Journal articles: 'Experimental invasion ecology'

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Eisenhauer, Nico, Olga Ferlian, Dylan Craven, Jes Hines, and Malte Jochum. "Ecosystem responses to exotic earthworm invasion in northern North American forests." Research Ideas and Outcomes 5 (April 1, 2019): e34564. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e34564.

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Earth is experiencing a substantial loss of biodiversity at the global scale, while both species gains and losses are occurring at local and regional scales. The influence of these nonrandom changes in species distributions could profoundly affect the functioning of ecosystems and the essential services that they provide. However, few experimental tests have been conducted examining the influence of species invasions on ecosystem functioning. Even fewer have been conducted using invasive ecosystem engineers, which can have disproportionately strong influence on native ecosystems relative to their own biomass. The invasion of exotic earthworms is a prime example of an ecosystem engineer that is influencing many ecosystems around the world. In particular, European earthworm invasions of northern North American forests cause simultaneous species gains and losses with significant consequences for essential ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and crucial services to humanity like soil erosion control and carbon sequestration. Exotic earthworms are expected to select for specific traits in communities of soil microorganisms (fast-growing bacteria species), soil fauna (promoting the bacterial energy channel), and plants (graminoids) through direct and indirect effects. This will accelerate some ecosystem processes and decelerate others, fundamentally altering how invaded forests function. This project aims to investigate ecosystem responses of northern North American forests to earthworm invasion. Using a novel, synthetic combination of field observations, field experiments, lab experiments, and meta-analyses, the proposed work will be the first systematic examination of earthworm effects on (1) plant communities and (2) soil food webs and processes. Further, (3) effects of a changing climate (warming and reduced summer precipitation) on earthworm performance will be investigated in a unique field experiment designed to predict the future spread and consequences of earthworm invasion in North America. By assessing the soil chemical and physical properties as well as the taxonomic (e.g., by the latest next-generation sequencing techniques) and functional composition of plant, soil microbial and animal communities and the processes they drive in four forests, work packages I-III take complementary approaches to derive a comprehensive and generalizable picture of how ecosystems change in response to earthworm invasion. Finally, in work package IV, meta-analyses will be used to integrate the information from work packages I-III and existing literature to investigate if earthworms cause invasion waves, invasion meltdowns, habitat homogenization, and ecosystem state shifts. Global data will be synthesized to test if the relative magnitude of effects differs from place to place depending on the functional dissimilarity between native soil fauna and exotic earthworms. Moving from local to global scale, the present proposal examines the influence of earthworm invasions on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships from an aboveground–belowground perspective in natural settings. This approach is highly innovative as it utilizes the invasion by exotic earthworms as an exciting model system that links invasion biology with trait-based community ecology, global change research, and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research.

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Yurkonis, Kathryn A., Brian J. Wilsey, and Kirk A. Moloney. "Initial species pattern affects invasion resistance in experimental grassland plots." Journal of Vegetation Science 23, no. 1 (2011): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01331.x.

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Oschrin, Emma, and Heather L. Reynolds. "Co-occurring invasive plant interactions do not predict the impacts of invasion in experimental tallgrass prairie communities." Biological Invasions 21, no. 7 (2019): 2417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01984-0.

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Qin, Tian-Jian, Yu-Ting Guan, Ming-Xiang Zhang, Hong-Li Li, and Fei-Hai Yu. "Sediment type and nitrogen deposition affect the relationship between Alternanthera philoxeroides and experimental wetland plant communities." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 5 (2018): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17335.

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Wetlands have been demonstrated to be susceptible to invasions. Nutrient availability of wetland sediment is strongly affected by both sediment type and nitrogen deposition. We performed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the main effects and interactions between the presence of Alternanthera philoxeroides, sediment type and nitrogen deposition on biomass and evenness of experimental wetland plant communities. We established two types of plant communities, specifically wetland plant communities without and with A. philoxeroides, in two different sediment types crossed with two nitrogen deposition treatments. Experimental wetland plant communities consisted of four native or naturalised wetland species. Sediment type and nitrogen deposition significantly promoted A. philoxeroides growth. At the community level, the presence of A. philoxeroides decreased the total biomass of wetland plant species and increased community evenness, whereas sediment type significantly decreased evenness. At the species level, the presence of A. philoxeroides significantly decreased total biomass of Iris wilsonii and increased total biomass of Pontederia cordata. However, the interaction between invasion and nitrogen deposition significantly increased total biomass of Butomus umbellatus. These findings suggest that both sediment type and nitrogen deposition promote A. philoxeroides growth and exacerbate A. philoxeroides invasion into wetland plant communities. However, the presence of A. philoxeroides can increase the evenness of the wetland plant communities at a small scale by suppressing dominant species. The findings of the present study provide insights into the management of A. philoxeroides in wetlands.

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Faillace, Cara A., and Peter J. Morin. "Evolution alters post‐invasion temporal dynamics in experimental communities." Journal of Animal Ecology 89, no. 2 (2019): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13113.

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Wang, Zihan, Junjie Wu, Dan Zhang, et al. "Effects of Rhus typhina Invasion on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Carbon Emissions in Urban Green Spaces." Forests 13, no. 11 (2022): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111827.

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Alien plants invasion have become a hot issue in the field of ecology. The invasion of alien plants is usually accompanied by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the ensuing negative feedback creates a favorable environment for its own growth and expansion. Invasive plans have a strong ability to sequester carbon, which can greatly affect the original local ecological environment. In this study, we selected Rhus typhina, an invasive plant widely used for greening, as the experimental subject and natural growing grassland as the control. The aims were to investigate the effects of different degrees of invasion of R. typhina on soil physicochemical properties and carbon emissions, and to explore the influential factors on carbon emission. The results showed that R. typhina invasion significantly increased soil pH, total nitrogen content, easy extraction of glomalin-related soil protein (EEG) and cumulative CO2 emissions (CEM). It is worth noting that the CEM increased significantly during the severe invasion by R. typhina. The significant increase in soil NH4+-N content and the decrease in soil NO3−-N content indicate that the soil after the invasion of R. typhina has better uptake of NH4+-N. Temperature and soil moisture content had significant direct effects on CEM, while NH4+-N, NO3−-N, EEG and temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon mineralization Q10 (30 °C/20 °C) had a direct but non-significant effect on CEM. The above findings suggest that R. typhina can generate positive feedback by influencing the physicochemical properties and CEM of the soil, opening the way for its own expansion, which can be targeted to prevent the destruction of local ecosystems during the introduction of cultivation and subsequent management.

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TURNBULL, LINDSAY A., SABINE RAHM, OKSANA BAUDOIS, SUSANN EICHENBERGER-GLINZ, LUCA WACKER, and BERNHARD SCHMID. "Experimental invasion by legumes reveals non-random assembly rules in grassland communities." Journal of Ecology 93, no. 6 (2005): 1062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01051.x.

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Avanesyan, Alina. "Should I Eat or Should I Go? Acridid Grasshoppers and Their Novel Host Plants: Potential for Biotic Resistance." Plants 7, no. 4 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040083.

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Novel, non-coevolved associations between introduced plants and native insect herbivores may lead to changes in trophic interactions in native communities, as well as to substantial economic problems. Although some studies in invasion ecology demonstrated that native herbivores can preferentially feed on introduced plants and therefore contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities to plant invasions, the role of acridid grasshoppers as native generalist insect herbivores is largely overlooked. This systematic review aimed to identify patterns of grasshopper feeding preferences for native versus introduced plants and, consequently, a potential of grasshoppers to provide biotic resistance of native communities. The analysis of 63 records of feeding preference trials for 28 North-American grasshopper species (retrieved from 2146 studies published during 1967–2017) has demonstrated a preference of grasshoppers for introduced host plants, and identified 12 preferred introduced plants with high or middle invasive ranks. A significant effect of the life stage (p < 0.001), but not the experimental environment, plant material, and measurements, on grasshopper preferences for introduced plants was also detected. Overall, results suggest a potential of acridid grasshoppers to contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities. The review also provides methodological recommendations for future experimental studies on grasshopper-host plant interactions.

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Jagodziński, Andrzej M., Marcin K. Dyderski, Paweł Horodecki, Kathleen S. Knight, Katarzyna Rawlik, and Janusz Szmyt. "Light and propagule pressure affect invasion intensity of Prunus serotina in a 14-tree species forest common garden experiment." NeoBiota 46 (May 10, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.46.30413.

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Experiments testing multiple factors that affect the rate of invasions in forests are scarce. We aimed to assess how the biomass of invasive Prunusserotina changed over eight years and how this change was affected by light availability, tree stand growth, and propagule pressure. The study was conducted in Siemianice Experimental Forest (W Poland), a common garden forest experiment with 14 tree species. We investigated aboveground biomass and density of P.serotina within 53 experimental plots with initial measurements in 2005 and repeated in 2013. We also measured light availability and distance from seed sources. We used generalized additive models to assess the impact of particular predictors on P.serotina biomass in 2013 and its relative change over eight years. The relative biomass increments of P.serotina ranged from 0 to 22,000-fold. The success of P.serotina, expressed as aboveground biomass and biomass increment, varied among different tree species stands, but was greater under conifers. Total biomass of P.serotina depended on light and propagule availability while biomass increment depended on the change in tree stand biomass, a metric corresponding to tree stand maturation. Our study quantified the range of invasion intensity, expressed as biomass increment, in a forest common garden experiment with 14 tree species. Canopy cover was the most important variable to reduce susceptibility to invasion by P.serotina. Even a modest decrease of overstory biomass, e.g. caused by dieback of coniferous species, may be risky in areas with high propagule pressure from invasive tree species. Thus, P.serotina control may include maintaining high canopy closure and supporting natural regeneration of tree species with high leaf area index, which shade the understory.

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Crawley, Brown, Heard, and Edwards. "Invasion-resistance in experimental grassland communities: species richness or species identity?" Ecology Letters 2, no. 3 (1999): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00056.x.

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Stein, Claudia, William Stanley Harpole, and Katharine N. Suding. "Transitions and invasion along a grazing gradient in experimental California grasslands." Ecology 97, no. 9 (2016): 2319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1478.

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Cameron, Erin K., and Erin M. Bayne. "An experimental test of facilitation between non-native earthworms." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 12 (2011): 1223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-102.

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Invasional meltdowns, in which facilitation between species causes an accelerating increase in the number of introduced species or impacts, can cause large impacts in invaded systems. Earthworm invasion of northern forests has been suggested as a meltdown, with litter-dwelling species altering soil structure and facilitating mineral-soil or deep-burrowing earthworms that may be less capable of invading intact forest floors. We examined facilitation and synergistic effects of a litter-dwelling species ( Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny, 1826) and a deep-burrowing species ( Lumbricus terrestris L., 1758). Boreal forest soil cores were inoculated with D. octaedra, L. terrestris, both species, a higher density of L. terrestris, or no worms. After 4.5 months, we found no differences in survival or biomass between treatments for either species. Cocoon production did not differ for L. terrestris, but D. octaedra produced significantly fewer cocoons with L. terrestris. The two species had an additive effect on organic horizon depths and bulk densities. Thus, they did not appear to facilitate each other or have synergistic effects as would be predicted in an invasional meltdown.

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Robinson, James V., and Michael A. Edgemon. "Annual Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Invasion History on Community Structure." Ecology 69, no. 5 (1988): 1410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941638.

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Pfisterer, Andrea Bettina, Jasmin Joshi, Bernhard Schmid, and Markus Fischer. "Rapid decay of diversity-productivity relationships after invasion of experimental plant communities." Basic and Applied Ecology 5, no. 1 (2004): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00215.

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Downes, Sharon, and Anke-Maria Hoefer. "An experimental study of the effects of weed invasion on lizard phenotypes." Oecologia 153, no. 3 (2007): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0775-2.

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Belote, R. Travis, and Robert H. Jones. "Tree leaf litter composition and nonnative earthworms influence plant invasion in experimental forest floor mesocosms." Biological Invasions 11, no. 4 (2008): 1045–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9315-1.

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Nørgaard, Louise S., Giacomo Zilio, Camille Saade, et al. "An evolutionary trade‐off between parasite virulence and dispersal at experimental invasion fronts." Ecology Letters 24, no. 4 (2021): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13692.

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CHAPLAIN, M. A. J. "REACTION–DIFFUSION PREPATTERNING AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN TUMOUR INVASION." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 04 (1995): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000824.

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The growth of a solid tumour proceeds through two distinct phases: the avascular phase and the vascular phase. It is during the latter that the insidious process of invasion of surrounding tissues can and does take place. Once vascularized the tumours grow rapidly as exophytic masses. In certain types of cancer, e.g. carcinoma arising within an organ, this process typically consists of columns of cells projecting from the central mass of cells and extending into the surrounding tissue area. The local spread of these carcinoma often assume an irregular jagged shape. Experimental results have demonstrated that tumour cells secrete both growth-activating and growth-inhibiting chemicals. Using this knowledge a pre-pattern theory of cancer cell invasion is proposed. The theoretical results are compared with experimental and clinical results regarding the heterogeneity of cancer cells within multicell spheroids and the well-known invasion characteristics of carcinoma.

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Daehler, Curtis C., and Erin M. Goergen. "Experimental Restoration of an Indigenous Hawaiian Grassland after Invasion by Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)." Restoration Ecology 13, no. 2 (2005): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2005.00047.x.

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Roscher, Christiane, Holger Beßler, Yvonne Oelmann, Christof Engels, Wolfgang Wilcke, and Ernst-Detlef Schulze. "Resources, recruitment limitation and invader species identity determine pattern of spontaneous invasion in experimental grasslands." Journal of Ecology 97, no. 1 (2009): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01451.x.

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Renault, David. "A Review of the Phenotypic Traits Associated with Insect Dispersal Polymorphism, and Experimental Designs for Sorting out Resident and Disperser Phenotypes." Insects 11, no. 4 (2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040214.

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Dispersal represents a key life-history trait with several implications for the fitness of organisms, population dynamics and resilience, local adaptation, meta-population dynamics, range shifting, and biological invasions. Plastic and evolutionary changes of dispersal traits have been intensively studied over the past decades in entomology, in particular in wing-dimorphic insects for which literature reviews are available. Importantly, dispersal polymorphism also exists in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects, and except for butterflies, fewer syntheses are available. In this perspective, by integrating the very latest research in the fast moving field of insect dispersal ecology, this review article provides an overview of our current knowledge of dispersal polymorphism in insects. In a first part, some of the most often used experimental methodologies for the separation of dispersers and residents in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects are presented. Then, the existing knowledge on the morphological and life-history trait differences between resident and disperser phenotypes is synthetized. In a last part, the effects of range expansion on dispersal traits and performance is examined, in particular for insects from range edges and invasion fronts. Finally, some research perspectives are proposed in the last part of the review.

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Marks, Lindsay M., Daniel C. Reed, and Sally J. Holbrook. "Niche Complementarity and Resistance to Grazing Promote the Invasion Success of Sargassum horneri in North America." Diversity 12, no. 2 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020054.

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Invasive species are a growing threat to conservation in marine ecosystems, yet we lack a predictive understanding of ecological factors that influence the invasiveness of exotic marine species. We used surveys and manipulative experiments to investigate how an exotic seaweed, Sargassum horneri, interacts with native macroalgae and herbivores off the coast of California. We asked whether the invasion (i.e., the process by which an exotic species exhibits rapid population growth and spread in the novel environment) of S. horneri is influenced by three mechanisms known to affect the invasion of exotic plants on land: competition, niche complementarity and herbivory. We found that the removal of S. horneri over 3.5 years from experimental plots had little effect on the biomass or taxonomic richness of the native algal community. Differences between removal treatments were apparent only in spring at the end of the experiment when S. horneri biomass was substantially higher than in previous sampling periods. Surveys across a depth range of 0–30 m revealed inverse patterns in the biomass of S. horneri and native subcanopy-forming macroalgae, with S. horneri peaking at intermediate depths (5–20 m) while the aggregated biomass of native species was greatest at shallow (<5 m) and deeper (>20 m) depths. The biomass of S. horneri and native algae also displayed different seasonal trends, and removal of S. horneri from experimental plots indicated the seasonality of native algae was largely unaffected by fluctuations in S. horneri. Results from grazing assays and surveys showed that native herbivores favor native kelp over Sargassum as a food source, suggesting that reduced palatability may help promote the invasion of S. horneri. The complementary life histories of S. horneri and native algae suggest that competition between them is generally weak, and that niche complementarity and resistance to grazing are more important in promoting the invasion success of S. horneri.

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Atwood, Joshua, and Laura Meyerson. "Beyond EICA: understanding post-establishment evolution requires a broader evaluation of potential selection pressures." NeoBiota 10 (October 5, 2011): 7–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.10.954.

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Research on post-establishment evolution in nonnative plant populations has focused almost exclusively on testing the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, which posits that the lack of specialized herbivores in the invaded range drives evolution in nonnative plant populations. Fifteen years of conflicting EICA test results suggest that selection pressures other than specialized herbivory are important in driving post-establishment evolution in invasive species. Alternative hypotheses, such as the Evolution of Reduced Competitive Ability (ERCA) hypothesis, have been proposed but have received little attention or testing. We argue that the lack of consensus across studies that test EICA may be due in part to the lack of consistent definitions and varying experimental design parameters, and that future research in this field would benefit from new methodological considerations. We examined previous work evaluating post-establishment evolution and evaluated the range of study systems and design parameters used in testing the EICA hypothesis. Our goal was to identify where different uses of ecological terms and different study parameters have hindered consensus and to suggest a path forward to move beyond EICA in post-establishment evolution studies. We incorporated these methods into a design framework that will increase data harmony across future studies and will facilitate examinations of any potential selection pressure driving evolution in the invaded range.

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Banerjee, Achyut Kumar, Wuxia Guo, and Yelin Huang. "Genetic and epigenetic regulation of phenotypic variation in invasive plants – linking research trends towards a unified framework." NeoBiota 49 (August 19, 2019): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.49.33723.

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Phenotypic variation in the introduced range of an invasive species can be modified by genetic variation, environmental conditions and their interaction, as well as stochastic events like genetic drift. Recent studies found that epigenetic modifications may also contribute to phenotypic variation being independent of genetic changes. Despite gaining profound ecological insights from empirical studies, understanding the relative contributions of these molecular mechanisms behind phenotypic variation has received little attention for invasive plant species in particular. This review therefore aimed at summarizing and synthesizing information on the genetic and epigenetic basis of phenotypic variation of alien invasive plants in the introduced range and their evolutionary consequences. Transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic modifications was highlighted focusing on its influence on microevolution of the invasive plant species. We presented a comprehensive account of epigenetic regulation of phenotypic variation and its role in plant invasion in the presence of reduced standing genetic variation, inbreeding depression and associated genomic events which have often been observed during introduction and range expansion of an invasive alien species. Finally, taking clues from the studies conducted so far, we proposed a unified framework of future experimental approaches to understand ecological and evolutionary aspects of phenotypic variation. This holistic approach, being aligned to the invasion process in particular (introduction-establishment-spread), was intended to understand the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variation of an invasive species in its introduced range and to disentangle the effects of standing genetic variation and epigenetic regulation of phenotypic variation.

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Andriamifidy, Rija Falimanalina, Nils Benjamin Tjaden, Carl Beierkuhnlein, and Stephanie Margarete Thomas. "Do we know how mosquito disease vectors will respond to climate change?" Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (2019): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20180125.

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Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise globally. Besides invasion processes and the increasing connectivity between distant regions through the trade of goods and human mobility, climate change is seen as an important driver for changing the likelihood of occurrence of vectors and diseases, respectively. Ectothermic insects respond directly to thermal conditions and thus we can expect them to follow climatic trends. However, a variety of species and different stages in their life cycles need to be considered. Here, we review the current literature in this field and disentangle the state of knowledge and the challenges and open questions for future research. The integration of diurnal temperature ranges in prospective experimental studies will strongly improve the knowledge of mosquitoes’ ecology and mosquito-borne disease transmission for temperate regions in particular. In addition, invasive mosquitoes are known to rapidly adapt to the climatic conditions, but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood.

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Pyšek, Petr, Jan Čuda, Petr Šmilauer, et al. "Competition among native and invasive Phragmites australis populations: An experimental test of the effects of invasion status, genome size, and ploidy level." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 3 (2020): 1106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5907.

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Dickey, James W. E., Gareth Arnott, Ciara L. O. McGlade, Andrew Moore, Gillian E. Riddell, and Jaimie T. A. Dick. "Threats at home? Assessing the potential ecological impacts and risks of commonly traded pet fishes." NeoBiota 73 (May 25, 2022): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.73.80542.

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Invasive alien species (IAS) are major drivers of global biodiversity loss, and the poorly regulated international pet trade is a source of emerging and future invaders. Predictions of the likely ecological impacts and risks of such IAS have been significantly enhanced in recent years with new metrics, which require application to many more actual and potential IAS. Hence, this study assesses the potential ecological impacts and risks of two readily available pet trade species: goldfish, Carassius auratus, a species with non-native populations worldwide; and white cloud mountain minnow, Tanichthys albonubes, a species with a limited invasion history to date. First, we compared the per capita feeding rates of these non-native species with two European trophically analogous natives – the stone loach, Barbatula barbatula, and the common minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus – using the Comparative Functional Response method. Second, we used foraging experiments in conspecific pairs to determine synergistic, neutral or antagonistic intraspecific interactions. Third, we performed novel object experiments using the two pet trade species to assess boldness, a known “dispersal enhancing trait”. Goldfish had the highest maximum feeding rates of the four species, while white cloud mountain minnows had the lowest. Neutral interactions were observed for all four species in the paired foraging experiments, with goldfish having the highest consumption and white cloud mountain minnows having the lowest. Goldfish demonstrated greater boldness, being more active during the experimental trials and more likely to approach a novel object than white cloud mountain minnows. Further, combining maximum feeding rates, boldness and species availabilities from our survey of pet shops, we assessed the relative invasion risks (RIR) of the two non-natives. This highlighted goldfish as the higher risk and most worthy of management prioritisation, mirroring its more extensive invasion history. We propose that such metrics have potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management towards the ever-increasing rates of biological invasions worldwide.

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Stella, Ken A., Carolyn H. Sieg, and Pete Z. Fulé. "Minimal effectiveness of native and non-native seeding following three high-severity wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 6 (2010): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09094.

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The rationale for seeding following high-severity wildfires is to enhance plant cover and reduce bare ground, thus decreasing the potential for soil erosion and non-native plant invasion. However, experimental tests of the effectiveness of seeding in meeting these objectives in forests are lacking. We conducted three experimental studies of the effectiveness of seeding with non-native and native species following three Arizona wildfires. Seeding treatments were largely ineffective in increasing vegetative cover or decreasing exposed bare ground. At one treatment at one fire, wheat seeding at the Warm Fire, senesced seeded annuals increased litter cover and resulted in lower bare ground values than unseeded controls. Only on one fire, the Warm Fire, did seeded non-native annuals establish well, resulting in 20–29% vegetative cover. On the other two fires, seeded cereal grains accounted for <3% cover. At all fires, native seeded species contributed between <1 and ∼12% vegetative cover. Vegetative cover on all treatments, including unseeded treatments, was at or near 40% the first year following fire, at all three study sites. Non-native species richness and abundance did not differ among treatments at any fire. This study adds to growing evidence that post-fire seeding is ineffective in enhancing post-fire plant cover and reducing invasive non-native plants.

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KINNISON, MICHAEL T., MARTIN J. UNWIN, and THOMAS P. QUINN. "Eco-evolutionary vs. habitat contributions to invasion in salmon: experimental evaluation in the wild." Molecular Ecology 17, no. 1 (2008): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03495.x.

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Pajor, R., R. Falconer, S. Hapca, and W. Otten. "Modelling and quantifying the effect of heterogeneity in soil physical conditions on fungal growth." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (2010): 3477–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-3477-2010.

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Abstract. Despite the importance of fungi in soil ecosystem services, a theoretical framework that links soil management strategies with fungal ecology is still lacking. One of the key challenges is understanding how the complex geometrical shape of pores in soil affects fungal spread and species interaction. Progress in this area has long been hampered by a lack of experimental techniques for quantification. In this paper we use X-ray computed tomography to quantify and characterize the pore geometry at microscopic scales (30 μm) that are relevant for fungal spread in soil. We analysed the pore geometry for replicated samples with bulk-densities ranging from 1.2–1.6 g/cm3. The bulk-density of soils significantly affected the total volume, mean pore diameter and connectivity of the pore volume. A previously described fungal growth model comprising a minimal set of physiological processes required to produce a range of phenotypic responses was used to analyse the effect of these geometric descriptors on fungal invasion, and we showed that the degree and rate of fungal invasion was affected mainly by pore volume and pore connectivity. The presented experimental and theoretical framework is a significant first step towards understanding how environmental change and soil management impact on fungal diversity in soils.

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Pajor, R., R. Falconer, S. Hapca, and W. Otten. "Modelling and quantifying the effect of heterogeneity in soil physical conditions on fungal growth." Biogeosciences 7, no. 11 (2010): 3731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3731-2010.

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Abstract. Despite the importance of fungi in soil ecosystem services, a theoretical framework that links soil management strategies with fungal ecology is still lacking. One of the key challenges is to understand how the complex geometrical shape of pores in soil affects fungal spread and species interaction. Progress in this area has long been hampered by a lack of experimental techniques for quantification. In this paper we use X-ray computed tomography to quantify and characterize the pore geometry at microscopic scales (30 μm) that are relevant for fungal spread in soil. We analysed the pore geometry for replicated samples with bulk-densities ranging from 1.2–1.6 g/cm3. The bulk-density of soils significantly affected the total volume, mean pore diameter and connectivity of the pore volume. A previously described fungal growth model comprising a minimal set of physiological processes required to produce a range of phenotypic responses was used to analyse the effect of these geometric descriptors on fungal invasion, and we showed that the degree and rate of fungal invasion was affected mainly by pore volume and pore connectivity. The presented experimental and theoretical framework is a significant first step towards understanding how environmental change and soil management impact on fungal diversity in soils.

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te Beest, Mariska, Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt, Johan Ngobese, and Han Olff. "Managing invasions at the cost of native habitat? An experimental test of the impact of fire on the invasion of Chromolaena odorata in a South African savanna." Biological Invasions 14, no. 3 (2011): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0102-z.

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Nemec, K. T., C. R. Allen, C. J. Helzer, and D. A. Wedin. "Influence of Richness and Seeding Density on Invasion Resistance in Experimental Tallgrass Prairie Restorations." Ecological Restoration 31, no. 2 (2013): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.31.2.168.

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Rolea Caragata, Cristiana, and José Luis Viejo Montesinos. "Preliminary environmental data on the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Asturias, Spain." Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 114-2020 (2020): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29077/bol.14.ce02.rolea.

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The first sighting of Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836 var. nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905, in Spain took place in 2010 in Navarra (Castro & Pagola-Carte, 2010). In 2014 came the first appearance in Asturias. It is an invasive exotic species from Asia. Since then, beekeepers in Asturias face this invasion, being the worst affected agricultural sector. Recently, in February 2018, the Provincial Action Plan was approved and measures are already being taken. This study includes both experimental and bibliographical data on V. velutina, with the intention of producing a preliminary report on the current situation of the invasion in the Principality of Asturias. There is little information regarding the behavior of this species in our ecosystems. The main objective: to broaden our knowledge of the biology and ecology of this hymenopteran in order to be able to act appropriately. There is a close relationship between temperature and the development of the Asian hornet. The worst affected municipalities in Asturias so are are Llanes, Valdés and Gijón (Figura 15). The high adaptability of queens is very remarkable, and if the optimal climatic conditions are not present, they can even extend the hibernation period (Figura 10). Different factors for involved in the distribution of V. velutina are analyzed in this article, like proximity to freshwater courses and possible attractive plants. Based on the data obtained (Figura 11), in northern Spain En 2014 se da la primera aparición en Asturias de Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836 var. nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905, en Asturias, especie exótica invasora procedente de Asia. Desde entonces los apicultores hacen frente a esta invasión, siendo el sector agrario más afectado.Recientemente, en febrero de 2018, se ha aprobado el Plan de Acción provincial y ya se están tomando medidas de control. En este estudio se recogen datos referentes a la V. velutina, tanto experimentales como bibliográficos, para elaborar un informe preliminar de la situación actual de la invasión en el Principado de Asturias. El principal objetivo es ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre la biología y ecología de este himenóptero para poder actuar adecuadamente. Se observa una estrecha relación entre la temperatura y el desarrollo del avispón, pudiendo las reinas de este prolongar o acortar su hibernación en función de las temperaturas. Se analizan en este artículo diferentes factores para el desarrollo de la V. velutina: cercanía a cursos de agua dulce y posibles plantas atrayentes. Así mismo, supone un riesgo para otras especies de insectos autóctonos, tales como la abeja (Apis mellifera L. 1758) y el avispón europeo (Vespa crabro L. 1758). Con los datos de nidos es evidente el incremento poblacional en los últimos años.

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Flory, S. Luke, Jennifer A. Rudgers, and Keith Clay. "Experimental Light Treatments Affect Invasion Success and the Impact of Microstegium vimineum on the Resident Community." Natural Areas Journal 27, no. 2 (2007): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[124:eltais]2.0.co;2.

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Lee, Junho, Donggu Lee, Sean Lawler, and Yangjin Kim. "Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in regulation of lung cancer invasion and metastasis: Structural insights from a computational model." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 2 (2021): e1008257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008257.

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Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and is characterized by hijacking immune system for active growth and aggressive metastasis. Neutrophils, which in their original form should establish immune activities to the tumor as a first line of defense, are undermined by tumor cells to promote tumor invasion in several ways. In this study, we investigate the mutual interactions between the tumor cells and the neutrophils that facilitate tumor invasion by developing a mathematical model that involves taxis-reaction-diffusion equations for the critical components in the interaction. These include the densities of tumor and neutrophils, and the concentrations of signaling molecules and structure such as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We apply the mathematical model to a Boyden invasion assay used in the experiments to demonstrate that the tumor-associated neutrophils can enhance tumor cell invasion by secreting the neutrophil elastase. We show that the model can both reproduce the major experimental observation on NET-mediated cancer invasion and make several important predictions to guide future experiments with the goal of the development of new anti-tumor strategies. Moreover, using this model, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of NET-mediated invasion of cancer cells and the impact of internal and external heterogeneity on the migration patterning of tumour cells and their response to different treatment schedules.

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White, Todd A., Bruce D. Campbell, and Peter D. Kemp. "Invasion of temperate grassland by a subtropical annual grass across an experimental matrix of water stress and disturbance." Journal of Vegetation Science 8, no. 6 (1997): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237029.

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Scharfy, Deborah, Sabine Güsewell, Mark O. Gessner, and Harry Olde Venterink. "Invasion of Solidago gigantea in contrasting experimental plant communities: effects on soil microbes, nutrients and plant-soil feedbacks." Journal of Ecology 98, no. 6 (2010): 1379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01722.x.

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Sobuj, Norul, Kripal Singh, and Chaeho Byun. "Responses of invasive and native plant species to drought stress and elevated CO2 concentrations: a meta-analysis." NeoBiota 96 (December 30, 2024): 381–401. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.96.132194.

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Superior trait responses of invasive plant species to their native counterparts determine invasion success under various environmental conditions. To date, numerous experimental studies have compared the physiological and growth trait responses of invasive plant species to native ones in simulated drought or CO2 enrichment conditions; however, these studies have not recently been summarised. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis using 48 experimental studies to determine whether there are generalisable differences between invasive and native plant species in terms of their physiological and growth trait responses to drought and elevated CO2 and which traits potentially facilitate plant invasion in these conditions. The results indicate that the magnitude of responses do not differ substantially between invasives and natives for most traits under drought or elevated CO2. Under drought stress, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass and total biomass decreased in both plant groups, supporting the contention that plants, irrespective of their origin, are negatively affected in water-limited environments. By contrast, we found that elevated CO2 increased water-use efficiency, shoot biomass and total biomass and decreased stomatal conductance in both invasives and natives, indicating that both plant groups grow vigorously in such conditions. Compared with estimates for natives, invasives were taller and invested more biomass to roots under drought and showed greater allocation to shoot biomass under elevated CO2. Although there were no substantial differences in the magnitude of responses in most studied traits, the differential growth responses in invasives may confer an advantage over natives under decreased water availability and high CO2 concentrations.

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Ali, Hamada E., Solveig Franziska Bucher, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, and Christine Römermann. "Biochar application can mitigate the negative impacts of drought in invaded experimental grasslands as shown by a functional traits approach." NeoBiota 89 (December 22, 2023): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.109244.

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Climate, land-use, and invasive plants are among the important drivers of ecosystem functions through the changes in functional composition. In this study, we studied the effects of climate (drought), land-use (Biochar application), and the presence of invasive species on the productivity and performance of invaded experimental grasslands. We ran a greenhouse experiment under controlled conditions, in which we grew a combination of the three native species Silene gallica, Brassica nigra and Phalaris minor and the invasive species Avena fatua, being subjected to four different treatments: Biochar+drought, Biochar, drought, and control. We measured the productivity of native and invasive species as total biomass and root to shoot ratio (RSR) and the performance by measuring several plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (Nmass), leaf carbon content (Cmass) and total chlorophyll (Chltotal) of all individuals occurring in each plot. The study showed that invasive species were more productive (higher total biomass and lower RSR) and performed better (taller plants, higher SLA, Nmass, Cmass and Chltotal and lower LDMC) than the native species under drought conditions as well as with Biochar application. Accordingly, in contrast to our expectations, the lower productivity and performance of native compared to invasive species under drought were not mitigated by Biochar application. These results provided a deeper understanding of the interplay between climate, land-use, and biological invasion, which is crucial for predicting the consequences of changes in functional composition on ecosystem functions and consequently restoration of grasslands.

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Asada, Taro, Barry G. Warner, and Allen Banner. "Sphagnum invasion after clear-cutting and excavator mounding in a hypermaritime forest of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1730–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-042.

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Sphagnum invasion 8 years after an experimental clear-cut and mounding field trial was examined in a mesic western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest on the outer north coast of British Columbia. Sphagnum invasion was prominent in wet hollows in the mounded blocks. Pioneer species, Sphagnum pacificum Flatb. and Sphagnum angustifolium (C. Jens. ex Russ.) C. Jens., were common despite being minor components in the precut forest. Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ., a species of forests, showed expanding colonies and contained some Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. Comparisons of vertical growth and decomposition rates of Sphagnum in the experimental field site and in a nearby natural peatland suggest that peat accumulation potential in the Sphagnum colonies in the mounded blocks is similar to that in the natural peatland. These observations suggest that open peatland-type plant communities become established and paludification processes are beginning. Mounding may be an effective strategy for silvicultural management to improve tree growth in the short term but may initiate paludification and negatively impact forest productivity in the long term in hypermaritime lower productivity forests.

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Bruger, Eric L., and Christopher M. Waters. "Bacterial Quorum Sensing Stabilizes Cooperation by Optimizing Growth Strategies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 22 (2016): 6498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01945-16.

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ABSTRACTCommunication has been suggested as a mechanism to stabilize cooperation. In bacteria, chemical communication, termed quorum sensing (QS), has been hypothesized to fill this role, and extracellular public goods are often induced by QS at high cell densities. Here we show, with the bacteriumVibrio harveyi, that QS provides strong resistance against invasion of a QS defector strain by maximizing the cellular growth rate at low cell densities while achieving maximum productivity through protease upregulation at high cell densities. In contrast, QS mutants that act as defectors or unconditional cooperators maximize either the growth rate or the growth yield, respectively, and thus are less fit than the wild-type QS strain. Our findings provide experimental evidence that regulation mediated by microbial communication can optimize growth strategies and stabilize cooperative phenotypes by preventing defector invasion, even under well-mixed conditions. This effect is due to a combination of responsiveness to environmental conditions provided by QS, lowering of competitive costs when QS is not induced, and pleiotropic constraints imposed on defectors that do not perform QS.IMPORTANCECooperation is a fundamental problem for evolutionary biology to explain. Conditional participation through phenotypic plasticity driven by communication is a potential solution to this dilemma. Thus, among bacteria, QS has been proposed to be a proximate stabilizing mechanism for cooperative behaviors. Here, we empirically demonstrate that QS inV. harveyiprevents cheating and subsequent invasion by nonproducing defectors by maximizing the growth rate at low cell densities and the growth yield at high cell densities, whereas an unconditional cooperator is rapidly driven to extinction by defectors. Our findings provide experimental evidence that QS regulation prevents the invasion of cooperative populations by QS defectors even under unstructured conditions, and they strongly support the role of communication in bacteria as a mechanism that stabilizes cooperative traits.

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Pattison, Robert R., and Richard N. Mack. "Environmental constraints on the invasion of Triadica sebifera in the eastern United States: an experimental field assessment." Oecologia 158, no. 4 (2008): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1187-7.

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Kashutina, E. V., L. N. Bugaeva, E. V. Khetagurova, and T. N. Ignatieva. "Key factors in the successful adaptation of the pest Corythucha ciliata Say in the northern subtropics of the Black Sea coast." South of Russia: ecology, development 18, no. 4 (2024): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2023-4-31-41.

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Aim. To identify a complex of factors in the successful adaptation of the sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata Say for the development of methods for regulating its numbers of and effective biological control measures against this dangerous pest. Material and Methods. The research was carried out by studying scientific publications, analysing the dynamics of climate change in the Lazarevsky district of Sochi for 15 years and studying the reporting data of the Lazarevskaya Experimental Plant Protection Station, Branch of the Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection for the period 2008 to 2022. Results. 5 key factors of successful adaptation of Corythucha ciliata to new invasion regions have been identified: the factors of food and climatic adaptation, the factor of interaction with natural enemies, the factor of resistance to entomopathogenic organisms and the factor of adaptation to anthropogenic load. The main conditions and possible vectors of further invasion of sycamore lace in new regions have been determined. Conclusion. The development of effective methods of biological control of the invasive pest Corythucha ciliata Say should be based taking into account the totality of qualitative characteristics of the pest's living conditions. The sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata Say effectively builds new trophic connections, without prejudice to its population, adapts not only to new climatic conditions, but also to their changes. Natural entomophages and entomopathogens do not significantly affect the development of the Corythucha ciliata population. The pest has adapted to survival in conditions of high anthropogenic load and successfully uses it to invade new regions.

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Herold, Julian, Eric Behle, Jakob Rosenbauer, Jacopo Ferruzzi, and Alexander Schug. "Development of a scoring function for comparing simulated and experimental tumor spheroids." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 3 (2023): e1010471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010471.

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Progress continues in the field of cancer biology, yet much remains to be unveiled regarding the mechanisms of cancer invasion. In particular, complex biophysical mechanisms enable a tumor to remodel the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), allowing cells to invade alone or collectively. Tumor spheroids cultured in collagen represent a simplified, reproducible 3D model system, which is sufficiently complex to recapitulate the evolving organization of cells and interaction with the ECM that occur during invasion. Recent experimental approaches enable high resolution imaging and quantification of the internal structure of invading tumor spheroids. Concurrently, computational modeling enables simulations of complex multicellular aggregates based on first principles. The comparison between real and simulated spheroids represents a way to fully exploit both data sources, but remains a challenge. We hypothesize that comparing any two spheroids requires first the extraction of basic features from the raw data, and second the definition of key metrics to match such features. Here, we present a novel method to compare spatial features of spheroids in 3D. To do so, we define and extract features from spheroid point cloud data, which we simulated using Cells in Silico (CiS), a high-performance framework for large-scale tissue modeling previously developed by us. We then define metrics to compare features between individual spheroids, and combine all metrics into an overall deviation score. Finally, we use our features to compare experimental data on invading spheroids in increasing collagen densities. We propose that our approach represents the basis for defining improved metrics to compare large 3D data sets. Moving forward, this approach will enable the detailed analysis of spheroids of any origin, one application of which is informing in silico spheroids based on their in vitro counterparts. This will enable both basic and applied researchers to close the loop between modeling and experiments in cancer research.

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Libby, Eric, and William C. Ratcliff. "Lichens and microbial syntrophies offer models for an interdependent route to multicellularity." Lichenologist 53, no. 4 (2021): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282921000256.

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AbstractThe evolution of multicellularity paved the way for significant increases in biological complexity. Although multicellularity has evolved many times independently, we know relatively little about its origins. Directed evolution is a promising approach to studying early steps in this major transition, but current experimental systems have examined only a subset of the possible evolutionary routes to multicellularity. Here we consider egalitarian routes to multicellularity, in which unrelated unicellular organisms evolve to become a multicellular organism. Inspired by microbial syntrophies and lichens, we outline three such routes from a system of different species to an interdependent relationship that replicates. We compare these routes to contemporary experimental systems and consider how physical structure, the threat of invasion, division of labour and co-transmission affect their evolution.

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Theel, Heather J., and Eric D. Dibble. "An Experimental Simulation of an Exotic Aquatic Macrophyte Invasion and Its Influence on Foraging Behavior of Bluegill." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 23, no. 1 (2008): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2008.9664559.

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Bulleri, Fabio, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Andrej Jaklin, and Ljiljana Iveša. "Linking disturbance and resistance to invasion via changes in biodiversity: a conceptual model and an experimental test on rocky reefs." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 7 (2016): 2010–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1956.

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Madeira, Carolina, Vanessa Mendonça, Miguel C. Leal, et al. "Present and future invasion perspectives of an alien shrimp in South Atlantic coastal waters: an experimental assessment of functional biomarkers and thermal tolerance." Biological Invasions 21, no. 5 (2019): 1567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01921-1.

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Aguirre, A. Alonso. "Changing Patterns of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans Linked to Biodiversity Loss and Globalization." ILAR journal 58, no. 3 (2017): 315–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13537061.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The fundamental human threats to biodiversity including habitat destruction, globalization, and species loss have led to ecosystem disruptions altering infectious disease transmission patterns, the accumulation of toxic pollutants, and the invasion of alien species and pathogens. To top it all, the profound role of climate change on many ecological processes has affected the inability of many species to adapt to these relatively rapid changes. This special issue, "Zoonotic Disease Ecology: Effects on Humans, Domestic Animals and Wildlife," explores the complex interactions of emerging infectious diseases across taxa linked to many of these anthropogenic and environmental drivers. Selected emerging zoonoses including RNA viruses, Rift Valley fever, trypanosomiasis, Hanta virus infection, and other vector-borne diseases are discussed in detail. Also, coprophagous beetles are proposed as important vectors in the transmission and maintenance of infectious pathogens. An overview of the impacts of climate change in emerging disease ecology within the context of Brazil as a case study is provided. Animal Care and Use Committee requirements were investigated, concluding that ecology journals have low rates of explicit statements regarding the welfare and wellbing of wildlife during experimental studies. Most of the solutions to protect biodiversity and predicting and preventing the next epidemic in humans originating from wildlife are oriented towards the developed world and are less useful for biodiverse, low-income economies. We need the development of regional policies to address these issues at the local level.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Experimental invasion ecology'

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