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Journal articles on the topic 'Experimental maturation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Landais, P., M. Monthioux, and F. Domine. "Experimental simulation of organic matter thermal maturation." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (1988): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90673-0.

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2

Uusi-Heikkilä, S., A. Kuparinen, C. Wolter, T. Meinelt, A. C. O'Toole, and R. Arlinghaus. "Experimental assessment of the probabilistic maturation reaction norm: condition matters." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1706 (2010): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1507.

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The probabilistic maturation reaction norm (PMRN) describes an individual's probability of maturing at a given age as a function of size and other relevant phenotypic traits. Population-level shifts in the PMRN are often interpreted to indicate genetic as opposed to phenotypic changes in maturation in fish. Inferences derived from trends in the PMRN have been challenged, warranting an experimental assessment of the method. This was accomplished in a laboratory experiment using zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Fish were reared under different food levels to induce variation in growth and maturation. Plasticity in maturation was not entirely captured by the demographic age- and length-based PMRN. Adding condition to the PMRN captured a greater amount of environmental variation in maturation probability. Nevertheless, significant differences in the PMRNs among the food levels remained after accounting for the influences of age, size and condition on maturation probability indicating plasticity of the PMRN. This was particularly pronounced between fish held on low food levels as compared with fish experiencing abundant resources, with the latter experiencing higher size-specific maturation probabilities. Our analysis emphasizes the need for incorporating salient physiological traits influencing maturation, such as condition, to make accurate inferences about documented shifts observed in the position of PMRNs on maturation trends in wild fish stocks.

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3

Oh, Keunhee, Yon Su Kim, and Dong-Sup Lee. "Maturation-Resistant Dendritic Cells Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis." Immune Network 11, no. 6 (2011): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.4110/in.2011.11.6.399.

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4

Dalla Torre, M., R. Ferreiro Mählmann, and W. G. Ernst. "Experimental study on the pressure dependence of vitrinite maturation." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, no. 14 (1997): 2921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00104-x.

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5

Dudek, Stephanie Z., Michael Strobel, and Antoinette D. Thomas. "Chronic Learning Problems and Maturation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 2 (1987): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.407.

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An analysis of test scores of a longitudinal sample of normal children, who placed in the lowest quartile of the class on the California Achievement Test and children in the highest quartile yielded significant differences on three perceptual-motor tests and on Piaget's preoperational and precausal tests at Kindergarten level. Although matched for IQ in Kindergarten, significant IQ differences appeared in Grade 1 and continued to increase over 5 yr., as those on other tests. Cattell's Early School Personality Questionnaire indicated that low achievers were significantly less mature and more tense and anxious than high achievers from Grades 1 through 5. Maturational lag is hypothesized for retardation of learning.

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6

ZHAO, TAO, JIANFANG HU, LIANG HU, and YANHONG PAN. "EXPERIMENTAL MATURATION OF FEATHERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETATIONS OF FOSSIL FEATHERS." PALAIOS 35, no. 2 (2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2019.064.

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ABSTRACT Exceptionally preserved fossil feathers and feather-like integumentary structures provide valuable insights into the early evolution of feathers and flight, but taphonomic biases often make interpretations at the microstructural and ultrastructural levels ambiguous. Maturation experiments have been demonstrated to be useful for investigating the taphonomic alterations of soft tissues, including feathers, during diagenesis. However, experimentally matured feathers resembling fossil feathers preserving keratinous matrix have not yet been obtained. Here we employ experimental maturation to obtain feathers corresponding to different degradation stages, and compare these matured feathers with untreated feathers and fossil feathers at the macroscopic, microstructural, and ultrastructural levels. Results show that several features of thermally matured feathers are similar to those found in fossil feathers. The fusion of barbules that occurred in thermally matured feathers suggests that such a process could occur during diagenesis, making barbules difficult to identify in fossil feathers. Under the most extreme experimental condition, the keratinous matrix can partially survive when the whole feather is turned into ash-like remains and many melanosomes are exposed. Moreover, our results show that the keratinous matrix immediately surrounding melanosomes appears to be more resistant to degradation than the unpigmented keratinous matrix, supporting the hypothesis that melanin can act as a fixative agent to prevent the degradation of keratin.

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7

Seewald, Jeffrey S., Lorraine B. Eglinton, and Yea-Ling Ong. "An experimental study of organic-inorganic interactions during vitrinite maturation." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 9 (2000): 1577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00339-2.

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8

Schrepper, A., M. Schwarzer, and T. Doenst. "Maturation in Rats Affects Mitochondrial Function: Implications for Experimental Routines." Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 65, S 01 (2017): S1—S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1598942.

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9

Blachford, Karen G., and William M. Thurlbeck. "Lung growth and maturation in experimental oligohydramnios in the rat." Pediatric Pulmonology 3, no. 5 (1987): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950030509.

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10

Breedveld, Merel C., and Patrick S. Fitze. "Experimental evidence that sperm maturation drives protandry in an ectotherm." Oecologia 182, no. 1 (2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3668-4.

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11

Selman, Kelly, Teresa R. Petrino, and Robin A. Wallace. "Experimental conditions for oocyte maturation in the zebrafish,Brachydanio rerio." Journal of Experimental Zoology 269, no. 6 (1994): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402690607.

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12

Lin, Chi-Chien, Yu-Kang Chang, Shih-Chao Lin, Jui-Hsin Su, Ya-Hsuan Chao, and Kuo-Tung Tang. "Crassolide Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Attenuates Experimental Antiphospholipid Syndrome." Molecules 26, no. 9 (2021): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092492.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI)-dependent autoantibodies, with vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. Around 20% of APS patients are refractory to current treatments. Crassolide, a cembranoid diterpene extracted from soft corals, is a potential therapeutic candidate. Here, to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of crassolide, we first determined its effects on bone marrow-derived and splenic dendritic cells (DC). Specifically, we applied lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or β2GPI stimulation and measured the expressions of CD80 and CD86, and secretions of cytokines. We also determined in the OT-II mice, if bone marrow-derived DC was able to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, we examined the therapeutic potential of crassolide postimmunization in a murine model of APS that depended on active immunization with β2GPI. The vascular manifestations were evaluated in terms of fluorescein-induced thrombi in mesenteric microvessels, whereas the obstetric manifestations were evaluated based on the proportion of fetal loss after pregnancy. We also measured blood titers of anti-β2GPI antibody, splenic cell proliferative responses and cytokine secretions after β2GPI stimulation ex vivo. Finally, we determined in these mice, hematological, hepatic and renal toxicities of crassolide. Crassolide after LPS stimulation suppressed DC maturation and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12 and IL-23, and downstream T cell activation. Crassolide could partially ameliorate both the vascular and obstetric manifestations of APS in BALB/c mice. Both blood titers of anti-β2GPI antibody and splenic cell proliferation after β2GPI stimulation were reduced. Splenic Th1 and Th17 responses were also lowered after β2GPI stimulation. Finally, within therapeutic doses of crassolide, we found no evidence of its toxicity. In conclusion, we showed the ability of crassolide to suppress DC and downstream T cell responses. Crassolide is therefore a potential candidate for adjunctive therapy in APS.

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13

Jonsson, Bror, Anders G. Finstad, and Nina Jonsson. "Winter temperature and food quality affect age at maturity: an experimental test with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 11 (2012): 1817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-108.

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Field studies have revealed that many ectotherms mature younger and smaller in warmer environments although they grow faster. This has puzzled ecologists because the direct effect of factors that accelerate growth is expected to be larger, not smaller size. We tested this experimentally for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at two winter temperatures and diets. Logistic regression revealed that the probability of maturation during the second year in sea water, relative to the probability of older maturation, increased with temperature and growth rate during the first winter. Also, large size and high condition factor 1 year prior to maturation stimulated maturation. In females, a high lipid diet increased the probability of maturation as one-sea-winter fish, and there were significant interactions between winter temperature and food quality and between body size and condition factor the first autumn in sea water. Thus, if the direct effect of temperature on growth rate is the main effect of warming, salmon are likely to attain maturity younger and smaller. Also, richer food decreased age at maturation in females. This finding has consequences for interpretations of climate change impacts on age at maturity in Atlantic salmon and may also hold for many other ectotherm species.

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14

Ornitz, Edward M., Donald Guthrie, Andrea R. Kaplan, Shelly J. Lane, and Robert J. Norman. "Maturation of Startle Modulation." Psychophysiology 23, no. 6 (1986): 624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00681.x.

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15

Tydén, Olof, Ulf J. Eriksson, and Christian Berne. "Fetal lung maturation in diabetic pregnancy." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 3_Suppl (1986): S101—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s0101.

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Abstract. The increased incidence of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) in infants of diabetic mothers may be explained by preterm delivery and asphyxia but the metabolic derangement per se may also be responsible for the inadequate production of surfactant. Experimental studies of the underlying mechanisms in the lungs of fetuses of pregnant diabetic rats have shown a decreased formation of the two major surfactant phospholipids disaturated phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol. In addition, the activities of key enzymes responsible for the production of these phospholipids are decreased in the fetal lung tissue. Inadequate utilization of pulmonary glycogen for surfactant biosynthesis has also been observed. Furthermore, experimental studies support that other changes than fetal hyperinsulinaemia are needed to produce a state of disturbed surfactant production. In human diabetic pregnancy strict metabolic control allows the fetal lungs to mature in a near-normal fashion. The presence of phosphatidyl glycerol in the amniotic fluid seems to be the best available predictor of lung maturity in diabetic pregnancy, in which both the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and amniotic fluid cytology may result in false-positive and false-negative values. The trend towards extension of delivery to term will undoubtedly diminish the need for estimation of fetal lung maturity by amniocentesis. Avoiding preterm delivery and adhering to strict metabolic control of the maternal diabetes would be expected to decrease the neonatal respiratory problems in diabetic pregnancy.

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16

Rabie, A. B. M., G. H. Tang, H. Xiong, and U. Hägg. "PTHrP Regulates Chondrocyte Maturation in Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 8 (2003): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200811.

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PTHrP is a key factor regulating the pace of endochondral ossification during skeletal development. Mandibular advancement solicits a cascade of molecular responses in condylar cartilage. However, the pace of cellular maturation and its effects on condylar growth are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of expression of PTHrP and correlate it to cellular dynamics of chondrocytes in condylar cartilage during natural growth and mandibular advancement. We fitted 35-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats with functional appliances. Experimental animals with matched controls were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine 3 days before their death, so that mesenchymal cell differentiation could be traced. Mandibular advancement increased the number of differentiated chondroblasts and subsequently increased the cartilage volume. Higher levels of PTHrP expression in experimental animals coincided with the slowing of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Thus, mandibular advancement promoted mesenchymal cell differentiation and triggered PTHrP expression, which retarded their further maturation to allow for more growth.

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17

Cayetanot, F., N. Larnicol, and J. Peyronnet. "Antenatal environmental stress and maturation of the breathing control, experimental data." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 168, no. 1-2 (2009): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.024.

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18

Newell‐Morris, Laura, Brant Carrol, Andrea Covey, Stacey Medley, and Gene P. Sackett. "Postnatal growth and skeletal maturation of experimental preterm macaques (Macaca nemestrina)." Journal of Medical Primatology 20, no. 1 (1991): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00485.x.

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19

McNamara, Maria E., Derek E. G. Briggs, Patrick J. Orr, Daniel J. Field, and Zhengrong Wang. "Experimental maturation of feathers: implications for reconstructions of fossil feather colour." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (2013): 20130184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0184.

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Fossil feathers often preserve evidence of melanosomes—micrometre-scale melanin-bearing organelles that have been used to infer original colours and patterns of the plumage of dinosaurs. Such reconstructions acknowledge that evidence from other colour-producing mechanisms is presently elusive and assume that melanosome geometry is not altered during fossilization. Here, we provide the first test of this assumption, using high pressure–high temperature autoclave experiments on modern feathers to simulate the effects of burial on feather colour. Our experiments show that melanosomes are retained despite loss of visual evidence of colour and complete degradation of other colour-producing structures (e.g. quasi-ordered arrays in barbs and the keratin cortex in barbules). Significantly, however, melanosome geometry and spatial distribution are altered by the effects of pressure and temperature. These results demonstrate that reconstructions of original plumage coloration in fossils where preserved features of melanosomes are affected by diagenesis should be treated with caution. Reconstructions of fossil feather colour require assessment of the extent of preservation of various colour-producing mechanisms, and, critically, the extent of alteration of melanosome geometry.

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20

Durham, Susan R., and Ann-Christine Duhaime. "Maturation-Dependent Response of the Immature Brain to Experimental Subdural Hematoma." Journal of Neurotrauma 24, no. 1 (2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.0054.

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21

Burdelnaya, N., D. Bushnev, M. Mokeev, and A. Dobrodumov. "Experimental study of kerogen maturation by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy." Fuel 118 (February 2014): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.11.003.

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22

Zhang, Xiao, and Nan Gao. "Intestinal GPCRs Control Paneth Cell Maturation and Susceptibility to Experimental Colitis." Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2, no. 6 (2016): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.004.

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23

Andersson, Stefan. "Experimental demonstration of floral allocation costs in Crepis tectorum." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (2006): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-041.

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Information on floral resource costs is fundamental for understanding how selection operates on floral morphology. In this study, I explored the cost of maturing flowers in a self-incompatible population of the ligulate composite Crepis tectorum L. by experimentally manipulating floral investment and then monitoring the response in reproductive effort. Plants on which the heads were removed during the initial stage of ligule expansion had a higher reproductive effort than plants whose heads were removed immediately after flower maturation, and the latter plants had a higher reproductive effort than plants on which all flowers were permitted to set fruit. Judging from biomass estimates and the magnitude of the observed tradeoffs, the amount of resources allocated to maturing flowers was about half as great as the amount of resources devoted to fruit maturation. These and other results suggest that floral tradeoffs may exert negative selection on floral size variables.

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24

Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, L. R. Cawley, H. M. Arridge, and S. A. Silva. "The performance of an innovative tropical experimental waste stabilisation pond system operating at high organic loadings." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (1996): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0123.

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In this study on the experimental pond complex at the Federal University of Paraiba in NE Brazil the organic loadings were were more than doubled to investigate the effect on pond performance. The results emphasise the tolerance of the pond system at high loadings without odour production or significant loss of efficiency in terms of BOD removal and bacterial pathogen removal, although nutrient removal by the maturation ponds was reduced. At high organic loadings baffled maturation ponds were more efficient at faecal coliform removal (FC). A minimum of 3 ponds in series are required to ensure maximum BOD removal. Shallow maturation ponds were also more efficient at FC removal although the depth of the facultative ponds had limited effect on BOD removal efficiency.

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Mißbach, H., J. P. Duda, N. K. Lünsdorf, B. C. Schmidt, and V. Thiel. "Testing the preservation of biomarkers during experimental maturation of an immature kerogen." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 3 (2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000069.

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AbstractLipid biomarkers have been extensively applied for tracing organisms and evolutionary processes through Earth's history. They have become especially important for the reconstruction of early life on Earth and, potentially, for the detection of life in the extraterrestrial realm. However, it is not always clear how exactly biomarkers reflect a paleoecosystem as their preservation may be influenced by increasing temperatures (T) and pressures (P) during burial. While a number of biomarker indices reflecting thermal maturity have been established, it is often less well constrained to which extent biomarker ratios used for paleoreconstruction are compromised by T and P processes. In this study we conducted hydrous pyrolysis of Green River Shale (GRS) kerogen in gold capsules for 2–2400 h at 300°C to assess the maturation behaviour of several compounds used as life tracers and for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments (n-alkanes, pristane, phytane, gammacerane, steranes, hopanes and cheilanthanes). Lignite samples were maturated in parallel with the GRS kerogen to obtain exact vitrinite reflectance data at every sampling point. Our experiment confirms the applicability of biomarker-based indices and ratios as maturity indicators (e.g. total cheilanthanes/hopanes ratio; sterane and hopane isomerization indices). However, several biomarker ratios that are commonly used for paleoreconstructions (e.g. pristane/phytane, pristane/n-C17, phytane/n-C18 and total steranes/hopanes) were considerably affected by differences in the thermal degradation behaviour of the respective compounds. Short-term experiments (48 h) performed at 400°C also revealed that biomarkers >C15 (especially steranes and hopanes) and ‘biological’ chain length preferences for n-alkanes are vanished at a vitrinite reflectance between 1.38 and 1.83% RO. Our data highlight that ‘thermal taphonomy’ effects have to be carefully considered in the interpretation of biomarkers in ancient rocks and, potentially, extraterrestrial materials.

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26

Teng, Fei, Tao He, Shi Huang, et al. "Cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinses alleviate experimental gingivitis by inhibiting dental plaque maturation." International Journal of Oral Science 8, no. 3 (2016): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2016.18.

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27

Schlosser, J., G. H. Grathoff, C. Ostertag-Henning, S. Kaufhold, and L. N. Warr. "Mineralogical changes in organic-rich Posidonia Shale during natural and experimental maturation." International Journal of Coal Geology 157 (March 2016): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.07.008.

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28

Pot, Guillaume, Evelyne Toussaint, Catherine Coutand, and Jean-Benoît Le Cam. "Experimental study of the viscoelastic properties of green poplar wood during maturation." Journal of Materials Science 48, no. 17 (2013): 6065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7403-9.

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29

Smoleńska-Sym, Gabriela, Justyna Spychalska, Ewa Zdebska, et al. "Ceramides and glycosphingolipids in maturation process: leukemic cells as an experimental model." Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 33, no. 1 (2004): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.04.002.

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30

Voorzaat, Bram M., Jan van Schaik, Koen E. A. van der Bogt, et al. "Improvement of radiocephalic fistula maturation: rationale and design of the Liposomal Prednisolone to Improve Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (LIPMAT) study – a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Vascular Access 18, no. 1_suppl (2017): S114—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000673.

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Background Non-maturation is a frequent complication of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (RCAVF). In an animal model, liposomal prednisolone improved maturation of experimental fistulas. The Liposomal Prednisolone to Improve Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (LIPMAT) study investigates if liposomal prednisolone improves RCAVF maturation. Methods and results The LIPMAT study is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial with 1:1 randomization to liposomal prednisolone or placebo. Eighty patients receiving an RCAVF will be included. The primary outcome is the cephalic vein diameter six weeks after surgery, measured by ultrasound. The LIPMAT study started in May 2016. Enrollment is expected to be completed by the end of 2017. Conclusions The LIPMAT study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of liposomal prednisolone to enhance RCAVF maturation.

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31

Nawrocki, Mariusz J., Piotr Celichowski, Joanna Budna, et al. "The blood vessels development, morphogenesis and blood circulation are three ontologic groups highly up-regulated in porcine oocytes before in vitro maturation." Advances in Cell Biology 5, no. 2 (2017): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acb-2017-0012.

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AbstractThe mammalian oocytes undergo significant biochemical and structural modifications during maturation both in vitro and in vivo. These changes involve chromatin reorganization and modification within metabolic status of cytoplasmic organelles. After oocytes’ successful maturation the substantially increased storage of RNA was observed. Moreover, the early embryo interaction with maternal endometrial tissue after fertilization is up to now considered as the main marker of proper embryo implantation and early growth. In this study, we first investigated the expression profile of genes involved in blood vessel formation and blood circulation in porcine oocytes before and after in vitro maturation.The cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from pubertal Landrace gilts and classified as before in vitro maturation (in Vivo) or after in vitro maturation (in Vitro). The RNA was isolated from these two experimental groups and analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays.We found an increased expression of genes involved in ontological groups such as “blood circulation” (TPM1, ECE1, ACTA2, EPHX2, EDNRA, NPR2, MYOF, TACR3, VEGFA, GUCY1B3), “blood vessel development” (ANGPTL4, CYR61, SEMA5A, ID1, RHOB, RTN4, IHH, ANGPT2, EDNRA, TGFBR3, MYO1E, MMP14), and “blood vessels morphogenesis” (ANGPT2, as well as other common transcripts) in in Vivo group as compared to decreased expression of these genes in in Vitro group of oocytes.It has been suggested that investigated genes undergo significant expression before in vitro maturation, when enhanced storage of large amount of RNA takes place. Creating templates for synthesis of proteins is required for formation of fully mature gametes and early embryo growth. Therefore we hypothesized that the processes of vascularization and/or angiogenesis reach a high activity in immature oocytes and are distinct from achievement of maturational stage by oocytes in pigs.

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Zaheer, Smita, Yanghong Wu, Shailendra K. Sahu, and Asgar Zaheer. "Overexpression of glia maturation factor reinstates susceptibility to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in glia maturation factor deficient mice." Neurobiology of Disease 40, no. 3 (2010): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.003.

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33

Changsiripun, Chidsanu, Tadachika Yabushita, and Kunimichi Soma. "Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 2 (2009): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021408-91.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that alteration in masticatory function due to liquid-diet feeding during growth does not affect jaw-opening reflex (JOR) maturation. Materials and Methods: Soon after weaning, 70 female Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups and fed either solid (control group) or liquid (experimental group) diets. At 5, 9, and 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the JOR was recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles as evoked by a low-intensity electrical stimulation of the left inferior alveolar nerve. Results: There were similar tendencies at each recording age. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the JOR was significantly smaller, and the latency was significantly longer in the experimental group, although the duration was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term masticatory functional change due to liquid-diet feeding during growth may impede the learning for JOR maturation, and thus may affect the masticatory performance in the adult.

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34

Krannitz, Pam G., and M. Anwar Maun. "An experimental study of floral display size and reproductive success in Viburnum opulus: importance of grouping." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (1991): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-054.

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Two components of the floral display of Viburnum opulus L. were manipulated to determine their effect on fruit initiation and maturation. We altered the size of the floral display by planting individual shrubs in groups of 1, 5, or 10 in 1985 and in groups of 2 or 6 in 1986. In addition, we changed inflorescence size by altering the number of sterile accessory flowers per inflorescence: 0, 4, or untreated in 1985 and 0 or untreated in 1986. The sterile-flower treatment did not explain a significant proportion of the variation in fruit initiation or maturation. In contrast, the plant-grouping treatment was significant in 1985 but not in 1986. The number and proportion of fruits initiated were higher in larger groups of plants than in small groups in 1985 (P < 0.0001 for analyses performed at group and plant levels). The proportion of fruits initiated in group sizes 1, 5, and 10 was 6.9, 15.0, and 22.7% per plant, respectively, and 4.3, 9.1, and 19.4% per inflorescence, respectively. The larger groups did not initiate or mature proportionally more fruits in 1986. Twice as much rain fell in 1986 as in 1985, and shrubs produced more fruits overall (32.2% fruit initiation versus 11% in 1985), but it is not clear why group size differences did not have an effect on fruit initiation and maturation in 1986. Within the plant-grouping treatment fruit initiation and maturation were always significantly correlated with flower number (P < 0.0001) in both 1985 and 1986, but the increase in the number of fruits initiated was not proportional to the increase in flower number. Key words: floral display size, fruit initiation, plant grouping, pollination, Viburum opulus.

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35

Alméras, Tancrède, Joseph Gril, and Hiroyuki Yamamoto. "Modelling anisotropic maturation strains in wood in relation to fibre boundary conditions, microstructure and maturation kinetics." Holzforschung 59, no. 3 (2005): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.057.

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Abstract A generalisation of existing mechanical models is proposed to account for the relation between wood macroscopic properties and fibre microstructure and chemical composition. It is applied to understanding of the origin of anisotropic maturation strains measured at the outermost surface of the xylem. Various assumptions are considered for boundary conditions of the fibre during the progressive maturation process and are applied to experimental data from the literature. Assumptions that the fibre is fully restrained in displacement, or fully unrestrained or unrestrained in the transverse direction only are all incompatible with observations. Indeed, within the tree, the fibre is restrained in the longitudinal and tangential directions, but unrestrained in the radial direction towards the bark. Mixed boundary conditions must be introduced to correctly simulate both longitudinal and tangential maturation strains. In the context of an analytical axisymmetric model, this is estimated by considering a parameter of partial release of tangential stress during maturation. Consistence with data and with finite element computation in the case of a square fibre confirmed that, because of the unrestrained radial condition, a large part of the tangential maturation stress is released in situ.

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36

Quemelo, Paulo Roberto Veiga, and Luiz Cesar Peres. "Neuronal Maturation in an Experimental Model of Brain Tissue Heterotopia in the Lung." Experimental Biology and Medicine 233, no. 5 (2008): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/0709-rm-245.

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García de Cortázar-Atauri, Iñaki, Nadine Brisson, Nathalie Ollat, Olivier Jacquet, and Jean-Christophe Payan. "Asynchronous dynamics of grapevine ("Vitis vinifera") maturation: experimental study for a modelling approach." OENO One 43, no. 2 (2009): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.2.801.

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: An analysis of the asynchrony and dynamics of dry matter accumulation and water content in the grape berries growth period (Vitis vinifera L.) was carried out on a macroscopic scale (berry population). Experimental studies suggest a framework to evaluate the asynchronous nature of grapevine maturation and to propose a simple model to simulate dry matter and water dynamics.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>:Amethodology based on the measurement of the density of the berries was used, providing information on the dry matter, water content and distribution of the berry populations during the veraison - harvest period. The main experiment was carried out in Rhone valley vineyards on the«Grenache N » and « Syrah » varieties. Additional information was gathered in Burgundy vineyards on « Pinot noir » and « Chardonnay » varieties. A relationship between the sugar content (°Brix) and water content of a berry was observed, which was robust and identical for all varieties. The asynchronous nature of berry growth was confirmed and densimetry allows quantifying the homogeneity of harvest. A model was proposed to modelling dry matter growth, based on thermal time and final potential dry weight. A single relationship was obtained for the two varieties studied which seemed to be independent of field conditions (soil and year). To model water content dynamics (or °Brix, using the relationship obtained between them), two components were defined, one of which is related to the berry phenological stage and the other depends on the water status of the plant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results provide a conceptual framework to better understand and represent the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and water content of a population of grape berries, and to evaluate the asynchronous nature of grapevine maturity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The models and relationships proposed could be used as a tool to better identify and understand key factors and processes occurring in the field until the detailed processes of berry growth are better understood and can be incorporated into the model. This model could be incorporated into a crop model of vine growth.</p>

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Vagner, Marie, Aurélie Dessier, Christine Dupuy, et al. "Maturation of the European sardine Sardina pilchardus under experimental conditions strengthens bioenergetic estimate." Marine Environmental Research 160 (September 2020): 104985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104985.

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39

Yang, Qing, Ryuji Kaji, Nobuyuki Hirota, et al. "Effect of maturation on nerve excitability in an experimental model of threshold electrotonus." Muscle & Nerve 23, no. 4 (2000): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(200004)23:4<498::aid-mus7>3.0.co;2-u.

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McNamara, Maria E., Derek E. G. Briggs, Patrick J. Orr, Daniel J. Field, and Zhengrong Wang. "Correction to ‘Experimental maturation of feathers: implications for reconstructions of fossil feather colour’." Biology Letters 13, no. 3 (2017): 20170128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0128.

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Kremer, D., A. Heinen, J. Jadasz, et al. "p57kip2 is dynamically regulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and interferes with oligodendroglial maturation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 22 (2009): 9087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900204106.

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Li, H. S., P. Verginis, and G. Carayanniotis. "Maturation of dendritic cells by necrotic thyrocytes facilitates induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis." Clinical and Experimental Immunology 144, no. 3 (2006): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03080.x.

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Zaheer, Smita, Yanghong Wu, Shailendra K. Sahu, and Asgar Zaheer. "Suppression of neuro inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by glia maturation factor antibody." Brain Research 1373 (February 2011): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.003.

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Cortin, Valérie, Alain Garnier, Nicolas Pineault, Réal Lemieux, Lucie Boyer, and Chantal Proulx. "Efficient in vitro megakaryocyte maturation using cytokine cocktails optimized by statistical experimental design." Experimental Hematology 33, no. 10 (2005): 1182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.020.

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Akhmatova, N. K., I. M. Gruber, O. M. Kukina, et al. "Effects of experimental protein-containing pneumococcal preparations on maturation of murine dendritic cells." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 11, no. 1 (2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-teo-1218.

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Stein, Tiago, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Renata Gimenez Sampaio Zocche, et al. "Climatic Variables and Their Effects on Phenolic Maturation and Potassium Uptake in Cabernet Sauvignon Wines." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p388.

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The aimed at identifying and understanding the relationships of phenolic maturation and potassium uptake dynamics jointly with climatic variables for Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The experiment was carried out in Dom Pedrito, Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil, in the 2016 growing season. The experimental design was randomized blocks with treatments arranged in three replicates. The physical-chemical characteristics were measured: Density, Glucometric degree, Hydrogen ionic potential, Titratable Total Acidity, Total polyphenol index, Potassium, Phenolic maturity index. The periods preceding grapes phenolic maturation directly influence the physical and chemical conformity of must and wine. Potassium, pH and total acidity directly influence the poor phenolic maturation of Cabernet Sauvignon. Minimum and maximum air temperature, thermal amplitude, incident solar radiation and accumulated rainfall interfere in the photosynthetic dynamics, potassium accumulation in the grapes and phenolic maturation of Cabernet Sauvignon.

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Ornitz, Edward M., Donald Guthrie, Shelly J. Lane, and Toshiro Sugiyama. "Maturation of Startle Facilitation by Sustained Prestimulation." Psychophysiology 27, no. 3 (1990): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00385.x.

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Cecconi, Federico, Filippo Menczer, and Richard K. Belew. "Maturation and the Evolution of Imitative Learning in Artificial Organisms." Adaptive Behavior 4, no. 1 (1995): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105971239500400103.

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The traditional explanation of delayed maturation age, as part of an evolved life history, focuses on the increased costs of juvenile mortality due to early maturation. Prior quantitative models of these trade-offs, however, have addressed only morphological phenotypic traits, such as body size. We argue that the development of behavioral skills prior to reproductive maturity also constitutes an advantage of delayed maturation and thus should be included among the factors determining the trade-off for optimal age at maturity. Empirical support for this hypothesis from animal field studies is abundant. This article provides further evidence drawn from simulation experiments. Latent energy environments (LEE) are a class of tightly controlled environments in which learning organisms are modeled by neural networks and evolve according to a type of genetic algorithm. An advantage of this artificial world is that it becomes possible to discount all nonbehavioral costs of early maturity in order to focus exclusively on behavioral consequences. Despite large selective costs imposed on parental fitness due to prolonged immaturity, the optimal age at maturity is shown to be significantly delayed when offspring learn from their parents' behavior via imitation.

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Henry, Olivier Y. F., Remi Villenave, Michael J. Cronce, William D. Leineweber, Maximilian A. Benz, and Donald E. Ingber. "Organs-on-chips with integrated electrodes for trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements of human epithelial barrier function." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 13 (2017): 2264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00155j.

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Campbell, Stephen, Masamichi Oshima, Jane Mirro, Kunio Nagashima, and Alan Rein. "Reversal by Dithiothreitol Treatment of the Block in Murine Leukemia Virus Maturation Induced by Disulfide Cross-Linking." Journal of Virology 76, no. 19 (2002): 10050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.19.10050-10055.2002.

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ABSTRACT We previously reported that if murine leukemia virus particles are produced in the presence of the mild oxidizing agent disulfide-substituted benzamide-2, they fail to undergo the normal process of virus maturation. We now show that treatment of these immature particles with a reducing agent (dithiothreitol) induces their maturation in vitro, as evidenced by proteolytic cleavage of Gag, Gag-Pol, and Env proteins and by their morphology. The identification of partial cleavage products in these particles suggests the sequence with which the cleavages occur under these conditions. This may be a useful experimental system for further analysis of retroviral maturation under controlled conditions in vitro.

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