens (haplo- and pleometrotic independent foundations). From data in carbohydrate content, queens have intermediate values among the flying queens and those not capable to perform nuptial flights, even though for the relative area of the wings, L. neglectus queens are capable of flying. However it has never been documented a nuptial flight in L. neglectus until now. Queens reproduce by intranidal mating and these fertilized young queens are adopted by the old queens and workers into the same nest. This strategy avoids the possible predation of young fertilized queens after the nuptial flight, a critical moment for the expansion of the colony. Therefore they expand by budding or through passive human transport. The egg laying rates of old queens are two fold than that of young mated queens, with a total development time from egg to worker double than from egg to nanitic for young queens. <br/>The most significant effect of the invasion of L. neglectus, on native arthropods abundance and species richness, was on coexisting native ants. In all the studied populations the presence of L. neglectus reduced dramatically the likelihood of finding native ants on tree canopies and soil. For the effect of L. neglectus on other non-ant arthropods the results were more variable: some arthropods like aphids were favoured by its presence and other orders as Arachnids, Hymenoptera and Diptera were negatively affected for the presence of the invading ant. However these effects, in native ants as well as in other arthropods, vary depending on the studied population and on the sampled habitat: tree canopy or soil surface. <br/>In order to control this invasion, classical treatments with insecticides were applied to one of the supercolonies studied. All the possible expansion fronts of the invasion were attacked with a) an in-house baiting, b) a house perimeter injection treatment, c) tree trunk spraying, and finally d) canopy fogging in order to kill the aphids, which are the main food supply for L. neglectus. Thanks to the knowledge of the biological and ecological features of the supercolony of L. neglectus the results of these integrated treatments were satisfactory. They drastically reduced the probability of finding ants after the treatment and, for the next year after the first treatment, the initial ant levels were lower than those of the year before treating. This treatment was repeated for two years with promising results and great satisfaction of the homeowners.
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AZEVEDO, Rodrigo Carvalho de. "Evidências experimentais para a associação entre o nível de relação filogenética e a intensidade de competição entre espécies de gramíneas exóticas e nativa." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2583.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Carvalho.pdf: 354139 bytes, checksum: 4f557de5909b41993211b240c60d40cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-05<br>Biological invasions has been a major threat to whole biomes around the world, affecting communities and ecossistems with consequences to the trophic web. At the same time it is a huge biogeographical experiment that allows the formulation of hypotheses about the rules for communitie assembly. This study tested the hypothesis that the level of phylogenetic relationship is positively correlated with the magnitude of competitive interactions, being stronger for closer species. We used two exotic African species (Panicum maximum and Andropogon gayanus) and a native of South America (Paspalum atratum-focal species) in a partial additive design for the mix of native-exotic, with an increase in density of the exotic. The results showed greater competitive effect on the focal species when in the presence of P. maximum (closer to the focal), suggesting that predictions can be made on potential invasive species based on the Darwin s Naturalization Hypothesys.<br>Invasões biológicas são atualmente umas das mais graves ameaças aos ecossistemas. Suas consequências estendem-se por toda a cadeia trófica, atingindo também comunidades e ecossistemas, com altos custos estimados para ações mitigadoras. Ao mesmo tempo revela-se um imenso experimento biogeográfico que possibilita a formulação de hipóteses sobre regras de assembléia de comunidades. Este trabalho testou a hipótese de que o nível de relação filogenética esta positivamente associado com a magnitude da interação competitiva, sendo maior para espécies mais aparentadas. Foram utilizadas duas espécies exóticas africanas (Panicum maximum e Andropogon gayanus) e uma nativa da América do Sul (Paspalum atratum-espécie focal) em um delineamento aditivo parcial para a combinação exótica-nativa, com aumento na densidade da espécie exótica. Os resultados mostraram maior efeito competitivo sobre a espécie focal quando na presença de P. maximum (mais próxima à focal), o que sugere que podem ser feitas predições sobre potenciais espécies invasoras com base na Hipótese de Naturalização de Darwin.
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Flores, Escobar Elizabeth. "Respuestas de los primates a demandas sociales y ecológicas: La importancia de los métodos no invasivos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668676.

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Las selvas tropicales mexicanas resguardan la distribución más septentrional de los platirrinos en el Neotrópico, representada por tres especies: el mono aullador de manto (Alouatta palliata), el mono aullador negro (Alouatta pigra) y el mono araña (Ateles geoffroyi). La baja disponibilidad prolongada de alimento genera un entorno estresante que puede tener efectos directos sobre estos primates, como son los cambios hormonales, conductuales, de forrajeo, interacción social y en la utilización de recursos a nivel intra e interespecífico. Muchos de los métodos utilizados para explorar esos efectos resultan ser invasivos, y por tanto provocar consecuencias contraproducentes en aras de obtener información. Las técnicas no invasivas desarrolladas en las últimas décadas para obtener información detallada sobre la salud y fisiología de la fauna silvestre han contribuido a ampliar nuestra comprensión de las causas de la conducta de los primates no humanos y su capacidad para responder a las presiones medio ambientales que los rodean. El presente trabajo contribuye al conocimiento sobre estas especies a través de tres enfoques: fisiológico, socio endócrino e isotópico. En este trabajo, en primer lugar, se realizaron las validaciones fisiológicas, analíticas y métodos de extracción para la determinación de hormonas esteroides en heces de monos aulladores negros (Alouatta pigra), con la finalidad de establecer parámetros para la correcta evaluación de estos esteroides indicadores del bienestar de estos animales. Asimismo, se realizó un experimento en un grupo cautivo de monos araña negros (Ateles geoffroyi). Se usaron cinco tratamientos experimentales que representan diferentes combinaciones de tamaño, distribución y calidad de los alimentos. Se observaron interacciones sociales, se recolectaron registros de actividad de alimentación y proximidad, y se colectaron muestras fecales. Cuando los alimentos estaban agrupados, los individuos pasaban menos tiempo alimentándose, y también había una variación individual en la actividad alimentaria dentro de los tratamientos. Los niveles de glucocorticoides fecales fueron más altos cuando los alimentos se agruparon. Por último, se midió la amplitud del nicho isotópico, que es un proxy de la amplitud del nicho trófico, en monos aulladores de manto (Alouatta palliata) y negros (A. pigra) en alopatría y simpatría, se evaluó si presentaban partición de nicho utilizando mediciones isotópicas en pelo y se estimó el grado de solapamiento entre las diferentes condiciones, así como de ambas especies en el área de simpatría. Se describió la amplitud del nicho isotópico de cada especie en cada condición (es decir, alopatría y simpatría) a través de la estimación bayesiana de las áreas de elipse de desviación estándar. En alopatría, la amplitud del nicho isotópico y la variación isotópica fueron similares en ambas especies. En simpatría, los monos aulladores negros tuvieron un nicho isotópico significativamente más amplio, que estaba determinado principalmente por los altos valores de δ15N, e incluía la mayor parte del nicho isotópico de los monos aulladores de manto. El nicho isotópico de los monos aulladores de manto no fue diferente entre simpatría y alopatría. Las métricas de diversidad isotópica demostraron que, a pesar de compartir la misma área, cada especie presenta diferente forma y tamaño de nicho isotópico en el área donde convergen ambas especies. La coexistencia de estas especies ecológicamente similares está vinculada a ajustes de nicho trófico de A. pigra. La adquisición de un mayor conocimiento a diferentes escalas de las respuestas fisiológicas, sociales y la forma en que estos primates acceden a los alimentos frente a los cambios medioambientales, es fundamental para comprender los aspectos más básicos de su conducta y tiene implicaciones importantes para el estudio de la ecología y evolución de estas especies. Asimismo, la información generada en esta tesis tiene implicaciones para la conservación y manejo de los primates mexicanos.<br>Low food availability has direct effects on primates, such as changes in hormones and behavior. Non-invasive techniques, developed to obtain information on the physiology of wildlife, have contributed to broadening our understanding of the causes of primate behavior and their ability to respond to environmental pressures. The present work contributes to the knowledge about these species through three approaches: physiological, socio-endocrine and isotopic. In the first part of this thesis, physiological and analytical validations, as well as extraction methods, were performed for the determination of steroid hormones in feces of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), in order to establish parameters for the correct evaluation of these steroids. In the second part, an experiment was carried out on a group of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Five combinations of food size, distribution, and quality were used. Social interactions were observed, records of feeding activity and proximity were collected, as well as fecal samples. When food was clumped, individuals spent less time feeding, and there was also individual variation in feeding activity within treatments. Fecal glucocorticoid levels were higher when food was clumped. Finally, the isotopic niche width was measured in mantled (Alouatta palliata) and black (A. pigra) howler monkeys in allopatry and sympatry through isotopic measurements in hair. The degree of isotopic niche overlap between the different conditions was also estimated, as well as of both species in the sympatry area. In sympatry, black howler monkeys had a significantly wider isotopic niche, which was determined primarily by high δ15N values, and included most of the isotopic niche of mantled howler monkeys. Each species had a different shape and size of isotopic niche in the area where both species converge. The coexistence of these ecologically similar species is linked to trophic niche adjustments by Alouatta pigra. The acquisition of greater knowledge at different scales of physiological, social responses and the way in which these primates access food while coping with environmental changes, is essential to understand the most basic aspects of their behavior and has important implications for the study of the ecology and evolution of these species. Likewise, the information generated in this thesis has implications for the conservation and management of Mexican primates.
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Miró, Pastó Alexandre. "Fish as local stressors of Pyrenean high mountain lakes: Arrival process and impact on amphibians and other organisms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384835.

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Pyrenean high mountain lakes are naturally fishless due to natural barriers that have prevented the natural colonisation of fish species from lower streams. However, there have been numerous trout introductions to such ecosystems, both in historical and recent periods. Differing from other high mountain regions, some high mountain lakes of the Pyrenees were exploited traditionally for trout cultivation. This activity started at least centuries ago and lasted until 1950s, affecting approximately 25% of the lakes. Since 1950, and similar to other high mountain regions, a wave of modern introductions with exotic species has affected among 35% and 85% of the lakes depending on the valley. In recent decades, minnows have also been introduced, being present in 2000 in 27% of Pyrenean high mountain lakes, as a result of recreational fishing with livebait. The first part of the thesis was intended to provide an objective description of the fish introduction process in the Pyrenees. For that purpose we collected data on trout and minnow occurrence from 520 high mountain lakes >0.5 ha of the southern Pyrenees and quantified, by generalized additive models, which particular factors either environmental or anthropogenic, best explained their present distribution and as a result their lake conservation status. The distribution of Salmo trutta in the southern slope of the Pyrenees was best explained by both, anthropogenic factors and lake characteristics, while only anthropogenic factors linked to recreational fishing were associated with the distribution of the exotic trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus mykiss. For the case of minnow occurrence, previous presence of trout in the lake was the most explanative variable, confirming its association with recreational fishing using them as livebait. Trout and minnow introductions can cause large ecological problems and ecosystem alterations in high mountain lakes and ponds, since both trout and minnows occupy the top of a lake’s food chain. In the second part of the thesis, we sampled 1736 Pyrenean high mountain lakes and ponds at different levels of intensity and investigated the effects of introduced fish on indicator faunal groups such as amphibians and conspicuous macroinvertebrates in the littoral, and crustaceans from the plankton. We also studied if there was a trophic cascade from fish to the littoral epilithic community of these ecosystems. Our results showed that fish presence was linked with the disappearance of most amphibian species and of most conspicuous macroinvertebrates. Minnows also showed sizeable impact on the pelagic habitat reducing the abundance of some herbivorous species of zooplankton that appeared to be unaffected by trout. In the case of amphibian species, we found that, although introduced fish had a high local impact, western-eastern patterns of some environmental variables are the main drivers of amphibian species distribution at Pyrenean range scale. In addition, we confirmed the presence of a littoral trophic cascade that define most of the characteristics of the littoral epilithon of Pyrenean high mountain lakes and ponds, through fish predation of tadpoles and hence, by a drastic reduction of grazing activity.
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Grossman, Jake J. "Assessment of Four Years of Marsh Restoration at the Jones Farm Experimental Restoration Facility in Northeast Ohio: Water Quality, Plant Community Development, and Adaptive Management." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1213361786.

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Näslund, Johan. "The importance of biodiversity for ecosystem processes in sediments : experimental examples from the Baltic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38893.

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Aquatic sediments are, by surface, the largest habitat on Earth. A wide diversity of organisms inhabit these sediments and by their actions they have a large influence on and also mediate many ecosystem processes. Several of these processes, such as decomposition and remineralisation of organic matter are important on a global scale and are essential to sustain life on Earth. The main aim of this thesis was to use an experimental ecosystem ecology approach in order to study some of these ecosystem processes in marine sediments and how they are linked to biodiversity. Paper I and II found that an increased species richness of sediment deposit feeders increases the processing of organic matter from phytoplankton settled on the sea-floor, and that species-rich communities have a more efficient resource utilization of deposited organic matter. The results in paper IV and V also suggest that there is a link between microbial diversity in sediments and the degradation of organic contaminants. Paper V also shows that antibiotic pollution is a potential threat to natural microbial diversity and microbially mediated ecosystem services. The introduction of invasive species to ecosystems is another major threat to biodiversity and was studied in Paper II and III, by investigating the ecology of Marenzelleria arctia, a polychaete worm recently introduced in the Baltic Sea. Paper II suggests that M. arctia mainly utilize food resources not used by native deposit feeders, thus potentially increasing the benthic production in the Baltic Sea by increasing resource use efficiency. Paper III, however, show that M. arctia is protected from predation by the native benthic invertebrate predators, due to its ability to burrow deep in the sediment, suggesting that predation on M. arctia by higher trophic levels is restricted, thereby limiting trophic transfer. In conclusion, this thesis gives some examples of the importance of marine biodiversity for the generation of a few key ecosystem processes, such as organic matter processing and the degradation of harmful contaminants.<br>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: In press.
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Ordóñez, Grande Borja. "Aplicaciones del moco epidérmico como herramienta no invasiva en el estudio de cambios de la salinidad ambiental y dietas funcionales en especies marinas. Desarrollo del análisis por isótopos estables del proceso de exudación de las fracciones soluble e insoluble del moco epidérmico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672222.

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La acuicultura es una alternativa real y rentable a la pesca extractiva, haciendo frente a la creciente demanda de productos de alta calidad nutricional. En el mar Mediterráneo, la dorada y la lubina son especies de cultivo estables para la acuicultura y con crecimientos casi anuales desde la década de los 80s del siglo XX. Aun así, existen factores que pueden afectar a la productividad y que hacen necesaria una mejor comprensión del estado fisiológico del cultivo y su bienestar mediante el uso de técnicas no invasivas. Por ello, los dos objetivos principales de este manuscrito son: i) comprobar la idoneidad del moco epidérmico y su análisis como metodología no invasiva para el estudio del estado fisiológico y de bienestar del pez y ii) establecer una metodología para la medición de la tasa de producción y renovación del moco epidérmico. Para ello, se desgranaron estos dos objetivos principales en los siguientes objetivos específico: 1) Determinar el efecto de la salinidad sobre el estado fisiológico y de bienestar utilizando como animal modelo juveniles de lubina: a. Comparando los efectos de la salinidad sobre los biomarcadores del moco epidérmico y el plasma a corto plazo. (Capítulo I, Bloque I) b. Analizando los efectos de la salinidad a largo plazo sobre el moco epidérmico, el plasma y las branquias. (Capítulo I, Bloque II) 2) Analizar el efecto de una dieta funcional con hidrolizado de plasma porcino sobre el proteoma del moco epidérmico en dorada. (Capítulo II) 3) Establecer un protocolo para el análisis mediante isótopos estables de la tasa de producción y renovación del moco epidérmico en dorada como modelo de especie acuícola marina. (Capítulo III, Bloque I) 4) Medir la tasa de producción y renovación del moco epidérmico y sus fracciones soluble e insoluble en dorada utilizando el protocolo anteriormente establecido. (Capítulo III, Bloque II) Estos objetivos están asociados a los proyectos de investigación: AGL2015-70637-R (MICIINN) y AE090024 (AQUAEXCEL 2020).<br>During the last decade, skin mucus has proven to be a useful non-invasive tool to analyse fish physiological and welfare status of fish. Here, we continue the work developed at NIBIFISH research group by analysing skin mucus response to environmental factors, such as salinity and diet, and to incorporate stable isotope analysis as a new methodology, to determine skin mucus dynamics: production and turnover. European sea bass response to short and long-term salinity challenges was recorded, demonstrating a better acclimation to hyposaline conditions (3‰ and 12‰) than to the hypersaline one (50‰). Skin mucus osmoregulation has proven to act as an ion trap in low salinity and as a water retainer in high salinity. At short-term, skin mucus glucose, cortisol and soluble protein was acutely exuded, while at long-term, a metabolic restructuration occurred by an increase in lactate and soluble protein amounts. For both experiments, hypersaline condition became a high energy demandant condition. In sea bream we analysed a dietary immunostimulant (spray-dried porcine plasma), using the skin mucus interactome. An increase of vesicle formation and cellular exudation was recorded from the proteome analyses, including an increase of protection factors, such as Heat Shock Proteins, proteasome associated proteins and keratin-derived antimicrobial peptides (KDAMPs), and metabolic defence in front of redox processes by the increase of glutathione biosynthesis precursors. Finally, we performed the study of skin mucus production and turnover via stable isotope analysis as a less invasive way. During the first 12h post-feeding, 13C and 15N incorporation to skin mucus gradually increased, and was maintained until 24h post-feeding. 13C allocation was higher for soluble than for insoluble mucus, while 15N allocation was equal in both fractions. Skin mucus turnover, after 24h, showed an increase in the presence of de novo products, but did not achieve the previous status. The studies here presented have increased skin mucus knowledge and generated a new approach to skin mucus production, turnover and modulation, a tool that could allow to advance in the research of productive species as well as in the conservation of endangered species.
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Loureiro, Tainã Gonçalves. "Abundância, trofodinâmica, variabilidade genética e orientações para manejo da espécie invasora Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE) no sudeste brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/187255.

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O lagostim Norte-Americano Procambarus clarkii está dentre as espécies exóticas estabelecidas no Brasil, registrada no estado de São Paulo. Este crustáceo de água doce apresenta grande potencial de invasão (ampla plasticidade ecológica, elevada agressividade, enorme poder de dispersão). Além disso, é portador do oomiceto Aphanomyces astaci, ao qual as espécies de crustáceos nativas do Brasil podem não ser imunes. Inúmeros impactos já foram associados à presença de P. clarkii em várias partes do mundo, desde danos ao ecossistema até impactos sobre a biota nativa. A fim de contribuir com informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo e mitigação de impacto desta espécie no Brasil, esta pesquisa (1) levantou informações sobre a dinâmica populacional e o efeito da sazonalidade na sua abundância, (2) aperfeiçoou e propôs um método padronizado, rápido e acessível para o monitoramento das populações invasoras, (3) testou uma abordagem para controle populacional, (4) verificou a ecologia alimentar e as variações sazonais e intrapopulacionais na dieta, relacionando estes aspectos com o potencial de impacto, (5) analisou a diversidade genética de 9 populações estabelecidas no estado de São Paulo através da utilização de marcadores mitocondriais, (6) sumarizou o panorama legal sobre espécies invasoras, e (7) propoe ações para o manejo de invasão de P. clarkii. Foi definida uma metodologia padronizada para o acompanhamento das populações invasoras de P. clarkii, baseada no método de Schumacher e Eschmeyer para populações fechadas. As análises de dinâmica populacional demonstraram que não há efeito sazonal na abundância da população estudada e que a mesma segue crescendo com taxas consideráveis. Após testar um método de controle populacional baseado na remoção periódica de indivíduos ao longo de um ano, percebeu-se que a abundância populacional aumentou drasticamente e que o controle populacional através de remoção intensiva de indivíduos deve ser mais eficiente que a remoção extensiva. O estudo da dieta evidenciou a voracidade destes lagostins, que se alimentam continuamente de itens diversificados, tanto de origem animal quanto vegetal. Sua alta plasticidade trófica contribui para o alto potencial de estabelecimento em novos ambientes, uma vez que pode utilizar diferentes recursos alimentares dependendo da sua disponibilidade. Esta alta diversidade alimentar também está relacionada com o elevado poder de impacto, uma vez que fontes de diferentes níveis tróficos são utilizadas como recurso alimentar, podendo gerar um desequilíbrio trófico multidirecional, além de ameaçar a abundância e diversidade das espécies consumidas. Nas análises moleculares, foram encontradas apenas 7 haplótipos compartilhados por indivíduos de populações diferentes. Nenhum haplótipo é compartilhado entre populações brasileiras e indivíduos de populações autóctones, embora 3 haplótipos sejam observados entre populações nativas e outros 4 sejam encontrados em algumas populações brasileiras. As diferentes abordagens analíticas aplicadas ao longo deste estudo indicam que P. clarkii está adequadamente adaptado às situações bióticas e abióticas encontradas no Brasil, não havendo nenhuma estação em que os indivíduos encontrem barreiras importantes que pudessem dificultar sua sobrevivência e expansão, de forma que é indiferente a época do ano em que se fará maiores investimentos em manejo das populações invasoras.<br>Amongst the non-native species currently stablished in Brazil, the North-American freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii, is highlighted. This species has notable economic importance worldwide due to its value to aquaculture among aquarists. The occurrence of this species in Brazil seems to be restricted to the State of São Paulo. Procambarus clarkii shows a remarkable potential of invasion as a result of its wide ecological plasticity, elevated aggressiveness and high dispersion capacity. Additionally, it hosts the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, which might infect and threat native crustaceans. Many impacts were associated to the establishment of this crayfish around the world, from ecosystem disturbances to the harm of native biota. In order to provide relevant information to the development of impact mitigation actions and management strategies related to P. clarkii’s invasion in Brazil, this research (1) evaluated the population dynamics and the effect of seasonality on abundance of one invasive population, (2) adapted and proposed a standardized method to monitor invasive populations which is easily executed and of low budget, (3) tested an approach for population control, (4) verified the trophic ecology of this freshwater crayfish, considering seasonal and intrapopulational variations, relating this aspect to invasive capacity and potential impact, (5) analyzed the genetic variability of 9 populations established in the State of São Paulo through molecular mitochondrial markers, (6) summarized the legal panorama about invasive species, and (7) proposes management actions to deal with P. clarkii invasion. After testing some traditional methods for abundance estimation, in search for the most easily replicated and performed, we defined a standardized methodology to monitor invasive populations of P. clarkii, based in the estimation method of Schumacher and Eschmeyer for closed populations. The population dynamic analysis demonstrated that seasonality does not play a role in abundance and that the population is in continuous growth. The test of population control, based on periodical removal of individuals for a year did not result in a decrease on abundance as we expected. Thus, we believe that intensive animal removal might be more promising than extensive removal. The diet evaluation evidenced the remarkable voracity of this crayfish, which continuously feeds on a variety of items as macrophytes, algae, insects, crustaceans, mollusks, fishes and amphibians. We also found a notable trophic plasticity that must contribute for the great establishment and potential impact offered by this species. The molecular analysis showed 7 haplotypes that are shared among individuals from different populations. No haplotype is shared between native and Brazilian populations however, some native populations share 3 haplotypes and some Brazilian share 4 haplotypes. The variable approaches used in this thesis indicate that P. clarkii is adequately adapted to biotic and abiotic conditions in Brazil and it seems that there is no season in which individuals are under important ecological pressure related to population abundance or food resources, which would difficult their survivorship or range expansion. Thus, according to our data, there is no specific season in which population are subjected to any notable pressure that could be favored for management.
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Muñoz, Camarillo Gloria. "La colonización del mejillón cebra, Drcissena polymorpha (Bivalvia: Dreisscnidae) en el tramo final del río Ebro: factores que controlan su distribución y abundancia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/111332.

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El mejillón cebra, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), es conocido por ser una de las especies invasoras de agua dulce más dañinas, tanto desde el punto de vista ecológico como económico, a nivel mundial. Este exitoso bivalvo invasor es originario de la región Ponto-Cáspica y ha sido introducido en gran parte de Europa y Norte América. En el año 2001 fue descubierto en aguas de la Península Ibérica, concretamente en el bajo Ebro. Desde entonces las poblaciones de mejillón cebra se han extendido a gran parte de dicha cuenca e incluso a otras cuencas de la Península. Los importantes impactos tanto ecológicos como económicos producidos por el mejillón cebra en las masas de agua que ha colonizado han fomentado el estudio de dicha especie. En el caso de la cuenca del Ebro los trabajos realizados aún son escasos. La presente tesis se centra en el estudio de las poblaciones de mejillón cebra del tramo bajo del Ebro, entre la cola del embalse de Mequinenza (Zaragoza) y el límite superior de la zona estuarina (Tarragona). A lo largo del presente trabajo se obtuvo información sobre la estructura, los patrones de distribución y la dinámica de las poblaciones de mejillón cebra presentes en los embalses de Mequinenza, Ribarroja y Flix durante un año completo. Se estudiaron los estadios larvarios planctónicos y sésiles, y se analizó la relación de cada uno de los estadios poblacionales con las variables ambientales de los embalses. Los resultados permitieron establecer que las poblaciones de los embalses de Mequinenza y Ribarroja no se encuentran sincronizadas entre sí. La densidad de larvas en los embalses fue mayor en el embalse de Mequinenza, seguido del de Ribarroja y por último de Flix. La mayor parte de los estudios realizados sobre el mejillón cebra se centran en sistemas lénticos, como lagos o embalses. Sin embargo, las preferencias de hábitat de la especie en sistemas lóticos son poco conocidas. Por ello también se evaluó la relación existente entre las variables ambientales y las poblacionales en el tramo fluvial del bajo Ebro desde la presa de Flix hasta el comienzo de la cuña salina. Los trabajos realizados pusieron de manifiesto que el tramo fluvial estudiado se ve fuertemente afectado por la presencia aguas arriba del sistema de embalses. Además, se calculó la tasa de filtración de la especie en este tramo del río por ser un parámetro de importancia tanto para la regulación de las poblaciones como por el efecto que pueden tener sobre la ecología de las masas de agua. Por último se realizó un modelo de dinámica poblacional capaz de simular la densidad de la especie a lo largo del tiempo. Dicho modelo se desarrolló con datos bibliográficos y con datos generados durante los trabajos realizados en la presente tesis. La construcción del modelo permitió determinar que la dinámica poblacional interanual del mejillón cebra en los embalses del bajo Ebro se ajusta a un modelo de carácter cíclico y denso-dependiente.<br>The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), is known to be one of the worst freshwater invasive species worldwide. This successful invasive bivalve is native to the Ponto-Caspian region and has been introduced throughout Europe and North America. It was first discovered in the Iberian Peninsula in the lower Ebro River in 2001. Since its invasion the zebra mussel has spread throughout most of the Ebro river basin and other catchments of the Iberian Peninsula. The high ecological and economical impacts caused by the zebra mussel have promoted the study of this specie. In the case of the Ebro river basin studies are still scarce. The present PhD thesis focuses on the study of zebra mussel populations established in the lower Ebro River, between the Mequinenza reservoir (Zaragoza) and the beginning of the estuarine area (Tarragona). Throughout the present study information on the structure, distribution patterns and population dynamics of the zebra mussel present in the Mequinenza, Ribarroja and Flix reservoirs, was obtained for a full year. Planktonic and sessile larval stages were studied, and their relationship with reservoirs’ environmental variables were analyzed. Most studies on the zebra mussel are focused on lentic systems, such as reservoirs or lakes, where populations reach higher densities. However, the habitat preferences of this species in lotic systems are poorly known. Therefore, in this PhD thesis the relationship between environmental and water physicochemical parameters and the abundance and distribution of the zebra mussel in the lower Ebro River, from the Flix reservoir to the limit of the salt wedge was assessed. Moreover, the filtration rate of the zebra mussel inhabiting this river stretch was calculated. This parameter was determined because of its importance in both the zebra mussel populations’ auto regulation and the potential effects on colonized water bodies. Finally, a population dynamics model to simulate the zebra mussel abundance over time was developed. The construction of this model was performed with both bibliographic information and own data generated in the present PhD thesis.
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Erfmeier, Alexandra. "Ursachen des Invasionserfolges von Rhododendron ponticum L. auf den Britischen Inseln Einfluss von Habitat und Genotyp /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975033476.

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Galbraith-Kent, Shannon Lee. "Effects of experimental invasive communities on forest dynamics." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17130.

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Bryce, Elizabeth. "Influence of silvicultural treatment, site characteristics, and land use history on native and nonnative forest understory plant composition on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine /." 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/theses.asp?highlight=1&Cmd=abstract&ID=EES2009-002.

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