Academic literature on the topic 'Experimental Pragmatics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Garrett, Merrill, and Robert M. Harnish. "Experimental pragmatics." Pragmatics and Cognition 15, no. 1 (May 11, 2007): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.1.07gar.
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Grice proposed to investigate ‘the total signification of the utterance’. One persistent criticism of Grice’s taxonomy of signification is that he missed an important category of information. This content, and/or the process of providing it, goes by a variety of labels: ‘generalized implicature’, ‘explicature’, ‘unarticulated constituents’, ‘default heuristics’, ‘impliciture’. In this study we first take a sample of such phenomena and, from the point of view of pure pragmatics, survey the central descriptions of the content expressed and the mechanisms that might deliver these contents. We then, from the point of view of experimental pragmatics, focus on two accounts: Levinson’s I-heuristic, and Bach’s standardization. We find experimental evidence for the existence of such implicitures, and for the use of language specific standardizations over language neutral background information.
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Blutner, Reinhard. "Optimality-theoretic pragmatics meets experimental pragmatics." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 51 (January 1, 2009): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.51.2009.373.
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The main concern of this article is to discuss some recent findings concerning the psychological reality of optimality-theoretic pragmatics and its central part – bidirectional optimization. A present challenge is to close the gap between experimental pragmatics and neo-Gricean theories of pragmatics. I claim that OT pragmatics helps to overcome this gap, in particular in connection with the discussion of asymmetries between natural language comprehension and production. The theoretical debate will be concentrated on two different ways of interpreting bidirection: first, bidirectional optimization as a psychologically realistic online mechanism; second, bidirectional optimization as an offline phenomenon of fossilizing optimal form-meaning pairs. It will be argued that neither of these extreme views fits completely with the empirical data when taken per se.
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Zubeldia, Larraitz. "Experimental pragmatics/semantics." Journal of Pragmatics 44, no. 14 (November 2012): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.09.013.
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Fischer, Kerstin, and Alicja Depka Prondzinska. "Experimental Contrastive Pragmatics Using Robots." Contrastive Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660393-bja10004.
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Abstract In this paper, we explore how robots can be used to study pragmatic strategies across a number of languages. Robots can assume many of the roles played by human interaction partners in a range of situations. They can be programmed to produce specific behaviours, each time repeating a behaviour in an identical way for as often as necessary. Thus, robots can be useful tools for investigating human behaviour in certain situations and even in cross-cultural contexts. We explore this use of robots in two case studies – one which investigates the delivery of bad news in Danish, German and English, and one which examines the giving of feedback in Danish, German and Polish. In both studies, systematic intercultural differences become apparent in the pragmatic strategies that are adopted. On the basis of the results, we discuss the advantages, potential pitfalls and possible solutions of using robots in the study of contrastive pragmatics.
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Taguchi, Naoko. "Teaching Pragmatics: Trends and Issues." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 31 (March 2011): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190511000018.
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Theoretical, empirical, and practical interest in pragmatic competence and development for second language (L2) learners has resulted in a large body of literature on teaching L2 pragmatics. This body of literature has diverged into two major domains: (a) a group of experimental studies directly testing the efficacy of various instructional methods in pragmatics learning and (b) research that explores optimal instructional practice and resources for pragmatic development in formal classroom settings. This article reviews literature in these two domains and aims at providing a collective view of the available options for pragmatics teaching and the ways that pragmatic development can best be promoted in the classroom. In the area of instructional intervention, this article reviews studies under the common theoretical second language acquisition paradigms of explicit versus implicit instruction, input processing instruction, and skill acquisition and practice. In the area of classroom practice and resources, three domains of research and pedagogical practices are reviewed: material development and teacher education, learner strategies and autonomous learning, and incidental pragmatics learning in the classroom. Finally, this article discusses unique challenges and opportunities that have been embraced by pragmatics teaching in the current era of poststructuralism and multiculturalism.
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Kennedy, Alan, Wayne Murray, and Claire Boissiere. "Parafoveal pragmatics revisited." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 16, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 128–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440340000187.
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Phelan, Mark. "Experimental Pragmatics: An Introduction for Philosophers." Philosophy Compass 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12093.
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Cummins, Chris. "Experimental pragmatics/semantics (review)." Language 88, no. 3 (2012): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0062.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Stability and variability in linguistic pragmatics." Pragmatics and Society 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2010): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.1.1.03gib.
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The study of linguistic pragmatics is always caught in the wonderful tension between seeking broad human pragmatic abilities and showing the subtle ways that communication is dependent on specific people and social situations. These different foci on areas of stability and variability in linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior are often accompanied by very different theoretical accounts of how and why people act, speak, and understand in the ways they do. Within contemporary research in experimental pragmatics, there are always instances of some people behaving in regular patterns and other people failing to adhere to putative pragmatic principles. My aim in this article is to broadly describe a way of thinking about stability and instability in linguistic pragmatics as emerging from people’s self-organizing tendencies. This view claims that both broad regularities and specific variations in human behavior, like all natural systems, can be accounted for by self-organizational processes that operate without explicit internal rules, blueprints, or mental representations. A major implication of this perspective is that pragmatics and society are seen as dynamically interacting constraints operating on multiple time-scales of experience.
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Foster-Cohen, Susan H. "Exploring the boundary between syntax and pragmatics: relevance and the binding of pronouns." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008734.
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ABSTRACTThis paper explores the interface between syntax and pragmatics, focusing on the binding of pronouns and the pragmatics of the paradigms used to test this aspect of syntactic knowledge. Reinhart's (1986) version of Binding Theory (which accords a specific role to pragmatics in processes of pronoun resolution) and Sperber & Wilson's (1986) Theory of Relevance are used to examine the syntax and pragmatics of pronoun interpretation. A set of predictions based on Relevance Theory are evaluated against published results of tests of Binding Theory. The paper concludes that Relevance Theory provides a means of understanding constraints on testing syntactic knowledge and argues that pragmatic factors must be systematically controlled in any evaluation of syntactic knowledge.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Graf, Eileen. "An experimental pragmatics approach to children's argument omissions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529937.
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Cummins, Chris. "The interpretation and use of numerically-quantified expressions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/241034.
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This thesis presents a novel pragmatic account of the meaning and use of numerically-quantified expressions. It can readily be seen that quantities can typically be described by many semantically truthful expressions - for instance, if 'more than 12' is true of a quantity, so is 'more than 11', 'more than 10', and so on. It is also intuitively clear that some of these expressions are more suitable than others in a given situation, a preference which is not captured by the semantics but appears to rely upon on wider-ranging considerations of communicative effectiveness. Motivated by these observations, I lay out a set of criteria that are demonstrably relevant to the speaker's choice of utterance in such cases. Observing further that it is typically impossible to satisfy all these criteria with a single utterance, I suggest that the speaker's choice of utterance can be construed as a problem of multiple constraint satisfaction. Using the formalism of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), I proceed to specify a model of speaker behaviour for this domain of usage. The model I propose can be used to draw predictions both about the speaker's choice of utterance and the hearer's interpretation of utterances. I discuss the relation between these two aspects of the model, showing how constraints on the speaker's choice of utterance are predicted to make pragmatic enrichments available to the hearer. I then consider applications of this idea to specific issues that have been discussed in the literature. Firstly, with respect to superlative quantifiers, I show how this model provides an alternative account to that of Geurts and Nouwen (2007), building upon that offered by Cummins and Katsos (2010), and I present empirical evidence in its favour. Secondly, I show how this model yields the novel prediction that comparative quantifiers give rise to implicatures that are conditioned both by granularity and by prior mention of the numeral, and demonstrate these implicatures empirically. Finally I discuss the predictions that the model makes about the frequency of quantifiers in corpora, and investigate their validity. I conclude that the model presented here proves its worth as a source of hypotheses about speaker and hearer behaviour in the numerical domain. In particular, it serves as a way to integrate insights from distinct domains of enquiry including psycholinguistics, theoretical semantics and numerical cognition. I discuss the claim of this model to psychological plausibility, its relation to existing approaches, and its potential utility when applied to broader domains of language use.
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FOPPOLO, FRANCESCA. "The logic of pragmatics. An experimental investigation with children and adults." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/9949.
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In the first part of my dissertation I present some experimental works that investigate how adults interpret scalar items such as or in different syntactic contexts, such as (1) and (2), and ambiguous sentences like (3), in which the pronoun "it" admits of two interpretations, due to the presence of an indefinite antecedent:
(1) If an A has a B or a C, then she also has a D
(2) If an A has a D, then she also has a B or a C
(3) If a farmer owns a donkey, he beats it
In interpreting these sentences, adults display a high degree of “spontaneous logicality”, showing sensitivity to logic properties (such as entailment patterns and monotonicity properties) of the elements in the sentence.
The second part is focused on the investigation of “pragmatic” inferences in children, aiming at attesting which factors may influence children’s computation of Scalar Implicatures (like the ones arising in (2)) and eventually contribute to their failure or their improvement in this task
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Wilson, Elspeth Amabel. "Children's development of Quantity, Relevance and Manner implicature understanding and the role of the speaker's epistemic state." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270302.
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In learning language, children have to acquire not only words and constructions, but also the ability to make inferences about a speaker’s intended meaning. For instance, if in answer to the question, ‘what did you put in the bag?’, the speaker says, ‘I put in a book’, then the hearer infers that the speaker put in only a book, by assuming that the speaker is informative. On a Gricean approach to pragmatics, this implicated meaning – a quantity implicature – involves reasoning about the speaker’s epistemic state. This thesis examines children’s development of implicature understanding. It seeks to address the question of what the relationship is in development between quantity, relevance and manner implicatures; whether word learning by exclusion is a pragmatic forerunner to implicature, or based on a lexical heuristic; and whether reasoning about the speaker’s epistemic state is part of children’s pragmatic competence. This thesis contributes to research in experimental and developmental pragmatics by broadening the focus of investigation to include different types of implicatures, the relationship between them, and the contribution of other aspects of children’s development, including structural language knowledge. It makes the novel comparison of word learning by exclusion with a clearly pragmatic skill – implicatures – and opens an investigation of manner implicatures in development. It also presents new findings suggesting that children’s early competence with quantity implicatures in simple communicative situations belies their ongoing development in more complex ones, particularly where the speaker’s epistemic state is at stake. I present a series of experiments based on a sentence-to-picture-matching task, with children aged 3 to 7 years. In the first study, I identify a developmental trajectory whereby word learning by exclusion inferences emerge first, followed by ad hoc quantity and relevance, and finally scalar quantity inferences, which reflects their increasing complexity in a Gricean model. Then, I explore cognitive and environmental factors that might be associated with children’s pragmatic skills, and show that structural language knowledge – and, associated with it, socioeconomic status – is a main predictor of their implicature understanding. In the second study, I lay out some predictions for the development of manner implicatures, find similar patterns of understanding in children and adults, and highlight the particular challenges of studying manner implicatures experimentally. Finally, I focus on children’s ability to take into account the speaker’s epistemic state in pragmatic inferencing. While adults do not derive a quantity implicature appropriately when the speaker is ignorant, children tend to persist in deriving implicatures regardless of speaker ignorance, suggesting a continuing challenge of integrating contextual with linguistic information in utterance interpretation.
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Poon, Pak-lun Alan, and 潘柏麟. "Interlanguage pragmatics of Hong Kong Cantonese EFL learners: an experimental study of their substantiverejection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45161987.
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Herbstritt, Michele [Verfasser]. "Investigating the Language of Uncertainty - experimental data, formal semantics & probabilistic pragmatics / Michele Herbstritt." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218073543/34.
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Rodríguez, Ronderos Camilo. "The Processing of Non-nominal Metaphors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22503.
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Zwei Theorien über die Verarbeitung von Metaphern postulieren die Beteiligung unterschiedlicher kognitiven. Die erste, die „Implicit Comparison View“, behauptet, dass Metaphern durch einen Prozess des analogen Denkens verstanden werden (z. B. Gentner et al., 2001; Gentner & Bowdle, 2008). Eine zweite Ansicht, die „Category Inclusion View“, sieht das Verstehen einer Metapher als einen Prozess, bei dem die lexikalische Bedeutung des metaphorischen Vehikels spontan moduliert wird, um eine ad-hoc, zielorientierte Kategorie zu schaffen (z. B. Glücksberg, 2008; Sperber & Wilson, 2008).
Obwohl es eine große Anzahl an Experiment gibt, die die Vorhersagen dieser beiden Theorien testen (z. B. Bowdle & Gentner, 2005; Gernsbacher et al., 2001; Jones & Estes, 2005; Jones & Estes, 2006; McGlone & Manfredi, 2001; Wolff & Gentner, 2011) ist es bis jetzt nicht möglich gewesen, das Problem der Metaphernverarbeitung zu lösen zugunsten einer der beiden Theorien. Diese Dissertation versucht genau das zu tun, indem die Verarbeitung von zwei Arten deutscher nicht-nominaler Metaphern untersucht werden: verbale Metaphern und Verb-Objekt-Metaphern. Dies wurde gemacht durch eine Untersuchung der Rolle des Kontexts während der Verarbeitung von nicht-nominalen Metaphern. Dabei wurde auf die Literatur zur situierten und inkrementellen Sprachverarbeitung zurückgegriffen (siehe Huettig et al., 2011; Huettig et al., 2012; Kamide, 2008; Knoeferle & Guerra, 2016).
Insgesamt die Ergebnisse von 14 verschiedenen Experimeten als besser zu vereinbaren mit der „Category Inclusion View“ als mit der „Implicit Comparison View“.Two main sets of theories of metaphor comprehension posit the involvement of different cognitive mechanisms. The first one, the Implicit Comparison View, claims that metaphors are understood through a process of analogical reasoning in which the elements of a metaphoric expression (in the example above my cat, which is known as the ‘topic’ and princess, which is known as the ‘vehicle’) are scanned for relational similarities (e.g. Gentner et al., 2001; Gentner & Bowdle, 2008). A second view, the Category Inclusion View, sees metaphor comprehension as a process in which the lexical meaning of the metaphoric vehicle is spontaneously changed to represent a newly created, goal-oriented category (e.g. Glucksberg, 2008; Sperber & Wilson, 2008). Despite there being a large body of experimental data testing the predictions made by these theories (e.g. Bowdle & Gentner, 2005; Gernsbacher et al., 2001; Jones & Estes, 2005; Jones & Estes, 2006; McGlone & Manfredi, 2001; Wolff & Gentner, 2011), it has not been possible to settle this debate and tip the scale in favor of one or the other view. This dissertation attempts to do just that by examining the processing of two types of German non-nominal metaphors: Verbal metaphors and verb-object metaphors. This was done by investigating the role of context during metaphor comprehension in order to further specify the available theories, and, more generally, by drawing on the literature on situated and incremental language processing (see Huettig et al., 2011; Huettig et al., 2012; Kamide, 2008; Knoeferle & Guerra, 2016, for reviews). Overall the results of 14 experiments are interpreted as being more consistent with the Category Inclusion View than with the Indirect Comparison View.
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Burczynska, Paulina. "Investigating the multimodal construal and reception of irony in film translation : an experimental approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-multimodal-construal-and-reception-of-irony-in-film-translationaa-an-experimental-approach(a6c4afa5-02f8-4b74-8895-4c8cc161b5ab).html.
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In the light of recent changes on the audiovisual scene in Poland, audiences can choose among different AVT modalities. Although voice-over still prevails on Polish TV, subtitles have become more and more popular as an alternative form of film translation on television. Due to rapid technological advances, commercial requirements and differences in Polish viewersâ preferences, it is thus crucial to understand how audiences at different levels of English proficiency (low, medium, high) retrieve meaning, especially complex ironic meaning relayed through different methods of film translation, such as subtitles and voice-over and the extent to which verbal and non-verbal semiotic channels contribute to irony comprehension. Wilson and SperberâÂÂs (1981, 1992; 1995) echoic theory of irony has been selected as the theoretical framework, given its ability to account for multimodal irony in audiovisual texts as well as the significant importance of non-verbal semiotic resources in the generation and interpretation of irony. The study employs triangulation, incorporating descriptive, experimental and interactionist components. The descriptive component involves multimodal transcription (Baldry and Thibault, 2006) of selected fragments in which irony plays a pivotal narrative role. This procedure aims to determine what non-verbal modes contribute to the multimodal construal of irony and how it is relayed in the subtitled and voiced-over translations. In the experimental component, viewersâ eye movements are recorded using eye-tracking technology while watching subtitled and voiced-over fragments of Sherlock Holmes (2009) and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011). In the interactionist components, a questionnaire is used in order to elucidate how and/or whether they retrieve ironic meaning as intended by the filmmakers in the selected excerpts. The most obvious finding to emerge from the descriptive data analysis is that multimodal irony is not relayed by the film dialogue alone but, rather, in unison with non-verbal semiotic resources. The instances of multimodal irony in the two Sherlock Holmes films were found to perform narrative and comedic functions by combining the visual, kinesic and acoustic modes of film language. The analysis and comparison of SL dialogues and TL translations revealed two broad categories of irony relay, namely: preservation and modification. The majority of the instances of multimodal irony were modified in the subtitled version, while preservation is only sporadically opted for. In its voiced-over counterpart, the intended meaning is preserved and modified in equal proportions. The experimental component showed major differences in gaze patterns among the participants with different language skills in the subtitled clips. For instance, on average, LLPs spent more time reading the subtitles than HLPs or MLPs. Similar visual behavior, on the other hand, was observed among all viewers in the voiced-over clips in which the on-screen characterâÂÂs face attracted the greatest amount of visual attention. The interactionist strand showed that the viewers retrieved the intended meaning to various extents depending on their English language proficiency. This data undergirds an assessment of the effectiveness of subtitles and voice-over in the translation and reception of multimodal irony on screen.
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Ekelund, Christopher. "Being polite : An experimental study of request strategies in Swedish EFL classes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för didaktik och lärares praktik (DLP), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81188.
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In a world which continuously becomes more globalised, the need to adapt one's language depending on context becomes increasingly important. This is acknowledged in the Swedish syllabus for the upper-secondary school, which emphasises communicative competence and the need to adapt to situation and hearer. This study uses a foundation based on politeness theory, where the act of requesting is considered a threat to the notion of face. The concept of face that is being used is based on the work of Brown and Levinson (1987) and the idea is that everyone has a positive- and negative face where the former is the need for one’s self-image to be respected and the latter is the freedom to act without imposition from others. By role-playing different scenarios, the participants of the study, all students of the English 7 course, were asked to perform requests which varied in imposition and which targeted hearers of different statuses. The results were analysed using a qualitative approach, which leads to the conclusion that half of the six participants adapted their language appropriately to the communicative situation. Those three had managed to show an increase in face-saving acts where the imposition was greater, or the hearer was of a higher status. That only half of the participants managed to do this shows a lack of success in teaching the students the necessary pragmatic skills encoded in the syllabus and more focused studies in this area are recommended to address this issue. Due to the small number of participants, further studies are needed to fully confirm the results presented in this study.
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Reinecke, Robert. "Presuppositions : an experimental investigation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN067.
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Les locuteurs communiquent plus que ce qu’ils disent explicitement. C’est pourquoi les destinataires s’appuient sur des indices linguistiques et extra-linguistiques pour récupérer différentes strates de signification qui peuvent être explicites aussi bien qu’implicites. Les déclencheurs de présuppositions représentent l’un de ces indices. Il s’agit d’expressions ou de constructions linguistiques (par exemple, les verbes de changement, les verbes factifs, les clivées, etc.) qui déclenchent la récupération de propositions que le locuteur présuppose, ou considère comme acquises, pour les besoins de la conversation. Cette thèse étudie le phénomène de la présupposition dans le cadre de la pragmatique expérimentale et comprend trois études basées sur les méthodes expérimentales suivantes : les tâches de jugement, la méthode de l’EEG et la méthode du capteur de force de préhension. Cette thèse combine une perspective sociale, qui se concentre sur la gestion de la réputation via des stratégies discursives alternatives (étude 1), avec une perspective cognitive, qui examine les coûts cognitifs et les corrélats sensori-moteurs associés au traitement des présuppositions (études 2 et 3). L’étude 1 examine l’impact des différentes stratégies discursives (un locuteur qui communique une information explicitement, qui l’implique ou la présuppose) sur l’attribution de l’engagement du locuteur envers le message communiqué. En étudiant l’engagement du locuteur (sa responsabilité) en fonction du coût de réputation (perte de confiance) lié à la transmission de fausses informations, l’étude 1 montre que le présupposé est perçu comme étant tout aussi responsabilisant que le dire explicite et plus responsabilisant que l’implicite non présuppositionel. L’étude 2 examine les coûts cognitifs associés au ciblage des présuppositions dans les continuations du discours. En se concentrant sur les contextes additifs introduits par la particule discursive aussi, l’étude 2 montre que les continuations discursives appropriées ciblant une présupposition suscitent la même réponse en potentiels évoqués que les continuations discursives appropriées ciblant un contexte affirmé. Cette conclusion suggère que, lorsque le traitement de présuppositions fait partie d’une stratégie discursive appropriée et pragmatique, il n’entraîne pas de coûts cognitifs supplémentaires. L’étude 3 examine les corrélats sensori-moteurs du traitement du langage lié à l’action dans les constructions présupposées (clause-complément des verbes factifs comme savoir) et non-présupposées (clause-complément des verbes non-factifs). Les résultats montrent que les premières provoquent une activation sensori-motrice plus importante que les secondes, révélant ainsi que les informations présupposées, dont la vérité est prise comme acquise, sont traitées différemment des informations dont la vérité n’a pas été établie dans le discours. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse contribue à l’étude de la présupposition en fournissant des preuves empiriques à l’appui de la distinction théorique entre les différentes couches de signification. D’une part, elle montre que leur emploi conduit à des responsabilisations différentes dans le discours et a des implications sur la négociation interpersonnelle de la confiance. D’autre part, elle montre que, si le traitement des présuppositions n’est pas intrinsèquement plus coûteux d’un point de vue cognitif, ses corrélats cognitifs (tels que la mobilisation du système sensori-moteur) peuvent être différents de ceux qui mettent en correspondance des informations ayant un statut discursif différentSpeakers communicate more than what they explicitly state. For this reason, addressees rely on linguistic and extra-linguistic cues to recover different levels of explicit and implicit meaning. Presupposition triggers are one of these cues. These are linguistic expressions or constructions (e.g. change of state verbs, factive verbs, it-clefts, etc.) which trigger the recovery of propositions that the speaker presupposes, or takes for granted, for the purpose of the conversation. This thesis investigates the phenomenon of presupposition within the framework of experimental pragmatics, and it comprises three studies based on the following experimental methods: judgement-tasks, EEG method and grip-force sensor method. This thesis combines a social perspective, which focuses on reputation-management via alternative discourse strategies (Study 1), with a cognitive perspective, which examines the cognitive costs and sensori-motor correlates associated with presupposition processing (Studies 2 and 3). Study 1 examines the impact of different discourse strategies (saying, implicating and presupposing) on the attribution of speaker commitment towards the message communicated. By operationalizing commitment as a function of the reputational cost (drop of trust) related to the transmission of false information, Study 1 shows that presupposing is perceived as equally committal than saying and more committal than implicating. Study 2 investigates the cognitive costs associated with targeting presuppositions in discourse continuations. By focusing on additive contexts introduced by the French discourse particle aussi, Study 2 shows that felicitous discourse continuations targeting a presupposition elicit the same ERP response than felicitous discourse continuations targeting an asserted context. This finding suggests that when presupposition processing is part of an appropriate, pragmatically felicitous, discourse strategy, it does not come with any additional cognitive costs. Study 3 examines the sensori-motor correlates of processing action-related language in presuppositional constructions (complement clause of factive verbs) and non-presuppositional ones (complement clause of non-factive verbs). The results show that the former elicit a greater sensori-motor activation than the latter, thus revealing that presupposed information, whose truth is taken for granted, is processed differently from information whose truth has not been established in discourse. Overall, this thesis contributes to the study of presupposition by providing empirical evidence in support of the theoretical distinction between different layers of meaning. On the one hand, it shows that their employment leads to different commitments in discourse and has implications on the interpersonal negotiation of trust. On the other hand, it shows that while presupposition processing is not inherently more costly from a cognitive perspective, its cognitive correlates (such as the engagement of the sensori-motor system) can differ from those mapping information with a different discourse status
Books on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Noveck, Ira A., and Dan Sperber, eds. Experimental Pragmatics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125.
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1962-, Noveck Ira A., and Sperber Dan, eds. Experimental pragmatics. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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Meibauer, Jörg, and Markus Steinbach, eds. Experimental Pragmatics/Semantics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.175.
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Grisot, Cristina. Cohesion, Coherence and Temporal Reference from an Experimental Corpus Pragmatics Perspective. Cham: Springer Nature, 2018.
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Mello, Heliana, Alessandro Panunzi, and Tommaso Raso, eds. Pragmatics and Prosody. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-084-6.
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Most of the papers collected in this book resulted from presentations and discussions undertaken during the V Lablita Workshop that took place at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, on August 23-25, 2011. The workshop was held in conjunction with the II Brazilian Seminar on Pragmatics and Prosody. The guiding themes for the joint event were illocution, modality, attitude, information patterning and speech annotation. Thus, all papers presented here are concerned with theoretical and methodological issues related to the study of speech. Among the papers in this volume, there are different theoretical orientations, which are mirrored through the methodological designs of studies pursued. However, all papers are based on the analysis of actual speech, be it from corpora or from experimental contexts trying to emulate natural speech. Prosody is the keyword that comes out from all the papers in this publication, which indicates the high standing of this category in relation to studies that are geared towards the understanding of major elements that are constitutive of the structuring of speech.
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Grisot, Cristina. Cohesion, Coherence and Temporal Reference from an Experimental Corpus Pragmatics Perspective. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96752-3.
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Information structure: Theoretical, typological, and experimental perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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Emancipating pragmatism: Emerson, jazz, and experimental writing. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. Experimental Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.30.
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This chapter describes some of the important research in experimental pragmatics, most notably studies related to recovering speakers’ intentions, inferring conversational implicatures, and the role of common ground in discourse understanding. My aim is to demonstrate the utility of different experimental methods for studying pragmatics, and how research findings in the field are relevant to traditional concerns within the linguistic pragmatics community. But I will also argue that experimental pragmatic studies show great regularities and significant variation, both within and across individuals, in the ways people speak and understand language. My alternative view claims that dynamical, self-organizing processes form the critical background from which meaningful pragmatic actions emerge. The implications of this position for interdisciplinary pragmatic research will be discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Domaneschi, Filippo. "Experimental Pragmatics." In Presuppositions and Cognitive Processes, 1–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57942-3_1.
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Noveck, Ira, and Nicola Spotorno. "Experimental pragmatics." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 1–30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.17.exp2.
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Noveck, Ira A., and Nicola Spotorno. "Experimental pragmatics." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 1555–77. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.exp2.
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Matsui, Tomoko. "Experimental pragmatics." In The Routledge Handbook of Experimental Linguistics, 85–105. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003392972-8.
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Sperber, Dan, and Ira A. Noveck. "Introduction." In Experimental Pragmatics, 1–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_1.
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Bernicot, Josie, and Virginie Laval. "Speech Acts in Children: the Example of Promises." In Experimental Pragmatics, 207–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_10.
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Handley, Simon J., and Aidan Feeney. "Reasoning and Pragmatics: the Case of Even-If." In Experimental Pragmatics, 228–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_11.
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Bezuidenhout, Anne L., and Robin K. Morris. "Implicature, Relevance and Default Pragmatic Inference." In Experimental Pragmatics, 257–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_12.
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Chierchia, Gennaro, Maria Teresa Guasti, Andrea Gualmini, Luisa Meroni, Stephen Crain, and Francesca Foppolo. "Semantic and Pragmatic Competence in Children’s and Adults’ Comprehension of Or." In Experimental Pragmatics, 283–300. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_13.
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Noveck, Ira A. "Pragmatic Inferences Related to Logical Terms." In Experimental Pragmatics, 301–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524125_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Geurts, Bart. "What’s wrong with Gricean pragmatics." In 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2019/10/0001/000363.
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Katsos, Napoleon. "Experimental investigations on implicatures: a window into the semantics/pragmatics interface." In ExLing 2006: 1st Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2006/01/0034/000034.
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Barone, Marco. "On only-pragmatically driven intonation change." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0011/000426.
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The intonation system of the Italian variety of Pescara was documented and two sentence types (neutral polar questions and contrastive focus statements) were found to exhibit the same two pitch accents as allophonic variants by the old speakers. However, moving on the new generation, the variations of the two sentence types shows different evolutions: both variants are used, remaining distinct, for contrastive focus, whereas they mainly fuse into a “midway” pattern, when used for questions. The asymmetry can only be ascribed to the pragmatics and not to the phonetic forms of the patterns, as these were originally equal across the two sentence types. This suggests that polar questions are more kin to phonetic convergence than contrastive statements.
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Iliopoulos, Ioannis, and Claudia Felser. "Pragmatic factors facilitate Condition C violations cross-linguistically." In 12th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2021/12/0032/000505.
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"Critical Bridge: Learning Practice / Teaching Practice." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.46.
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The bridge between two apparently opposite poles, the academy and the profession, isn’t a relationship where one underpins the other. Instead it should be seen as a continuum that establishes a system of checks and balances where in order to thrive, one needs the other. In his book ‘New Essentialism / Material Architecture’ Borden discuss-es this relationship between the ‘practice of architecture’ and the ‘practice of teaching’. “Leading practitioners and design thinkers are associated with academic institutions. This connection to teaching represents a critical bridge that endows the academy with an experimental and investigative validity while providing the ever renewing energy, experimentation, and inquiry that feeds and validates a professional office.” The association between these two poles produce a symbiosis with one learning from and teaching the other. The academy is validated through the accountability of the profession, while at the same time, the profession is nourished through the curious and investigative environment that only the academy can provide. On the one hand, professional practice is primarily seen as a service-based profession that wrestles with the pressures of societal demands that influence its outcomes whether they be in the form of research or a product/commodity. Practice is the point of translation of ideation to reality, a process dominated by pragmatics and constraints. This process, in some respects, is the validation of disciplinary experimentation and speculation that can be undertaken in both the profession or academy. The academy, on the other hand has the option of freeing itself of societal demands and pragmatic constraints, and serves as the guardian of the disciplinary calling which separates architecture from building. The design studio is a place where knowledge in generated in a diverse, equitable and inclusive manner. However, this freedom can be seen in two ways. Some view the work produced in an academic environment lacking rigor and not grounded in reality. This view leads to a questioning of its validity and the beneficial implications that it might have for the betterment of the profession and society at large. However, without this freedom and ability to speculate severely limits the possibilities for innovation in the field.
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Ivaskó, Lívia, and Alinka Tóth. "Acquired pragmatic disorders of right hemisphere damaged patients." In 5th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2012/05/0017/000223.
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Lee, Lou, Katarina Bartkova, Mathilde Dargnat, and Denis Jouvet. "Prosodic and pragmatic values of discourse particles in French." In 9th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2018/09/0018/000351.
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Cabarrão, Vera, and Ana Isabel Mata. "Prosodic and pragmatic properties of affirmative words in European Portuguese." In 5th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2012/05/0009/000215.
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Duryagin, P. V. "Prosody and polysemy in Russian discourse formulae." In Dialogue. RSUH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2022-21-150-158.
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The paper presents the first descriptive approach to the prosody of Russian discourse formulae using the methods of experimental phonetics. The prosody of a frequent idiomatic formula da nu was studied. The analysis of pitch contours revealed that this unit can be marked by two tonal configurations: the falling one that can be identified as the IK-2 of the traditional holistic approach, and the rising one that is distinct from IK-3 and apparently contains a unique high tonal target followed by an irregularly truncated low boundary tone. The usage of these configurations is distributed unevenly and depends on the additional pragmatical meanings set by the dialogical context. In addition, the data indicates that some pragmatic meanings can be disambiguated by segmental duration. The subjects used significantly longer vowels in da nu to express surprise, compared to the rejection of new information. Meanwhile, the expression of doubt takes an intermediate position in this pragmatic continuum, marked by a lengthened prestressed and a shortened stressed vowel.
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Vlachou, Evangelia, Dimitrios Kotopoulis, and Spyridoula Varlokosta. "On the acquisition of Greek free choice items." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0053/000468.
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Children acquire quite late scalar implicatures associated with quantification and have the tendency to interpret existential quantifiers as universals (e.g., Smith, 1980; Noveck, 2001; Papafragou and Musolino, 2003). Free choice Items (FCIS) are also associated with scalar implicatures depending on whether they are full set or subset FCIs (e.g., Vlachou 2012, 2020). This paper presents experimental results showing that 9-, 10- and 11-year-old children and adults perform better on full set than on subset FCIs. It is argued that adults perform better than children in sentences with subset FCIs as the “not-all” pragmatic inference is acquired late. Difficulties in sentences with subset FCIs in adults are due to absence of domain alternatives.
Reports on the topic "Experimental Pragmatics"
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Romero, Vicente Jose. Elements of a pragmatic approach for dealing with bias and uncertainty in experiments through predictions : experiment design and data conditioning; %22real space%22 model validation and conditioning; hierarchical modeling and extrapolative prediction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031304.
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Burns, Malcom, and Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.